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HABER:
Reaction conditions:
- Reactants: N2 and H2 kept in 1:3 ratio
- Temperature: 400oC to 500oC
- Pressure: 20-25MPa
- Catalyst: magnetite
- Recycling of unused reactants and constant liquefaction
IONS
Why monitor ions?
- Lead is toxic ingestion from polluted soils
- Lead biologically mimics other metals
- Neurological problems, damage to kidneys, anaemia, etc.
Testing for ions?
- Flame Test:
Platinum wire cleaned and dipped into solution of HCl,
then dipped into salt that will be tested.
Calcium: brick red
Barium: apple green
Copper: blue green
Sodium: yellow
Strontium: Scarlet
-
All Cl, Br-, and I- are soluble except Pb2+ and Ag+
All SO42+ are soluble except Pb2+, Ag+, Ca2+, and Ba2+
Further Tests:
Iron compounds:
o Add NaOH, brown indicates Fe(OH)3 while
green/white means Fe(OH)2
Calcium/Barium:
o Flame test, or add NaF because CaF2 will form
precipitate
Nitrates:
Monitoring O3
Spectrophotometers: measures intensity of light from sun at
wavelength that ozone absorbs.
Ground based: points upwards to stratosphere
Satellite based: Total ozone mapping spectrophotometers
Atmosphere based: Helium balloon creates ozone profile as
altitude increases.
Montreal protocol
1970s realised depletion in ozone layer
Worldwide determination to eradicate threat to ozone
o Phasing out CFCs, and developing HFCs and
HCFCs
HCFCs contains H, C, Cl, and F
H means it is more unstable removed from troposphere
before reaching ozone in stratosphere
HFCs contain H, F, and C atoms cannot form bromine or
chlorine radicals but these are greenhouse gases
WATER