10-Nordal - ICG Nov 2012 Instab in Stain Softening Soils

1
Numerical Modelling of Instability

in Strain-Softening Soils
Hans Petter Jostad
Anders Samstad Gylland
Steinar Nordal
NGI/NTNU
NTNU
NTNU
With special thanks to:

Gustav Grimstad (HIOA), Vikas Thakur (NPRA), Francesco Bonadies (Univ. Salerno)
ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society
November 2012
Load
Strain-Softening Soils
Peak
Reduction in resistance for

increasing deformation
Load
Strain
softening
Sensitive
clay
Residual
Displacement
November 2012
Kaare
Heg
1972
Smrd, 20.12.06
November 2012
Kattmarkveien 13.03.09
November 2012
Esp 01.01.12
Photo:Ned Alley/Scanpix
November 2012
Esp 01.01.12
Photo: KRISTOFFER FURBERG
November 2012
Sensitive clay
Deposited in salt water
Landrise
Fresh water infiltration
www.forskning.no
House-of-cards without glue
Liquefies when remoulded

www.ngu.no
Quick clay: sr < 0.5 kPa
November 2012
Sensitive clay
CIUc triaxial tests, block samples Tiller quick clay
November 2012
10
Sensitive clay
CIUc triaxial tests, block samples Tiller quick clay
November 2012
(ICSMFE Mexico, 1969)
November 2012
12
Stig Bernander:
Surte slide 1950,
Tuve slide 1977
PhD 2011
November 2012
RIGID SPRINGS
COMPRESSIBLE SPRINGS
1-2
F
1
T
2-3
T
T
T
T
November 2012
0 > cR
November 2012
November 2012
16
Downward progressive failure
Long natural slope
Force
EA
Bar on weak layer
Weak layer
November 2012
17

Force
EA
B
Weak layer
B
A B
November 2012
18

Force
EA
B
Weak layer
B
A B
Strain
softening
November 2012
19

Force
EA
B
Weak layer
B
A B
Strain
softening
Initial shear stress
x
November 2012
20

Force
EA
B
Weak layer
B
A B
Strain
softening
Initial shear stress
x
November 2012
21

Slope resistance depends on:
Stiffness
Peak strength
Softening behaviour
Initial shear
stress level
Higher resistance for:
Higher stiffness
Higher peak strength
Lower rate of strain softening (perfect plastic = zero strain softening)
Lower initial stress level
November 2012
22

Initial shear stress level
Highly sensitive
10% change of the initial
shear stress level gives a
40-50% change of the
capacity
Stiffness
Sensitive for low values
Softening
Sensitive for low values
Uncertain parameter
November 2012
23
Example calculations with Bifurc

Example Bernander App. I
Normal force above slip

surface (KN/m)
140
120
Load-displacement curve Example Appendix I
Bernander
100
Bifurc
80
60
140
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Distance along slope (m )

35
Shear stress (kPa)
30
25
20
15
Bernander
10
Bifurc
Force at x=100 m (kN/m)
120
100
80
60
Bernander
40
Bifurc
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Displacement at x = 100 m (m)
Displacement (m)
0.25
0.20
0.15
Bernander
Bifurc
0.10
0.05
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
Dr. Hans Petter Jostad and

Dr. Lars Andresen at NGI/ICG
November 2012
0.2
0.25
24
Load
Peak
Reduction in resistance for

increasing deformation
Load
Strain
softening
Sensitive
clay
Residual
Displacement
November 2012
25
November 2012
26
Localized failure - shear bands
November 2012
27
Softening gives mesh dependency
t1
W1
t2
W2
W1 > W2
1
2
2
1
November 2012
28
Regularisation technique in order to obtain

mesh independent solution
Need a procedure that gives a capacity or

safety factor that is mesh independent.
This means that the solution should
converge upon mesh refinements and the
shear band thickness should be larger than
given by the element size.
Load p / suC
4
Shear band thickness:
tsb = 150 cm
tsb = 50 cm
tsb = 1 cm
1
(Andresen /Jostad)
0
0
00
0.01
0.02
D isplacement max
November 2012
0.03
Regularization non-local strain

( x i ) = ( x i ) ( x i ) +
p*
w( x ) ( x ) dV
tsb
Control of the shear band thickness
1D shear column
Normalized shear stress (/su )
1.0
0.9
1 el
0.8
10 el
0.7
20 el
0.6
50 el
Mesh independent solution

when the element size is
smaller than the shear
band thickness!
0.5
0.4
0.3
= 1.58, l/L = 0.1 => t/L =/10
0.2
0.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
The shear band thickness is

defined by the softening zone!
20.0
Normalized displacement /L [%]
tsb
20 el
50 el
100
100
80
80
80
80
60
40
20
Normailzed position (x/L) [%]
10 el
100
1 el
100
60
40
20
0
10
20
30
Normalized displacement (/L) [%]
60
40
20
0
0
0.0
10
20
30
40
20
0
0
60
0
0
10
20
30
10
20
30
Slope stability problem
Almost mesh independent results!
32
Problem:
The shear band is mm scale, elements are m scale
Trick for FEM simulations:
Increasing the internal length by reducing the softening strain, soft
Shear stress,
softlinternal* = soft linternal
Peak
Residual
Only really OK for 1D problems

soft
Shear strain,
November 2012
Material model NGI-ADPSoft
f (, ) = su ( , )
p
suC
suDSS
= 0o
zz
surC
xz
4 5o
9 0o
suE
xx
34
Smrd, 20.12.06
November 2012
Slides by Francesco Bonadies, Univ. Salerno
Volume [m3]
750.000
Length [m]
200
Width [m]
500
Slip surface [m]
15
Three main phases:

- area A first
- area B next,
- area C final
A fill of about 7 meters is the triggering agent ?
Simulated by NGI-ADPSoft as part of the SVV-NVE project :

Effekt of progressive failure on physical development of areas with quick clay
dry crust
soft clay layer
firm bottom
1
2
3
37
Smrd
November 2012
38
Smrd
November 2012
Triggering
embankment
Old
embankment
River
190 m
Principal total strains directions
Input
Effect of updated geometry in analyses of progressive failure

Updated geometry is important for capturing the final slide configuration
Gylland, A. & Jostad, H.P (2010) NUMGE
November 2012
Initial stresses are difficult to evaluate:
Masterthesis Magne Mehli, vr 2010
November 2012
How important is strain softening for

evaluating the stability of a slope?
Key project:
Effekt of progressive failure on physical
development of areas with quick clay
Thanks to:
Effect of softening:
Karlsrud/NGI
Handbook 016
standard psamples?
Preliminary results from NGI project:

Effekt of progressive failure on physical
development of areas with quick clay
46
Modified triaxial cell
Moving, low friction base sled

Instrumented
Planar shear bands
Why triax?
Optimal sample handling and quality
Maintain relevance of tested material
November 2012
47
Excess pore pressure

Strain softening by excess pore pressure
Characteristic consolidation time lab test time
Internal pore pressure gradients
Plastic shearing
Generation of excess
pore pressure
Elastic unloading
Reciever of excess
pore pressure
November 2012
48
Micro CT,
PhD work A. Gylland
November 2012
49
Concluding remarks
Numerical Modeling of Instability in Strain-Softening Soils is still difficult,
but may now be done in a consistent manner
The NGI ADPSoft with non-local strain is a powerful tool
A pragmatic effect of softening factor is studied, 10% ?
Old message repeated: Prevent the initial slide!
More research needed:
Understanding material behaviour
Scaling the softening curve only exact for 1D
Initial stresses are hard to determine, but has high influence
Effective stress based simulations wanted
Geofuture
Design codes and guidelines
November 2012
50
Thank you ICG !
November 2012

10-Nordal - ICG Nov 2012 Instab in Stain Softening Soils

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1

Numerical Modelling of Instability

With special thanks to:

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Reduction in resistance for

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

House-of-cards without glue

Liquefies when remoulded

Quick clay: sr < 0.5 kPa

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

(ICSMFE Mexico, 1969)

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Downward progressive failure

Long natural slope

Bar on weak layer

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Downward progressive failure

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Downward progressive failure

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Downward progressive failure

Initial shear stress

Downward progressive failure

Initial shear stress

Downward progressive failure

Higher resistance for:

Downward progressive failure

Example calculations with Bifurc

Normal force above slip

Load-displacement curve Example Appendix I

Distance along slope (m )

Example Bernander App. I

Shear stress (kPa)

Force at x=100 m (kN/m)

Distance along slope (m )

Displacement at x = 100 m (m)

Example Bernander App. I

Dr. Hans Petter Jostad and

Distance along slope (m )

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Reduction in resistance for

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Downward progressive failure

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Localized failure - shear bands

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Softening gives mesh dependency

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Regularisation technique in order to obtain

Need a procedure that gives a capacity or

ICG Symposium Geohazards and Society

Regularization non-local strain

Control of the shear band thickness