UniLang - Danish For Beginners

9/27/2015
UniLangDanishforBeginners
Danish for Beginners

DanishisaGermaniclanguageandcloselyrelatedtoNorwegianandSwedish.
Contents
Lesson1:TheAlphabet
TheAlphabet
Lesson2:Verbconjugation,Gender,Articles
AConversation Verbconjugation GenderArticlesVocabularyExercises
Lesson3:Adjectives,Plurals
AReading AdjectivesPluralsPluralindefinitePluraldefinite
Part One The Basics

Lesson 1: The Alphabet
TheAlphabet
Themostdifficultthingaboutitisprobablythepronunciation,esp.thesoundofthesoft"d"[].
Wewillstartwithapronunciationguide,whichshouldhelpyoutodecodespokenDanish,butas
manyletterscanbepronouncedinseveralways,youwilllearnpronunciationalongwith
vocabulary.
TheDanishalphabetis
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
http://unilang.org/course.php?res=61#cil2
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Letter/s Sound
eitherlikeshortorlong"a"asinItalian/Spanish/Germanorasshortorlong"a"
a
inEnglish"bad"
infrontofaconsonantlike"ou"in"about"or"au"inGermaninfrontofavowel
ag
orattheendofthewordlike"a"in"bad"
af
like"ou"in"about",intheword"af""f"isnotpronounced
av
like"ou"in"about"
c
infrontofe,i,y,,likeahard"s",infrontofu,o,like"k"
ch
like"sj"inGermanor"sy"inEnglish
likeanormalunvoiced"d"inthebeginningofaword,inloanwordsalsointhe
middleofwords(ex."modern")
d
otherwiselike[]"Thissoundisinthemiddleofasoft"th"and"l""Trytoput
youtonguein"th"positionbetweenyourteethandsay"l""Often"d"isnot
pronouncedasinNorwegian,ex.in"ds","dt","nd","ld"and"rd"
e
oftenlike"[aw]
eg
[ai]
ej
[ai]
eu,ev
[eu]
inthebeginningofaword,infrontof"t"orattheendofaword(NOTincluded
g
adjectives)likeanormal"g"oftensoundlessorlikeGerman"j"/English"y"
h
soundlessin"hv","hj"
ig
[ai],inAdjectiveendings[i](ex.venlig=['venli])
iv
[iu]
p,t,k
inthemiddleorattheendofwordslike[b],[d],[g],respectively
[R]asinGerman/French,aftervowelsoftenalmostsoundless,asinGerman
r
"sehr"
v
[v],like"w"inGerman
y
[y],like"inGerman
yv
[yu]
sc
likesharps
x
likesharps(occursonlyinloanwords)
z
likesharps(occursonlyinloanwords)
like"a"in"bad",German""
likeGerman""
ifshortlikeanopen"o",iflonglikeaclosed"o"
Asyouhaveseen,Danishhasmanydipthongs.
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Lesson 2: Verb conjugation, Gender, Articles

AConversation
Let'shavealooknowatalittleconversationbetweenMortenandPeter,whomeetinthecafeteria
ontheirfirstdayatuniversity.AllDanishtextwillbewritteninblueandtheEnglishtranslationin
green.
Tekst1
M:Hej!JeghedderMorten.Hvadhedderdu?
P:Hej,jeghedderPeter.Hvordangrdet?
M:Tak,detgrfint,hvadmeddig?
P:Jeghardetogsfint,tak.
M:Hvadlserdutil?
P:Jeglsertilingenieur,hvadmeddig?
M:Jeglsersprog,engelskogtysk.
P:Skalvighenoghentenogetatspise?
M:Godid,jegermegetsulten.
Translation
M:Hi!IamMorton.Whatisyourname?
P:Hi,mynameisPeter.Howareyou?
M:Thanks,Iamfine,whataboutyou?
P:Iamalsofine,thanks.
M:Whatareyoustudying(to)?
P:Iamstudying(tobe)engineer,what
aboutyou?
M:Iamstudyinglanguages,Englishand
German.
P:Shallwegoandgetsomethingtoeat?
M:Goodidea,Iamveryhungry.
Verbconjugation
ThebasicwordorderinDanishisSPOinmainclauses.InSubordinateclausesthereisalotof
inversion.Danishverbconjugationisverysimple.Thebasicformisex.athente=toget.Toform
thepresenttenseyoujustadda"r"attheendandyouget"henter".Thisconjugatedformisthe
sameforallpronouns:
jegelsker
duelsker
hanelsker
hunelsker
detelsker
vielsker
ielsker
deelsker
Ilove
youlove
heloves
sheloves
itloves
welove
youlove
theylove
Ofcoursetherearealso
exceptions,ofwhichyoualready
know3:
tobe=atvre,presentform"er"
tohave=have,presentform"har"
toshall=skulle,presentform
"skal"
Gender
Thereisnowtheconceptofnoungender,aconceptnotknowninEnglishbutisinalmostevery
otherlanguage.Inmostotherlanguagesanounhasacertaingender.Soyou'retellingmeanoun
canbeaboyoragirl?Indeed...that'swhatwe'resaying.AnounhasacertaingenderinDanish
(andmanyotherGermaniclanguages).Danishjusthastwogenders:utrum/flleskn(common
gender)andneutrum(neutergender).
Articles
Theindefinitearticlefortheneuterwordsiset.Ethus=ahouse,etsprog=alanguage.
Thearticleforthecommongenderwordsisen.Enbog=abook,enstol=achair.
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Thedefinitearticleisbuiltwhenyouputthe"et"or"en"attheendoftheword.Thatmakes"huset"
=thehouse,"sproget"=thelanguage,"bogen"=thebookand"stolen"=thechair.
Ifyouwantanadjectiveinfrontofadefinitenoun,youusedet/den(neuterorcommongender).
Detsmukkehus
Denspndendebog
Thebeautifulhouse
Theexcitingbook
Theadjectivesgetan"e"intheendandiftheyendonashortvowel+consonantitgetsdoubled:
smuksmukkebut:storstore.Butwewillcoverthisinanotherunit.
Vocabulary
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smuk
hej
jeg
hedde
hvad
du
hvordan
g
det
tak
fin
med
dig
har(have)
ogs
lse
til
ingenieur
sprog
engelsk
tysk
skal(skulle)
vi
hen
og
hente
at
spise
id
meget
sulten
etbord
etvrelse
atbo
atdrikke
atarbejde
etuniversitet
puniversitetet
atkunnegodtlide
kunne(jegkan)
Jegkangodtlideatlsebger.
atlavemad(lit.:tomakefood)
enven(plural:venner)
atmde
i
enby
enlilleby
stor
lille(pluralsm)
beautiful
hi
I
tobecalled
what
you
how
togo
it
thanks
fine,good
with
you(obj.)
has/have(tohave)
also
tostudy/read
to
engineer
language/s
English
German
shall(toshall)
we
there/to(German=hin)
and
toget
to
toeat
idea
very,much
hungry
table
room
tolive(somewhere)
todrink
towork
university
atuniversity
tolike
tocan
Ilikereadingbooks
tocook
friend
tomeet
in
city
village
big
small
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lille(pluralsm)
sd
small
nice(person)
Exercises
ExerciseA:TranslatetoDanish:
Nowtrytotranslatethesesentences,orcreatenewoneswiththewordsabove.
1)Iamhungry.
2)Ireadabook.
3)Ireadthebook.
4)WearecalledMortonandPeter.
5)Howareyou?
6)Theyarefine.
7)Hestudieslanguages.
8)HernameisIngelise.
9)Weshalleat.
Solutions
SolutionofExerciseA
1)Jegersulten.
2)Jeglserenbog.
3)Jeglserbogen.
4)VihedderMortenogPeter.
5)Hvordangrdet?
6)Dehardetfint.
7)Hanlsersprog.
8)HunhedderIngelise.
9)Viskalspise.
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Lesson 3: Adjectives, Plurals

AReading
Text2
SnderborgerenlillebyiSnderjylland.
Denerikkesrligstor,menhyggelig.Ien
gadeiSnderborgstrderetstort,
gammelt,rdthus.DerborMortensammen
medsingodevenThomas.Detoerflyttet
indilejlighedeniaugust,ligefrdetnye
semesterbegyndte.Idereshusborderogs
nogleandrepersoner.Pdenfrsteetage
borderenmatematiklrermedsinkoneog
derestosmbrn.Pandenetageboren
gammeldame,derenganghararbejdetsom
frisr.Hunermegetsdoghartitbesgaf
hendesbrnebrn.Dekommergerneforbi
hoshendeforathrespndendehistorier
fradentidmormorvarungogforatfnoget
afhendeslkrekage.
Translation
SnderborgisasmalltowninSouthJytland.
Itisnotsobigbutcosy.Inonestreetin
Snderborgstandsabig,red,oldhouse.
TherelivesMortentogetherwithhisgood
friendThomas.Thetwomovedintotheflat
inAugust,justbeforethenewtermstarted.
Intheirhouselivesomeotherpeoplealso.
Inthefirststorylivesamathteacher
togetherwithhiswifeandhistwosmallkids.
Inthesecondstorylivesanelderlylady,
whoonceworkedashairdresser.Sheisvery
niceandhasvisitsfromhergrandchildren
often.Theyliketocomearoundtoher'sto
hearexcitingstoriesfromthetimegranny
wasyoungandtogetsomeofherdelicious
cake.
MortenogThomasharenhyggeliglejlighed.
Ikkkenetstrderetbordogfirestole.
Dersidderdetitsammenmedderesvenner
ogspiser.Mortenernemligmegetgodttilat
lavemad.Thomaskandetikkesgodt,s
vaskerhanalltidop.
ThomasandMortonhaveacosyflat.Inthe
kitchenstandsatableandfourchairs.There
theyoftensitwiththeirfriendsandeat,
sinceMortenisagoodcook.Thomasisn't,
sohealwayscleansthedishes.
Adjectives
Inthisunityouwilllearnmoreaboutadjectives.Youshouldhavenoticedthattheydon'talways
appearinthebasicform.
Thewaystousethemare:
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etstorthus
engammeldame
ensdepige
etbilligtbord
abighouse
anoldlady
anicegirl
acheaptable
Theadjectivesgetsatattheend
ifthenounisneutrum,ifitis
commongendertheadjective
remainsinitsbasicform.
detstorebord
dengamledame
densdepige
detbilligebord
thebigtable
theoldlady
thenicegirl
thecheaptable
Alladjectivesgetinflectedthe
sameway:theyallgetaneinthe
end.someadjectiveschange:
gammelgamlesikkersikreetc.
Bordeterstort.
Damenergammel.
Pigenersd.
Bordeterbilligt.
Thetableisbig.
Theladyisold.
Thegirlisnice.
Thetableischeap.
Theadjectiveswhorefertoa
neuternoungetat.Theothers
don'tgetinflected.
dentyskepige
detengelskeflag
Bordetertysk.
theGermangirl
theEnglishflag
ThetableisGerman.
Theseadjectivescannottakeatin
theend.Theyonlygetinflectedthis
way.
deengelskeflag
desdepiger
theEnglishflags
thenicegirls
Thepluraldefinitearticleis"de".
Huseneerstore.
Pigerneertyske.
lkrekager
hyggeligebyer
Thehousesarebig.
ThegirlsareGerman.
deliciouscakes
cosycities
Ifthenounsareplural,the
adjectivesjustgetanenomatter
wheretheystand.
Plurals
Pluralindefinite
Therearedifferentwaystoformplural.Mostwordsjustgetanrintheend:kagekager
lejlighedlejligheder
vrelsevrelser
grydegryder
vinduevinduer
etc.
Someshortwordsjustgetane:
hushuse
bladblade
stolstole
Therearealsosomewordsthatdon'tchangeinplural:
sprogsprog
bordbord
frfr
LikeinGermanmanywordschangetheirvowelstoumlautsand/ordoubleconsonants:
bogbger
hndhnder
barnbrn
fodfdder
Nounsthatendoner,elchangealso:sstersstre
broderbrdre
mandelmandler
nudelnudler
Pluraldefinite
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Pluraldefinite
Toformadefinitepluralneorene(ifitendsonavowel)isaddedtotheindefinitepluralform:
sstrene
bgerne
brnene
sprogene
husene
Vocabulary
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lille
srlig
hyggelig
men
engade
atst
gammel
rd
ethus
der
sammen
sin
enven
de
atflytteind
enlejlighed
lige
fr
ny
etsemester
atbegynde
deres
nogle
anden(pl:andre)
frst
enetage
enlrer
enkone
to
lille(pl:sm)
endame
enfrisr
engang
atarbejde
meget
sd
tit
etbesg
etbarnebarn(pl:brnebrn)
atkomme
gerne
forbi
hos
forat
athre
spndende
enhistorie
fra
tid
small
specially
cosy
but
street
tostand
old
red
house
there
together
his
friend
the,plural
tomovein
flat
just
before
new
term
tostart
their
some
other,second
first
story
teacher
wife
two
little
lady
hairdresser
once
towork
very
sweet,friendly,nice
often
visit
grandchild
tocome
withpleasure
around
at...place
to
tolisten,hear
exciting
story,history
from
time
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tid
enmormor
var
ung
atf
lkker
enkage
etkkken
etbord
atsidde
nemlig
atvaskeop
s
time
grandmother(motherofmother)
was
young
toget
yummy,tastinggood
cake
kitchen
table
tosit
since,as
towashthedishes
so
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EndOfPartOne
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UniLang - Danish For Beginners

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9/27/2015

Danish for Beginners

Part One The Basics

Lesson 2: Verb conjugation, Gender, Articles

Lesson 3: Adjectives, Plurals

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