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This idea was very unpopular at first as it contradicted the central dogma of
molecular biology which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then
translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when the scientists Howard Temin and
David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for
reverse transcription, named reverse transcriptase, the possibility that genetic
information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.
Class VI viruses ssRNA-RT, also called the retroviruses are RNA reverse
transcribing viruses with a DNA intermediate. Their genomes consist of two
molecules of positive sense single stranded RNA with a 5' cap and 3'
polyadenylated tail. Examples of retroviruses include Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) and Human T-Lymphotropic virus (HTLV). It takes place in the
cytosol.[1] Once the viruses have entered the cell and been uncoated the genome is
reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA which can be incorporated into the
host cell and subsequently expressed. Reverse transcription by the enzyme reverse
transcriptase occurs in a series of steps:
1. A specific cellular tRNA acts as a primer and hybridizes to a
complementary part of the virus genome called the primer binding site or
PBS
2. Complementary DNA then binds to the U5 (non-codng region) and R
region (a direct repeat found at both ends of the RNA molecule) of the
viral RNA
3. A domain on the reverse transcriptase enzyme called RNAse H degrades
the 5 end of the RNA which removes the U5 and R region
4. The primer then jumps to the 3 end of the viral genome and the newly
synthesised DNA strands hybridizes to the complementary R region on the
RNA
5. The first strand of complementary DNA (cDNA) is extended and the
majority of viral RNA is degraded by RNAse H
6. Once the strand is completed, second strand synthesis is initiated from the
viral RNA
7. There is then another jump where the PBS from the second strand
hybridizes with the complementary PBS on the first strand
8. Both strands are extended further and can be incorporated into the hosts
genome by the enzyme integrase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription
http://www.web-books.com/MoBio/Free/Ch4J1.htm
http://www.mcld.co.uk/hiv/?q=reverse%20transcriptase
Terdapat sel dengan bentuk khusus yang disebut Koanosit atau Sel Leher
yang berfungsi untuk pencemaan makanan.Sel koanosit memiliki nukleus,
vakuola dan flagel. Karena pencernaan berlangsung di dalam sel maka
pencernaan Intrasel.
Mempunyai Eksoskeleton (Rangka Luar): terdiri dari serabut-serabut lentur
yang disebut Spongin dan terdiri dari duriyang disebut Spikula.
Pembiakan dengan cara generatif (kawin), hewan ini mempunyai daya
Regenerasi yang tinggi. http://bebas.vlsm.org/v12/sponsor/SponsorPendamping/Praweda/Biologi/0016%20Bio%201-4b.htm