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coldest months of the year. With its artificial sky, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has
been able to take on some very large projects ranging from imposing edifices
making statements of power to sacred buildings where lighting must be
particularly sensitive to the spirituality of the venue. From the intimate public
rooms of Zurichs stunning Widder Hotel to the Roche Convention Center in
Buonas (ZG) and the even larger Basel Trade Fair, Bartenbach Lichtlabor has
a wellestablished presence in Switzerland though, as is the case with
welldesigned lighting systems, you may not have even noticed.
ESTIMATING ILLUMINATION AND BRIGHTNESS
This paper describes a new method for estimating the illumination
distribution of a real scene from a radiance distribution inside shadows cast
by an object in the scene. First, the illumination distribution of the scene is
approximated by discrete sampling of an extended light source. Then the
illumination distribution of the scene is estimated from a radiance
distribution inside shadows cast by an object of known shape onto another
object in the scene. Instead of assuming any particular reflectance properties
of the surface inside the shadows, both the illumination distribution of the
scene and the reflectance properties of the surface are estimated
simultaneously, based on iterative optimization framework. In addition, this
paper introduces an adaptive sampling of the illumination distribution of a
scene. Rather than using a uniform discretization of the overall illumination
distribution, we adaptively increase sampling directions of the illumination
distribution based on the estimation at the previous iteration. Using the
adaptive sampling framework, we are able to estimate overall illumination
more efficiently by using fewer sampling directions. The proposed method is
effective for estimating an illumination distribution even under a complex
illumination environment
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LIGHTING SYSTEM
In the previous topic Artificial Lighting types and design, I explain the
different sources of Artificial lighting and indicate the two forms of it; indoor
and outdoor lighting, also I show that the indoor lighting fixtures can be
divided to many categories according to the following:
The light function.
Lamp type.
Installation method.
The percentage of light output above and below the horizontal.
The building type.
I explained the first factor in the previous Topic and today I will explain the
other factors that categorize the light fixtures as follows:
WHAT IS SIGNAL?
A signal as referred to in communication systems, signal processing, and
electrical engineering "is a function that conveys information about the
behavior or attributes of some phenomenon". In the physical world, any
quantity exhibiting variation in time or variation in space (such as an image)
is potentially a signal that might provide information on the status of a
physical system, or convey a message between observers, among other
possibilities.[2] The IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing states that the
term "signal" includes[3] audio, video, speech, image, communication,
geophysical, sonar, radar, medical and musical signals.
Other examples of signals are the output of a thermocouple, which conveys
temperature information, and the output of a pH meter which conveys
acidity information.[1] Typically, signals are often provided by a sensor, and
often the original form of a signal is converted to another form of energy
using a transducer. For example, a microphone converts an acoustic signal to
a voltage waveform, and a speaker does the reverse.
The formal study of the information content of signals is the field of
information theory. The information in a signal is usually accompanied by
noise. The term noise usually means an undesirable random disturbance, but
is often extended to include unwanted signals conflicting with the desired
signal (such as crosstalk). The prevention of noise is covered in part under
the heading of signal integrity. The separation of desired signals from a
background is the field of signal recovery,[4] one branch of which is
estimation theory, a probabilistic approach to suppressing random
disturbances.
Engineering disciplines such as electrical engineering have led the way in the
design, study, and implementation of systems involving transmission,
storage, and manipulation of information. In the latter half of the 20th
century, electrical engineering itself separated into several disciplines,
specialising in the design and analysis of systems that manipulate physical
signals; electronic engineering and computer engineering as examples; while
design engineering developed to deal with functional design of manmachine
interfaces.
WHAT IS ALARM?
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible, visual or
other form of alarm signal about a problem or condition. Alarm devices are
often outfitted with a siren.
Alarm devices include:
alarm clocks can beep, buzz or ring off as an alarm at a set time to
wake a person up or for other reminders
distributed
control
systems (DCS),
found
in nuclear
power
plants, refineries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the
operator's attention to an important event that he or she needs to
address.
first-out alarm
civil defense siren also known as tornado sirens or air raid sirens
smoke detector
car alarms
personal alarm
Boy
Who
Cried
Wolf exemplifies
this
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication is when information is passed from a sender to a recipient
using a medium. There are different media that can be used:
Using smell
Using writing
Communication can be good spoken (a word) or non-spoken (a smile).
Communication has many ways, and happens all the time. Not only humans
communicate, most other animals do too. Some communication is done
without thinking, such as by changing in posture.
Another form of communication tries to change somebody's mind. In an
extreme case it can be propaganda.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM?
Signaling System is an international telecommunications standard that
defines how network elements in a public switched telephone network
(PSTN) exchange information over a digital signaling network. Nodes in an
SS7 network are called signaling points.
SS7 is used for these and other services:
Setting up and managing the connection for a call
Tearing down the connection when the call is complete
Billing
Managing call forwarding, calling party name and number display, three-way
calling, and other Intelligent Network (IN) services
Toll-free (800 and 888) and toll (900) calls
Wireless as well as wireline call service including mobile telephone
subscriber authentication, personal communication service (PCS), and
roaming
SS7 messages contain such information as:
How should I route a call to 914 331-4985?
The route to network point 587 is crowded. Use this route only for calls of
priority 2 or higher.
Subscriber so-and-so is a valid wireless subscriber. Continue with setting up
the call.
In 2014, security researchers in Germany demonstrated that attackers could
exploit security holes in SS7 to track cell phone users' movements and
communications and eavesdrop on conversations.