Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
particles are called protons. thus, a proton is that fundamental particle which
has one unit +ve charge and mass nearly equal to that of H-atom.
#) Discovery of neutron. Neutron was discovered by Chadwick by bombarding
Be or B atoms with a-rays. Neutral particles with mass nearly equal to that of
proton were emitted. These were called neutrons.Thus, neutron is defined as
that fundamental particle which carries no charge but has mass nearly equal to
that of H-atom.
#) Thomsons model of atom. An atom is a sphere of positive electricity in
which sufficient number of electrons was embedded to neutralize the positive
charge just as seeds in a melon or raisins in pudding. It could not explain results
of Rutherford's scattering experiments.
#) Rutherfords model of atom A thin foil of gold was bombarded with aparticles. Most of the a-particles passed through the foil undeflected,a few
were deflected through small angle while very few were deflected back. It was
therefore, concluded that there was sufficient empty space within the atom
and small heavy positively charged body at the centre called nucleus. Thus,
atom consists of a heavy positively charged nucleus in the centre containing all
protons and neutrons and the electrons were revolving around the nucleus so
that the centrifugal force balances the force of attraction.
#) Atomic number and mass number. As atom as a whole is electrically neutral,
no. Of protons (p)=No. Of electrons (e). This number is called atomic number
(Z). Further, as mass of atom is mainly due to protons and neutrons, and each
has obe unit mass, sum if number of protons (p) and neutrons (n) is called mass
number (A). We represent them with the symbol as A/Z X.
Z=p=e,
A=p+n.
:n=A-Z
#) Black body radiation. If the substance being heated us a black body (which is
a perfect absorber and prefer radiator of energy) the radiation emitted is called
black body radiation.
#) Photoelectric effect. When radiation of certain minimum frequency
(Vo) strike the surface of a metal, electrons are ejected. This minimum energy
(hv o) is called wave function ( W o ).
#)Planck's quantum theory. This theory was put forward to explain the
limitations of Electromagnetic wave theory. It suggests that radiant energy is
emitted or absorbed discontinuously in the form of small packets of energy
called quanta (called photons in case of light ). Energy of each quantum (E)=hv
where 'h' is Planck's constant (=6.626*10-34 Js). Total energy emitted or
absorbed =nhv where n is an integer. If n = N 0 energy is called one Einstein.
#) Explanation of photoelectric effect. When light falls on the metal surface,
energy of photon is absorbed by the electron. Electron is dislodged from the
metal only when energy absorbed (hv) is more than the minimum energy,I.e,
threshold energy ( hv 0) required to overcome its force of attraction. The
difference of energy is imparted to the electron as its kinetic energy. Thus,
K.E. of ejected electrons, 1/2 mv2 = hv -hv 0
As energy of photon depends upon frequency and not on intensity, increasing
the intensity of light of a particular frequency v, increases the number of
electrons ejected but not their kinetic energy.
#) Dual nature of Electromagnetic radiation. Interference, diffraction, etc.can
be explained if light has wave nature. Photoelectric effect can be explained if
light has particle nature. Hence, light is said to have dual nature. This concept
was put forward by Einstein
#) Electron volt (eV) of energy. Energy acquired by an electron under a
potential difference of one volt is called electron volt (eV). (1 eV =1.602* 10-19 J
).
#) Emission and Absorption spectra. When light emitted from any source is
directly passed on to prism and resolved, the spectrum obtained is called
emission spectrum. In case of white light, e.g., from sun, it is resolved into