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Contents
Unit 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Unit 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Unit 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Unit 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Contents
Audio transcript
UNIT 1
Track 1
Unit 1. Pages 12 and 13
What planet is it?
Study the photos of the inner planets on page 12.
Listen and identify the planet: say Mercury, Venus, the
Earth or Mars.
This is the largest inner planet. From space it
looks blue.
This is the smallest inner planet. It is closest to
the Sun.
Study the photos of the outer planets on page 13.
This is the largest outer planet. It is known for its
large spot.
This is the smallest outer planet. It is farthest
from the Sun.
This outer planet is famous for its rings.
Next
The Inner planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars.
They all are rocky.
The Outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
and Neptune.
They all are gaseous.
The Dwarf planets are Pluto, Ceres and Eris.
The Solar System also contains satellites.
Satellites are celestial bodies which revolve
around planets, and dwarf planets.
The Solar System also contains small solar
system bodies: asteroids and comets.
Asteroids are small rocky bodies which orbit
the Sun.
Some form belts.
The asteroid belt is a band of asteroids between
the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Comets are masses of ice and rock, found
beyond the orbit of Pluto.
Track 2
Unit 1. Page 17. What should you know?
The Universe
There were two early concepts about the Universe:
The Geocentric and the Heliocentric theories.
According to the Geocentric theory, the Earth is the
centre of the Universe.
The Sun, Moon and planets revolve around the Earth.
According to the Heliocentric theory, the Sun is the
centre of the Universe.
The Earth, planets and stars revolve around the Sun.
The Components of the Universe.
Galaxies are grouped together in galaxy clusters.
Galaxies contain thousands of millions of stars.
Stars are massive spherical bodies of gases.
Some stars have planetary systems with planets,
satellites, asteroids and comets.
Units of measurement.
An astronomical unit is the distance between the
Earth and the Sun: It is about 150 million
kilometres.
A light-year is the distance that light travels in
one year: about 9.5 trillion kilometres.
The Solar System:
The Solar System is the planetary system of our
Sun.
It consists of the Sun, which is a medium-sized
star in the Milky Way galaxy, and the Inner and
Outer planets.
UNIT 2
Track 3
Unit 2. Page 23
Look at the two diagrams of the geosphere. Listen
and say True or False.
The core is the centre of the Earth.
The core is made up of one solid part.
The outer core, next to the mantle, is liquid.
The oceanic crust under the oceans is very thick.
The continental crust on the Earths surface is
very thick: about 70 km thick.
The oceanic crust is thinner than the continental
crust.
Track 4
Planet Earth
Special characteristics of the Earth.
The Earth has an intense magnetic field.
The Earths atmosphere contains: nitrogen,
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The average temperature on Earth is fifteen
degrees Celsius.
Water exists on Earth in solid, liquid and gaseous
states.
The Earth has a water cycle.
! ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 1 ! PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL 2008 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educacin, S.L. !
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The Earth has one large, natural satellite: the
Moon.
Life exists on Earth.
The Earths Two Movements.
Rotation.
The Earth rotates on its axis.
The axis is tilted twenty-three point five degrees.
This rotation creates day and night.
Revolution.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Its orbit is elliptic, that is, almost circular.
These two movements and the Earths tilt cause
the seasons.
Other consequences are the differences in the
length of day and night.
The Moon: the Earths satellite.
The Moon takes almost 28 days to orbit the
Earth.
It takes the same length of time to rotate once on
its axis.
The lunar phases are: the new moon, the first
quarter, the full moon, and the last quarter.
Eclipses. There are two types of eclipses: solar
eclipses and lunar eclipses.
A solar eclipse is when the Moon blocks the light
from the Sun.
A lunar eclipse is when the Earth blocks the light
from the Sun, so that it does not reach the Moon.
The gravitational attraction, or pull of the Moon
on the oceans, causes the tides.
The four Earth spheres are the geosphere, the
atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere.
The Geosphere is the solid part of the Earth. It
consists of the lithosphere, the mantle, and the
core.
The Lithosphere consists of the crust, and the
upper mantle.
The Lithosphere is made up of continental crust
and oceanic crust.
The continental crust makes up the continents.
The oceanic crust makes up the ocean floor.
The Earths surface is made up of continental features,
and ocean floor features.
The Mantle. This is the middle layer of the Earth.
It is made of rock.
The Core. This is the centre of the Earth. It is
made up of metals.
The outer core is liquid, but the inner core is
solid.
The Atmosphere.
The atmosphere is the layer of air which
surrounds the Earth.
It consists of a mixture of gases.
The Hydrosphere.
The hydrosphere consists of all the waters on
Earth.
The Biosphere.
The biosphere is the part of the Earth where
living things exist.
Living things can be aquatic or terrestrial.
UNIT 3
Track 5
Unit 3. Page 38
Look, listen and identify the kingdom: Monera,
Protoctist, Fungi, Plant or Animal.
The living things in this kingdom are multicellular.
Some are vertebrates, but others are invertebrates.
The living things in this kingdom are multicellular.
They are autotrophic: they produce their own food.
Some of the living things in this kingdom are
autotrophic, but others are heterotrophic. They are
unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
Some of the living things in this kingdom are
unicellular, but others are multicellular. They are all
eukaryotes and heterotrophic.
The living things in this kingdom have no tissues.
Some are autotrophic, but others are heterotrophic.
All are eukaryotes.
Track 6
Living things
The common characteristics of living things are:
They are born, and they die.
They have a similar chemical composition.
They are made up of cells.
They have three vital functions: nutrition,
interaction with the environment, and
reproduction.
The composition of living things.
Living things are made up of two kinds of
substances: inorganic and organic.
Inorganic substances are not exclusive to living
things. Water and mineral salts are inorganic
substances.
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Organic substances are exclusive to living things.
Organic substances are: glucides, lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids.
Cells. Cells consist of three things:
A plasmatic membrane which surrounds the cell.
Cytoplasm, or internal matter, which contains the
organelles: for example, mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Genetic material which controls cell functions.
There are various kinds of cells:
Prokaryotic cells which have no nucleus, and no
nuclear membrane.
Eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus, and a
nuclear membrane. Animal and plant eukaryotic
cells are different.
All cells are specialised: They perform special
functions.
Living things may be unicellular or multicellular.
UNIT 4
Track 7
Unit 4. page 47
Listen and classify arthropods by group.
Look at the four photos. Listen and classify the
arthropods by group: say Crustacean, Myriapod,
Arachnid or Insect.
A terrestrial arthropod with a body like a worm
and many pairs of legs. What group is it?
An aquatic arthropod which uses two of its ten
legs for defence. What group is it?
A terrestrial arthropod with two main body parts
cephalothorax and abdomen. It uses
chelicerae to eat and pedipalps to defend itself.
What group is it?
A terrestrial arthropod with a head, thorax, six
legs and two antennae. What group is it?
Unicellular living things consist of one cell.

Multicellular living things consist of many cells forming
tissues, organs and systems.
Track 8
Classification and biodiversity of living things.
Invertebrates
There are six main groups of invertebrates.
Porifera.
The body resembles a sack full of pores and channels.
Water circulates through it.
Porifera live attached to a surface. They feed by
filtration.
Cnidaria.
They have a soft body, and a mouth surrounded by
tentacles.
There are two body types:
Polyps, which live attached to a surface, alone or in
colonies.
And medusae, which float in the sea.
Cnidaria are carnivorous.
Worms.
These animals have a soft body and no skeleton.
There are three main groups: Platyhelminths,
nematodes, and annelids.
Platyhelminths.
These animals have long, flat, soft bodies.
Nematodes.
These animals have soft, cylindrical bodies, but they
are not divided into segments.
Annelids.
These animals have soft, cylindrical bodies divided into
segments.
Molluscs.
Living things are classified into: kingdom, phylum,

sub-phylum, class, order, family, genus,
and species.
There are five kingdoms:
The Monera Kingdom.
This kingdom is made up of unicellular, prokaryotic
living things. They may be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.
The Protoctist Kingdom.
This kingdom is made up of both unicellular and
multicellular living things.
They are eukaryotes, and have no tissues.
They may be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
The Fungi kingdom.
This kingdom is made up of: unicellular and
They are eukaryotes and have no tissues.
They are heterotrophic.
The Plant Kingdom.
This kingdom is made up of multicellular living things.
They are eukaryotes.
They have tissues and they are autotrophic.
The Animal Kingdom.
This kingdom is made up of multicellular living things.
They are eukaryotes.
They have tissues, and they are heterotrophic.
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These animals have a soft body divided into three
parts: the head, the body mass and the foot. Many
have a shell.
There are two main types of animals: invertebrates and

vertebrates.
The aquatic species breathe through gills. The

terrestrial species breathe through lungs.
Vertebrates have a backbone. There are five groups of

vertebrates:
Molluscs go through metamorphosis.

Arthropods.
These animals have jointed legs, and an external
skeleton. Their bodies are divided into three parts:
the head, the thorax and the abdomen.
Terrestrial arthropods breathe through trachea.
Aquatic arthropods breathe through gills.
Arthropods change their outer covering, or moult,
and some undergo metamorphosis.
Echinoderms.
These animals have an internal skeleton, made of
plaques under their skin. They breathe through their
skin, using their ambulacral apparatus.
Some echinoderms have simple gills. All echinoderms
are carnivorous.
They undergo metamorphosis.
UNIT 5
Track 9
Unit 5. Pages 54 and 55
Listen and say true or false.
Look at the photos of the dog and the sea gull, and
read the labels.
Now listen and say true or false.
Both of these animals are vertebrates.
Both of these animals have bilateral symmetry
Both have four limbs.
Birds have hair.
Both animals have a neck.
Bird feathers are joined to the body by the
rachis.
Both animals have a beak.
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Vertebrates
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic beings.
They have specialised cells.
Animals are heterotrophic.
They are sensitive to their environment, and they can
move.
Invertebrates have no backbone.
mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

Mammals.
Mammals have limbs:
Terrestrial mammals have legs.
Aquatic mammals have fins.
Bats have wings.
Mammals bodies are covered with hair or fur.
They are homeothermal.
They use their lungs to breathe.
They are viviparous.
They have mammary glands.
Mammals feed on different things.
Birds.
Birds are aerodynamic.
The back limbs are legs, and the front limbs are
wings.
A birds body is covered with feathers.
A birds bones are hollow.
Birds have a beak.
Birds are homeothermal.
They are oviparous.
Birds feed on different things.
Reptiles.
All reptiles except snakes have four legs.
Their bodies are covered with hard scales.
Reptiles are poikilothermal.
Most reptiles are oviparous and carnivorous.
Amphibians.
Amphibians have four legs.
Their skin is moist, and has no covering.
Amphibians are poikilothermal.
They use their lungs and skin to breathe.
They undergo metamorphosis.
Most are oviparous.
Adult amphibians are carnivores.
Fish.
Fish are fusiform.

The limbs are called fins.
Fish are covered with scales.
Fish are poikilotherms.
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They use their gills to breathe.
Most are oviparous.
Most fish are carnivores.
UNIT 6
Track 11
Unit 6. Page 66
Identify the part of the plant that carries out each
function.
Read about leaves, stems and roots. Then study the
diagram. Now listen and say leaves, stems or roots.
This part of the plant absorbs minerals and water
from the soil.
Photosynthesis takes place in this part of the
plant.
In some plants, such as potatoes, this part
accumulates water and stores food.
This part of the plant fixes it to the ground.
This part of the plant is responsible for
transpiration: it eliminates excess water into the
atmosphere.
In some plants, such as carrots, this part of the
plant accumulates food.
Track 12
The plant and fungi kingdoms
Plants are multicellular, autotrophic living things.
They live fixed to the soil, but can make some
movements.
Plants have three vital functions:
Nutrition, interaction with the environment, and
reproduction.
Nutrition.
There are five stages of nutrition: absorption of
nutrients, transportation, transpiration,
photosynthesis and respiration.
Plants interact with their environment:
They can respond to changes.
Reproduction.
Reproduction can be:
Asexual, when only one plant is involved,
Or sexual, when two different plants are involved.
Non-flowering plants: Mosses and Ferns.
Mosses are small, non-vascular plants.
They have no true roots, stems or leaves.
Ferns are vascular plants.

They have roots, stems, and leaves called fronds.
Flowering plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Gymnosperms.
These plants have seeds, but no fruit.
They have small, insignificant flowers.
Angiosperms also have seeds, but they are protected
by a fruit.
They have colourful flowers.
Flowering plants have four main parts: leaves, stems,
roots and flowers.
Leaves carry out photosynthesis.
Gases are exchanged, and transpiration takes place
through the leaf stomata.
Stems keep the plant upright, and support the plant
structure.
Roots fix the plant in the soil, and absorb water and
mineral salts.
Flowers contain the reproductive system.
The main parts of a flower are: the corolla, the calyx,
the stamen and the pistil.
Fungi.
Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular.
They have eukaryotic cells.
They are heterotrophic.
Fungi are made up of hyphae, which group together to
form the mycelium.
Fungi are classified into three types:
Yeasts.
Yeasts are unicellular. They are used to make things
like bread, wine and beer.
Moulds.
Moulds are multi-cellular. They grow on food products.
Mushrooms and toadstools.
Mushrooms and toadstools are multi-cellular. Some
are edible, but others are poisonous.
UNIT 7
Track 13
Unit 7. Page 76
How do protozoa move?
Look at the photos of the four groups of protozoa.
Rhizopods move using pseudopods, which are
projections of cell cytoplasm.
Sporozoa move using cilia, which are hair-like
organs.
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Sporozoa do not move.
Flagellates move using a tail.
Ciliates move using cilia, which are hair-like
organs.
Rhizopods do not move.
Flagellates move using a tail called a flagellum.
Viruses.
Viruses are extremely small.
They are not cells, so they are not true living things.
They are obligate parasites, that is, they cannot live
without the host.
They consist of a capsid, an external shell
and nucleic acid.
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Microorganisms
The Monera kingdom.
The Monera kingdom includes unicellular,
microscopic, prokaryotic organisms.
Bacteria belong to the Monera kingdom.
They are classified according to shape:
Coccus are spherical.
Bacillus are rod-shaped.
Vibrio are curved-rod shaped.
Spirillum are helical.
The Protoctist kingdom.
The Protoctist kingdom includes unicellular and
They are all eukaryotes and have no tissues.
They are generally very small and include: protozoa
and algae.
Protozoa.
Protozoa are unicellular.
They are heterotrophs.
They live in both salt, and fresh water.
Some protozoa are parasites.
They are classified by the way they move: flagellates,
ciliates, rhizopods and sporozoa.
Algae.
Algae may be unicellular or multicellular.
They are autotrophs.
Algae sometimes form colonies.
They live in salt, and fresh water.
Algae are classified as green, brown or red.
Microorganisms can be harmful or beneficial.
Harmful microorganisms cause illnesses.
Contagion occurs when microorganisms are
transmitted from a sick person to a healthy one.
Beneficial microorganisms are of various types:
Decomposer microorgansms.
Plankton.
Intestinal flora.
Some beneficial microorganisms are used to make
food, and some are used to obtain antibiotics and
other medicines.
UNIT 8
Track 15
Unit 8. Page 87
What happens in each layer of the atmosphere?
Look carefully at the illustration of the layers of the
atmosphere.
Listen and say troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere
or ionosphere.
Clouds of ice and dust are found in this layer.
This layer is closest to the Earths surface. It
rains and snows here.
This layer is the highest. Weather satellites,
shooting stars and Aurora borealis are found
here.
The ozone layer is found here. Commercial
airplanes fly in this layer.
Track 16
The Earths Atmosphere
Composition and structure.
The atmosphere is composed of air.
Air is a mix of gases: It is 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen,
and 1 % other gases.
The atmosphere also contains variable quantities of
water vapour.
The atmosphere is divided into layers.
The Ionosphere.
The Ionosphere is the outermost layer.
It extends to 500 km above the Earth.
The Mesosphere.
The Mesosphere lies 40 to 80 km above the Earth.
The Stratosphere.
The Stratosphere lies between 10 and 40 km above
the Earth.
It contains the ozonosphere.
The Troposphere.
The Troposphere extends from the Earths surface, to
10 km above the Earth.
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Meteorological phenomena occur here.
The Origin of the Earths atmosphere.
The primitive atmosphere contained no oxygen.
This atmosphere underwent several changes:
Water formed the hydrosphere.
Carbon dioxide was instrumental in photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis increased the amount of oxygen.
Changes in the atmosphere are studied by
meteorologists.
Meteorologists measure: Temperature, precipitation,
atmospheric pressure, winds, and humidity.
Weather forecasts are based on this information, and
show it in: Pressure or isobar contour maps,and
weather maps.
Air moves from high pressure areas to low pressure
areas.
When air cools, the humidity can condense or freeze,
forming clouds, or precipitation.
Climate.
Climate is the average weather in a specific place over
a long period.
Human impact on the atmosphere.
Human activity creates substances that pollute the
atmosphere.
For example: Carbon dioxide produces the greenhouse
effect, which causes climate change.
CFC gases eliminate the ozone from the stratosphere.
Sulphuric oxide and nitrogen oxide cause acid rain.
Soot pollutes the air and creates health problems.
UNIT 9
Track 17
Unit 9. Page 101
True or false
Look at the illustration of the water cycle.
Listen and identify the process: evaporation,
evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation,
surface runoff or infiltration.
Water vapour changes to a gas and forms
clouds.
Surface water filters into the ground.
Water passes from the hydrosphere into the
atmosphere.
Surface water moves across the land and forms
rivers and streams.
Water from plants evaporates into the
atmosphere.
Water falls from clouds to the ground as rain or

snow.
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The Hydrosphere
Water distribution.
The hydrosphere consists of 97 % salt water and
3 % fresh water.
Of the fresh water: 68.7 % is ice and snow in
glaciers or at the Poles.
30.1 % is groundwater.
0.3% is surface fresh water
The remaining 0.9 % is in the atmosphere and
living creatures.
The properties of water.
Water is a good solvent, so it can transport
substances inside living organisms.
Water absorbs large quantities of heat, so it can
moderate temperature differences in climate.
Water has anomalous dilation: This means that
water dilates when it freezes.
Water has cohesion. This means: Water
molecules are attracted to other water molecules.
Water has adhesion. This means: Water
molecules can be attracted to other materials.
Movements of ocean waters.
There are three movements: Waves, currents
and tides.
Waves are caused by the wind.
Waves mix water, causing air gas exchange.
Waves cause erosion of cliffs, and they transport
materials.
Currents are the movement of large bodies of
water by prevailing winds. Currents cause
differences in water salinity, and temperature.
Tides are the rise and fall of water levels, due to
the gravitational attraction of the Moon, and the
Sun.
The water cycle.
Water from the hydrosphere moves through the
surface of the Earth, and the atmosphere.
The processes of the water cycle are:
evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation,
precipitation, runoff, and infiltration.
Uses of water.
Water is used in agriculture, for example to water
crops.
Water is also used in industry in many industrial
processes.
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Drinking water has domestic uses, for example,
for human consumption and cleaning.
Water is contaminated by:
Waste water from industries and farmland.
Sewage waters from towns and cities.
Oil slicks at sea.
Fertilizers and pesticides which filter into the soil,
and pollute rivers and groundwater.
UNIT 10
Track 19
Unit 10. Pages 112 to 113
Compare minerals with the Mohs scale
Look at the Mohs scale on pages 112 and 113.
Diamonds are the hardest minerals.
Talc is the softest mineral on this scale.
Apatite is harder than Fluorite.
Orthoclase is harder than Quartz.
Topaz is softer than Corundum.
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Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid
substances.
They have a specific chemical composition.
They are made up of elements.
The most abundant elements in the Earths crust are:
oxygen, which makes up 47 % of the Earths crust,
and silicon, which makes up 28%.
Mineral classification.
There are two main groups of minerals: silicates and
non-silicates.
Silicates are made up of silicon and oxygen.
The most common silicates are quartz, feldspar, mica
and olivine.
Non-silicates are classified by their chemical
composition into native elements, oxides, sulphides,
carbonates, and halides.
Properties.
Colour. Some minerals are always the same colour.
Others, like quartz, can be different colours, because
they contain impurities.
Lustre.
Lustre refers to the way a mineral reflects light.
Lustre can be described as metallic,

or non-metallic.
Hardness.
Hardness measures how a mineral reacts
to being scratched. Minerals are classified on
a scale of one to ten.
One is soft.
Ten is the hardest.
Streak.
Streak is the colour of the powder left when a mineral
scratches a surface.
Cleavage.
Cleavage is how a mineral breaks up: in sheets or in
cubes.
Mineral extraction and uses.
Minerals occur in high concentration in mineral
deposits.
Minerals are extracted in surface mines or
underground mines.
Uses.
Minerals are the source of metals like lead and iron.
Some minerals are used to make jewellery, for
example, gold, silver, diamonds and quartz.
Other minerals are used in construction materials, like
plaster and cement.
In the home, minerals are used in table salt,
toothpaste, and watches.
UNIT 11
Track 21
Unit 11. Page 117
Listen and answer
How are rocks used? Look at the eight pictures.
Listen and answer: Picture A, B, C, D, E, F, G, or H.
Rocks are used in many ways.
For example, refineries process oil to make fuel.
Many plastic containers are also made from oil.
Rocks are also very important in architecture.
Prehistoric people made monuments, like
Stonehenge, with rocks.
Centuries later, the Romans used rocks for
construction too.
For example, this aqueduct is made of granite.
The Romans also made statues from rock.
Marble and granite are the most popular rocks
for sculpture.
Buildings are often decorated with rock.
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Other construction materials are derived from
rock: for example, glass and concrete.
Clay is used to make ceramic materials. Pottery,
tiles and bricks are all made of clay.
Rocks, therefore, have played an important role
in our lives for centuries.
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Rocks
Rocks are formed by minerals.
If the composition of the rock consists of only one
mineral, it is called monomineralic rock.
Rocks are classified into three types: sedimentary,
igneous and metamorphic, according to how they are
formed.
Sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation of
compacted sediment.
Igneous rocks.
Organic.
Organic rocks are formed by the accumulation
of organic material.
Examples are coal and oil.
Igneous rocks are made from magma, a mixture
of melted rock, and gases.
There are two types of igneous rocks: plutonic and
volcanic.
Plutonic rock is slowly solidified deep in the Earth.
Crystallised minerals are apparent in plutonic rock.
An example is granite.
Volcanic rock is solidified quickly on the exterior
of the Earths crust.
It is homogeneous in appearance, and not
crystalline.
Examples are basalt, pumice and obsidian.
Metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphism is the process of changes produced
in solid rock by high temperatures and pressure.
Metamorphic rock can be foliate or non-foliate.
Igneous rocks are made of magma which has cooled.
Foliate rocks can be separated or cleaved into

layers.
Metamorphic rocks.
For example, slate, schist and gneiss.
Metamorphic rocks are formed by high pressure and

temperature. They are always in a solid state.
Non-foliate rocks can be broken into irregular

shapes.
The rock cycle.
For example, marble and quartzite.
The rock cycle is the combination of processes that

rock and sediments undergo on the Earths surface
and in its crust.
Some of the main uses of rock are: construction
materials, decoration, containers, fuel, and uses within
the chemical industry.
Sedimentary rocks are usually found in layers, called
strata.
There are three types: detrital, chemical, and organic.
Detrital.
Detrital rocks are formed by the combination of
fragments of different rocks and minerals.
Examples are conglomerate, sandstone, and clay.
Chemical.
Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of mineral
crystals from oceans, lakes and groundwater that have
dissolved in water.
Examples are:
Limestones which consist mostly of calcite.
Evaporitic rocks which are made from salts dissolved
in water.
Examples are gypsum and salt.
10
UNIT 12
Track 23
Unit 12. Page 131
Listen and decide: what unit of measurement will you
use?
Look at the chart. Listen and say metre, kilogram,
second or kelvin:
You want to buy a new bed. However, your
bedroom is small. You need to measure the
bedroom floor. What unit of measurement will
you use?
You are going to prepare a pizza for dinner. You
need to set the temperature on the oven. What
unit of measurement will you use?
You are in a school race. Your teacher is going to
calculate your fastest time with a stop watch.
What unit of measurement will your teacher use?
You are going to go on holiday. At the airport
they are going to weigh your suitcase. What unit
of measurement will be used?
Contents
Next
Track 24
All the waste is incinerated.
Toxic waste is not incinerated. It is taken to a

toxic waste site.
Matter and its properties.

Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
Matter has general and specific properties.
General properties are common to all matter.
These are mass and volume.
Specific properties differentiate one substance from
another.
Base quantities.
Base quantities are independent quantities to measure
the properties of matter.
Base quantities are measured in base units.
Length is the distance between two points.
The unit for length in the International System of Units
is the metre.
Mass is the amount of matter in a body.
The unit for mass in the International System of Units
is the kilogram.
Temperature is the thermal state of a body.
The unit for temperature in the International System of
Units is the kelvin.
Time measures the passing of events.
The unit for time in the International System of Units is
the second.
Derived quantities.
Derived quantities are mathematical combinations of
base units.
Surface area is the extension of a body in two dimensions.
The unit for surface area in the International System of
Units is the square metre.
Volume is the space occupied by a body.
The unit for volume is the cubic metre.
Density is the relationship between the mass and the
volume of a body.
The unit for density is the kilogram per cubic metre.
A lot of waste is recycled into glass, paper, metal,

plastic and compost. From the recycling plant,
recycled waste goes directly to your home.
Recycled materials go first to processing and
manufacturing centres.
To prepare new materials, recycled materials are
mixed with raw materials.
Track 26
Everything is Matter
Physical states.
Matter can exist in three different physical states: solid,
liquid and gas.
Solid matter has a fixed shape and volume.
It has high density.
Liquid matter has no fixed shape, but it does have a
fixed volume.
It can flow.
It has quite high density.
Gas has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
It can flow and be compressed.
It has low density.
A substance can change from one state into
another.
Solid to liquid.
When a solid changes into a liquid, fusion occurs.
Liquid to solid.
When a liquid changes into a solid, solidification
occurs.
Liquid to gas.
When a liquid changes into a gas, vaporisation
occurs.
Gas to liquid.
UNIT 13
When a gas changes into a liquid, condensation

occurs.
Track 25
Solid to gas
Unit 13. Page 147
When a solid changes into a gas, sublimation

occurs.
What happens to solid waste?

Study the illustration What happens to waste?
Listen and answer Yes or No.
People take solid waste, rubbish, from their
homes to a waste collection site. From there, it
goes to a larger waste collection site.
All the waste is taken to the same rubbish dump.
Gas to solid.
When a gas changes directly into a solid, regressive
sublimation occurs.
According to particle theory:
Matter is made up of tiny particles, surrounded by
empty spaces.
11
Contents
Go to start
The particles within matter are in constant motion.
Track 28
There are forces which attract the particles.
The appearance of matter.
Atoms and elements

Atoms are the smallest particles of a chemical
element.
Atoms are made up of a nucleus, protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
The electrons orbit the nucleus.
Matter is made up of atoms.
Elements are formed by equal atoms.
Compounds consist of two or more different atoms.
There are more than one hundred different elements.
They are classified in the Periodic Table of Elements.
Substances and formulas.
Atoms form different types of substances:
Monoatomic substances are the noble gases.
Molecules are substances formed by the union of two
or more atoms.
Simple molecules are formed by identical atoms.
They make up gases, for example, oxygen, nitrogen,
and hydrogen.
Compound molecules are formed by a combination of
different atoms.
They are compounds in gas or liquid form, for
example, water and carbon dioxide.
Crystals.
Crystals are formed by many atoms joined together in
an organised structure.
Simple crystals are formed by identical atoms, for
example, metals.
Compound crystals are formed by different atoms, for
example, solid substances, like sodium chloride.
Elements in nature.
Hydrogen is a gas formed by molecules.
It is the most abundant gas in the Universe.
Helium is a gas formed by atoms.
It is the second most abundant gas in the Universe.
Nitrogen is a gas formed by molecules.
It is the most abundant gas in the Earths atmosphere.
Oxygen is a gas formed by molecules.
It is the most abundant element on Earth, and the
second most abundant in the atmosphere.
Carbon is the basis of organic compounds.
Silicon is only found as a compound in nature.
It is the main component of silicates.
Aluminium, iron, magnesium and calcium are metals
which are abundant in minerals and rocks.
Chlorine, magnesium, sodium and potassium dissolve
in water.
They make up the salt in sea water.
Matter can be classified by its appearance, as

heterogeneous or homogeneous.
Heterogeneous means the appearance is not
uniform.
The components can be distinguished.
Homogeneous means the appearance is uniform.
The components cannot be distinguished.
Mixtures. Most common substances are mixtures.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures, of two or more
substances.
They are made up of:
A solvent, which is the most abundant component.
And a solute, which is the least abundant part of a
solution.
Pure Substances.
There are two types: chemical compounds, and
elements.
Compounds can be broken down chemically, into
simpler substances.
Elements cannot be broken down into simpler
substances.
UNIT 14
Track 27
Unit 14. page 152.
The Periodic table of elements
Study the table, then listen and answer.
Find the elements with an orange background.
Are they solids or gases?
Look for the element on the orange background
with the symbol HE. It is used to make bright,
red lights. What is it?
Look at the elements with a dark green
background.
Find the black symbol C. This element is in living
things. What is it?
Find an element on the dark green background
with the red symbol CL. It is used to purify water
in swimming pools. What is it?
Look at the elements on the light green
background.
Find the blue symbol HG. It is used in
thermometers. What is it?
12

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Unicellular living things consist of one cell.

Classification and biodiversity of living things.

Living things are classified into: kingdom, phylum,

Unit 4. Page 51. What should you know?

There are two main types of animals: invertebrates and

The aquatic species breathe through gills. The

Vertebrates have a backbone. There are five groups of

Molluscs go through metamorphosis.

Invertebrates have no backbone.

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

Fish are fusiform.

Ferns are vascular plants.

Water falls from clouds to the ground as rain or

Lustre can be described as metallic,

Igneous rocks are made of magma which has cooled.

Foliate rocks can be separated or cleaved into

For example, slate, schist and gneiss.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by high pressure and

Non-foliate rocks can be broken into irregular

The rock cycle.

For example, marble and quartzite.

The rock cycle is the combination of processes that

All the waste is incinerated.

Unit 12. Page 139. What should you know?

Toxic waste is not incinerated. It is taken to a

Matter and its properties.

A lot of waste is recycled into glass, paper, metal,

When a gas changes into a liquid, condensation

Unit 13. Page 147

When a solid changes into a gas, sublimation

What happens to solid waste?

The particles within matter are in constant motion.

There are forces which attract the particles.

Unit 14. Page 159. What should you know?

The appearance of matter.

Atoms and elements

Matter can be classified by its appearance, as

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