NAMA : DIRA PRATIWI

KELAS : XII IPA 5

ABSEN : 08
Meteor Showers Explained
Imagine a very cold comet consistently orbiting outer space. Because of the
comets speed, there are particles that fall back behind it that are known as
water vapor drags. These water vapor drags are composed of rocks from the
comet itself and other compounds like frozen water, ammonia, methane and
other volatile elements. When a particular comet gets near the sun which forms
part of its orbit, some of these water vapor drags melt and are left out, and it
eventually finds its way to meteoroid streams more commonly known as dust
trails.
Some of these dust trails subsequently veers into the orbit path of the Earth and
when it hits the Earths atmosphere, it disintegrates and forms a meteor shower.
The movements of these dust trails have been well studied and in fact the
International Meteor Organization has come up with a Meteor Shower Calendar.
The gravity of the planets surrounding the dust trails determine their
movements, hence, IMO was able to compute its future locations. Meteor
showers have tags and they are commonly named after the constellation where
they are perceived to originate from.
This type of meteor movement study and position calculation were first done by
two astronomers, Arthur Matthew Weld Downing and George Johnstone Stoney.
They set their observation on the comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and they were able
to come up with a decent calculation which matched the computations of Adolf
Berberich of the Royal Astronomical Computation Institute ( Konigles
Astronomisches Rechen Institut ) of Berlin, Germany in one of his independent
endeavors. However, the very first accurate meteor storms computation for the
next 50 years was made by Finlands Esko Lyytinen, Robert McNaught, and
David Asher.

However, some dust trails may act abnormally when it reaches the atmosphere
of certain planet. For instance, dust trails grazing on Jupiters atmosphere tend
to act differently, some speed up and some decelerate creating sudden bursts of
meteor showers, which is also known as braiding or clumping.

NAMA : DIRA PRATIWI

KELAS : XII IPA 5
ABSEN : 08
How Your Eyes Work
Vision begins when light rays are reflected off an object and enter the eyes
through the cornea, the transparent outer covering of the eye. The cornea bends
or refracts the rays that pass through a round hole called the pupil. The iris, or
colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil, opens and closes (making
the pupil bigger or smaller) to regulate the amount of light passing through. The
light rays then pass through the lens, which actually changes shape so it can
further bend the rays and focus them on the retina at the back of the eye. The
retina is a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains millions of tiny
light-sensing nerve cells called rods and cones, which are named for their
distinct shapes. Cones are concentrated in the center of the retina, in an area
called the macula. In bright light conditions, cones provide clear, sharp central
vision and detect colors and fine details. Rods are located outside the macula
and extend all the way to the outer edge of the retina. They provide peripheral
or side vision. Rods also allow the eyes to detect motion and help us see in dim
light and at night. These cells in the retina convert the light into electrical
impulses. The optic nerve sends these impulses to the brain where an image is
produced.

NAMA : DIRA PRATIWI

KELAS : XII IPA 5

ABSEN : 08
HOW YOUR EYES WORKS
The human eye refracts light emitted off objects and onto the
retina to bring the objects being viewed into focus. This involves
many functions and processes.
Step 1:
Light rays pass through the eyes clear front cover called the
cornea.
Step 2:
Light passes through the eyes pupil, the eyes window to the
world. The pupil is surrounded by a sphincter call the iris; the
eyes colored ring.
Step 3:
Light passes through the eyes crystalline lens, which constricts to
help light rays come to focus at one focal point.
Step 4:
Light rays travel to and come to rest on the retina resulting in
clear vision.
Step 5:
Once light rays come to rest on the retina a signal is carried done
the optic nerve to the brain.
Step 6:
The brain receives the signals and interprets them into a
picture(s).
Step7:
The brain tells the eyes what it sees by forming the picture.