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The vertical line test, shown graphically. The abscissashows the domain of the (to be
tested) function.
In mathematics, the vertical line test is a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph
of a function or not. A function can only have one output, y, for each unique input, x. If a
vertical line intersects a curve on an xy-plane more than once then for one value of x the
curve has more than one value of y, and so, the curve does not represent a function. If
all vertical lines intersect a curve at most once then the curve represents a function. [1]
A Horizontal line is a straight, flat line that goes from left to right. Given a
function
(i.e. from the real numbers to the real numbers), we can decide if it
isinjective by looking at horizontal lines that intersect the function's graph. If any
horizontal line
intersects the graph in more than one point, the function is not
injective. To see this, note that the points of intersection have the same y-value
(because they lie on the line
) but different x values, which by definition means the
[1]
function cannot be injective.
Variations of the horizontal line test can be used to determine whether a function
is surjective or bijective:
The function f is surjective (i.e., onto) if and only if its graph intersects any
horizontal line at least once.
f is bijective if and only if any horizontal line will intersect the graph exactly once.
The independent variable is the amount of vitamin that is given to the subjects
within the experiment. This is controlled by the experimenting scientist.
The dependent variable, or the variable being affected by the independent
variable, is life span.