VIANZON, REYNALDO JR., M.

BSN 4
NCM 106
Balloon Tamponade

When inserted into the esophagus or stomach, balloon catheters are

intended to stop bleeding such as from vascular structuresincluding
esophageal varices and gastric varicesin the upper gastrointestinal
tract.
There are many different types of balloons manufactured for the
purpose of tamponading upper gastrointestinal bleeds, each with
different volume capacities and aspiration ports tailored for the specific
application.
Examples include:
Sengstaken-Blakemore tube, with three lumens (two balloons and
a gastric aspiration port). Pressure can be applied to gastric and
esophageal varices by balloon inflation and traction.
Linton tube, with a large gastric balloon, and gastric and
esophageal aspirates
Minnesota four-lumen tube, with esophageal and gastric balloons,
and esophageal and gastric aspirates.
Balloon tamponade is considered a bridge to more definitive treatment
modalities, and is usually administered in the Emergency Department
or in the intensive-care unit setting, due to the illness of patients and
the complications of the procedure.

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is a test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining
of your large intestine (rectum and colon). He or she uses a thin,
flexible tube called a colonoscope to look at the colon. A colonoscopy
helps find ulcers, colon polyps, tumors, and areas of inflammation or
bleeding. During a colonoscopy, tissue samples can be collected
(biopsy) and abnormal growths can be taken out. Colonoscopy can also
be used as a screening test to check for cancer or precancerous
growths in the colon or rectum (polyps).
The colonoscope is a thin, flexible tube that ranges from 48 in. (125
cm) to 72 in. (183 cm) long. A small video camera is attached to the
colonoscope so that your doctor can take pictures or video of the large
intestine (colon). The colonoscope can be used to look at the whole
colon and the lower part of the small intestine. A test called
sigmoidoscopy shows only the rectum and the lower part of the colon.
Before this test, you will need to clean out your colon (colon prep).
Colon prep takes 1 to 2 days, depending on which type of prep your
doctor recommends. Some preps may be taken the evening before the
test. For many people, the prep is worse than the test. The bowel prep
may be uncomfortable, and you may feel hungry on the clear liquid
diet. Plan to stay home during your prep time since you will need to

use the bathroom often. The colon prep causes loose, frequent stools
and diarrhea so that your colon will be empty for the test. If you need
to drink a special solution as part of your prep, be sure to have clear
fruit juices or soft drinks to drink after the prep because the solution
may have a salty or unpleasant taste.
Colonoscopy is one of many tests that may be used to screen for colon
cancer. Other tests include sigmoidoscopy, stool tests, and computed
tomographic colonography.
Billroth I & II

Billroth partial gastrectomies consist in the removal of the distal

portion of the stomach. According to the type of disease (ulcer or
carcinoma) and the location of the basic disease (duodenal ulcer,
gastric ulcer, high-gastric ulcer), they are performed as an antral, twothirds, four-fifths, or subtotal gastrectomy. The distal partial
gastrectomy is named in according to the type of anastomosis
between the small intestine and the gastric remnant, regardless of the
extent of the gastrectomy.
Billroth I (also known as Billroth's gastrectomy I, Billroth's
anastomosis I, Rydigier's resection) operation is a gastroduodenostomy
that can be performed both end-to-end and end-to-side. It is the
removal of lower portion of stomach (pylorus) with end to end
anastomosis of the remaining stomach with the duodenum. A decisive
difference between this method and the Billroth II procedure is that the
duodenal passage remains intact in the former method. Because of
anastomotic requirements, the Billroth I operation is, as a rule,
performed
as
an
antral
or
a
two-thirds
gastrectomy.
Gastroduodenostomy is a different after extended gastrectomies.
Direct anastomoses of this kind between gastric findus and duodenum
are followed by postoperative complications in a large number of
patients.

Billroth II (Billroth's gastrectomy II, Billroth's anastomosis II) is a

standard treatment for ulcer disease, stomach cancer, injury and other
diseases of the stomach. It is gastrojejunal anastomosis with duodenal
closure. An international consensus conference of gastric cancer
specialists express consensus about the use of the Billroth II for the
treatment of Gastric Cancer. Subtotal excision of the stomach with
closure of the proximal end of the duodenum and side-to-side
anastomosis of the jejunum to the remaining portion ion of the
stomach. The Billroth II connects the stomach to the jejunum, the
middle portion of the small intestine. The Billroth II is a gastrectomy,
that is, a surgical procedure used in the treatment of stomach cancer
and peptic ulcers.