Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture No. 8
1. General
Headloss Range
ft
.5-1
1.5-4
1.5-3
.7-2
10-20
1.5-3
10-16
10-20
.7-6
3. Minor Headloss
A minor headloss is involves any pipe appurtenance which is NOT a straight run of
pipe.
Typical minor losses:
- valves
- expanders, reducers
- turns, tees, bends
- entrances, exits
Empirical equations, most useful:
hminor = Kminor
Where:
hminor = headloss, ft
Kminor = coefficient, dimensionless
v = mean velocity, fps
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft2/s
Typical K values:
- K=.5 Perpendicular square entrance
- K=.15 Gate valve, full open
- K = 10 Globe valve
- K=1 Exit from pipe to reservoir
where:
Q = discharge, m3/s or cfs
1.84 = constant for metric system
3.33 = constant of for US Customary system
L = length of crest of weir, m or ft
n = number of end contractions
h = head on weir crest, ft
Page No.2
A
B
d2
Section A-A
PLAN
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
d2
Section B-B
Center Line
Q4 .90 Q1, In order to achieve equal flow through the orifices, the head through the
orifices should be >> than the flume losses.
Orifice discharge formula:
Q = .6A
Where:
Q = discharge, cfs
.6 = constant of for US Customary system
h = head on weir crest, ft
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft2/s
The velocity in the influent pipe should be sufficient to main the suspended solids in
suspension but < 4fps to avoid excessive headloss.
Page No.3
A
B
PLAN
V-notch weir
Weir
Plate
H0
Section B-B
Section A-A
Center Line
If a 90 V-notch weir
Q = 2.54LH5/2
Where:
Q = discharge, cfs
3.33, 2.54 = constant of for US Customary system
h = head on weir crest, ft
L= Weir length, ft
The depth of flow in the effluent channel is give by the lateral spillway equation for a
level channel:
H0 =
Where:
H0 = upstream depth, ft
d= downstream depth, ft
dbar = mean depth, ft
Q = discharge, cfs
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft2/s
b = channel width, ft
Page No.4
6. Examples
A. Given: Circular primary clarifier. ADF=1.5 MGD. Qpeak=2.6ADF. OR(ADF) = 800 gpd/ft 2.
t(ADF)=2hrs. OR(peak)=75.0gal/(hr.ft 2). t(peak)=.5hr. dmin=8.0
Find:
1.) diameter and depth of tank
2.) H over V-notch weirs, use 90 triangular weirs, 8 OC.
3.) Weir depth, 1 of Freeboard
4.) depth of water in the influent box, b=15
5.) H0
6.) depth of effluent channel, triangular weirs with a 4 freefall
1.) diameter and depth of tank
A(ADF) = Q/OR = 1.5x106 gal/day x ft2/day/800gal
A(ADF) = 1,875ft2
depth(ADF) = ORt = 800 gpd/ft2. x 2hr x x 1day/24hr
depth(ADF) = 8.91, say 9.0
Area(peak) = 1.5x106 gal/day x 2.6(peaking factor) x 1ft2.hr/75gal x 1day/24hr
Area(peak) = 2,166.7ft2
depth(peak) = 75gal/ft2.hr x x .5hr
depth(peak) = 5.01
Peak controls area, ADF depth controls
D2 = 2,166.7ft2
D=52.52, day 55
Use diameter=55, depth = 9.0
2.) H over V-notch weirs, use 90 triangular weirs, 8 OC.
Page No.5
Page No.6
B. Given :
15m
Straight
Francis weir
50m
.6m dia
40m
.5m dia
Effluent
17m
Influent
Primary
Sedimentation
Tank
Aeration
Tanks
Secondary
Sedimentation
Tank
Page No.7
Page No.8
Page No.9
100.717
15m
100.306
100.262
100.252
100.326
50m
.6m dia
40m
.5m dia
100.081
100.000
Effluent
17m
Influent
Primary
Sedimentation
Tank
Aeration
Tanks
Secondary
Sedimentation
Tank
Page No.10