Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
undla1585612-rf-planning-freq-gtl/
Slide 1:
11/5/2012 RF PLANNING PRESENTED BY NPD Team Jaipur Ramswaroop
Rundla
Agenda :
11/5/2012 2 Agenda NECESSITY OF RF PLANNING TOOLS USED FOR RF
PLANNING RF INPUT RF PLANNING PROCEDURE INITIAL DESIGN
SELECTION OF SITES FREQUENCY PLANNING IP Planning
Introduction To RF Planning :
11/5/2012 3 Introduction To RF Planning Designing a cellular system particularly one that incorporates both Macro cellular and Microcellular
networks is a delicate balancing exercise. RF planning plays a critical role
in the Cellular design process. By doing a proper RF planning by keeping
the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of problem that we
may encounter in the future & also reduce substantially the cost of
optimization. On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads
to many network problems, it also increases the optimization costs & still
may not ensure the desired quality.
Necessity Of RF Planning :
11/5/2012 4 Necessity Of RF Planning Planning is necessary due to cost
and spectrum allocation limitations. To achieve required radio coverage. To
reach good Quality of Service. To achieve Maximum use of resources. To
maintaining a high level of system quality. To ensure that the system will
provide both the increased capacity and the improvement in network
quality where required.
Coverage & Capacity :
11/5/2012 Coverage & Capacity RF planning include two type of planning
1) Coverage Planning 2) Capacity Planning Coverage Percentage of the
geographical area covered by cellular service where mobile telephony is
available Capacity - Number of calls that can be handled in a certain area
within a certain period of time. Capacity can also refer to the probability
that users will be denied access to a system due to the simple
unavailability of radio channels.
Tools used for RF Planning :
11/5/2012 6 Tools used for RF Planning Network Planning Tool CW
Propagation Tool Traffic Modeling Tool Project Management Tool
Network Planning Tool :
11/5/2012 7 Network Planning Tool Planning tool is used to assist
engineers in designing and optimizing wireless networks by providing an
accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing frequency planning
automatically, creating neighbor lists etc. With a database that takes into
11/5/2012 16 Initial Survey From this we come to know the density and
height of man made or natural obstructions. Initial survey helps to more
accurately predict the path loss. Survey help to define no. of sector,
Sector orientation ect. depending on the area. Some area definitions are
Urban, Suburban, rural, open etc. Density also applies to definitions like
dense urban, light suburban, commercial etc. This basically leads to a
number of sub-area formation where the link budget will differ and hence
the cell radius and cell count will differ.
Drive Test :
11/5/2012 17 Drive Test This drive test is done to prepare generic models
for network design. Drive test is done to characterize the propagation and
fading effects. The objective is to collect field data to optimize or adjust
the prediction model for preliminary simulations. A test transmitter and a
receiver is used for this purpose.
Slide 18:
11/5/2012 18 selection of sites
Site Selection Criteria :
11/5/2012 19 Site Selection Criteria Radio criteria for site selection Good
view in the main beam direction No surrounding nearby high obstacle
Good visibility of terrain LOS to the two microwave site and if possible to
the BSC Short cabling distance Non-radio criteria Space for equipment
Aavailability of lease lines or microwave links Power supply Access
restrictions Rental costs Ease of acquisition
Selection Of Sites :
11/5/2012 20 Selection Of Sites Prepare Initial Search Ring Note the
latitude and Longitude from planning tool. Get the address of the area
from mapping software. Release the search ring with details like radius of
search ring, height of antenna etc. Release search rings to project
management. Visit friendly site location If there are friendly sites available
that can be used (infrastructure sharing), then these sites are to be give
preference. If these sites suite the design requirements, then visit these
sites first.
Slide 21:
11/5/2012 21 Select Initial Anchor Sites Initial anchor sites are the sites
which are very important for the network buildup e.g - Sites that will also
work as a BSC. Enter Data In Propagation Tool Enter the sites exact
location in the planning tool. Perform Propagation Analysis Now since the
site has been selected and the lat/lon of the actual site ( which will be
different from the designed site) is known, put this site in the planning tool
and predict coverage. Check to see that the coverage objectives are met
as per prediction.
Slide 22:
number). With the help of ND111 report we can plan BCF id for new site
planning.
Slide 47:
20-JAN-12 47 BTS ( Base Transreciever system) One BSC (Base station
controller) = 1 to 248 BTS One BTS = one sector of any configuration Main
BTS Types are Flexi = Max 24 TRX (cabinet=12, stack mount=24) Ultra =
Max 12 TRX Metro = Max 4 TRX BTS Id Range= 1 to 660 BTS ID= With this
parameter we identify the BTS. The identification number must be unique
within a BSC. With the help of ND111 report we can plan BTS id for new
site planning.
Slide 48:
20-JAN-12 48 LAC (Location Area Code) One BSC = One or two LAC
(mostly one) One LAC = 367 sites of 2+2+2 configuration One LAC = 266
sites of 4+4+4 configuration One BSC= two Lac also but for city one LAC
b/c it effects SD blocking and LAC updation on that channel.
Slide 49:
20-JAN-12 49 NSEI (Network service entity identifier) NSEI is hardware
device which supports the GPRS( General package radio service) in
network. one NSEI supports 64 BTS and 128 TRX (depends on DAP slot). If
any one of them is full then we can assign second NSEI port in same BSC.
NSEI= Network code+ BSC Id + Port no Ex:- 21031 here 2 is unique
network code, 103 is RAC & 1 is nsei port 1. With the help of 51 report &
neighbouring site we can plan NSEI for new site. NSEI Range= 0 to 65535
Slide 50:
20-JAN-12 50 One NSEI= supports 64 BTS and 128 TRX if any one of them
is full then we can assign second NSEI port in same BSC 1TRX=117
subscriber 1 subscriber=25 m erlangs (TCH) 1 subscriber=.004 m
erlangs(SD) 1 TRX=2.94 erlang(2% GOS ) 2 TRX=8.2 erlang(2% GOS ) 3
TRX=14.6 erlang(2% GOS ) 4 TRX=21.2 erlang(2% GOS ) If BSC 3VI, OSS
is 4 and System is S11 then max capacity of BSC is 660 TRXs. If OSS 4.2
and system S12 is using then max capacity of BSC will be 2000TRXs
Slide 51:
20-JAN-12 51 RAC (Routing Area Code) This parameter specifies that the
network service (NS) in the GPRS. RAC is basically related to GPRS With
this parameter we identify GPRS cells using the routing area code number.
RAC Range = 0 to 255 Example:- BSC id= RAC (for airtel) Ex:- BSC01WKP
Then, RAC= 01
Frequency Planning :
20-JAN-12 52 Frequency Planning BCCH (broadcast control channel) Freq
BCCH freq band is distributed district wise. We need to consider BCCH freq
band for planning Freq in any district. TCH ( traffic channel) freq is also
distributed & we need to consider TCH freq band district wise before MAL
(mobile allocation list) Planning. Before starting freq planning we need to
Confirm the BSC, Check the utilization of nearby existing site & clutter &
Cross verify the required TRX (Transreceiver) config.
Slide 53:
20-JAN-12 53 BCCH & TCH Freq Band For Nashik District
Slide 54:
20-JAN-12 54 BCCH & TCH Freq Band For Pune & Thane District
Slide 55:
20-JAN-12 55 BCCH & TCH Freq Band
Slide 56:
20-JAN-12 56 BSC boundry Raigad Satara Ratnagiri District boundry Satara
& Ratnagiri use different BCCH & TCH band freq.
Freq Planning Procedure :
20-JAN-12 57 Freq Planning Procedure Check district boundary of site,
consider Freq band of concern District boundary. Search appropriate freq
with the use of MapInfo tool. Check 232 reports for the coverage of
existing sites. Check the Logs. Take side lobe & back lobe into
consideration while freq planning. Plan freq such that interference wont
take place.
232- Report :
20-JAN-12 58 232- Report
Logs :
20-JAN-12 59 Logs
BSIC Planning :
20-JAN-12 60 BSIC Planning BSIC (base station identification code) BSIC=
NCC( network colour code) + BCC ( BTS colour code) NCC= Varies from 0
to 7. (0 or 5 for airtel) BCC= varies from 0 to 7 (for airtel) So Bsic varies
from 00 to 07 & 50 to 57. Search appropriate NCC & BCC with the use of
MapInfo tool. Plan bcch & bsic in such a way that Co-channel & Co-bsic
interference should not be there.
BCC- Base Station Colour Code :
20-JAN-12 61 BCC- Base Station Colour Code This parameter specifies the
base station color code. The BCC identifies the cells with the same BCCH
frequency in the neighborhood. According to GSM protocols, the TSC
(Training Sequence Code) and BCC of a BCCH must be the same. If cochannel interference occurs, different TSC (the same as BCC) training
sequences on TCHs are used to differentiate between interference signals
and normal speech signals. Therefore, appropriate planning of the BCC
can reduce the impact of interference on speech signals.
TSC- Training Sequence Code :
20-JAN-12 62 TSC- Training Sequence Code The TSC must be the same as
the BCC. TSC= varies from 0 to 7 The delay equalization is performed by
using the specified TSC when the MS or BTS receives the signal. The
demodulation cannot be received because the delay equalization cannot
be performed for the signals with same frequency using different TSCs.
This can effectively prevent incorrectly invalid reception, and prevent the
co-channel interference. In signal processing, delay equalization
corresponds to adjusting the relative phases of different frequencies to
achieve a constant group delay.
NCC- Network Colour Code :
20-JAN-12 63 NCC- Network Colour Code This parameter specifies the
network color code, which is provided by the telecom operator. The NCC is
used to identify networks from area to area. NCC is unique nationwide.
What Is INTERFERNCE ? :
20-JAN-12 64 What Is INTERFERNCE ? Interference is the sum of all signal
contributions that are neither noise not the wanted signal.
Effects Of Interference :
20-JAN-12 65 Effects Of Interference Interference is a major limiting factor
in the performance of cellular systems. It causes degradation of signal
quality. TYPE OF INTERFERNCE There are two types of system generated
interference Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference Cochannel & Co-Bsic interference
Co-Channel Interference :
20-JAN-12 66 Co-Channel Interference This type of interference is the due
to frequency reuse , i.e. several cells use the same set of frequency. These
cells are called co-channel cells. Co-channel interference cannot be
combated by increasing the power of the transmitter. This is because an
increase in carrier transmit power increases the interference to
neighboring co-channel cells. To reduce co-channel interference, cochannel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to
provide sufficient isolation due to propagation or reduce the footprint of
the cell.
Co-Channel :
20-JAN-12 67 Co-Channel 611 611 Co- Channel interference
Co-channel, Co-Bsic :
20-JAN-12 68 Co-channel, Co-Bsic 545, bsic=56 545, bsic=56 Co- Channel,
Co-bsic interference
Adjacent-Channel Interference :
20-JAN-12 69 Adjacent-Channel Interference Interference resulting from
signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called
adjacent channel interference. Adjacent channel interference results from
imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequencies to leak into the
cells must be allocated different HSN. Plan the HSN with reference to
ND111 & existing sites.
Slide 75:
20-JAN-12 75 Random vs Cyclic Hopping Sequences Where To Use? Cyclic:
In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas)
Random: In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic
areas)
Slide 76:
20-JAN-12 76 MAL (Mobile Allocation freq List) Contains the list of freq.
With this parameter we define the mobile allocation frequency list to
which the BTS will be attached. MAIO (Mobile Allocation Index Offset)
Defines the starting freq from where transmission will start o within a
hopping sequence. With MAIO offset it is possible to use the same MA
frequency list for two or more sectors of the site without collisions. Value
can be 0 to N-1, where N= no. of hopping freq.
Slide 77:
20-JAN-12 77 MS (MAIO Step) Indicate the index of freq from where freq
hopping will start for 2nd TRX & onwards. For Mal planning we use ZEBI
dump. Mal freq are adjusted as per the TCH band define in that particular
district.
Slide 78:
20-JAN-12 78 Neighbour Planning
Neighbour Definition :
20-JAN-12 79 Neighbour Definition Neighbour definition is basically for the
handover purpose. For proper neighbour planning we need to consider
following Logs (Clutter) site orientation of new site Area population
Coverage capacity of existing sites Road & railways Antenna height of new
site Type of site (new town, Infill, IBS)
Number Of Neighbours :
20-JAN-12 80 Number Of Neighbours In one SACCH multiframe there are
104 TDMA frames. Out of this 104 frames 4 frames are idle and are used
to decode the BSIC. Remaining 100 TDMA frames are used to measure
RSS( Received Signal Strength) of the neighbour. If 25 neighbours are
equipped, then in one SACCH multiframe each neighbour is measured
100/25 = 4 times and averaged out. This produces a less accurate value.
If 10 neighbors are equipped, then in one SACCH multiframe each
neighbor is measured 100/10 = 10 times and averaged out. This produces
a more accurate value. If high numbers of neighbours are equipped, then
the accuracy of RSS is decreased as should have 8 to 10 neighbours.
Maximum 32 averaging of RSS takes place. So Minimum 3 neighbour
should be defined to one cell.
Neighbour Planning In Road & Railway Cases. :
process is controlled by BSC and inform MSC about the same. The traffic
connection with cell 1 is released when the connection with cell 2 is set up
successfully
Inter cell - Inter BSC handover :
20-JAN-12 88 Inter cell - Inter BSC handover In this case subscriber moves
from cell 2 to cell 3, which is served by another BSC. Handover process is
carried out by the MSC, but, the decision to make the handover is still
done by the first BSC. Connection with the first BSC (and BTS) is released
when the connection with the new BSC (and BTS) is set up successfully.
Inter MSC Handover :
20-JAN-12 89 Inter MSC Handover BASIC EXTERNAL INTER MSC
HANDOVER
Slide 90:
20-JAN-12 90 BSS-A sends handover require msg to MSC-A. MSC-A
generates handover request msg to MSC-B & MSC-B forwards this request
to BSS-B. BSS-B allocates radio resource for MS & send HO request
acknowlgement. MSC-B now provides this HO response to MSC-A. Then
MSC-A instruct BSS-A to tune to new radio resource by sending handover
command to BSS-A. Now MS access new radio resource then BSS-B
ensures that expected MS has been captured or not. If MS get verified,
BSS-B send an handover detect msg to MSC-B. MSC-B sends Access signal
to ensure that expected & correct MS is captured. When MS successfully
communicating with BSS-B then HO complete msg will get send by BSS-B
to MSC-B. Now MSC-B sends end signal request. After this resources
allocated to BSS-A get released by using the Clear command.
Slide 91:
20-JAN-12 91 E1 Structure And Traffic Mapping
E1 Basics :
20-JAN-12 92 E1 Basics T-1 and E-1 are digital telephony schemes
provided by communication carriers that multiplex a number of digital
voice channels onto a single, higher speed line. T1 has 24 channels with
data rate of 1.544 Mbps E1 has 32 channels with data rate of 2.048 Mbps.
The T-1 or E-1 transmission path is bidirectional and transmits and
receives the digital information simultaneously. E-1 is a multiplexing
scheme used primarily in Europe and Asia that allows 30 individual voice
channels to be carried on a common transmission medium. By converting
analog voice signals to digital signals using pulse coded modulation (PCM)
and the multiplexing these signals onto a high speed digital line, 30
separate phone calls can be transmitted simultaneously over a single
transmission path. Framing given in 0th channel is necessary so any
equipment receiving the E1 signal can synchronize identify, and extract
the individual channels.
E1 Structure :