CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this chapter, the writer will explain the theories related to comparative
linguistics, morphology and syntactic, Engliah passive voice elements, English
passive voice patterns, Arabic passive voice elements, and Arabic passive voice
patterns.
A. Review of Related Study
In a thesis written by Rofiqoh entiteled A Comparative Study between
English and Arabic Verb Inflection (2011) and A Contrastive Analysis between
English and Arabic Passive Voice by Muhibbah Fatati (2012), the researcher
finds some resemblances on how that research analysis on the comparative
language between English and Arabic.
Rofiqoh's thesis entitled A Comparative Study between English and
Arabic Verb Inflection (2011). She focuses on English and Arabic verb inflection.
The result of the research shows that, in English, the inflection of the verb
happens due to the third singular persons, past tense, progressive, and the past
participle. In Arabic, the verb inflection is due to subjects of all pronouns and the
verb inflection is due to the time in the form of fiil muri .

Rofiqoh states that English and Arabic have similarities in verb

inflections; when the subjects and tenses are changed, the verbs are also changed.
The differences lie on the fact that in English the verb changes when personal
pronoun he, she, or it functions as a subject, but in Arabic all verbs are changed
when the personal pronouns change. In English the verb inflection happens in the
simple tense, progressive, and past participle, while in Arabic the verb inflection
happens in fiil muri .
Related to Muhibbah Fatati's research (2012) entitled A Contrastive
Analysis between English and Arabic Passive Voice, the researcher finds
differences and similarities in both of English and Arabic passive voice. Verbs
and tenses are important to regulate English and Arabic in forming passive voice.
English has many tenses than Arabic nonetheless, Arabic more complexes in the
part of word. English consists of auxiliaries or to be added with past participle
form, in contrast Arabic uses the changing vowel or internal change to show
whether it's active or passive form. Arabic depends on the gender or amr ,
because Arabic verb always follows to subject. Both English and Arabic have
same purpose of omitting agent in the passive form.
Based on the previous researches, the researcher is interested to find out
the comparison between English and Arabic. Thus, this research is different from
the related research because of this research focuses on the English and Arabic
passive voice elements and patterns. This research might a bit similar to

Muhibbah Fatati's thesis (2012), but it can be evidenced that this thesis has
different way in discussing passive voice. The more complex in analysing Arabic
word patterns in kind of passive voice depends on the morphological and
syntactical structure. Muhibbah Fatati's thesis (2012) only focuses on a piece of
Arabic grammatical structure on passive voice and how to construct it.
B. Comparative Linguistics
The word comparative is derived from the verb compare. Compare
means to examine people or things, to see how they are similar and how they are
different (Hornby, 2001:245). Comparative linguistics is a branch of historical
relatedness. The fundamental technique of comparative linguistic is to compare
phonological system, morphological system, syntax and the lexicon of two or
more languages using techniques such as the comparative method. The
comparative method uses information from two or more languages and allows
reconstruction

of

the

ancestral

language.

(www//Wikipedia/comparative

linguistic/.com accessed on November 24,2013 at 18:15.p.m).

Alwasilah, (1986:86-87) quoted from Dictionary of Language and
Linguistics, it defines comparative linguistic as "an approach to language studies
in which sets of phonological, grammatical and lexical correspondence between
different periods on historical development of one language are listed and
classified".

10

Form the quotation above Alwasilah concludes that comparative

linguistic refer to two comparative studies:
a. Diachronic
b. Synchronic
The Diachronic comparative is the study of historical linguistic comparison or
called comparative philology, which is the comparison of the similar language
development. Synchronic comparative is the study of contrastive and error
analysis.
A synchronic analysis is one that views linguistic phenomena only at a
given time, ussually the present. The synchronic comparative is used in this
research because of comparing two differences language in linguistic
phenomenon at the time. The passive voice is the main point of two languages in
synchronic analysis.
C. English Morphology and syntax
English and Arabic passive voice have different case in the structures of
passive. English passive voice more concerns in syntax exactly in clustering
words between an auxiliary generally be and past participle. Arabic passive voice
concerns with morphological aspects, specifically in changing vowel in the verb.
Widdowson (1996:48) states that morphology deals with the way word
are adapted; syntax deals with the way they are combined in sentences. It means
that syntax concerns with combination of word. Morphology concerns with the
internal word structure and rule by which words are formed.

11

According to Mukalel (1998:132) morphology is concerned with the

internal structure of words and their relationship to other words within the
paradigm. Words are important part of linguistic knowledge and constitute a
component of our mental grammar. (Colins, Peter, et. al.1991:60)
Syntax is coupling device which allows words to function as
constituents in the large structural units like phrase and sentence Widdowson
(1996:48). Hornby (1974:877) states that syntax is science about sentence
building or (rules for the) arrangement of words into phrases and phrases into
sentence.
The part of grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of those
structures and their formation is called syntax. Colins, Perer, et all. (1991:100)
states syntax is the sentence patterns of language; sentence is a sequence of
words.
Mukalel (1998:22) defines syntax as the principle of arrangement of the
constructions formed by the process of derivation and inflection into larger
construction of various types. Syntax on the other hand treats the external
function (the organizational features) of word and their relation in a discourse.
D. English Passive Voice
There have been many definitions offered by some grammarians to
describe what really a passive voice is. To achieve a good definition and to study
more about the types and characteristics of English passive voice, the writer will

12

quote a good definition and explain the types and characteristics of English
passive voice.
According to Jespersen (1993:85-86), the vast majority of cases the
choice of the passive turn is due to one of the following reasons:
1. The active subject (what would be the subject if we had chosen the active
turn) is unknown or cannot easily be stated:
(6) Her father was killed in the Boer war. (Jespersen.1993:85) The killer is
unknown, so the subject is omitted.
2. The active subject is self-evident from the context:
(7) He was elected Member of Parliament for Leeds
3. There may be a special reason (tact or delicacy of sentiment) for not
mentioning the active subject; thus the mention of the first person is often
avoided, in writing more frequently than in speaking:
(8) Enough has been said here of a subject which will be treated more fully
in a subsequent chapter. (Jespersen. 1993:86)
4. Where it is indicated (converted subject) the reason why the passive turn is
preferred is generally the greater interest taken in the passive than in the active
subject
(9) The house was struck by lightning. (Jespersen.1993:86)
His son was run over by a motor car
5. The passive turn may facilitate the connexion of one sentence with another:
(10) He rose to speak, and was listened to with enthusiasm by the great
crowd present.

13

Hornby (1995:847) states that passive voice is the form of a verb used
when the subject is affected by the action of the verb. According to Thomson &
Maritine (1986:263) the passive of an active tense is formed by putting an
auxiliary verb to be into the same tense as the active verb and adding the past
participle of the active verb. Therefore, the passive voice is the subject which
receives the action of the verb.
The English passive is formed with an auxiliary, generally be, but often
also get or become, plus past participle. Addison states (1994:224) that passive
sentence is formed with the verb be (am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being) or get
(get, gets, got, gotten, getting) plus a past participle.
(11) "Last year I get my coat cleaned once" (Addison 1994:244)
(12) John was beaten by Tom, mean essentially the same thing and yet
they are not in every respect synonymous, and it is therefore not superfluous for a
language to have both turns and thus be able to shift the point of view.
This action causes the original subject of the sentence which heretofore
had performed the action to be inactive and non-dependent on the active verb and
so it becomes passive. That is why it is called passive.
From the definition above, it can be concluded that the passive voice
exchanges the subject of a sentence in its active voice with the object of the same
sentence by using any form of the auxiliary verb generally be along with the past
participle/V3 of the main verb.

14

1. Auxiliary Verb
English passive voice always uses an auxiliary verb be which is by
putting the right auxiliary verb be and it is followed by past participle.
According to Elly Van Glederen (7002:21), the auxiliary verb
functions to help another verb, but does not itself contribute greatly to the
meaning of the sentence. It can be understood that auxiliary verb be is the
helper of the verb which does not have any contribution of the meaning in
sentences.
Auxiliary is divided into two kinds. First, linking verb (a helping
verb) or verb be; is a verb which connects a subject to its predicate without
expressing an action. A linking verb is used to re-identify or describe the
subject.
Re-identify
(13) He is a teacher
Describe
(14) She looks beautiful
The linking verbs which are used to re-identify the subject as in
sentence (13). The linking verb is is used to re-identify the subject itself which
connects to the predicate without any action. The linking verb (14) is is
connects between subjects and predicates which is used to describe the
subject's condition.

15

The most common linking verb is the verb be. Auxiliary that
functioned as a linking verb is auxiliary verb be (is, am, are, was, were, be,
being and been) see table (2).
(15) I am knowledgeable about passive voice.
(16) I became an expert on passive voice.
The verb am in data (15) is form of auxiliary verb be, which is the
most common linking verb. The verb became acts also as a linking verb,
connecting the subject to the word usually found at the end of the sentence.
Linking verbs express states of being as opposed to performing
actions. The other example of the verb be or linking verb see table 2. (Elly
Van Glederen 7002:21)
Table 2
Linking Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs
Be

Do

Is
Am
Are
Was
Were
Being
Been

Is
Am
Are
Was
Were

Have

Does
Do
Did

Has
Have
Had
Having

is being
Am being
Are being
Was being
Were being

May be
Can be
Could be
Might be
Must be

had been
Have been
Has been
Could have been
May have been

16

Non-finite forms
Infinite
be
have
do

Present
participle
being
having
doing

Past
Participle
been
had
done

Finite forms
Present tense

Past tense

am, is, are, have, was, were

has,
had
do, does
did
shall
should
will
would
can
could
may
might
must
ought
need
dare
used

Others common ones are related to the five senses; to look, to feel, to
smell, to sound, and to taste.
To further illustrate the difference between action verbs and linking
verbs, see the examples below:
(17) I like swimming. I feel the cold water with my hands. (Action verbs)
(18) I am a swimming pro. I feel happy. (Linking verb)
The verb feel is used differently in both sentences. In the first
sentence, the subject is doing the act of feeling the cold water using the hands.
In the next line, the subject is in a state of feeling happy.
Second, modal auxiliaries; modals express a speaker is feeling that
something is necessary, permissible, advisable, possible; and can convey the
strength of these attitudes. The modal auxiliaries are can, could, will, would,
shall, should, may, might, must, have to, used to, ought to, need, had better.

17

Table 3
Modal Auxiliaries
NO

Present

Past

Future

Similar modal

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Can
May
Must
Dare
Dare
Ought to
-

Could
Would
Should
Might
Used to
Had better

Will
Shall
-

To be able to
To be going to
To be going to
To be allow to
Has/ have/ had to
Be supposed to
-

a. Form Passive Voice with be

The English passive voice could be formed by any transitive verb
and an action verb that can take a direct object with the auxiliary verb be.

Active voice looks like:

Subject + verb + direct object.
(91) We removed our lips
(70) Everyone envied his enjoyment.
The verb removed is used to explain the act of the subject We,
which is the sentence is the active sentence. The word our lips is the object
of the sentence placed in the end of sentence.
Passive voice makes the changes: direct object as subject + form of
be + past participle + by + subject as object of the preposition.

18

(79) Our lips were removed by us.

(77) His enjoyment was envied by everyone.
Removed and envied are the past participle verbs, each of which
indicates a certain action of the subject, which is the subject is placed in the
object's place as an agent. The sentence is the passive sentence. In the first
sentence our lips, becomes the direct object, which is placed on the subject's
place of the sentence. While in the second sentence, His enjoyment the
subject is placed on the subject's place an agent everyone.
2. Past Participle Verb
A verb is a word that performs an action or expresses a state of
being. In a sentence, the verb often says something about the subject of the
sentence. Hence, a verb is an important element that makes up the predicate of
a sentence.
(23) John loves apple
(24) The kettle whistles when it is hot
Loves and whistles are the verbs, each of which indicates a certain
action. In the first sentence john, the subject is performing the action in the
verb love. While in the second sentence, the subject is performing the verb
whistles.
The word participle comes to us via French, via Latin, from Greek,
and means part-taking. In grammar a participle is a part taken from a
complete, or finite, verb form for another purpose. )Dykes_Barbara 2007:116)

19

The past participle is the third non finite verb or V3 used for
constructing perfect continuous tense (25), verbal adjective (26), and passive
voice (27).
(25) I have paid the bill (Perfect continuous)
(26) The bored woman (Adjective)
(27) The bill has been paid by me (Passive voice)
According to Dykes_Barbara (2007:116) Participles are very flexible
as they can become various parts of speech according to the work they do.
They can also be added to an auxiliary (helper) verb in order to form a
complete tense. English passive voice always uses an auxiliary verb be which
is by putting the right auxiliary verb be the past participle becomes passive
voice.
According to Dykes_Barbara (2007:117-118) Past participles are of
two kinds:
1. Past participle same as past (or present) tense
These look the same as the past tense and end in ed, d or t.These are
said to be regular (or weak).
Present
Laught
Love
leave

Suffix
ed
d
t

Past and Past Participle

-laughed
-loved
-left

2. Different from the past tense

These are the participles that are different from the past tense, usually
because the inside vowel changes. They are called irregular (or strong).

20

Present tense

Past tense

Past participle

Break

Broke

broken

To know the difference between the past tense and the past participle is by
puting I have in front of it.
(28) I have broke.
(29) I have broken. (Dykes_Barbara. 2007: 118)
The data (29) is sounds correct, then that is the past participle.
Whereas, the (28) I have broke, is uncorrect when I have is putted before
it.
The verb which is used in forming passive voice is the past
participle verb, the third verb which gets inflected by adding suffix ed.
a. English Verb Inflection
The past participle is used for showing completion and
passive voice. The verb form is usually base verb plus -ed (for regular
verb), for the irregular verb there is no rule.

Table 4
English Verb Inflection
NO

Stem

1.
2.
3.

Watch
Learn
Study

Perfect
Regular verbs
Watch + ed
Learn + ed
Study + ed

watched
learned
studied

21

Irregular verbs
4.
5.
6.

Write
Do
Eat

Written
Done
Eaten

From the table above, the verbs watched and learned are
changed from the bare verb watch and learn by the adding suffix-ed.
The verbs written, done and eaten are irregular verbs; those are the
changes from the verbs write do and eat.
Table 5
Inflections of the Verb in Passive Voice are as follows:
Passive (Be + past participle/ V3)

NO

Regular verbs
1.
2.
3.

He was arrested (30)

The movie was watched (31)
They were helped (32)
Irregular verbs

4.
5.
6.

The meal was eaten (33)

They were forgiven 34)
The book was written (35)

Form the table explanation above, the verbs in data arrested(30),

watched(31), and helped(32). Are changed from bare verb arrest, watch,
and help by adding suffix-ed. The verbs eaten(33), forgiven(34), and
written(35) are irregular verbs, those are the inflection of the verbs eat,
forgive, and write.

22

b. Transitive and Intransitive Verb

Verbs that have objects (transitive verbs) can be formed as a
passive; in contrast the verbs which do not have the objects (intransitive
verb) cannot be formed as a passive voice. Addison (1994:234) states that
"Only transitive verbs, those that take one or more objects, can be made
passive. Intransitive verbs (verbs which do not take objects) cannot be
made passive. These examples are taken from Addison's book (1994:234).
(36) People have found no trace of cooper (transitive- can be made
passive)
No trace of Cooper has been found (passive).
(37) The plane proceeded to Seattle. (Intransitive- cannot be made
passive).
According to Azar in the book entitle Understanding and Using
English Grammar 3rd edition (2002:208) "Only transitive verbs (verb that
can be followed by an object) are used in the passive". Transitive verb is
the verbs that have an object like: help. The passive voices are built from
the transitive verb; john is helped by marry (passive) built from sentence
marry help john. The word "help" is a transitive verb, when the sentence is
needed to be passive, the "help" change into "helped" (past participle /
V3).
Azar (2002:208) states that "It is not possible to use intransitive
verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, and seem) in the passive". Commonly
passive voice is made from transitive verbs like: john is helped by marry,
but some intransitive verbs are able to be passive; marry is come to sing.

23

3. Object
According to Jespersen on his books at the title Essential of English
grammar (9111:86) the subject of a passive verb is what in the active would
be an object.
Azar (2002:208) states that "In the passive, the object becomes the
subject of the passive verb. The object of the verb moved into the place of
subject of the verb". As Azar explains in the example from his book
Understanding and Using English grammar (2002:208) The boy in (16)
becomes the subject of the passive verb in (17).
(38) Marry helped the boy

Active

(39) The boy was helped by marry

Passive

E. Tenses of Passive Voice

English passive voices are constructed from: (Subject + auxiliary verb (be) + past
participle). For usage of passive voice tenses see Table 6.
Table 6
Tenses of English passive voice
1. Past tense
Time
a. Simple past

b. Past continuous

Pattern
Subject + was / were + V3

Model

Food was cooked in the

kitchen teen hours
ago.(40)
Subject + was being + Past Food was being cooked
Participle (V3)
in the kitchen when he
came here.(41)

24

c. Past perfect

Subject + had been + Past Food had been cooked

Participle (V3)
in the kitchen before I
left. (42)

2. Present tense
Time
a. Simple present

b. Present
continuous
c. Present perfect

Pattern

Model

Subject + be + Past
Participle (V3)
Subject + being + Past
Participle (V3)
Subject + has/have been+
Past Participle (V3)

Food is cooked in the

kitchen. (43)
Food is being cooked in
the kitchen.(44)
Food has been cooked in
the kitchen (45)

3. Future Tense
Time
a. Simple future
b. Perfect future

Pattern

Model

Subject + will be + Past

Participle (V3)
Subject + will have been
+ Past Participle (V3)

Food will be cooked in

the kitchen (46)
Food will have been
cooked in the kitchen, if
you arrive at five. (47)

F. Arabic Morphology and Syntax

Muhammad (2006:10) defines that Arabic morphology ilmu araf (
)is a branch of Arabic grammar dealing with word-forms and patterns.
Arabic morphology is named ilmu araf which is one of Arabic
grammar connecting with the word-form. One other part is called Arabic syntax
ilmu nahwu
sentences.

connecting with the words which are combined in a

25

1. Pronoun amr
Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. Pronoun in Arabic is
named amr e.g. he huwa , they hum , she hiya , you anta
, we nanu , his hu , her h , your ka , and my iy .
(Ahmed.Zahoor. 2008:27)
According to Ahmed.Zahoor (2008:27), there are two kinds of
Arabic pronouns; the detached pronouns, called amiru al munfailatu
, e.g. huwa he huwa alibu see (table 2) he is a
student and the attached pronouns, called amiru al muttailatu
, eg. hu his kitbuhu his book, etc. The attached
pronouns amiru al muttailatu , the pronouns can be attach to a
verb or a noun.

Table 7
Detached Personal Pronouns
Modified from Ahmed.Zahoor's table (2008:27)
Person
3rd Person
male
3rd Person
female
2nd person
male

SINGULAR
mufrad

huwa libun

He is a student
hiya libatun

She is a student
anta libun

You are a student

DUAL
taniyyah

hum libatni

They are two students
huma libatni

they are two students
female
antum libatni

You are students

PLURAL
ama

hum ullbun

They are students
hunna libtun

They are students female
antun ullbun

You are students

26

2nd person
female
1st person
male and
female

anti libatun

You are a student
an libun /
libatun

I am a student

antum libatni

You are students
nanu libni /
libatni

We are students

antunna libtun

You are students
nanu ullbun /
libtun

We are students

According to Ahmed.Zahoor (2008:28), pronouns attached to a verb

become its direct object, e.g. araba means he struck see Table 3, he
is a subject and struck is a verb; with the addition of an attached pronoun
him hu would become the object of the verb araba . For the use of
attached pronouns to a verb see Table 8.
Table 8
Pronouns Attached a Verb as its Direct object
Modified from Ahmed.Zahoor's table (2008:28)
Person

3rd Person
male
3rd Person
female
2nd person
male
2nd person
female
1st person
male and
female

SINGULAR
mufrad

hu - arabahu
-
He struck him/it
ha-arabah
-
He struck her/it
ka-arabaka
-
He struck you
ka-arabaka
-
He struck you
-araban
-
He struck me

DUAL
taniyyah

hum-arabahum
-
He struck them
hum-arabahum
-
He struck them
kuma-arabakum
-
He struck you
kum-arabakuma
-
He struck you
n-araban
-
He struck us

PLURAL
ama

hum - arabahum
-
He struck them
hunna-arabahunna
-
He struck them
kum-arabakum
-
He struck you
kunna-arabakunna
-
He struck you
n-araban
-
He struck us

27

The word hu in the verb arabahu He struck him/it is the

pronouns attached to verb as its direct object. araba ' He struck'
standing together with attached pronoun hu him/it.
(48) arabtuhu

araba -tu-hu
Beat -I -him
"I beat him"
(49) Katabtu al-kitba

- -
Kataba-tu(ana)- al-kitba
Wrote-I - a book
I wrote a book
The example (49) Katabtu al-kitba

is built from

Kataba-an- al-kitba - - Wrote-I- a book. The word Kataba

can be followed by attached pronoun as tu ( an ) , so the word becomes
Katabtu . It would be attached because of the pronouns can standing
together with the verb in one word.
2. The Arabic Verb Inflection

Verb inflection in Arabic happens due to the change of the subject

and the time (tenses). Fiil m is the bare verb that changes due
to the subjects ;singular, dual or plural, male or female.
Fiil m has two kinds they are fiil mi maruf
and fiil m mahul .

28

Table 9
The Arabic Perfect Passive Verb Inflection
NO

Personal

Wazan

Passive

Additional

Pronoun

Fiil

Verb

letter

Huwa

Hum

fuila

fuil

nuira

nuir

3.

Hum

fuil

nuir

4.

Hiya

Hum

fuilat

fuilat

nuirat

nuirat

6.

Hunna

fuilna

nuirna

7.

Anta

antum

fuilta

fuiltum

nuirta

nuirtum

9.

Antum

fuiltum

nuirtum

10.

Anti

fuilti

nuirti

11.

Antum

fuiltum

nuirtum

12.

antunna

fuiltunna

13

An

nanu

1.
2.

5.

8.

14.

fuiltu

fuilna

Gloss

No
extra He was helped
letter
Adding the They (dual
suffix alif male) were
helped
Adding the They (plural
suffix waw male) were

helped
Adding the She was
suffix ta
helped
Adding the They (dual
suffixes ta female) were
and alif helped
Adding the They (plural
suffix nun female) were
helped
Adding the You (male)
suffix ta were helped
Adding the You (dual
suffixes ta male) were
mim and helped
alif
Adding the You (plural
suffixes ta male) were
and mim
helped

Adding the You (female)

suffix ta were helped

Adding the
suffixes ta
mim and
alif
nuirtunna Adding the

suffixes ta
and nun
nuirtu
Adding the

suffix ta
nuirna
Adding the

suffix nun

You (dual
female) were
helped
You (plural
female) were
helped
I was helped
We were
helped

29

Table 10
The Arabic Imperfect Verb Inflection
NO

Personal

Wazan fiil

Pronoun

Passive

Additional

verb

letter
No
extra
letter
Adding the
suffix alif
and nun
Adding the
suffix waw
and nun
ya
is
changed to
ta
ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffixes
alif and
nun
ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffix nun

ya
is
changed to
ta
ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffixes
alif and
nun

Huwa

Hum

yufalu
yufalni

ynuaru

ynuarni

3.

Hum

yufalna

yunarna

4.

Hiya

tufalu

tuaru

5.

Hum

tufalni

tunarni

6.

Hunna

tufalna

tunarna

7.

Anta

tufalu

tunaru

8.

antum

tufalni

tuarni

1.
2.

gloss

He is helped
They
(dual
male)
are
helped
They (plural
male)
are
helped
She is helped

They
(dual
female)
are
helped

They (plural
female)
are
helped

You
(male)
are helped
You
male)
helped

(dual
are

30

9.

Antum

tufalna

tunaruna

10.

Anti

tufalna

tuarna

11.

antum

tufalni

tuarni

12.

antunna

tufalna

tuarna

13.

An

ufalu

unaru

14.

nanu

nufalu

tuaru

ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffixes
waw and
nun
ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffixes ya
and nun

ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffixes
alif and
nun
ya
is
changed to
ta and
adding the
suffix nun
ya
is
changed to
hamzah
ya
is
changed to
nun

You
(plural
male)
are
helped

You (female)
are helped

You
(dual
female)
are
helped

You
(plural
female)
are
helped

I was helped

We are helped

3. The Wazan Fiil

Wazan fiil is the verb that is formed from fa' ,
, lam in
ain
kinds of fiil ula and formed from fa' ain, first lam second lam in
kinds of fiil rubi chronologically.

31

The function of wazan fiil is to scale verbs and to detect on

verbs which is consists of base verbs and additional verbs.
Mauzun is the verbs that is represented by wazan fiil ,
it's meaning sense that every mauzun does not contain of fa , ain
and lam chronologically.
The function of mauzun is to exact the verb that does not
exists in common verb, and scaled by wazan fiil .
According to Moulana Ebrahim Muhammad (2006:20) to indicate
patterns or type-forms of verbs, the grammarians use the three letters of the
verb ( ) where the ()
)
represents the first radical of the verb, the (
represents the second radical of the verb and the ( ) represents the third
radical of the verb.
This is the scale mzn ( )or standard by which the root letters of
a verb are determined.
The letter that corresponds to the ()
of the mzn ( )is called
the ful klimah () , that which corresponds to the ain (
) is called the
ain k alimah ( ) while the letter corresponding to the lam ( ) is called
the lmul kalimah () .

32

Table 11
The Simulation of Scaling Wazan Fiil

Lam

faala
kataba
ain

fa

Kataba is standardized by following wazan fiil faala . The

word kataba is scaled from word faala . fa is scaling the word kaf
, ain
is scaling ta and lam is scaling ba .
Table 12
The Simulation of Scaling Wazan Fiil by Observing Vowel
Wazan fiil

f-a--a-l-a
-----
K-a-t-a-b-a

Vowel

Expectation

a-a-a
--
a-a-a

Arabic verb is scaled by the

Arabic wazan fiil, which
the vowel of wazan fiil is
the core of Arabic verbs.

Every single Arabic verb is following to the wazan fiil. The wazan
fiil is the scaling of the every single Arabic verb. It is mean that Arabic verbs
are regular verbs, so the Arabic verbs should follow to the core verb (wazan
fiil).

33

Arabic verb letters have two types, fiil ula

( 3root

letters/trilateral) and fiil rub ( 4 root letters/ quadrilateral). In

every single types splits into two categories muarrad consists of pure
root only and mazdun fhi consists of extra additional.
The Arabic verb is constructed from a root which usually consists of
three letters called consonants or radicals. These consonants form a kind of
skeleton which constitutes the verb-stem to which prefixes and suffixes may
be added Moulana Ebrahim Muhammad (2006:20). All the verbs are derived
from a trilateral root as Moulana Ebrahim Muhammad (2006:20) tells that
Arabic verbs are mostly trilateral, that is, they are constructed of three root
letters.
Arabic verb forms are needs to be rooted from the base consonant.
Bahloul.Maher (2007:29) states that "all inflected verbal forms are related to
an invariable root". The Arabic rooting is adding vowel between consonants
and without changing consonants itself. Perfect tense and imperfect tense are
same form in the consonant letter, just vowels which is appears between
consonant are distinguishing in perfect and imperfect tense.
Root Perfect Active
(50) ktb kataba he wrote
(51) ls alasa he sat
(52) sl saala he asked
Bahloul.Maher (2007:29)

Imperfect Active
yaktubu he writes/is writing
yalisu he sits/is sitting
yasalu he asks/is asking

34

a. Fiil ula Muarrad

ula means trial. Muarad means desolate or quite. fiil ula
muarrad is every single verb which have three letters
without any additional letter.
Adding vowel between consonants is depending on the Arabic
verb form. The perfect Arabic vowel which is consists of three letters.
fiil ula muarrad have three forms: a-a-a, a-i-a, and au-a. Abu Charca(2007:130) divides that Arabic three letters form into
three kinds CaCaCa, CaCiCa, and CaCuCa.
Fiil ula muarad consists of six different
wazan fiil those wazan are the base root verb without any extra letter :
As one Arabic grammatical poem states that fiil ula muarad
consists of six different wazan fiil.

Fatu ammin fatu kasrin fatatni # Kasru fatin ammun ammin kasratni

Table 13
Six Wazan Fiil of Fiil ula Muarrad

NO
1
2
3

The wazan fiil

faala - yafulu
-
faala - yafalu
-
faala - yafilu
-

Example

Vowel

Gloss

Extra
letter
No extra
letter

kataba- yaktubu
-

qaraa-yaqrau
-
waada-yaidu
-

a-a-a a-u-u

Write-wrote

a-a-a a-a-u

Read-road

No extra
letter

a-a-a a-i-u

Strike-stroke

No extra
letter

35

4
5

faila - yafalu
-
faila - yafilu
-

ariba- yarabu"
-

asiba-yasibu
-

a-i-a a-a-u

Drink-drank

No extra
letter

a-i-a a-i-u

Count-counted

No extra
letter

faula - yafulu
-

bauda-yabudu

a-u-a a-u-u

Far

No extra
letter

1. Faala - yafulu - is the first wazan fiil of six wazan fiil ula
muarrad

. faala - yafulu consists of six vowels; a-a-a

and a-u-u. The main vowels of this wazan is a and u. The wazan faala yafulu - can be used to scale another verb which is same in
component of letters. eg. kataba- yaktubu -
is same form of
components of letters with wazan faala - yafulu - .
faala - yafulu
kataba- yaktubu

- ( a-a-a a-u-u)
-
( a-a-a a-u-u)

2. Faala - yafalu - consists of six vowels; a-a-a and a-a-u. The

main vowels of this wazan is a and a. The wazan faala - yafalu can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters
component like the word

qaraa-yaqrau -. The word qaraa-

yaqrau - can be scaled to wazan faala - yafalu - because

of having same letters component a-a-a and a-a-u.
faala - yafalu - ( a-a-a a-a-u)
qaraa-yaqrau - ( a-a-a a-a-u)
3. Faala - yafilu - consists of six vowels; a-a-a and a-i-u. The
main vowels of this wazan is a and i. The wazan faala - yafilu -

36

can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters

component like the word waada-yaidu. The word waada-yaidu -
can be scaled to wazan faala - yafilu - because of having
same letters component a-a-a and a-i-u.
faala - yafilu - ( a-a-a a-i-u)
waada-yaidu - ( a-a-a a-i-u)
4. Faila - yafalu - consists of six vowels; a-i-a and a-a-u. The main
vowels of this wazan is i and a. The wazan faila - yafalu - can
be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters component
like the word ariba- yarabu -
. The word ariba- yarabu
-
can be scaled to wazan faila - yafalu - because of having
same letters component a-i-a and a-a-u.
faila - yafalu - ( a-i-a a-a-u)
ariba- yarabu -
( a-i-a a-a-u)
5. Faila - yafilu - consists of six vowels; a-i-a and a-i-u. The main
vowels of this wazan are i and i. The wazan faila - yafilu - can
be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters component
like the word asiba-yasibu -. The word asiba-yasibu -
can be scaled to wazan faila - yafilu - because of having
same letters component a-i-a and a-i-u.
faila - yafilu - ( a-i-a a-i-u)
asiba-yasibu -( a-i-a a-i-u)

37

6. Faula - yafulu - consists of six vowels; a-i-a and a-i-u. The main
vowels of this wazan are u and u. The wazan faula - yafulu -
can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters
component like the word bauda-yabudu . The word baudayabudu

can be scaled to wazan faula - yafulu -

because of having same letters component a-u-a and a-u-u.

faula - yafulu -( a-i-a a-i-u)
bauda-yabudu ( a-i-a a-i-u)
C. Fiil ulai Mazd Fhi
ula means trial. Mazid fhi means added. Fiil ulai mazid fhi
is every single verb which have three letters with additional
letter.
Fiil ulai mazid fhi consists of twelve different
wazan Fiil, the difference between fiil ula muarad

and Fiil ulai mazid fhi is on the number of letters. The

fiil ula muarad

consists of three letters without any

additional, but Fiil ulai mazid fhi have some additional

letter between the core letters.
Table 14
Wazan Fiil of Fiil ulai Mazid Fhi
NO

Example

Gloss

ExtraLetter

afala - yufilu

akrama-yukrimu
-

Fete

alif

38

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10
11
12

faala - yufailu

fla - yuflu

iftaala yaftailu

infaala - yanfailu

ifalla - yafallu
-
tafala -yatafaalu

tafla yatafalu
-
istafala- yastafilu

orrafa - yuarrifu

qtala - yuqtilu
-
itanaba-yatanibu
-
infaara - yanfairu

imarra - yamarru

Taqabbala-yataqabbalu

taqbala - yataqbalu
-
istanara - yastaniru
-

Exchange

ifaila - yafialu

ifaylala -yafaylalu
-
ifawwall-yafwwilu

iauana-yaauanu

ihma -yahmu

ilawwad - yalawwidu

Shrivel

Ayn

alif

alif t
,
alif- nn
,
alif - lm
,
t - ayn
,
t - alif
,
alif- sn- t
,,

Kill
Shun
Apart
Being red
Accept
Face
Have
recourse

Verdant
Skinned

alif-waw
,
alif-alif-lm
,,
alif-waw
,

The twelve wazan Fiil ulai mazid fhi

1. Afala - yufilu consists of eight letters, a-f-a-la yu-f-i-lu
the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional letter is alif .
The wazan afala - yufilu can be used as a scaling to another
verb which is have same letters component like the word akramayukrimu -. The word akrama-yukrimu - can be scaled to
wazan afala - yufilu because of having same letters
component a-f-a-la yu-f-i-lu = a-k-ra-ma - yu-k-ri-mu.

39

2. Faala - yufailu consists of nine letters, fa--a-la yufa--i-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional
letter is Ayn . The wazan faala - yufailu can be used as
a scaling to another verb which is have same letters component like the
word orrafa - yuarrifu -

. The word arrafa - yuarrifu

-
can be scaled to wazan faala - yufailu

because of having same letters component fa--a-la yu-fa--i-lu =

a-r-ra-fa yu-a-r-ri-fu.
3. Fala - yuflu consists of seven letters, f-a-la yu-f-ilu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional letter is alif
. The wazan fala - yuflu can be used as a scaling to
another verb which is have same letters component like the word qtala
yuqtilu - -. The word qtala yuqtilu - can be scaled
to wazan fala - yuflu because of having same letters
component f-a-la yu-f-i-lu = q-ta-la yu-q-ti-lu.
4. Iftaala yaftailu consists of nine letters, if-ta-a-la ya-fta-i-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional letters
are alif and t . The wazan iftaala yaftailu can be
used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters component
like the word itanaba-yatanibu -. The word itanabayatanibu - can be scaled to wazan iftaala yaftailu

40

because of having same letters component if-ta-a-la ya-f-ta-ilu = i-ta-na-ba-ya--ta-ni-bu.

5. Infaala - yanfailu consists of nine letters, in-fa-a-la yan-fa-i-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional
letters are alif and nn . The wazan infaala - yanfailu
can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters
component like the word infaara yanfairu . The word
infaara yanfairu can be scaled to wazan infaala yanfailu because of having same letters component in-faa-la ya-n-fa-i-lu = in-fa-a-ra ya-n-fa-i-ru.
6. Ifalla - yafallu - consists of nine letters, if-a-l-la ya-f-a-l-lu
the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional letters are alif
and lm . The wazan ifalla - yafallu - can be used as a
scaling to another verb which is have same letters component like the
word imarra - yamarru -
. The word imarra - yamarru
-
can be scaled to wazan ifalla - yafallu - because of

having same letters component if-a-l-la ya-f-a-l-lu = i-ma-r-ra

ya--ma-r-ru.
7. Tafaala -yatafaalu consists of eleven letters, ta-fa--ala ya-ta-fa--a-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The
additional letters are t and ayn
. The wazan tafaala yatafaalu can be used as a scaling to another verb which is

41

have same letters component like the word Taqabbala-yataqabbalu

. The word Taqabbala-yataqabbalu can be scaled to
wazan tafaala -yatafaalu because of having same letters
component ta-fa--a-la ya-ta-fa--a-lu = Ta-qa-b-ba-la-ya-ta-qa-bba-lu.
8. Tafla yatafalu - consists of nine letters, ta-f-a-la
ya-ta-f-a-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional
letters arealif and t . The wazan tafla yatafalu -
can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters
component like the word taqbala yataqbalu -. The word
taqbala yataqbalu - can be scaled to wazan tafla
yatafalu - because of having same letters component ta-fa-la ya-ta-f-a-lu = ta-q-ba-la ya-ta-q-ba-lu.
9. Istafala- yastafilu consists of eleven letters, is-ta-f-a-la
ya-s-ta-f-i-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The
additional letters are alif ,sn , and t . The wazan istafalayastafilu can be used as a scaling to another verb which
is have same letters component like the word istanara - yastaniru
-. The word istanara - yastaniru - can be
scaled to istafala- yastafilu because of having same
letters component is-ta-f-a-la ya-s-ta-f-i-lu = is-ta-n-a-ra ya-sta-n-i-ru.

42

10. Ifaila - yafialu consists of eleven letters, if-a-i-a-la

ya-f-a-i-a-lu the base verb is faala - yafulu - . The additional
letters are alif and waw . The wazan ifaila - yafialu
can be used as a scaling to another verb which is have same letters
component like the word iauana-yaauanu . The
word iauana-yaauanu can be scaled to ifaila yafialu because of having same letters component if-ai-a-la ya-f-a-i-a-lu = i-a-u-a-na ya- a u a nu.
11. Ifaylala -yafaylalu - consists of eleven letters, if-a-y-la-la
ya-f-a-y-la-lu. The base verb is faala - yafulu - . The
additional letters are alif , alif and lm . The wazan ifaylala yafaylalu - can be used as a scaling to another verb which is
have same letters component like the word ihma -yahmu . The word ihma -yahmu - be scaled to ifaylala yafaylalu - because of having same letters component if-ay-la-la ya-f-a-y-la-lu = i-h-ma ya- h mu.
12. Ifawwall-yafwwilu

consists of eleven letters, if-a-y-la-la

ya-f-a-y-la-lu. The base verb is faala - yafulu - . The
additional letters are alif , alif and lm . The wazan ifawwallyafwwilu

can be used as a scaling to another verb which is

have same letters component like the word ilawwad yalawwidu

-
-
be scaled to

. The word ilawwad yalawwidu

43

ifawwall-yafwwilu

because of having same letters

component if-a-y-la-la ya-f-a-y-la-lu = i-la-w-wa-da ya--la-wwi-du.

4. Conjugation
Conjugation is the creations of derived forms of a verb form its
principal parts by inflection. The Arabic conjugation consists of two kind
lughaw etymology and itilah terminology.
1) Arabic terminology conjugation or tarif itilah is the alteration
or displacement of the verb in another distinct verb to get the desired
meaning. faala - yafulu faln - filun maflun .
2) Arabic etymology conjugation or tarif lughaw is alteration in one
verb in one form of wazan fiil in one meaning, singular dual or plural,
male or female. For example;

faala , faal , faal and so

on.
To further illustrate the Arabic etymology conjugation or tarif lughaw ,
see the table below:
Table 15
Table of Etymology Conjugation Fiil Mi/ Perfect Tense
NO

Person
3rd person

Singular
mufrad

faala

"He did"

Dual
taniyyah

faal

"They (two

Plural
ama

faal

They (plural)

44

3 person
female

faalat

"she did"

2nd person

faalta

"you (male) did"

2nd person
female

1st person
male / female

faalti

"you (female)
did"
faaltu

"I did"

rd

persons) did"
faalat

"They (two
females) did"
faaltum

"you (two males)
did"
faaltum

"you (two
females) did"
faalna

"We (two) did"

did
faalna

They (female in
plurals) did
faaltum

"you (male in
plural) did"
faaltunna

"you (female in
plurals) did"
faalna

"We (plural)
did"

a) The third person male faala , faal and faal

faala " he did" is the singular third person male. faal with long
last vowel is the dual third person male. faal with the long last
vowel is the plural third person male.
b) The third person female faalat faalat faalna
faalat is the singular third person female perfect tense. fa faalat
with long last vowel is the dual third person female perfect tense.
faalna is the plural third person female perfect tense.
c) The second person male faalta faaltum and faalna
faalta is the singular second person male perfect tense. faaltum
with long last vowel is the dual second person male perfect tense.
faalna is the plural second person male perfect tense.

45

d) The second person female faalti

faaltum faaltunna
faalti
is the singular second person female perfect tense. faaltum
with long last vowel is the dual second person female perfect
tense. faaltunna is the plural second person female perfect tense.
e) The first person male and female faaltu faalna faalna
faaltu is the singular first person male or female perfect tense.
faalna is the dual first person male or female perfect tense. faalna
is the plural first person male or female perfect tense.
Table 16
Table of Etymology Conjugation Fiil Muri / Imperfect Tense
NO

Person

3rd person

3rd person
female

2nd person

2nd person
female

1st person

Singular
mufrad

yafulu

He is doing
tafulu

She (female) is
doing
tafulu

you (male) are
doing
tafulna

you (female) are
doing
afulu

I am doing

Dual
taniyyah

yafulni

They (two males)
are doing
tafulni

They (two females)
are doing
tafulni

you (two males)
are doing
tafulni

you (two females)
are doing
nafulu

We are doing

Plural
ama

yafulna

They (plural
males) are doing
tafulna

They (plural
females) are doing
tafulna

you (plural males)
are doing
tafulna

you (plural males)
are doing
nafulu

We are doing

46

a) The third person male yafulu yafulni yafulna

yafulu is the singular third person male imperfect tense. yafulni
with long last vowel is the dual third person male imperfect tense.
yafulna with the long last vowel is the plural third person male
imperfect tense.
b) The third person female tafulu tafulni tafulna
tafulu is the singular third person female imperfect tense. tafulni
with long last vowel is the dual third person female imperfect
tense. tafulna is the plural third person female imperfect tense.
c) The second person male tafulu tafulni tafulna
tafulu is the singular second person male imperfect tense. tafulni
with long last vowel is the dual second person male imperfect
tense tafulna is the plural second person male imperfect tense.
d) The second person female tafulna tafulni tafulna
tafulna is the singular second person female imperfect tense.
tafulni with long last vowel is the dual second person female
imperfect tense. tafulna is the plural second person female imperfect
tense.
e) The first person male and female afulu nafulu nafulu
afulu is the singular first person male or female imperfect tense.
nafulu is the dual first person male or female perfect tense. nafulu
is the plural first person male or female imperfect tense.

47

Arabic sentence consists of two types: nominal sentences umlatun

ismiyyatun , and verbal sentences umlatun

filiyyatun .

Abu charca )2007:32)

A nominal sentence does not contain a verb and consists of two
components: subject and predicate. The subject is usually a noun (phrase) or
pronoun in the nominative case. The predicate may be a noun (phrase),
pronoun, an indefinite adjective, or an adverb of place or time. A nominal
sentence refers to the present tense and does not require the copula to be.
(53) al-qiu marun

The cat - ill
The cat (is) ill.
(54)

an tlibun

I - student
I (am) a student

Abu Charca (2007:32)

A verbal sentence contains a verb, and has the following basic word order:
Verb + subject + object or complement
(55) katabtu alkitba

Wrote - I - a book
I wrote a book
5. The Arabic Case (irab)
According to Richard in Grammar and Composition expert
(http://grammar.about.com/od.c/g/caseterm.html) Case is the grammatical
relationship of nouns and pronouns to other words in a sentence. In English,

48

nouns have only one case inflection: the possessive (or genetive). The case of
noun other than the possessive is some times called the common.
Abu Charca (2007:33) states that the subject is normally in the
nominative case. The direct object, which may occur only with transitive
verbs, is in the accusative case. The subject of Arabic form casually is
organized from nominal items and putted on after verb.
The Arabic case or called irb is an Arabic terms for the system of
nominal and adjectivel suffixes of classical Arabic.
According to Abu Chacra (2007:31-32) the basic functions of the
three noun cases are as follows:
a. The nominative case is used for the subject and predicate noun or
adjective.
b. The accusative case is used for the direct object, predicative complement
in verbal sentences, and for most adverbs.
c. The genitive case is used for expressing possession and after
prepositions.
Arabic has three grammatical cases roughly corresponding to
nominative, genitive, and accusative. Normally, singular nouns take the
ending u in the nominative (subjective), -i in the genitive (possesive), and
endings a in the accusative (objective).
According to Muhammad (2006:20) In Arabic, there are two main
tenses, the perfect or past tense al-mi (), denoting actions completed

49

at the time to which reference is made; and the imperfect al-muri

(), for incompletes actions, referring to the present or future tenses.
The present and future tenses are thus expressed by the imperfect form almuri () .
The Imperfect al-muri ( ) is formed by adding prefixes
and/or suffixes to the perfect tense. The prefixes can either be any of the
letters (). The suffixes may either be alif-nun (), waw-nun (), ya-nun
( )or just nun (). (Muhammad .2006:35)
yafulu = alif-nun ()

= anyafulu

waw-nun ( = )yafulna
ya-nun ()

= yafulna

nun ()

= yafulna

The imperative al-amr ( )may be considered a modification of

the imperfect. (Muhammad. 2006:20)
Although English and Arabic are different way in discussing of
constructing passive voice, but morphology and syntax cannot be separated
like Widdowson's statement. Widdowson (1996:48) says that two areas are
obviously interdependent, and together they constitute the study of grammar.
G. Arabic Passive Voice
Abu-Chacra (2007:130) states that "The grammatical subject of the
passive verb is called in Arabic grammar nibul fail , which means
the deputy of the doer. Like any subject, it takes the ending of the
nominative case and the verb agrees with it in person, gender and number".

50

Arabic passive voice is called nibul fil or 'alfilul mahul

.
Alfilul mahl is a sentence that is not mentioned the
subject in the sentence, but subject is discarded because there is a specific
purpose and after subject discarded, verb replaced the place of the subject. As
the Abu-Chacra (2007:139) states that "the passive verb alfilul mahl

is used in Arabic when the performer of the action is not named.

Table 17
The Etymology Conjugation of Fiil Mi Mahl / Passive Perfect Tense
NO

Person

3rd person

3rd person female

2nd person

2nd person female

1st person

Singular
mufrad

fuila

fuilat

fuilta

fuilti

fuiltu

Dual
taniyyah

fuil

fuilat

fuiltum

fuiltum

fuilna

Plural
ama

fuil

fuilna

fuiltum

fuiltunna

fuilna

a. The third person male fuil fuil and fuila

fuila is the singular third person male passive voice perfect tense. The
base verb is

faala the vowels of wazan fiil is a-a-a the vowels are

changed into u-i-a following to the wazan fuil with long last vowel

51

is the dual third person male passive voice perfect tense. fuil with
the long last vowel is the plural third person male.
b. The third person female fuilat , fuilat , fuilna
fuilat is the singular third person female perfect tense. fuilat
with long last vowel is the dual third person female perfect tense. fuilna
is the plural third person female perfect tense.
c. The second person male fuilta fuiltum and fuiltum
fuilta is the singular second person male perfect tense. fuiltum
with long last vowel is the dual second person male perfect tense.
fuiltum is the plural second person male perfect tense.
d. The second person female fuilti
fuiltum fuiltunna
fuilti
is the singular second person female perfect tense. fuiltum
with long last vowel is the dual second person female perfect tense.
fuiltunna is the plural second person female perfect tense.
e. The first person male and female fuiltu fuilna fuilna
fuiltu is the singular first person male or female perfect tense.
fuilna is the dual first person male or female perfect tense. fuilna
is the plural first person male or female perfect tense.

52

Table 18
The Etymology Conjugation Fiil Uuri Mahul / Passive Imperfect Tense
NO

Person

3rd person

3rd person female

2nd person

2nd person female

1st person

Singular
mufrad

yufalu

tufalu

tufalu

tufalna

ufalu

Dual
taniyyah

yufalni

tufalni

tufalni

tufalni

nufalu

Plural
ama

yufalna

tufalna

tufalna

tufalna

nufalu

H. The structure of converting fiil mabn mahul

Arabic sentence regularly begins with verb, subject and object or
complement. Arabic passive voice tenses also contains of perfect verb fiil m
and imperfect verb fiil muri .
Arabic perfect passive voice or fiil mi majhl ( ) is
constructed from the fiil mi al-maruf ( ) in all triliteral verbs
() ) Muhammad. 2006:29). Fiil mi ( perfect tense) is
converting to the first vowel into "u" and "i" to the vowel before the end or third
vowel.
(56) fiil m:
(quria al-qranu)

Read- Al qur'an
Al-qur'an was read'

53

The sentence quria al-qranu is come from

qara'tu al-Qurna I read Al qur'an. The verb qara'a changed into passive verb
quri'a a-a-a = u-i-a. The subject is ommited because of the verb being passive
and the vowel u in word qara'tu move into object qranu. al-Qurna = AlQurnu.
Table 19
Simulation of Converting Perfect Passive Voice

Transcription

Quria al- Al-Qurnu

' Al-qur'an was read'
Active
Qaraa

Passive
Quria

Arabic

Vowels

a-a-a

u-i-a

Perfect
Active

Passive

CaCaCa, CaCiCa, CaCuCa

CuCiCa

Kataba
, 'he wrote'

kutiba
, 'it was written'

ariba
, 'he drank'

uriba
, 'it was drunk'

Bauda , 'he/it was distant'

Buida , 'he was expelled'

(Abu Charca. 2007:128)

Abu Charca divides Arabic perfect tense into three forms: CaCaCa,
CaCiCa, and CaCuCa. Kataba
consists of vowel a-a-a, sariba
consists

54

of vowel a-i-a, and bauda consists from vowel a-u-a. While Arabic perfect
tense follow to three base verb form in active verb, and passive verb only has one
form it is CuCiCa (u-i-a) kutiba
, uriba
and buida .
a. If the fiil m began with extra ta , the first and second letter is
changed to vowel "u" and the letter before the last become "i".
(57) taallama changed into tuullima ( a-a-a > u-u-i)
(58) takallama changed into tukullima

(a-a-a > u-u-i)

(59) taakkara changed into tuukkira ( a-a-a > u-u-i)

b. If the fiil m is hamzated or began with hamzah washol " " ,
the first and the third letter is changed to vowel "u" and the letter before the
last become "i".
(60) itamaa

changed into utumia ( i-a-a > u-u-i)

(61) inalaqa

changed into unuliqa

(i-a-a > u-u-i)

(62) istaraa changed into usturia ( i-a-a > u-u-i)

c. If the second or the third letter has an extra alif , the alif changed into
waw and the letter before the last become "i".
(63) qtala

changed into

(64) raba changed into

(65) taqtala

qtila

)-a-a > -i-a)

riba

)-a-a > -i-a)

changed into tuqtila

(a--a > u--i)

(66) taraba changed into turiba" ( a--a > u--i)

55

d. fiil Awf Majhl

Fiil Awf Majhl is the verb that the ain fiil (the
third consonant) is consist of illat letters alif ,y and waw . If consist of
waw it's called awaf wawy , if consists of illat ya it's called
awaf yai . If the fiil madzi is agwaf, the word rooting back in
origin, then changed into majhul. Because of the difficulity of pronouncing
the word, so the base letter changed into "ya" and have sukun in it.
(67) Qla is rooted from qawala , when it changed into passive, the
vowel "a" in waw become "i" quwila . Because of hard to pronounce,
then waw be changed into ya and ya have sukun in it qla .
If the fiil mujarad come from bina mutal ain whether
it is waw or ya , the verb can be rooted into passive
1) waw in the second letter
(68) qila made from quwila the vowel "i" in the waw moved
into the previous letter then will be qiwla because of difficult in
the pronounce, waw changed into ya because of the less vowel
in waw and exist vowel "i" before it. So the word become qiyla .
2) ain in the second letter

56

(69) ba made from buyia because of difficult in pronounce the

vowel "i" in the ya moved into the previous letter then the verb
become ba .
Muhammad (2006:39) states that the fiil muri mahul (
)is constructed from the fiil muri al-maruf ( ) in all
triliteral verbs () . Fi'il muri (Imperfect tense) is converting the
first vowel into "u" and vowel "a" to the vowel before the end or third vowel.
(70) Fiil muri:
(yunaru al-jaiu)

Army-helped
'Army is helped'
Table 20
The Simulation of Converting Imperfect Passive Voice

Transcription
Arabic
Vowels

yunaru al-jaiu

The army was helped
Active
yanuru

a-u-u

Passive
yunaru

u-a-u

The passive verb yunaru is converted from the active verb yanuru.
The vowel a-u-u are changed into u-a-u.

57

If the letter before the end is waw and ya, the letter changed into alif.
(71) yaqlu changed into yuqlu ( a--a > u--u)
(72) yabu changed into yubu
( a--u > u--u)
Ahmed (2008:75) states that "The Arabic verb is mostly trilateral,
fil ulai , it is based on roots of three consonants, called radicals.
Based on this statement and for limiting discussion, researcher only discuss
on the trilateral form, trilateral is the word that consist of three base letter, it is
called fiil ulai muarrad .
Fiil ulai muarrad consists of six different wazan fiil :
Active
1.

faala - yafulu

2.

faala - yafalu

3.

faala - yafilu

4.

faila - yafalu

5.

faila - yafilu

6. faula - yafulu

Passive

-
-
-

-
-
-

fuila - yufalu
fuila - yufalu
fuila - yufalu
fuila - yufalu
fuila - yufalu
fuila - yufalu

-
-
-
-
-
-