History of The Improved Order of Red Men - Charles Litchman 1893

HISTORY
OFFICIAL
IMPROVED
COMPILED
GREAT
OF
LINDSAY
CHARLES
OF
THE
UNITED
STATES
H.
CHARLES
PENNSYLVANIA
OF
LITCHMAN
EDITED
OF
BY
H.
GREAT
LITCHMAN
INCOHONEE
BOSTON
THE
MEN
MARYLAND
CHARLES
PAST
RED
INCOHONEES
CONLEY
C.
FROM
THE
GREAT
PAST
BY
W.
AUTHORITY
UNDER
COUNCIL
GEORGE
OF
ORDER
FRATERNITY
PUBLISHING
G.S.D.
402
1893
COMPANY
MASSACHUSETTS
COPYRIGHT,
ALL
HASCALL.
C.
LEE
BY
SOLD
1893,
RIGHTS
ONLY
RESERVED.
BY
SUBSCRIPTION.
XorinooC
J.
S.
Gushing
"
IDrcss
Co.
Berwick
"
Boston,
Mass.,
U.S.A.
"
Smith.
TO
Encofjonee
(great
"past
W.
GEORGE
LINDSAY
BALTIMORE,
IN
RECOGNITION
OF
HIS
WORTH
AS
INTO
RESEARCH
UNSWERVING
HIS
HISTORY
IS
CONSCIENTIOUS
HIS
MAN,
HISTORY
OF
OF
LOYALTY
RED
RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED
AND
FRATERNALLY
BY
THE
MEN
TO
DEVOTION
AND
FRATERNITY
BELOVED
THIS
THE
ORDER
IMPROVED
THE
AND
MD.
PUBLISHERS
OUR
CONTRIBUTORS.
ADDITIONAL
THOMAS
K.
M.
DANIEL
P.
J.
M.
G.
JOHN
THOMAS
G.
THOMAS
J. IRWIN,
A.
JACOB
IRA
W.
J.
G.
G.
HOLT,
EDWIN
P.
HIRST,
H.
THOMAS
H.
G.
of
J.
Y.
N.
Ind.
Md.
Ga.
Atlanta,
Norfolk,
R
Va.
Del.
Wilmington,
Jr.,
MESSINGER,
G.
of
C.
R.
.
Del.
Wilmington,
Hartford,
Ct.
CHARLES
W.
SKIFF,
G.
C.
of
Danbury,
Ct.
CHARLES
W.
HOWE,
G.
C.
of
Rochester,
of
Freeport,
W.
JOHN
HATSTAT,
H.
GEORGE
C.
W.
A.
B.
W.
E.
JOHN
C.
H.
L.
E.
FRED
J.
H.
M.
WILL
JAMES
Louis
C.
of
CLARK,
G.
E.
G.
SCISM,
T.
E.
P.
G.
C.
ROBERT
E.
ROBERT
J. HANSON,
F.
H.
DAVIS,
MAHOOD,
SAYLOR,
G.
G.
D.
TANNER,
Des
Moines,
la.
Denver,
Col.
Denver,
Col.
Providence,
R.
Lazearville,
W.
G.
C.
of
R.
of
Louisiana
of
C.
G.
C.
C.
of
G.
P.
of
of
P.
Ala.
Neb.
St.
Fla.
Gainesville,
Fla.
City,
Ore.
Easton,
i
Tenn.
Gainesville,
Portland,
C.
Mo.
Louis,
Virginia
Ark.
D.
Nashville,
G.
C.
S.
Washington,
Sachem
of
C.
Mich.
Kan.
Lewisville,
New
Great
Va.
Rapids,
Glendale,
I.
Va.
W.
Birmingham,
THOMAS
la.
Omaha,
of
C.
Moines,
Leavenworth,
G.
DAVIS,
Me.
Des
Grand
of
C.
of
C.
KALTWASSER,
W.
W.
of
C.
G.
DEMENT,
111.
Grafton,
WALKER,
PRICE,
G.
WIEGANT,
AUSTIN,
S
G.
TEMPLE,
GEORPE
J.
of
C.
G.
P.
HIRST,
E.
P.
G.
L.
E.
P.
GEORGE
T.
G.
G.
C.
H.
of
H.
N.
Woodfords,
KLEFUS,
ULRICH,
C.
C.
PATERSON,
F.
JOHN
P.
DAVIS,
HENRY
G.
G.
McCowN,
B.
G.
P.
FOSTER,
G.
P.
TANDY,
Cal.
Francisco,
San
O.
Ferry,
Baltimore,
of
C.
G.
MAKER,
Boston,
Martin's
of
C.
N.
Mass.
Pa.
Indianapolis,
C.
of
C.
of
C.
of
G.
ANTHONY,
EMMEL,
T.
G.
C.
Camden,
Elmira,
HARRISON,
G.
G.
P.
HINKLE,
HENRY
of
C.
Philadelphia,
of
C.
G.
STEVENS,
GARDNER,
G.
P.
DONNALLEY,
Pa.
Nev.
PREFACE.
write
To
Patriotism,
love
the
of
annals
ancestry,
None
the
called
best
should
that
of
pride
in
the
offered
Full
Order.
the
of
there
has
to
Order
But
herein
the
Lindsay,
been
has
credit
is
of
inspiration
ments
achieve-
greater
esteemed
that
whose
brother,
researches
theory
documents
upon
hesitation
in
the
no
illustrate
properly
treated
and
having
Order.
our
as
Council
the
using
that
second
of
that
part
epoch
the
United
consideration
decided
Having
of
the
the
traditions
his
of
in
command
the
its
based,
was
portions
such
the
1813
our
work
the
ing
interest-
an
at
which
join
makes
that
the
accorded
to
entwined
now
of
cheerfully
gone
the
is
and
members
now
have
the
around
story
the
and
of
History
compiled,
of
due
of
Great
investigation
Men
of
been
necessary
to
been
record
an
Official
the
origin
originals
the
view,
consideration
and
valuable
and
date
of
Majority,
Silent
in
Red
of
value
work
the
inspiration
an
this,
has
thereof
and
and
is
organization
pride
zation
organi-
understood
members
once
fraternal
the
to
done
thoughts
Order
Improved
at
work.
facts
the
future.
these
With
be
well
duty
the
of
well
such
every
before
place
So
of
fraternal
form
history.
deeds
historical
general
to
posterity
to
noble
of
interesting
treated.
subject
preserve
memory
permanent
of
thought
to
upon
past
to
its
concerning
the
the
in
the
to
inspired
and
collection
the
the
mainly
important
for
desire
and
past
love
country,
have
less
traditions
that
of
the
brave
is
requires
history
were
as
of
history
the
chronology.
States,
patient
after
researches
of
which
gave
P.
G.
I.
inspira-
PREFACE.
4
tion
to
organization, and
an
active
crystallizedinto
its
of
history
influence
freedom
launched
among
in the
found
primitive
then
engaged
This
use
Indians
as
of
of
their
race
without
and
becoming
character
the
under
been
be
the
original only
Due
work
of
of the
that
of
since
and
others,
Improved
in the
unexcelled
book
and
of
the
Order
beauty
by
any
identity
were
aim
of
of
original organizations
has
No
of
to
material
credit
Red
and
been
Men
historyof
conception,
fraternal
has
and
show
read
Order
to
material
could
common
for
the
member
the
these
a
inspirationof
organization.
writers,
writer
are
their
made
given
to
of
nent.
contiof
been
been
may
an
traits
the
to
from
gained
our
Indian
sketch
successive
who
the
available
All
to
enter
American
has
attempt
each
can
noble
the
devoted
and
has
compelled
one
the
of
direction.
American
enticing fascination,
an
with
No
of
use
these
peculiarities are,
this
origin,growth,
purpose,
in
they
North
Order,
Aborigines
appropriate
and
of
characteristics
spell
exhausted,
in the
the
of
our
and
its attractions.
of
them,
necessary
which
peculiarities.
this
of
customs,
long
source.
of
the
give anything original in

has
and
traditions
possessed by
least
in
of
profoundly impressed
manners,
istics
character-
concealment
work
Red
work,
secret
deemed
lore
customs
and
chapters
field of
plentiful around
ceremonies
the
1813,
coming
The
forms,
of
the
Republic
our
unsullied
the
the
for
and
manners
of
and
whose
by
nation.
forms
of
and
1776,
so-called
more
dangerous
new
basis
1771,
study
upon
the
the
of
study
found
of
mystical
suitable
the
from
to
the
and
gatherings,
inseparable
not
for
inspiration
their
and
grandeur
race,
Improved
uncultivated
the
to
sublimity and
the
of
of
Colonies,
ceremonies
their
mysteries for
Men's
and
turned
early societies
These
the
earth.
of the
nations
the
the
to
origin, this
patrioticassociations
Revolution
secured
was
parts
its
that
theory
in those
origin
American
the
existing prior to
the
finally
considered
be
truthfullytrace
upon
its
had
that
movements
justlyto
are
to
necessary
Men
Red
of
Order
force,
compiled
been
has
history
and
earlier
the
pages,
strength
ter
charac-
PREFACE.
To
those
State
In
fraternal
result
the
submitting
forbearance
material
hand.
at
with
in
publishers
The
book
one
sincere
faith
abiding
more
no
more
interest
genuine
have
But
its
in
have
attractive
take
ultimate
done
and
could
history,
great
the
ities,
local-
Order,
than
work
and
the
of
pilation
com-
with
Order,
the
with
we
the
ask
we
commission.
or
up
more
with
or
progress,
prosperity.
in
everything
worthy
for
respective
omission
better
for
several
necessary
the
to
done
love
origin,
its
of
the
returned.
labors
errors
of
data
their
are
our
any
could
doubtless,
Many,
of
for
in
thanks
and
and
the
done
work
acknowledgment
States
contributed
the
of
United
the
have
compilation
due
the
who
reservations,
proper
of
Chiefs
Great
their
Order
of
power
which
to
it
make
is
the
history.
The
them
drawings
illustrations
having
by
are
been
well-known
most
valuable
engraved
at
artists.
and
great
interesting,
expense
from
many
original
of
CONTENTS.
PAGE
LIST
ILLUSTRATIONS
OF
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
of
Outline
Subject
intended
Scope
I.
treated
How
CHAPTER
Red
Primitive
Men
Characteristics
of
the
The
;
;
Race
Their
Iroquois
welcomed
Societies
Secrecy
York
at
and
of
of
Formation
Pilgrims
Customs
The
League
23
and
prior
to
in
Conduct
III.
Their
1776;
in
Tammany
Liberty
Maryland,
Massachusetts
of
Their
Influence
Republic
of
Need
and
Pennsylvania,
American
the
Their
Motive;
New
the
on
of
Legend
Tammany
149
CHAPTER
Societies
and
of
Red
from
Men
1812
to
IV.
Their
1834;
Management,
Aims,
History
199
CHAPTER
Organization
Why
this
of
the
Name
Order
Improved
was
selected
V.
of
Red
Those
;
Men
at
Baltimore,
in
Instrumental
Md.
securing
the
Result
247
CHAPTER
Organization
Another
17
Their
..........
Sons
Sons
the
and
Forms
CHAPTER
Patriotic
written
Why
II.
that
Peculiar
of
the
Improved
VI.
Order
of
Version
Red
Men
at
Baltimore
"
270
7
CONTENTS.
VII.
CHAPTER
PAGE
The
Great
Its
of the
Council
United
States
Objects, Jurisdiction,and
Section, from
1847
its
Great
Its
of the
Council
United
1881
its
History
from
Councils
Great
of
; When
and
Biographies of
303
instituted
where
; Condition
Date
at
423
X.
Prominent
Members
449
XI.
CHAPTER
of the
United
Decisions, Laws, Rulings, etc., of the Great
States, corrected
to
Council
of the
of Publication
Date
CHAPTER
539
CHAPTER
of Pocahontas
XIII.
Origin, Purpose,
and
League
Degrees
Lessons
of
the
Origin,Objects, and
Order
; The
Present
Theory
INDEX
of the
Condition
-595
XV.
of their
taught
Construction
; The
605
CHAPTER
Nomenclature
588
XIV.
CHAPTER
The
Growth
....
CHAPTER
Chieftains1
-475
XII.
Legislation,Constitutions,etc
Degree
Second
Publication
CHAPTER
Digest
Organization.
Laws
IX.
CHAPTER
State
and
Origin, Powers,
of Publication
Date
to
First
VIII.
States
Objects,Jurisdiction,and
Section, from
281
CHAPTER
The
Laws
Organization.
from
History
and
Origin, Powers,
of 1880
Council
to
Order
and
Calendar
XVI.
61
619
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Trail
On
the
An
Iroquois
Frontispiece
PAGE
u
..........
Woman
Iroquois
of
Totems
of
Robe
Facing
Falls
Niagara
An
Warrior
North
the
American
Mah-to-toh-pa,
Captured
the
by
The
Rain
Call
for
Indians
Mandan
119
Chief
130
Braves
the
of the
Society
of
Red
Men
for
William
G.
Andrew
Facing
War
Path
"
the
Gorsuch,
First
"
Great
Incohonee
"
W.
Smith
Badge
of
of
the
Morris
Order
Order
H.
George
B.
William
'
Ralph
Colflesh
Charles
C.
Facing
"
"
.
Conley
J. Francis
"
Thomas
K.
"
Veteran
Badge
Thomas
E.
Donnalley
The
Paleface
Invoking
the
392
392
392
421
Peckinpaugh,
Captive's
368
"392
Thomas
The
368
"368
Hyronemus
Gregory
S.
314
"368
Litchman
H.
314
361
.
Charles
314
348
Gorham
H.
282
314
"
the
270
"
Lindsay
Adam
Flag
"
Pyle
George
244
....
J. Baker
Joseph
180
234
Hunters
........
Enlisting
Facing
"204
Meeting
of
44
74
Maker
a
Return
........."
32
Great
Incohonee
....
Facing
"
Rescue
Friend
"594
Great
"
Spirit
9
422
588
604
INTRODUCTION.
wonderful
THE
Red
of
Order
occupies
are
many
social
causes
for
of
brotherhood
the
tend
which
impulses
teachings
Its
men.
and
citizen
appeals
because
We
have
and
the
of
been
acknowledged
the
virtues
the
of
early
brave,
and
proud
will
with
to
in
Montezuma
claim
that
and
the
memory
has
civilization
his
greed
Pizarro
do
people
of
and
Cortez
and
his
not
and
been
compare
followers
II
in
of
conceded
its
talities,
hospi-
emulation
Red
favorably
?
excelled
in
any
is
Men
of
type
Who
development
adventurers
are
and
discovered.
moral
the
we
intelligent,
noblest
the
true,
customs,
people
of
title,
our
that
fact
the
It
every
been
Order
ever
acters,
char-
ceremonies.
but
worthy
this,
among
of
generous
of
his
"
have
Improved
that
state
the
and
brutality
the
the
history,
character
of
of
American
its
of
generous
the
and
in
to
idea
their
because
friendships,
The
race.
natural
that
its
traits
many
perpetuate
his
say
in
writers
the
of
people,
American
and
loyal
civilized
the
man
original
travellers
free,
and
by
the
the
of
conservators
divine
aspirations.
highest
delight
spirit
ennoble
ceremonials
great
erly
broth-
relations
traditions,
which
and
the
the
sentiments
our
numbers
society
surface
instances
of
takes
Man
its
some
barbarism
Red
the
by
in
criticised
supposed
intelligent
origin,
its
in
with
the
to
patriotic
the
to
all
with
to
States.
friendship
natures,
minds
their
as
it
position
United
harmonious
their
refine
awaken
especially
bring
pleasant,
to
of
and
fellowship,
Improved
increase
inspire
and
the
merit
principles
the
prominent
of
intrinsic
precepts
man,
of
phenomenal
has
good
and
love
fraternal
its
the
Its
helpfulness.
it the
for
fraternities
Order
exemplifies
and
teaches
popularity
earned
the
The
influence.
and
have
Men
among
There
and
progress
with
Who
way
of
the
will
the
INTRODUCTION.
12
hospitableIncas
and
kind
in
nothing
America
organization. In addition
have
the earlywriters, we
which
universe.
Nations
there
the
to
to
us
belief in
the
Central
the
and
or
South
prototype
of
our
their courage,
prove
of
a
their
their
disposition,
Creator
and
Ruler
traditions of the Tribes
all the
Through
runs
little
of
complimentary descriptions
beautiful legends of the Aborigines
their kindness
their loyalty,
intellectuality,
moral
worth, and their loftyconception of
of the
sciences, and
the
to
descended
have
of
Indian,
American
North
the
was
Aztec
the
than
less wonderful
Not
the
their discoverers.
from
learn
to
In their knowledge
skill, they had
industrial
agriculturaland
their
arts, of
decorative
of architecture, of the
their nation
and
ideal man,
an
endowed
and
the
by
attributes in perfection,who
Spiritwith all the human
to his people the highest type of
was
physical strength and
love for his tribe and
with
heart overflowed
beauty, whose
surpassed all others.
people,and whose knowledge and wisdom
who
He it was
taught them to love and help each other, to hunt,
He
of the strength
told them
to plant,to build.
to fish,to fight,
Great
there
in
was
unity. Historyrecords
of the
that
than
of the
Iroquois.
by
of the
any
so
until
not
was
long after
wentha
in the
was
the ideal
beginning,who
instruction
common
was
generous,
and
the advent
the
and
man
to
came
brought
the
unbroken
the earth.
It
paleface invader
Great
first
appeared.
them
with
nations
League
influences,which
I3th successive
white
the
as
unmoved
of the
the
who
man
us
external
or
good advice, created
which
authority.He
peace,
it stood
to
that
Sachem
Hayo-
Daganoweda
together,gave
their democratic
them
form
of
equalityof rights with a

was
ownership of property. Honor
given to whom
due, and the brave and experienced,the true, the
and the wise only were
given the posts of dignityand
government,
honor
when
known
ful
wonder-
more
mighty empires of
It is said that
its head
at
of the
many
it fell asunder.
was
centuries
weakening internal
laid low
have
Hodenosaunee,
For
coalition
no
from
it
which
their words
was
was
the
of
had
who
smoked
smoke
been
their
of
system
with
ascended
amity, and
belt,into which
their union
vows
talked.
who
gave
of
It is
them
the
to the
Great
them
the
calumet
of
bearing
Spirit,
sacred
pum
wam-
fealtyand the compact

a
praiseworthyindication
of
of
JNTR
father, son,
his duties
perform
to
the
with
brother, and
or
who
of others
which
which
he
self-respectand
him
historical
by
lineal
the
are
our
beginnings
in
Thus
he believes
esteem
have
Freedom
and
because
we
are
the
departing race, ours because

descendants
of American
patriots,and had
to
the patriotic
impulses that gave freedom
America,
and
two
score
thousand,
and
one
great
because, although
ours,
we
are
one,
are
in
one
"
we
hundred
object,one
and
in name,
in brotherhood.
have
Charity,that charity
also
"
which
"
Waits
not
seeks
But
needs
for
the
be
not
want
to
sought,
plead,
duty,
Nay, prevents the need

and
Men
into
we
right, ours
Red
excesses
of the
many
be led.
of the virtues of
we
from
way
ing
possess-
of
for the
desire
every
man
in whom
him, and
in
believe
might otherwise
exponents
We
to
restrain
Friendship,ours
qualifiedin
more
man
A
enjoy the world.
in the Improved Order
and
and
trust
trusts, builds up
and
friendshipsformed
men
UCTION.
OD
expressed to a brother
the brightlyburning
by the smiles of those who meet him around
council
fire ; by the fraternal greeting in which
he feels
a
responsive heart thrill in unison with the warm
clasp of a
brother's hand ; by the sympathy which
is pleased at his success,
and which
is grieved at his sorrows
and disappointments.
Such
is the charitywe
seek to exemplify,in which
the spiritof
brotherlylove and brotherlyhelpfulness go hand in hand, which
and
cultivates the spiritof forbearance
which
good-fellowship,
tends
to harmony.
The
men
primary objectsof our Order are to promote among
the exercise
and practiceof the true
principlesof benevolence
and charity,
the care
and protection of the widows
and orphans
and
of its members,
the cultivation of friendlyrelations with
those
that
charitywhich
"
who
have
which
attended
tenets
of the
constitutes
is
is love ; which
its circle.
entered
democratic
The
its birth,the idea that all
Order
; and
his claim
for
what
man
is,not
recognition among
and
Friendship, fraternity,
virtues,and
nowhere
men
are
what
influences
equal,are
he possesses,
the brotherhood.
are
exemplifiedas
hospitality
are
hearts
the
dinal
car-
brought closer together
INTR
distress
the
brother
has
fires of
the
and
is
Order
characteristics
Red
him
removed
Men.
not
are
sickness
In
or
assisted;and when
his trail
earth, he
on
watchful, protective
orphans.
brotherhood
from
continue
his brothers, who
by
for his widow
Our
UCTION.
is visited,comforted, and
of death
arrow
is buried
care
the council
around
than
OD
individuals
of
sacrificed,but
whose
whose
personal
interests
common
harmonize
strengthened as the members
council fires.
We
around
our
are
proud of it for its past ; we
it is to us ; and we
for its future.
love it for what
hope much
citizen feels the patriotic
blood tinglein his
As the American
veins while reading the early pages
of his country'shistory,
so
are
our
and
and
maintained
hearts
of
Red
Improved
throb
as
Men
Red
we
remember
were
because
it is
the
part of that
feels
Man
that
an
so.
taught in the speaking books
added
The
societies
of Tamina
history
; and
every true
of responsibilit
dignityand sense
virtues of the
Aborigines are
of the
for
Societywhich is named
them, and are engraved on the trophieswhich hang in the wigwams
Men
Red
When
the Indian has disappeared
where
meet.
the forest and the stream,
forever from the hills and the valleys,
then the palefacewho
the land
occupies his wigwam, who owns
where
he trailed,will look upon
the skins and scalpswhich
once
path,
long before were
brought home from the hunt or from the warwill take down
the totem
by which the primitiveRed Man
teach
distinguishedhis friend from his foe, and from them
of the historyof his county, and of Freedom,
object-lessons
Friendship,and Charity to the coming young American.
is and always will be much
There
of sorrow
and disappointment
and death in this world ; and inasmuch
the Improved
as
Men
of pain and brightens the
Order
of Red
the burden
eases
We
are
pathway of life,it is a blessingand of value to man.
entitled to its being and continuance
to the sunshine
are
as
we
from the Great
Spirit. May our Tribes multiplyand increase,
until the whole
world
shall feel the
spell of
be
the seeds of fraternity
sow
we
may
divine showers
of harmony to bring forth
and
and
the fruit of
our
ever
the
brotherhood,
watered
flower
by the
of hope
happiness.
ANDREW
H. PATON,
G.S.S., G.C.U,S,
CHAPTER
I.
OUTLINE
intention
is the
IT
form
the
origin,
Red
Men
now
obscure,
them
odd
is based
which
is the
that
same
records
will
be
of
into
Order,
and
flame
this
to
apparent
been
has
of
is stated
is
all
in
any
for
of
the
existing
of
the
patriotism
of
the
fraternityof to-day.
of
necessity, compelled
four
of
that
hundred
the
years
Order
is
here
affairs
United
of
ago,
founded.
information
the
an
able
remark-
place.
in
the
from
in its proper
the
Order
epochs
past
given,
rial
memo-
in
States, and
is
Order.
the
petition, and
by correspondence,
Council
Great
the
members
the
of
active
way
of
evidence
evolution
peculiarities
work
the
fidelityand
of
length
at
demand
which
From
the
whose
only
the
given
130,000
embers
America
manifested
the
to
show
history has,
customs
is done
lencies,
excel-
name
of
matters
beauties,
Republic.
as
history and
owned
there
That
the
be
posterity the
to
this
of
whose
the
of
inspiration
the
the
facts
dying
down
into
which
upon
Why
It
the
compilation
investigation
and
that
to
such
will
past
fraternity
handed
members
of
upon
Order
Improved
inform
self-sacrificingbrothers,
fanned
race
the
birth
given
handful
the
bearing
fraternity having
claim
gave
magnificent
The
of
our
present
material
members,
of
in permanent
gather
grotesque.
traditions
the
upon
and
of
shall
not
peculiarities
seems
From
those
shall
pages
objects
which
and
SUBJECT.
all available
of
and
record
these
record
history,
and
to
that
authentic
an
OF
other
ways.
At
various
taken
action
organization
Great
recovered
times
by
of
the
which
the
Incohonee
from
fix
to
Order.
Morris
the
Council
Great
Society
elaborate
Gorham,
of
the
United
authoritatively the
The
H.
of
Red
'7
date
and
upon
now
has
of
of
research
based
Men,
States
the
Past
documents
in
the
pos-
Mifflin
establish Fort
of
place
the
as
date
of
time
and
to
imating
approx-
origin
the
direction
in another
research
Further
Order.
our
1813,
the year
to
River, and
the Delaware
on
States, sought
United
the
of
Council
Great
of the
session
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
t8
by
Past
George W. Lindsay, of Maryland, collected

the
dorsement
subsequent entestimony of sufficient strength to secure
Incohonee
Great
collatingthe material
historical fact, to consider
regard to
proper
historyis based,
this
concerned,
fair to all interests
deemed
has been
the
to
Revolution.
the American
which
upon
1813, and
before
origin of the Order dated back even

societies that existed priorto
patriotic
In
States, that the
United
of the
Council
Great
of the
well
as
the
as
it
with
historyof
the
epochs. First, that of tradition;

second, that of supposition;and third, that of actual written
that the societies existingprevious to the
It is true
record.
Order
year
covering three
as
1813 made
of the
use
no
of
name
Men
Red
as
part of
Saint
known.
Tammany's
they were
and Southern
in the Middle
a frequent appellation
Society was
Sons of Liberty
known
as
In Boston
an
States.
organization
and to perbeen organizedwith the same
to have
spirit,
form
seems
the
title
"
which
by
"
"
"
the
that, on
important date, a party of
certain
down
Indians," rushed
which
colonists
the
Undoubtedly
Their
to
Harbor
Boston
pitchedinto
but
fact will be recalled,
services,and the well-known
same
wharf
the
tea
refused
various
these
the
to
by
which
"
men,
the
water-side
had
been
receive, and
societies
had
disguisedas
and
imported,
upon.
pay taxes
tion.
of communica-
means
patriotic.The
business in which
engaged was
they were
extremely dangerous.
If they failed they were
If they succeeded
heroes.
they were
traitors.
Hence
the necessityof some
of concealing
method
their personal identity. Instinctively
riginal
they turned to the Aboand
then
near
neighbors, and on the manners
race,
of
customs
for their
that
direct
is
and
by
that the customs
for
the
the
ritualistic work
concealment
remarkable
fact,which
that
earlier
claim
lineal
Mifflin and
identical,noble, and
founded
race
purpose
identity. It
our
were
purposes
these
descent
the
manners,
necessary
their
personal
tiate
be used to substan-
may
societies
by the Society of
Improved Order of Red
and
of
Red
Men
and, indeed, some
followed
were
Men
at
at
in
Fort
Baltimore,
of the identical
OUTLINE
ceremonies, have
westward
driven
from
As
the
their very
destroyed,and
earth.
given
time
passes
will
Order
have
SUBJECT.
!9
in the ritualisticwork
of that
account
an
lands
their
historical
race
of their
graves
devastated, their wigwams
existence
and
of the Order.
unfortunate
hunting-grounds and
relatives, their
and
fathers
our
descended
elsewhere
have
We
OF
off the
wiped
face
of
the
exists only in tradition,

history
value
beyond even
present
estimation.
first
The
epoch in the
historyof
the
Order, then, will be
to be made
to
by such references as seem
necessary
Societies and other similar organizations existing
the Tammany
previouslyto 1812.
The second
epoch in the historyof the Order will be fully
covered
that existed
by the records of the Societyof Red Men
in Pennsylvania,branching out into the other States, from
1813
covered
down
1830.
to
The
actual
historical
period,comprising
the
third
epoch
in
is given elsewhere
in the extracts
from
the written
history,
Council of Maryland,
of the Great
record, from the organization
followed
by that of the Great Council of the United States,
down
to, and
including,the council held at Atlanta, Ga., in
September, 1892.
those who
Among
organized the Improved Order of Red
the
in
Men
been
Baltimore, in 1835,
William
Muirhead,
who
had
Societyof Red Men, whose

headquarters
Pa.
instance of membership,
A notable
at Philadelphia,
were
Men
the Society of Red
forming this connecting link between
of Red
be mentioned
in
and the Improved Order
Men, may
Past Great Incohonee
Richard
Marley. Richard Marley joined
the Society of Red
Men
at Philadelphia,
September 14, 1824.
The
records
in our
possession prove that the Order at that
time was
and
flourishing,
extending itself in various portions
of the country.
Men
which
took place
The
meeting of Red
of prior but
the 1 3th of March, 1834, comprised members
on
them
old Red
extinct tribes.
an
was
Man, formerly
Among
of
of Philadelphia,
held the positionof brigadier-general
who
the
member
was
of the
Societyunder
who
every
case
gave
Generalissimo
or
Black
pum,
Wam-
authorityto their proceedings. In

adoption of a paleface into the Society of
warrant
of the
Lappopetung,
and
ORDER
IMPROVED
20
Red
the
Men,
newly-made brother
the
Council
of the
of
names
Society.
Council
of the
United
Maryland, Society of
of
5th
in the
in the
moon
who
brothers
the
record, by which
the
upon
known
was
Great
503, Vol. V., Record
given
entered
was
name
new
MEN.
RED
OF
season
Red
on
are
Great
the
the
in the
of blossoms
page
States,
organized
Men,
On
2Oth
day
1835,
year
which
designated on
they were
the records of the Society. If the early written record of the
and could be produced,
in existence
Societyof Red Men was
show
think
it would
as
we
complete a chain of connection
the societies of the revolutionary
that Society and
between
Men
and its
the Society of Red
between
period as is shown
of Red
Men.
the Improved Order
successor,
The
concerning these
following pages will give information
existence
earlier patrioticsocieties whose
began about 1765,
of this organizaof Sons of Liberty. A branch
under the name
tion
the Saint Tamina
became
Society of Annapolis, Md., in
Order of New
The Tamina
York,
Society,or Columbian
1771.
of these
Tamina
is made
was
organized in 1789. Mention
of the Society
Societies at various times until the organizations
of Red
Men, which it is claimed took place at Fort Mifflin,on
the Delaware, in 1813, and which
certainlyoccurred previousto
1816.
We
know
that members
of this Society of Red
Men,
wards
existingfrom 1816 to 1832, assisted at the organizationor afterbecame
of the Improved Order
members
of Red
Men.
From
and
the fact that the Society of Red
Men
used the forms
of the Aborigines, and
of their ceremonies
customs
in many
identical with the Saint Tamina
Societies that preceded it,
were
it does not requirea vivid imaginationto believe that those who
organizedthe Society of Red Men were, or had been, of some
well
as
Saint
as
Tamina
the
fact that
2th of
the time
found
Tamina
of each
year,
of the Revolution
down
May
by
forbidden
among
by
substantial
Saint
of 1812, when,
War
titles
Society.
There
the
was
Indian
will be
in
was
the
among
the citizens
observed
by
order
ground
Day, which
was
to
of the
the troops.
for this
was
observed
by
justbefore
the
celebrated
the
Tamina
from
army
was
the
the festival
as
the soldiers,and the I2th

among
them
in like manner.
One
branch
as
on
opening of
Secretaryof War,
Saint
assumption
popular
of May
of
this
to
the
Order
of
Pocahontas
will
favor
and
of
wish
who
of
the
the
laws
wisdom
of
revision
of the
of
United
States.
rules
members
in
which
by
intended
Indian
to
is founded,
teach
.The
to
imagery
alluded
in
to
Order.
the
land
our
American
of
the
the
people
the
of
names
our
picture
of
chapter
is the
all
its future
given
the
Great
by
chapter
outline
an
of
the
latest
Council
comprehensive
and
epitome
gives
of
knowledge
of
index
the
copy
coming
and
illustrative
of
lesson
'the
to
the
laws
the
long
our
time.
will
lakes
the
and
and
therefore,
Degree
wherein
be
to
every
expressed,
nomenclature
rivers
and
the
lakes
other
the
their
rivers
of
and
face
of
monuments,
will
of
trace
of
is
the
tains
moun-
Aborigines
every
from
be
life
each
language,
of
passed
which
sought
to
after
Indian
thereby taught.
idea
the
Each
original.
proper,
upon
Indian
upon
have
deemed
theory
devoted
mountains
of
unique
nomenclature
and
shall
designation
for
growth
best
In
be
Order,
been
of the
beauty
continent,
wonderful
memory
has
Indelibly stamped
of
musical
is
the
stand
It
explain
and
really
was
will
thorough
lesson
indication
and
of
Order
our
characteristics.
an
those
governed.
of
to
present
word
form
it.
issued
chapter
regulations
are
Degrees
the
the
complete
Decisions
This
compact
they
The
is
and
of
and
sure,
control
Order
the
and
of
Digest
its attractive
While
form
governed
who
of
government,
the
the
those
Legislation
interior
is
body
of
Order.
its
popular
desires
the
been
since
certain.
seem
the
Degree
and
with
League,
it has
slow,
been
tact
the
to
its
of
and
of
branch
which
by
strength
in
grow
The
prosperity
soldier, satisfies
prosperity
and
devoted
Chieftains'
has
League
The
The
uniformed
progress
to
Continental
the
described.
of wonderful
career
continues
Order.
in the
uniform
had
MEN.
RED
and
fully treated
be
has
organization,
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
22
the
the
that
earth,
and
perpetuate
the
their
CHAPTER
II.
PRIMITIVE
annals
THE
ancient
of
and
North
and
characteristics
people
The
first
at
civilized
continent
the
where
cases
the
upon
and
met
were
shores
welcomed
the
to
the
by
with
new-comers,
from
of
those
of
any
world.
applied
erroneously
was
to
was
touched
they
the
to
Indian
America
as
all
peculiarities differing
known
name
in
that
hospitable
qpd
then
MEN.
discoverers
South,
or
peaceful
race
show
history
voyagers
America,
RED
this
to
people, just
inhabited.
they
Indians
The
the
were
of
races,
it
from
To
is
there
although
authority
the
handed
descent
down
manifestly
that
Indian
tribes
practised
and
manners,
assertion
that
one
and
perhaps
and
were
race,
selves
them-
they
the
only by
habits, and
to
generation,
so,
two
driven
of
be
can
the
found
identity
American
some
nations
inhabitants
tends
it is
ally
gener-
the
North
of
in
to
Asia,
the
their
original
many
dences
coinci-
origin
of
Many
are
their
the
toms,
cus-
distinctly
western
language,
establish
of
customs
Indians.
in
resemblance
of
tinent,
con-
religion,
common
origin.
It will
not
be
expected
that
in the
23
compilation
is
design,
evidence.
and
monument
by
warped
circumstantial
manners
North
customs,
origin
for
tions
tradi-
are
and
believe
We
the
there
of
malice
by
strong
of
earliest
remarkable
its records
Asiatic
of
upon
indicative
the
when
task.
authentic
being
and
among
claim
most
This
traceable
America,
of
Aborigines
continent
perverted
agreement
or
singularly
Asiatic
this
hopeless
the
is the
connection.
least
people
is based
uniformity
nations
at
generation
or
well-nigh
admitted
two
of
from
prejudice,
The
the
possessed
individual
American
for
of
who
the
Indians.
the
trace
called
successors
people
by
been
have
of the
material
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
24
MEN.
RED
originaladdition can be made to the result of

to the
of those who
subject many
gave
previousinvestigations
who had the advantage of personal contact
years of study,and
who
historians
with
the people they described, or with the
has been made
the
Generous
requisition
upon
preceded them.
due credit elsewhere
at hand, and
given to
of material
mass
for this book
in their
other
tribes
various
The
together, as
from
characteristics,just as
and
individuality
inhabitants
the
from
type, differed
differed
America
North
of
levied upon.
been
have
publications
whose
authors
the
any
each
they
of
all
South
historyhas been able to record, there

which
of ceremonies
and customs
them
a
was
similarity
among
makes
a
part of the
descriptionof the tribes inhabitingone
history of the Five Nations, or
country typical of all. The
of
powerful confederation
League of the Iroquois,the most
the
to
the continent, and
found upon
Red
Men
existingdown
in this chapter.
present day, is treated extensively
From
a
England, of the year 1700, published
historyof New
is gleaned the following acother sources,
in 1721, and from
count
of the Indians of New
England. It gives an admirable
and interesting
insightinto the customs, ceremonies, and peculiarities
America.
But
which
beings in
far
as
thoughts
England
New
nations
names
and
Men
of
also
are
of
to-day in
the
Order,
which
named
after
where
locality
the
some
the
its laws
setts,
names
Indian
the
All
warlike
accounts
and
such
strange
of
of
the
names
or
of the
rivers
chief
each
whose
of
Pilgrims, many
and
the
ferent
thirtydif-
to
twenty
nomenclature
tribe
villages,
section.
that
tribes of
shall
tribe
connected
with
our
be
the
it is instituted.
most
nations
the
was
from
civilized,
will be
familiar
or
Massachusetts, the largestof

which
New
of
Pequots, Wampanoags,
Mohegans
forest
requires that
leading commonwealth
whose
as
by
these
Among
all and
perpetuatedin
from
by
cities, states, mountains, lakes,
They
the
imaginations of the earlysettlers.
advent
the
us
Red
inhabited
was
at
with
are
the
made
the
as
when
and
the
has
England.
seen,
the
come
were
name
Other
the
of
nations
Narragan-
Maquas, otherwise
known
Mohawks.
describe
brave, who
these
nations
fought
with
as
the
composed
courage
of
of
people
despair
PRIMITIVE
against the
the
RED
encroachments
decree
of
fate
of
the
new
25
whose
race
be followed
to
was
MEN.
advent
the extinction
by
in
of the
Aborigines whom
they supplanted. The Maquas, or Mohawks,

of the five nations originally
one
were
comprising the League of
the Iroquois. Their timely assistance turned the scale in favor
of the English in the war
with King Philipof the Wampanoags.
Dr.
Cotton
Mather
and
records
the
fact that
they
the
Hudson
(which they
called
and
the
of 1700
with
flat nose,
black
form.
In
leather.
which
were
dress
thrown
of the tribes had
the
Mohegin) River,
of
as
ornamented
around
them
breeches, leggins,and
material, but
valor,
country between
the
on
olive
an
east,
complexion,
with
They
developed in
moccasins
made
deer
skins,
mantle.
made
of
Some
of the
piece. In winter they used snowshoes, which

were
admirably adapted for travelling.They
with a variety of figures,which
painted themselves
appeared
but
the
had
a
palefaces,
significant
ugly and misshapen to
same
to the
meaning
in
like
to grow
feathers.
generallytall and well

they wore
only a breech-clout
with
they clothed themselves
winter
worn
controlled
and
courage
were
sumrfier
In
their
hair,cut short in front but allowed
beards, but
no
to
described
was
long behind, and with

had
witness
the west.
on
Mississippi,
Indian
The
bore
Red
one
Men
themselves.
He
was
considered
the
frightfulforms pictured upon him,

with
and
he was
thought thereby to inspire his opponents
Their
terror.
wore
women
earrings of copper or beads, and
about their legs. The
and chains
bracelets about
their arms
the
their dignityto labor,except on
it beneath
considered
men
of the
hunt or upon the war-path,and the labor of taking care
bravest
who
had
the
most
children,and managing the domestic
affairs,fell upon
the wives.
planted,reaped, housed, and threshed their corn,

and warriors.
built their wigwams, and waited upon the braves
was
The
hunting and fishing.
only employment of the men
into the woods, fifty
or
one
When
low they went
provisionwas
and brought in
and arrows,
hundred
in a band, with their bows
The
women
fresh
canoes
supply of
food ;
or
went
out
upon
the
rivers in their
abundantly supthey were

plied.
ferent
Along the coast they regaled themselves with the difwith lobsters, clams, etc.
kinds of sea-fish,and
They
to
catch
the
fish with
which
IMPROVED
26
had
fashion
also with
at
staff two
in the
with
for
in
rose
them
among
of
owners
them.
Indeed,
Man."
The
of wood
sharpened
with
in the
first inhabited
the
from
birch-tree.
the
as
trunks
The
the
wood
in the
pitched their wigwams,

The
bent
bring the
wigwam was
Indian
down
like
well-wrought
three
feet
side
one
other.
when
with
Th6
which
made
mats
close
and
inside.
the wind
bark,
covered
Pots
in which
upon
were
so
many
mats
fishingand
which
was
on
to
the
to the
is
of
up
had
the
the
in the
or
top
driven
before
mat
the
All
was
the
warm
outside
strung
were
ground.
on
wigwam,
both
their food
in the
the
to
door
the
matted
were
and
about
other
of
trees,
bark
were
closed -up
deerskin
cooked
tender
doors
and
north
houses
spoken
bark
the
with
top
in cold weather.
they
stakes
and
The
they
spread about
ordinaryfood
when
and
mats
in winter, for the
poles attached
The
with
the
on
holes
were
make
to
followed
and
young
rushes.
hung
shipping
ingenious affair,
an
stakes
of
shifted
and
chimneys
were
and
opening
for
to their camp.
made
of
Knife
they had burnt

place where
they
any
arbor, covered
an
high, one
south, and
of
wood
among
"
was
When
they pulled
than
rather
wood,
lived
never
came
from
or
was
uses.
neighborhood
spirit
were
it was
they put
bark
their
English
of fire
use
of
canoe
yet
the best timber
to which
the
by
light,but adaptedto
very
with
stocked
was
active
no
Englishman
an
many
industry. They
until the
for
name
and
bone.
fish-
during the
iron mines, and
knife
that
the country,
arts
and
world, yet the only use
canoes
and
that it is wonderful
their
land
manner
struck
to encourage
much
as
in this
lobsters
they
country full of copper
him.
sturgeon
author, remarks
up
ing
crawl-
seen
Bass, blue-fish,and
since the Indians
ages
was
deep, they impaled him

It was
uncommon
no
thing
capture twenty
made
of dart
sort
One
in
hour.
single
to
lobster
fathoms
two
captured
lad
Indian
an
When
notches.
about
water
staff and
the
with
with
and
end,
one
largebags at low water,

yards long,made small, sharpened
three
or
MEN.
RED
lobsters in
taking the
of
OF
ORDER
The
beds
the fire.
of
as
plain
and
simple, for
Nokohick,"
hunting failed they lived upon
spoonful of parched meal with a spoonful of water,
travel a
strength obtained from this they would
"
PRIMITIVE
whole
Of
day.
game,
esteemed
the most
round,
it among
English brought
very
substantial
The
health
white
fatal
tribe
whole
Aside
be
to
the
the white
certain cases,
two
or
they
had
the Powwow,
kept
for warmth
and
remedies
to
hot
made
the
advent
diseases
them.
The
small-pox,a
was
dread
malady.
they applied in
for the
priest. The
pared
pre-
moose
of the
which
be
defence.
excellent, most
nostrums,
but two
was
previous to
Man
to
year
salt until the
of
use
of
it all the
men
three
or
moose
skin of the
The
primitiveRed
seemed
moose
of the
it and
abundance
an
being unknown
them
disease, apparently,among
destroyedby this
being sometimes
from
house, and
them.
seemed
race
prevalentamong
most
dried
garment, both
of the
them
rarity. Flesh
27
but the
raccoons,
being acquainted with
not
of the
as
MEN.
forest gave
Indians, who
the
by
the
course,
deer, bears, and
"
RED
sick,
the
"
house
was
hot
little
heated
eight feet square, which was
very hot, and
for about an
hour.
in which
Upon coming out,
they remained
been
to have
they plunged into the adjacentriver. This, seems
If this did not' cure, they sent
for
a
speciesof Turkish bath.
who
and performed his incantations
the Powwow,
or
came
priest,
and magical ceremonies
the disease.
to drive away
Long
considerable
skill in
practiceundoubtedly gave the Powwow
ordinary disease, and made it possiblefor him to judge if the
disease was
probabilitythat
likelyto prove fatal. If there was
told him -that Hobbathe Powwow
the patientwould
recover,
mocko
the illness as a punishment for some
sent
offence, and
cave,
that
about
if he
If the
was
case
called
was
angry, and
Their manner
upon
him
in his distress,relief would
hopeless,he
that all diseases
said
to
the
inflicted
patientthat
by
him
were
come.
Kichtan
incurable.
curious and interesting.

burying the dead was
A large hole was
the bottom
dug in the ground, across
of which
they laid a parcelof sticks ; then wrapping the corpse
in skins and mats, they laid it upon
the sticks,and placed by
its side all the treasures
this they
of the dead
person ; over
While
this was
raised a mound
of earth.
being done, the
friends of the deceased
screeching and
kept up a mournful
the first English colonists were
selecting a
howling. When
Indian
of these
place for settlement, they discovered
many
of which
was
opened. The outside covering was
graves, one
of
of boards, under
which
trays, dishes, and
then
finelypainted and
carved
the
yellow hair
of beads,
with
happened
person
his friends
when
to
came
they brought giftsto
there
recover,
There
of
not
man.
also in
were
implements,strings
things.
deceased
days,night
took
part, in
blackening their
women
for that
prepared
mixture
skull
for several
of the
parts of the country the
the southern
faces
friends
all the
morning, and
and
continued
mourning for the dead
The
minor
other
and
arrow,
which
strong, but
and
iron
knife,a needle, some
and
bow
with
the skull.
to
board
large quantityof
the bones
were
was
mat, under
another
came
bowls,
were
which
discovered
attached
was
bundle
same
under
was
in this
offensive,odor, and
Fine
mat,
perfectlyred powder,
and
fine
very
next
; then
that
to
mat;
another
in which
bundles
two
were
was
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
23
If the
purpose.
sick
always great joy,and
was
congratulatehim upon his recovery,

help make good the loss arisingfrom his
to
sickness.
observed.
strictly
every
the
way
No
strangers.
Indians
England
New
Among
The
older
braves
young
warriors,
Indian, however
of the
reverence
of
the
though
even
old, was
the
which
kunnawaw,"
"
Indian
the
latter
counted
laudable
signalizedhis bravery by some
the approval of his tribe and nation.
The
Indians divided their time by sleeps,moons,
observation
of
They seemed to have made some
it is worthy of remark, that the constellation
the palefacesas
The
Bear
called by the
was
"
was
tribe relieved
had
he
aged
until
worthy
and
the
were
man
act
in
of
winters.
; and
stars
known
among
Indians
"
Pau-
for bear.
They had
written records by which
to perpetuate the exploitsof their
no
of rude engravings upon
rocks
ancestors, yet there is evidence
which
intended
to transmit
to posterity
some
apparently were
of the past. They sought to
knowledge of important events
supply this defect by digging deep holes in the ground in the
place where
understood
and
learn
was
name
had been
act
done; and
any memorable
the significance
thereof could interpretits
the
historyof
the
circumstances
it
was
he
who
meaning,
intended
to
commemorate.
The
in
Indians, of New
of gods
plurality
England
who
made
at
and
least, believed
not
only
governed specialnations
blessing or
make
could
curse
the
disease
cure
the result
declared
was
whatever
Cotton
Mather
in his letters relates
used
It
the Indians.
among
be
to
in the
do
incantations
of the
anecdotes
many
miserable
or
by
believed
Indians
to
Dr.
interposed.
Kichtan
who
they could raise

they desired unless
him
induce
and
devil
happy
men
The
happy hunting grounds.
Deity, and
the
acquaintancewith
familiar
having
sons
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
30
Powwows
if the
seems
inexorable
the
these
by
to
patientdied,
of Kichtan
decree
credit for his

claimed
patientrecovered, the Powwow
It is not surprising,
superiorskill,and the virtue of his incantation.
that,under a theologylike this,the Indians after a while
of appeasing the devil than they did of worshipping
thought more
the Great Spirit.
if the
It
at the
a
Indians
the
customary among
age of discretion,whether
was
new
another
performed
been
or
children
female,
when
any
name
new
them
their
change
remarkable
exploithad
taken.
was
arrived
give
to
civilized nations
among
Again,
marriage.
at
names
women
as
name,
male
when
practice
titles to their
antiquityto add new
after any extraordinary
performance ; but to give up an
names
and supplant it with a new
old name
a custom
entirely,
one, was
peculiarto the Aborigines of America.
is described
the Indians
The
government prevailingamong
Sachem
even
a monarchy, the
as
having absolute power
strictly
the lives of his people. In all important matters
a council
over
existed
nations
among
of the sub-chiefs
of
summoned.
was
Over
presidedwith great dignity,and

council
and
executed
the
of
was
and
they
They
could
hesitation.
The
selected
tribe.
They
declared,
arrive
the
at
to
were
which
was
seems
paid in
to
the
their
collected
shape
of
and
were
most
the
of
Sachem
for
the
endurance
from
taken,
under-
Honor
the
to
rageous
cou-
business
among
tribute
chiefs
Sachem
enjoyed only by
fit them
Sachem
of the
by
important
the Guard
the
counsellors
were
consulted
distinction
have
the
the wisest
from
high repute
trainingcalculated to
perform, and to prove
Sachem
of
Paniese
any
been
in
held
were
or
have
to
seem
orders
were
of
course
The
the
were
the
war
Sachem.
and
and
after the decision
made
been
without
Sachem,
before
had
this council
of the
Indians,
a
long
duties
they
and
the
skins,and such fruits
bravery.
people,
or
vege-
PRIMITIVE
tables
raised among
were
as
RED
them.
maintaining
both
war,
tribute
and
found
the
instruments
metal
of stone,
previousto
of
beating
These
with
of
the
was
he could
whence
his
knife
own
With
this
the
not
with
back
be
execution
the
Indians
single exception the
directlyfrom the
enduring punishment no murmur
infamous
being considered a more
a
to
person
cry
The
executed
at
out
hands
of
was
ished
pun-
Sachem
be
sent
performed.
receive
not
punishment
While
of the Sachem.
complaint
thing than
the
by
long distance
should
flinch while
or
Sachem
also
would
case.
beating
Murder
absent
was
first offence
the
brought conveniently,
which
of
use
inflicted
for the
executioner.
criminal
with
individual
third offence.
being
shells
the
for the second, and
sentence
be
from
race.
reprimand
pum,
wam-
fashioned
were
in each
of offences
except
for
made
justicethe punishment
for the
rtbse
death, the
Should
Sachem.
for
called
unacquainted with
examiner, judge, and
with
his
means
was
beads
of the white
naked
of the
slitting
the
money
beads
they were
as
the advent
the
on
for
stringsof
proportionateto the number

The
punishment varied from
a
fell the
expected.
them
sea-coast.
In the administration
to
furnished
to
nor
among
composed
was
upon
Sachem
proverbialhospitalityof
referred
demanded
served
which
the
obligationsof his exalted position. In time of

and estate
being at the disposalof the Sachem,
the
person
neither
was
That
tribute
the
Upon
the
of upholding
responsibility
nation, and
MEN.
was
the
uttered, it
offence
itself
being punished by
the
Sachem.
absolute
So
that
they
could
them
if the
do
"
Why
is always
you
cannot
always
The
you
true
and
treaty with
consented, the
What
recall your
; but you English Governors
arrow
the skin of the beast
words
or
gave
entrusted
to
grant
one
of
favor
responded:
promise
cannot
true
to
be
; but
speak
or
true, for
mine
are
true."
them
were
intentions
people,
Mayhew
Sachem
I
his
that when
Governor
promising
promise ?
make
over
it is related
Governor
inhabitants
your
true, for I make
bow
Sachem
limited power
the
understand
sought to make
Vineyard, the
Martha's
asked
not
of the
power
of the Colonies, and
the Governors
of
the
was
the
him
chief
weapons
and
clothing,
of the
Indian
food.
its flesh,
He
had
and
of
learning
no
courage
did
letters ; he
or
when
and
not
need
MEN.
them
for
hunting
swift
was
principaloccupations.
of enduring great fatigue and
hardship.
his people, and
him
reputation among
gave
rise to
able to
qualityhe was
and
responsibility.He
commerce,
RED
He
this
trust
OF
his
which were
fishing,
foot and
capable
Personal
by
ORDER
IMPROVED
32
the
positions of
the
ignorant of the
was
Europeans
first traded
highest
of
nature
with
him, he
trifles. After
a
parted with things of greatest value for mere
the value of the property the
while he grew wiser, and realizing
anxious to acquire,learned
to drive as
whites seemed
so
sharp
his palefaceneighbor.
a bargain as
Man
will be incomplete
of the primitive Red
A description
of that wonderful
without
appropriateand full consideration
the League of the Iroquois.
confederation
known
to historyas
The
a
people composing this League achieved for themselves
civilized organizationand acquired a higher
remarkable
more
degree of influence than any other race of Indian lineageexcept
those
advent
of Mexico
of
and
European
Peru.
For
colonists
nearlytwo centuries
an
they maintained
after the
unbroken
and, by the peculiarfeatures of its federal system,

organization,
in their civil
maintained
their independence,exhibitingwisdom
of the League, and
institutions,sagacityin the administration
in its defence.
of the League which
The
remnant
courage
exists to-daymaintains
the traditions of the past, and perpetuates
the form of government
which
member
bound
was
by
every
to every other by the tie of consanguinity. While
the prestige
and power
of the League have passed away, the transition has
been
the
result
of
the
onward
before which
civilization,
they
resistless
march
compelled
were
to
of
bow
so-called
because
The
powerless to avert what fate decreed them.
League was
the Mohawks,
originally
composed of five nations,
Onondagas,
In
the Tuscaroras,
Cayugas, Senecas, and Oneidas.
1715
having been expelledfrom North
Carolina, turned to the North,
and
admitted
the Iroquois. They were
sought a home
among
into the League, and territory
assigned to them for their future
"
home.
After
this event
the
Iroquoisbecame
known
among
the
of the
Six Nations."
The
English by the name
origin and
historyof the League, previous to the discovery of America,
are
given to us only in the dim traditions of the past. The
"
AN
IROQUOIS
WARRIOR.
PRIMITIVE
had
Indians
written
no
of their
RED
them
what
was
projectof
The
it
whom
down
Faith."
They
of
centre
constitutes
now
suggested
as
the attacks
to resist
effectually
from
such
tions
por-
generation
prophets, whom
or
men,
were
the
the
they
branch
of
New
of
York.
Onondagas,
enable
to
means
to
territoryoccupied
State
the
League originatedwith
first
was
were
33
preserved only
handed
history
generation by their medicine
designated "Keepers of the
the
the Algonquin race, and
by
and
records,
as
MEN.
among
them
more
of
tions
Tradisurrounding nations.
shore
of Onondaga
refer to the northern
Lake
the
as
in general council
place where the Iroquois chiefs assembled
the League.
to form
of the League, the Iroquois rose
After the formation
rapidly
and influence.
in power
by concentration
They gained power
graduallyassumed
effort,and
of
entire
country
Iroquois had
and
upon
of conquest
career
would
have
eventuallyof the entire continent.

the principles
underlying the
would
have
by
powerful.
sprung
Very
were
soon
been
the
evolution
after the
established
with
the
substantially
In
MississippiRiver.
1615 the
populous and powerful confederacy,
of the whites
but for the advent
of
the
into
grown
entered
had
of
east
control
civilization
arrival
the
given them
having been
control
of the
League
structure
doubtless, from
source,
a
This
that, undoubtedly,
at
of the
would
have
remarkable
once
and
relations
English,friendly
A
Iroquois.
"
covenant
chain
"
was
Iroquois,with singular
until the independence of the United
reserved unbroken
fidelity,
of the
this
States
terminated
the jurisdiction
English over
In marked
the action of the
contrast
was
English
country.
established
and
between
the French
them
which
which
plished,
accom-
the
of the
in their treatment
Indians.
The
French
thought to subjugate the Indian by intimidation and force, while

In those
the English used conciliation and forbearance.
early
and
anced,
England were
nearlybaldays the rival colonies of France
quois
and the influence
of the League of the Iroand power
sufficient to turn
the scale in favor of the English.
were
It is to this
of
her
League that France
magnificentschemes
America.
to
must
ascribe
colonize
the final overthrow
in the
northern
part of
IMPROVED
34
ORDER
OF
MEN.
RED
and
1600
nearly the whole century between
1700, the
Iroquoiswere
engaged in almost perpetualwarfare.
They kept
under
subjection all other tribes and nations, which, feeble
through lack of unity,fell easy prey to the strength and power
with
of the League.
The
decline of the Iroquois commenced
their first intercourse with the Europeans.
unable
They were
of the English, and
with
the firearms
to
they became
cope
of the "firewater"
with which
they were
degraded by the use
suppliedby their palefacefriends.
the English
The "covenant
chain," alreadyreferred to between
For
of the
portionof the members
tion.
RevoluLeague to side with the English during the American
History records no more
strikingillustration of devotion
than the action of the League of the Iroquois
to plightedword
bound
in supportingthe English,because
chain
the "covenant
them
between
When
came
together in amity and trust.
peace
Great Britain and the United
of
existence
States, the political
of the United
States
the League terminated.
The
jurisdiction
their territories,
extended
and from that time they became
over
dependent nations, at the mercy of their conquerors, and recipients
of their bounty. The
possessed
disin which
manner
they became
of some
of the finest lands in America
forms a chapter
and
Iroquois,led
the
the greater
"
of human
wickedness
and
avarice
human
over
which
no
lover
of
humanity desires to linger. Fragments of the League now

and intercourse with each
survivingstillhave their relationship
and
of the ancient
ceremonies
other, and cling to the forms
in council to raise
League. At stated intervals they assemble
with
up
While
primitiveforms a
by death or deposition.
their
the encroachments
from
their
have
left
nomenclature
Sachem
of the
to
paleface nation
hunting-grounds the League

an
indelible
filla vacancy
impression upon
of
the
the
have
sioned
occa-
driven
Iroquois,they
geography and
originalterritory
they inhabited which will
endure
for all coming time
monument
to their sagacity
as
a
and
intelligence.Great trails by which
they communicated
with different parts of their possessionswere
most
judiciously
and
after
the
trails
selected,
were
surveyed,these
country was
used for the public roads and turnpikes throughout New
York.
For
of the
centuries these old and
wonderful
trails had
been
trod
by
Sachems,
with
ceremony
was
of
divided
could
be
ruler.
to
until
this
Thus
the
The
oligarchy.
an
individual
the
MEN.
ceremonies, and
the nations, and
among
Sachem,
and
performed, no one
of the Iroquois was
government
ships were
forms
suitable
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
36
Sachem-
death
upon
him
succeed
sition
depo-
or
chosen
was
Sachemship belonged, and the

conferred
of the Sachemship held by his predecessorwas
name
the ruling
candidate.
The several Sachems
were
upon the new
over
power
body of their respectivenations, exercisingthe same
with
them, and in preciselythe same
manner,
as, in connection
the affairs of the League
their colleagues,
they exercised over
nation
stood upon
Sachems
of each
at
perfect
large. The
the influence of each being determined
equalityin privileges,
The
title by which
entirelyby the talent of the individual.
from
the
nation
Sachems
these
which
to
that
known
were
as
class,intimated
check
upon,
It
of, their
enlargement
authority.
signified
well as
of the people," a beautiful
as
an
simply "counsellor
appropriatedesignationof a ruler. Besides these Sachemships,
inferior class of rulers
which
an
were
hereditary,there was
rather
than
called
chiefs.
merit.
The
and
powers
a
affairs of
capacityas
chieftains
These
title terminated
The
entirelyof
to
an
of
No
civil ruler.
his civil office for the
For
time
Sachems
confined
Sachem
as
of
reward
the life of the individual.
the
civil character, and

peace.
with
duties
elected
were
could
that
and
by
go
to
purpose
being,and
take
their
were
organic laws
in his official
war
he
Chiefs
lay aside
warpath as a
must
the
warrior.
common
No
religiousfunctionaries
recognized in the League.

There
however, a class in each nation styled Ho-nun-dewas,
unt,
Keepers of the Faith," who were
regularlyappointed to
officiate at their festivals,
and to take general supervisionof
their religious
affairs.
were
"
Theije were
charge of affairs
whenever
the entire nation was
engaged in general warfare.
Thus
by the apparentlyintricate but simple form of government
which
took
they established, the councils of Sachems
charge of all matters
pertainingto the public welfare.
They
the executive, legislative,
exercised
and
judicialauthority,so
far as the same
not
was
possessed by the people,although in
two
War
Chieftains
who
took
PRIMITIVE
thingstheir
many
executive.
than
Sachems
powers
MEN.
have
to
appear
Chiefs,
The
and
RED
37
been
advisoryrather
first counsellors
at
between
the
the
in influence
until they
people, increased
rulers nearly equal to the Sachems
became
themselves, thus
the oligarchy. In all matters
of war
widening and liberalizing
the power
rested chieflywith the people,and
to have
appears
prosecution to have
its
bands
been
united, they had
left
If several
privateventure.
to
generals as bands, who governed

their proceedingsby a council.
in
civil
as
affairs,
Only,
The
two
unanimitywas necessary.
militaryChieftains
supreme
planned and generallymanaged the campaign.
The idea permeating the whole
that the governstructure
was
ment
rested
the public yill,and
the arbitrary
not
upon
upon
commands
of the Chiefs.
thing
They desired to accomplish somethan
more
a
It
mere
confederacy of Indian nations.
rather a blending together of national
was
sovereigntyinto
The
government.
one
people,with
executive
many
made
League
government,
one
will.
as
the
Ho-de-no-sau-nee
system
one
one
of constitutions,one
crowning feature of the League, as a political

the
and
of
was
structure,
perfectindependence
individuality
the national sovereignties,
in the midst of a central and embracing
government,
adequate to deal with all internal affairs,and
powerful enough to conquer all other Indian nations with which
it
came
The
The
in contact.
plan adopted by
family the
various
effective.
The
Roman,
the
the
League,
nations
Indian
Tribe
father, while
quois,the
there
in the
followed
descent
Turtle
Tribes, and
the
Snipe,Heron, and Hawk

the
signification,
particulartribe.
eight tribes
union
This
became
of the
Tribes
included
second
Tribes.
division
of separate nations
means
ever
the
Athenian,
result
attained
the
the
In each
in
two
Wolf, Bear, Beaver,
division
These
line.
arranged
were
by
to
of the Iro-
League
the female
is
names
included
had
the
an
Deer,
atical
emblem-
of that
being the totem
of the people of each nation into
of effectingthe most
perfect
The
devised by the wit of man.
family name
the
political
ingenious and
one
the lineal descent
in all cases
divisions,the first of which

and
in the
eight tribes, which
were
into
from
differed
and
common
weld
composing it, was
Jewish, although nearer

Jewish. In the Jewish Tribes
nation
to
ORDER
IMPROVED
38
effect
being placed in
the
founded
Tribe
Thus
every
or
furnishes
the chief
reason
Seneca
of the
other,
exists
relationship
This
tie of brotherhood
rate
sepawhich
of the Wolf
Tribe.
whatever
nation,
tribe,in
particular
sister to every
mother.
of the
brother
of any
member
brother
was
actual
actuallythe
was
these
Between
closely together. This relationshipwas

of the Wolf
consanguinity. The Mohawk
nations
upon
five parts, one-fifth
into
Nations.
existed
tribe there
MEN.
RED
divided
was
of the Five
each
parts of each
bound
tribe
that each
was
OF
of the
of the
if children
as
down
to
same
the present time, and
tenacitywith
League cling together. Civil
which
war
was
the
ments
frag-
thus
dered
ren-
impossible,as a collision would have turned each tribe

of this provisionwas
proved by the
againstitself. The wisdom
the League
fact .that,during the long period through which
encountered
gained and exercised such great power, it never
anarchy nor experiencedany internal conflicts. Of the League,
dation
it has with great truth been said, that it was
simple in its founeffective in the lastingvigor
familyrelationships,
upon
It
inherent
in the ties of kindred, and perfect in its success.
achieved
formed
race
a
an
harmonious
permanent
and
enduring
monument
which
reared
under
of the nations, and
proud and progressive

protectiona widespread Indian
to
its
union
that
sovereignty.
The
laws
on
of the
tribes.
Tribes
could
marriage
restricted
Members
of the Wolf, Bear, Beaver, and
union
to
the
two
divisions
Turtle
intermarry,but they could marry with the

members
of the Deer, Snipe, Heron, and
though
AlHawk
Tribes.
in process of time the rigor of this law was
somewhat
observed
relaxed, the prohibitionis yet religiously
as
applied to
the individual tribe.
into any tribe but
They can now
marry
their own.
Under
these regulations
the husband
and wife were
always of different tribes,and the children always followed the
tribe of the mother.
All titles,rights,
and property were
mitted
transin the female line to the exclusion of the male.
By these
the Sachemship assigned to any
means
nation, or tribe of a
nation, at the originalorganizationof the League, could never
of that tribe.
out
The
certaintyof purity of descent of
pass
their principal
chiefs was
secured by this infallible rule,as under
at the present
it,it is absolutelycertain that the rulingSachem
not
PRIMITIVE
day
is of the
family
same
the decease
determine
council
Sachems
of the
If
by
Sachem,
at
summoned
summoned
was
invested
Sachem
with
misconduct
tribal council
individual
by
the
new
his office.
Sachem
the
with
the
assembled
to
having
nation, of
Sachem
exercised
was
respect of his tribe,and

council
39
lineal descent
by
The
successor.
League, and
council, and
tribes to select
of
his
upon
selected,
such
tribe
or
MEN.
of the title.
first holder
Upon
RED
the
power
equal power
an
lost
the
all the
raised up
was
With
been
of
confidence
by
of
sition.
depoand
became
unworthy of authority,a tribal

once
deposed him, and having selected a successor,
of the League to perform the ceremony
of
a council
investiture.
League to assign to each Chief or

a* new
Sachem
his assumption of official position.
name
upon
individual was
raised up as a Sachem,
When
his original
an
laid aside, and that of the Sachemship itself assumed.
name
was
of a Chief, a council of the
In like manner,
at the raisingup
Chief
nation which
the new
a
performed the ceremony
gave
referred to some
new
which, in some
striking
name,
manner,
The
celebrated
Red
nowned
Jacket, repeculiarityof the individual.
of eloquence, was
for his powers
given the title of
which
signifies Keeper Awake."
Sa-go-ye-wat-ha,
what
From
has alreadybeen stated in relation to the League
of the Iroquois,it can
be gathered that it was
no
ordinary
sagacitythat conceived such a wise and comprehensive scheme
of organization. The
confederacy was not formed for war, but
it was
the boast of the Iroquoisthat its great object was
peace,
of perpetualwarfare which
had wasted
and to break up the spirit
from
Thus
the Red
Men
they had the highest
age to age.
possible conception of human
government.
They sought to
into one
concentrate
politicalfraternitythe various Indian
of decay
nations, and to prevent the injectionof those elements
by which the nations of the earth, each in its turn, have been
destroyed. Had the League of the Iroquois been left to work
ally
eventuto claim that it would
out its destiny,it is not too much
The
rule
prevailedin
the
"
have
ruled the entire
equal,in time,
recorded.
to
continent, and
anything
the
founded
history of
the
world
civilization
has
ever
ORDER
IMPROVED
40
bestowed
was
made
been
has
Allusion
upon
OF
the elective office of
to
member
any
MEN.
RED
of the tribe,or
Chief, which
nation, who, by
wisdom
in the council, had
or
proved
militaryachievements
ever
distinction.
Yet
of
these
himself worthy of
none
Chiefs, howcould lift himself
able or strong his individuality,,
higher
than
title of Chief.
the
to
the
from
unchanged
descended
but
office of
the
could
which
Sachem
family of
hereditary.
immediate
was
Indian
The
in
spent
Nearly
or
the
chase,
its
warpath,
social
the title
the
upon
the
path.
war-
either
Iroquois was
at
or
of the
quence,
appreciationof elocould
magical power
renown
life of the
the
the
on
gained
transaction, whether
every
council
fire.
political,
originated
councils of the League were
in a council.
The
: civil,
cils,
mourning, and religious.The civil coun-
terminated
of three
that
be said
It may
influence;
outside
were
enthusiastic
he who
rapidlyas
as
and
by impassible barriers
who
warrior, with
nally
origi-
was
the tribe in which
and
quick and
the chief, or
and
lift himself
had
the Sachem
office
the
each
power
surrounded
was
remained
of
tenure
gained great
passed by those
be
not
the
in the tribe to which
Chiefs
The
assigned.
of Sachems
number
beginning, and
inheritance
by
The
kinds
Ho-de-os-seh,
confined
were
or
transacting business
to
with
of
foreignnations, and to regulatingthe internal administration
the Confederacy. The
mourning councils, Hen-nun-do-nuh-seh,
summoned
were
by
death
Chiefs
as
raise
to
Sachems,
up
deposition,and
or
the
nations
fill vacancies
up
as
reward
caused
investiture
ratifythe
to
raised
had
to
for
of
such
vice.
public ser-
The
councils, Ga-e-we-yo-do
Ho-de-os-hen-da-ko,
religious
the name
observance.
as
implies,devoted to religious
were,
civil council,whose
The
title signifies
"devising together,"
could be convened
by each nation under established regulations.
A proposition
having been submitted to one of the nations, the
Sachems
if the
of that nation
matter
sent
been
the
to
"
of the
the nearest
talked
purpose
In obedience
"
with
the fact that
the
summons
at
council
to
determine
importance to place before

If
League.
nation
mentioned,
to
first hold
of sufficient
were
general council
would
so
determined,
belt of wampum
a
a
certain time
council
the
of the
and
which
had
place,and
League would
Sachems
were
runners
into
and
the
be
people
for
held.
assem-
PRIMITIVE
bled
place of
the
at
the
RED
council.
MEN.
Questions
reduced
were
to
propositionscallingfor an affirmative or a negative response,

and were
thus either adopted or rejected. The
Sachems
having
duced.
introassembled, the representativeof the foreign nation was
The
council was
opened by returningthanks to the Great
Spiritfor permittingthem to meet
together, and the envoy was
informed
that the council was
ness
ready to hear him open the busifor which
it was
convened.
Having stated his case, he
the
retired,and
Unanimity
be
not
action
and
Sachems
the fundamental
was
reached, the
became
whole
matter
of the council
of this failure to
If this
The
was
envoy
the
decide.
unanimity could
action
further
informed,
so
terminated.
was
and
laid aside, and
was
was
agree
deliberate
to
law.
impossible.
at once
the business
instance
proceeded
remarkable
of the
League
Revolution.
The
Oneida
beginning of the American
Sachems
firmly resisted the assumption of hostilities,and a
quasi compromise was
finallyadopted which
permitted each
individual nation to act upon its own
The result
responsibility.
that part of the League assisted the British and the other
was
the
at
part the Colonists.

The
Hen-nun-do-nuh-seh
a mourning council, and

was
signifies
firming
always called upon the occasion of raisingup a Sachem, or conChiefs
the investiture of such
had been
as
previously
raised up by the nation.
It embraces
the two-fold
object of
in the
lamenting the deceased and of establishinga successor
To
the nation which
had
Sachemship made vacant
by death.
lost a Sachem
council
a
by death belonged the power to summon
and to designate the day and place. Belts of wampum
were
for the
such
sent
out
on
occasions, conveying the summons
In obedience
to
council, and announcing the place and time.
the
the old and
summons
to
the
place of
to
announce
various
council
the council.
from
the
Runners
the arrival of the
appointed,all
the
young
fire
was
were
sent
were
parts
on
approaching nation.
preliminaryarrangements
nations
remotest
received
kindled, around
with
having
in advance
On
been
came
the
day
perfected,
appropriate ceremony.
which
the
Chiefs
of
the
visitingnations walked, singingappropriatesongs of mourning

The
circulated,
pipe of peace was
designed for the occasion.
all
the parties. Then
and speeches were
exchanged between
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
42
MEN.
RED
monies
general council fire,where the principalcereproceeded. Dignity and decorum, and great gravityand
The lament
these mourning councils.
was
earnestness, marked
advanced
tribute
Sachem,
nations
The
to
the
to
the
mourning
of
of
ceremony
speeches
raisingup
and
of their ancient
and
the
laws
choruses
whole
solemnitywhich
and
usages,
tribes
the
and
participated.
was
intermingled with
was
conducted
invested
consisted
and
departed
followed
ceremony
ceremonial
the
itself
which
successor
The
responses.
League
with
chants
spiritof silence
singularinterest.
A prominent part of
with
only
not
the
of
memory
in which
scene
of musical
the
to
deceased, but
the
succession
and
virtues
it with
in the
tion
repeti-
expositionof
the
principlesof the League for the instruction of

that
these
rulers.
the inducted
one
injunctionswas
Among
from the founder of the League, designed to impress
down
came
In the
the necessityof union
and harmony.
their minds
upon
enjoined to plant
figurative
language of the Red Man, they were
four roots
a tree, with
branching severallyto the north, south,
structure
east, and
must
and
Beneath
west.
its shade
the Sachems
of the
League
together in perpetual unity,if they would
sit down
serve
pre-
the advantages it was

calculated to
or
secure
stability,
of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee
If they did this, the power
bestow.
would
be planted as firmlyas the oak, and the blasts of adverse
fortune would.rage againstit in vain.
into which
These
laws were
repeated from stringsof wampum
of their enactment.
talked
at the time
Only
they had been
them
those familiar with the secret
records could interpret
; but
of a foreign
attached to a promise or assurance
no
importance was
had been
unless belts or stringsof wampum
given
power
Sachems
constituted
it in recollection.
One
of the original
was
and
was
"Keeper of the Wampum,"
required to be versed in
its interpretation.The
of the Iroquoiswas
originalwampum
skin
made
of spiralfresh-water
were
shells,which
strung on deerstrings,or sinews, and the strands braided into belts, or
simply united into strings. Hubbard, in his narrative of the
in general
Indian historyof New
England, describes wampum
its
"
as
follows
"
It is of
"
"
two
sorts, white
and
purple.
The
white
is worked
IMPROVED
ORDER
American
continent.
44
the North
be
to
their
He
world, but
also
created
of
to
the
wants
existence
and
constant
who
the God
was
the
adapted
not
MEN.
believed
They
Creator, Ruler, and
power.
supreme
RED
OF
Preserver,
only the
in
elements
and
animal
the
They believed
superintendingcare of
Indian
alone, and
that
and
whole
man.
of the
the Great
who
Spirit
he
held
vegetable
visible universe
in the
personal
Great
the
Spirit,
believed
was
to
they believed in the

existence of the Great Spirit,Ha-wen-ne-yu,they also recognized
the
the personal existence
of an
Evil Spirit,Ha-ne-go-ate-geh,
Evil-intended.
brothers,
According to their legends these were
in a
The
and both immortal.
Evil Spirithad creative power
limited degree. The
Great
and all useful
Spiritcreated man
and
created all monsters,
animals, while the Evil Spirit
reptiles,
noxious plants. The
Great Spiritcreated everything that was
good and for the benefit of man, while the Evil Spiritcreated
everythingthat was bad and injuriousto him.
They also recognized
of
them
multitudes
inferior or subordinate
but over
spirits,
in power,
the Great
all, supreme
was
Spiritwho could, if he
chose to exercise the power,
all the subordinate
overcome
spirits,
the god
Thus
He-no
was
includingthe Evil Spirithis brother.
of Thunder, who
declared to be partlyhuman
and partlyof
was
celestial origin,and who
addressed
was
by the Iroquois as
Grandfather.
The legend of He-no
is as follows :
self-existent
be
and
immortal.
While
"
residing at Ga-u-gwa, a village above

of Cayuga creek, had been
tracted
conNiagara Falls, at the mouth
of ugly manners
and
old man
to an
disagreeableperson.
of the
As the marriage was
hateful to her, and
by the customs
"
nation
there
Launching
was
a
no
bark
escape,
she
into
canoe
it, and, composing her
within
directed
them
maiden
young
over
it down
the
the
current.
falls,and
the
resolved
the
mind
The
canoe
upon
self-destruction.
Niagara, she seated herself

for the frightfuldescent,
rapid waters
was
seen
to
soon
swept
fall into
the
disappeared. Before she

reached
the waters
she was
underneath
caught in a blanket by
and his two
He-no
assistants and carried without
injury to the
home
of the Thunderer
the fall. Her
behind
beauty attracted
of the dependents of He-no
who
one
willinglyjoined them in
abyss below,
marriage.
but
the
maiden
had
NIAGARA
FALLS.
PRIMITIVE
year, revealed
her that
the bodies
upon
That
insure
to
the
and
cause
serpent dwelt
repast
its side.
conjecture. He-no,
the
her
to
monstrous
his annual
by
baffled all
had
the scourge
of
45
years before this event, the people at

troubled with an
and
annual pestilence,
the
been
had
MEN.
several
For
"
RED
under
expiration
He
remedy.
of the dead
told
and
village,
which
made
buried
were
feast, he
of
source
the
at
the
bounteous
Ga-u-gwa
forth
went
of the Niagara, and also of

poisoned the waters
the Cayuga creek, whereby the pestilencewas
created.
The
directed to move
creek.
He
also
to the Buffalo
people were
of the child
gave her careful directions touching the education
once
and
year
of which
she
become
to
was
the
With
mother.
departed on her mission.

After the people had removed
disappointedof his food, put his
these
directions
she
directed,the great serpent,

head above the ground to discover
"
the
scented
Having
found
and
reason,
their
his prey.
the
While
monster
wound.
the
Senecas
The
banks
he
of the
waters
in
thunderbolt
"
The
by
up
the
whole
"
Before
shore
one
but
up,
crash.
"
The
fall upon
formed
this event
to
the
Since
spot where
into
there
This
of He-no
then
child of the
was
his habitation
maiden
grew
backwards
In
was
and
the
near
thus dammed
; and
rested
thus
was
the sheet
not
destroyed in
has been
up
of the
this manner,
behind
passage
also
Before
the
cipitated
presays
fall.
passageway
was
deep
the stream,
body
beneath.
down
behind
the
the Horse-Shoe
the other.
home
abyss
the
the
attacks
raging waters,
which
where
stretchingnearlyacross
through the rocks
it into the
legend,was
The
creek
slain.
was
arched
body
mortal
either side.
on
cataract,
semicircle.
of the
with
the
body, broke
verge
the
escape
of the serpent floated
the verge of the

A
part of the
shore in
northern
to
the monster
effect,and
huge body
river.
the
side, as
the banks
out
inflicted
reaching the lake, the repeated
took
lodged upon
the
either
of
search
dischargedupon
place in
struck, turning
lake,shoved
he succeeded
which
a
he went
in open
channel, He-no
yet point to
was
its course,
creek
thunderbolt
deserted.
villagewas
discovered
narrow
semicircular
are
after
serpent
terrible
the
Buffalo
the
up
in this
that
and
trail,
forth into the lake and
as
to
from
only broken
the general
in the west.
boyhood, and
was
found
to
injunctionof
the
and
him
translated
with
to
by
a
be reared
strifes of
a
playmate
thunderbolt.
clouds, and
the
It had
in retirement,
On
men.
with
great
He-no
made
him
mediatel
imthird
Thunderer."
assistant
Iroquoishad
they called
which
beset
him
transfixed
he
vehemence,
The
mingle in the
to
occasion, having been
certain
MEN.
that he should
He-no
allowed
not
RED
OF
darting the lightningat his will.
of
the power
possess
been
ORDER
IMPROVED
46
beautiful
the
Three
myth
in relation to three
Sisters ; the
spirits
Spiritof Corn,
the
Spiritof Beans, and the Spiritof Squashes. These plantswere

regarded as a specialgiftof the Great Spirit,and they believed
intrusted with a separate spiritfor the benefit of
that each was
These
the
Indian.
supposed to have the forms
spiritswere
of beautiful
dwell
to
females,
In
together.
visit the fields and
be very
to
the
dwell
growing
among
"Our
of each
fond
season
them.
other, and
they were
They were
Life,"
dejight
thought
known
to
under
"Our
Supporters."
mentioned
separately. The legend supposed
They are never
of easy cultivation, yielded abundantly,
that originally
the corn
was
oil. The
and had a grain exceedingly rich with
Evil
Spirit,envious of this great giftof Ha-wen-ne-yu to man, went
it a universal
forth into the fields, and
spread over
blight.
Since
then it has been
harder
to cultivate, yields less abundantly,
and lost its original
richness.
When
the rustlingwind
with a moaning sound, the pious Indian
the corn
fancies
waves
the
that he hears
Spirit of the Corn, in her compassion for
the red man,
bemoaning with unavailing regrets her blighted
the
of
name
He-o-ha-ko,
or
fruitfulness.
in
Thus,
themselves
the
mythology
with
innumerable
thanks
name
which
of
as
subordinates
of
the
Iroquois,they surrounded
all of which
to
turned
spirits,
they reof Ha-wen-ne-yu under
the general
"the
Ho-no-che-no-keh, signifying
included
the whole
Invisible Aids,"
world from He-no, the Thunderer,

spiritual
down
to the Spiritof the Strawberry. At
the religious
festivals of the Iroquois,one
invocation
"Great
Spirit,
was,
of all things,visible and invisible ; Great
master
Spirit,master
of other spirits,
whether
the good spirits
good or evil ; command
to favor thy children ; command
the evil spiritsto keep at a
distance
from
them."
PRIMITIVE
Iroquois believed
The
means
RED
that
tobacco
with
of communication
MEN.
the
47
given
was
spiritworld.
them
The
as
smoke
of
carried with its incense

burning weed ascending to Heaven
their petitions
their acknowledgments
to the Great
Spirit,and rendered
acceptable for his blessings. By its instrumentality
they believed that they would more
easilyreach the ear of the
Great Spirit,
and receive favorable responses
to their petitions.
of the soul,and
The
Iroquoisbelieved firmlyin the immortality
forward
the happy home
looked
to
beyond the settingsun
This was
after death.
mental
as
a final resting-place
taught as a fundaarticle of faith.
ment
They believed in probationand punishthe
"
"
after death.
Reverence
for the
elsewhere
aged, as
precepts of the ancient
stated, was
of the
one
Iroquois,and their religious

teachers
always inculcated the duty of protecting their aged
the
from
Great
Spirit. Among the
parents as an invocation
quently
freroving tribes of the wilderness, the old and helplesswere
abandoned,
greater kindness
faith of the
in
and
executed
cases
desertion.
were
alreadybeen
them
an
act
of
customs
made
in this
erected
on
the
of burial, to
various
chapter.
times
in the earth ; at other
scaffolds
But
as
Iroquois,after the
formation
of the League, .resided in permanent
villageswhich
afforded refuge for the aged. One
of the prominent aims
of
the League was
to join the people together by the family tie,
of hospitality.
them
the universal spirit
thus creatingamong
element
of their faith.
another
Respect for the dead was
There
than
some
poles,01
the
secured
which
Sometimes
body
on
was
the
allusion
has
they buried
exposed on bark
limbs
of trees.
Iroquoistaught that the journey

from earth to heaven
of long duration.
was
Originallyit was
parted,
supposed to be a year, and the period of mourning, for the deof the deceased
fixed at that time.
The
was
was
spirit
before it took
supposed to hover around the body for a season
its final departure. A
beautiful
custom
prevailedin ancient
the
times of capturinga bird, and freeing it over
the grave, on
evening of the burial, to bear away the spiritto its heavenly
With
rest.
the body of the deceased
were
deposited his bow
The
religioussystem
and
arrows,
him
during
tobacco
the
of the
and
journey
pipe, and
from
necessary
earth
to
the
food
to
nourish
happy hunting-
48
grounds.
IMPROVED
ORDER
Included
in their funeral
OF
RED
MEN.
ceremonies
was
tion
lamenta-
which
to the spirit,
body addressed
they believed
The
could hear them
although unable to answer.
followingis
given as a specimen of these lamentations, being the address of
the body of her son
before the body
over
an
Iroquoismother
the
over
borne
was
"
wert
for burial
away
"
My son, listen once more

brought into life with
with
her life.
up.
When
She
thou
wert
has been
presence
has
of
to
comfort
Thou
nourished
wert
be faithful in
loved
of great
mother.
thy
Thou
pains.
she
young
for support and
depended
her
attempted
source
the words
to
thee
joy to
in her
raisingthee
her life. Thy
as
her.
Upon
thee
decliningdays.
she
She
gain the end of the path*of life before

But thou hast outstrippedher, and gone before her.
thee.
Our
By his will I am
great and wise Creator has ordered it thus.
left to taste
of the miseries
of this world.
more
Thy friends
and relatives have
gathered about thy body to look upon thee
for the last time.
with one
as
mind, thy departure
They mourn,
and
from among
our
We, too, have but a few days more,
us.
We
and you are
journey shall be ended.
part now,
conveyed
from our
meet
sight; but we shall soon
again,and shall again
has
expected
ever
look
upon
Maker
each
Na-ho
other.
called
has
to
Then
to
you
shall
we
his
home.
part
no
Thither
Our
more.
will
we
follow.
"
Heaven
of the Great
the abode
was
of the faithful,and
they
believed
and
Spirit,
road
led
down
the final home

from
heaven
to
every man's door, and along this road the soul ascended
heaven
its place in the happy huntingat death, until it reached
to
grounds above.
innocence
and
No
evil could
purity.
But
this
enter
among
the
of
peaceful home
Iroquois the idea
of
the other
Indian
hunting-groundwas not prevalentas among
nations.
the beliefs engrafted on
the ancient
faith,
Among
is more
none
worthy of notice than that relatingto Washington,
whose
the Iroquois was
name
Ho-no-da-ga-ne-ars,signifying
among
"Town
Destroyer." This legend we quote as follows :
reached
ever
"According to their present belief,no white man
a
"
the
Indian
heaven.
no
Spirit,
provisionwas
He
was
excluded
both
Not
made
from
having
for him
been
created
in their scheme
heaven, and
from
the
by
the
of
Great
theology.
place of pun-
ORDER
IMPROVED
50
Green
and
Corn,
the
Dog
the
Iroquois,at
of these
Each
sacrificed.
was
MEN.
RED
festivals ; last, the
Harvest
festival,the great jubileeof
OF
Year's
New
which
the
festivals referred
to
White
a
ticular
par-
plant,or season, at which it was celebrated.

While they had no priests,
or
preachers,as they are understood
palefaces,
yet in each nation of the League there were
among
selected to take charge of their religious
certain persons
festivals,
and the general supervisionof the worship. They were
styled
Ho-nun-de-ont, or
literally
Keepers of the Faith," as the term
as
elective,and continued
long as the
signifies.The office was
It was
their duty to desigfaithful to his trust.
individual was
nate
make
the
to
the time for holding the periodical
festivals,
"
for celebration,and
arrangements
necessary
Women,
as
well
as
men,
to
conduct
appointed, and
were
it was
the specialduty of the women
equal numbers
; and
were
keepers of the faith,to prepare the entertainment
the festival.
people who attended
various
the
At
festivals the order of exercises
seems
the
monies.
cere-
in about
who
for the
to
have
thanksgiving address, smoking the pipe of peace, an

invocation to the Great Spirit,
and feastingand dancing. The
used
festival usually lasted four days, and each day was
for its
included
specialfeature
Among
the
ceremonies
novel
most
The
the
in observance
prominent
act
incident
those
worship of the Iroquois,
attending the
in this festival
festival lasted
to the
was
the
New
Year's
burning
jubilee.
of the White
days, and the sacrifice of the

White
nary
made
the fifth day of the festival. Prelimion
Dog was
of the Keepers of the Faith, disguisedin
to the festival,
two
deer
skins, or buffalo robes, visited every house in the village,
and summoned
the people to the festival,in the name
of the
Great
white was
selected because
the
Spirit. A white dog was
of purityand
Around
of
of faith.
the neck
Iroquois emblem
the dog was
the pledge of their
hung a stringof white wampum,
ing
sincerity. On successive days of the festival feastingand dancwere
engaged in. On the morning of the fifth day, soon
after dawn, the White
burned
altar of wood
on
an
Dog was
erected by the keepers. The
idea of the sacrifice seems
to have
been
to send
to the
a
up the spiritof the dog as
messenger
Great Spirit,
to announce
their continued
to his services,
fidelity
Dog.
The
were
of the festival.
seven
RED
PRIMITIVE
and
to
the year.
their
him
to
convey
of
fidelity
.The
MEN.
united
the
51
thanks
for the
blessingsof
dog, the companion of the Indian

of their
emblematical
fidelity.No messenger
to the Master
more
trusty could be found to bear their petitions
The
of Life.
Iroquois believed that the Great Spiritmade a
with their fathers, that when
covenant
they should send up the
spiritof a dog of spotlesswhite, he would receive it as a pledge
his worship,and
his ears
would
to
thus be
of their adherence
their petitions. The
to
white
opened in a specialmanner
emblem
a further
hung around the neck of the dog was
wampum
of purpose.
of their sincerity
attended
with many
ceremonies.
The burning of the dog was
made
kindled upon the altar,a speech was
A fire was
by one of
as
hunter,
was
Keepers of the Faith, in which he referred to the antiquity

of the festival and its importance and solemnity,and in which he
the
enjoined upon
unite with
and
all to direct
the
their
thoughts
Keepers of the Faith in
to
the
the
Great
Spirit,
ceremonies.
then sung, the

appropriateto the occasion was
A processionwas
then formed, the
people joining in chorus.
faith keeper preceding,followed
by four others bearing the dog
of litter,
behind
which
the people in Indian
a kind
came
upon
the burning altar,and
file. After the dog had been laid upon
while it was
being consumed, an invocation to the Great Spirit
Then
made
followed
was
Keeper of the Faith.
by the officiating
of the Iroquois. During the
the great thanksgiving address
deliveringof the address, the speaker threw leaves of tobacco
into the fire,from time to time, that its incense might constantly
The followingis given as the
ascend during the whole address.
translation of this address of thanksgiving,and is an admirable
specimen of Indian eloquence and imagery.
chant
or
song
Hail, Hail, Hail
"
words
smoke
of
of
"
have
hast
to
which
they
come
ascend
shall tempt
to
to
up
Look
ascend
thee.
The
an
ear,
open
to
the
thy dwelling,in the

thy people here assembled.
to
celebrate
down
execute
:
with
now,
offering. Behold
our
given them.
wisdom
to
faithfully
Continue to listen
thou
Listen
thy people, as
Behold, they
us
thy
upon
the
anew
us
sacred
rites
beneficently.Give
commands.
united
voice
of
tinues
thy people con-
all
things
ancient
faith.
Forbid, by thy wisdom,
thy people to relinquishtheir
Give
the
"
to celebrate
power
which
sacred ceremonies
wisdom
and
thou
hast
thou
hast
"
hast
Give
listen
to
thank
We
of
in the execution
thanks
return
We
us.
We
thee
thanks
Grant
thee that in
and
given
them
not
"
of the
past
cause
"
fruit.
made
them
that
"
they may
We
all diseases.
ask the
"
thee
that
comfort
our
and
our
plantsof
the
hast blessed
bodies
us
evil
earth.
them
all,
and
healthy,
spirits.We
Sisters.
We
thank
supporters of
our
to
ask
thee
lives.
gathered in during the
provideus
hast
blessed
them, and
produce for the good of thy
creatures.
thank
We
thou
thou
harvest
thee
refuse to
thee
that
to
so
our
and
thou
trees
for
yieldplentifully
that
of this great
thanks
want.
bushes
to the winds
thank
hast
Supporters may
from
the
to
thanks
return
thank
which
continuation
We
and
abundant
suffer
to
not
return
We
fail us, and
We
to
their
run
continue.
herbs
Three
want.
never
thanks
return
with
life for
the main
Our
which
streams
as
ask that
We
children
our
We
for the
thee
season.
the
to
so
sustains
suffer from
to
by
blessings.
these
us
providedthem
hast
thank
from
lives of
mother, the earth.
our
inflicted upon
thanks
return
that thou
We
diseases
the
fully
yieldso plenticoming, she may
season
rivers and
thy goodness
strength to preserve
take
to
We
monies
cere-
her to
leave any
and
all the
to
that
hast caused
that, in the
of
thanks
thank
thee
riors
war-
sacred
mother, the earth, which
to the
We
us
our
in the exercises
participate
gladdened to be made
takers
par-
hast
return
cure
to
thee
suppliedthem with
that this blessingmay
that thou
We
the
to
our
thou
bosom
the
upon
support.
"
Give
faith
the
commands.
of her fulness
return
courses
of
keepers
thy
Cause
fruits.
withhold
"
to
that
thee
thank
of her
not
us.
perform
to
fidelity,
thy institution. We thank thee that, in thy wisdom,

thank
thee
We
that
given to us these commands.
preserved them pure unto this day.
Continue
We
zeal and
commands.
of thy children are

spared
many
Our
minds
are
of this occasion.
"
MEN.
given
the
to
strength
mothers
our
thou
properly thy
execute
to
of
listen
to
RED
all times, with
at
us
Continue
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
52
our
We
ask
enjoyment.
which, moving, have banished

thou
hast thus
ordered.
We
blessing.
grandfather, He-no.
wisely provided for
our
We
thank
happiness and
PRIMITIVE
comfort
rain
ordering the
in
RED
MEN.
descend
to
53
the earth, giving
upon
We
thank
thee that
causing all plants to grow.
thou hast given us He-no, our
grandfather, to do thy will in the
and
water
us
We
protectionof thy people.

be continued
We
"
the
Continue
thanks
unbounded
thy
to
the
over
which
leave
and
"We
rest.
which
stars
We
thank
never
give us light
thee that thy
wanting to us.
that
We
he
has
looked
tha^nkthee, that
commandecT"the
thou
hast, in
regulate the
to
sun
the
upon
dispense heat and cold, and to watch

of thy people. Give
that wisdom
unto
us
in the path of truth.
Keep us from all evil
us
sun
to
hide
never
may
his face
from
us
for shame,
in darkness.
us
thanks
return
thee, that
and
guide
that the
ways,
his
the sun,
wisdom,
comfort
will
and
moon
eye.
of the seasons,
return
the
to
gone
beneficent
blessingmay
this kindness.
us
return
with
to
kindlyprovided,that lightis
so
unto
We
earth
has
sun
has
wisdom
that this great
us.
thanks
return
when
"
to
ask
hast
thou
the
to
provided
Ho-no-che-no-keh.
so
We
agencies for
many
thank
good
our
happiness.
"
Lastly, we
In
thee
do
no
are
embodied
evil ; that
Should
harshlywith
fathers
they
them
long
same
the
sixth
and
manner
as
and
to
by.
gone
us,
thou
as
Hearken
they be
may
Ruler
of all
and
hast
unto
our
and
Ruler.
thou
and
canst
ness.
happi-
deal
been
not
to
our
words
pleasing to thee
things visible and
as
our
visible.
in-
"
the seventh
one
of their
thanksgivingaddress
observed
kind
be
Creator, the Preserver

The
Creator
our
all
; but
ascended,
Na-ho
thee,
to
believe that
things. We
thou
doest
all things for our
good
thy people disobey thy commands
in times
have
thanks
return
was
in about
observed
the
days were
ordinary religiousdays at which
introduced.
These
festivals
were
of
generation,from the foundation
the League down
to the present time.
They formed a striking
illustration of the deep religioussentiment
prevailingamong
the Iroquois,
the fruits of which
were
peace, brotherlykindness,
selves,
themtruth, and friendshipamong
charity,
integrity,
hospitality,
from
and
Spirit.
generation
reverence,
to
thankfulness,
and
faith
towards
the
Great
IMPROVED
54
The
dance
ORDER
RED
OF
MEN.
important element
the
Iroquois
in the performance of their ceremonies, and was
regarded as a
acceptable to the Great Spirit,and
thanksgiving ceremonial
designed for their pleasure as well as for his worship. They
claimed
had thirty-twodistinct dances, of which
twenty-sixwere
was
be of their
to
most
invention.
own
Each
had
among
separate
historyand
degree of popular favor. Some

costume
dances, and performed by a small and select band.
were
for females, others for warriors
Some
were
designed exclusively
alone ; but the greater part were
to both
sexes.
Many
open
while others were
the Iroquoisexclusively,
in
used among
were
the Indians
from
Maine
to
Oregon. The
general use among
ranked
first in estimation.
dances
Feather
and the War
priate
Approidea of which
be gained
costumes
were
used, some
may
of an
from the illustrations given in this book
Iroquois warrior
Of the two
dances
and an
mentioned, the
Iroquois woman.
well
object,as
War
dance
which
with
up
was
themselves
at
action, and,
dance.
mode
adoption of
party, and
war
used
was
at
the
captive,at the
the first dance
was
of enlistment,
taught
to the
ing
raistainment
enter-
young.
usually performed
evening. The
usuallyfurnished by four singers,who accompanied
The
dance was
chiefly
by beating time upon drums.
quickness and
the beating of
contributed
the
It
in the
was
the heel, which
upon
the
was
celebrated.
was
guest, and
dance
It
preceded the departure of
qf Sachems,
War
music
which
favorite.
its return
of
The
different
the
was
and the dance
as
force
the
at the
raised
was
drum,
time,
-to
materially
In the War
to
dance
make
shake
to
the
great
knee-rattles,which
the
and
pomp
the
with
brought down
strength,to keep time with

a
resounding noise by the
muscular
by
same
and
attitudes
circumstance
were
those
of
the
of violent
graceful. At the same

in the
instant of time, in a group
of dancers, one
might be seen
attitude of attack, another of defence ; one
in the act of drawing
in the act
the bow, another
strikingwith the war-club ; some
of throwing the tomahawk,
of listeningand watching an
some
and
War
The
dance
others of strikingthe foe.
opportunity,
the Sioux, and
was
originatedamong
adopted by the Iroquois
passions,and, consequently,were
at
remote
Next
not
period of time.
in favor and
importance
to
the War
dance
was
the great
PRIMITIVE
RED
dance, sometimes
Feather
MEN.
55
called the
Religious dance, because

consecrated
dition
to the worship of the Great
specially
Spirit. Tration
invented
stated that it was
at the formaby To-do-da-ho
It was
of the League.
performed by a selected band,
ranging from fifteen to thirty,in full costume, and was
chiefly
It is described
festivals.
the most
used
at their religious
as
in the whole
quiring
collection,resplendid,graceful,and remarkable
of endurance, suppleness,and flexibility
greater powers
of person, and gracefulnessof deportment than either of the
furnished
music
others.
The
was
by two singers,seated in
of the room,
each having a" turtle-shell rattle. The
the centre
music was
made
by songs, the rattles being used to mark the
time.
Each
of the other
dances
appropriateto the occasion

in that
dance was
peculiar,
The
him.
warrior
Another
the Dance
for the
plaintiveand
a
family which
usuallyabout a
As
various
Dead.
had
year
upon
which
the
worthy
It
mournful
to
had
lost
was
maiden
the
This
significance
employed. One
selected
called
the
by
dance
called
her partner.
dance
to
was
alone
had
for
O-ke-wa,
women
was
with
whenever
it, which
was
after the death.
matter
of interest
dances
used
by
the
"
O-sto-weh-go-wa
Great
Ga-na-o-uh
Great
Da-yun-da-nes-hunt-ha
Ga-da-shote
North
O-to-wa-ga-ka
Je-ha-ya
Ga-no-jit-ga-o
Ga-so-wa-o-no
Fish
Os-ko-da-ta
Shaking
10
Ga-no-ga-yo
Rattle
1 1
So-wek-o-an-no
Duck
12
Ja-ko-wa-o-an-no
13
Guk-sa-ga-ne-a
Pigeon Dance.
Grinding Dishes.
14
Ga-so-a
Knee
of the
give the following names

Iroquois:
we
and
maiden
danced
member
it
of mention
was
music.
meaning
Indian
solicited
never
dance
used
Father
For
Dance.
both
sexes.
"
Thanksgiving
with Joined Hands.
Dance
Trotting Dance.
Dance.
"
"
"
Dance.
Antique Dance.
Taking the Kettle
"
"
out.
"
Dance.
"
the Bush.
"
Dance.
"
Dance.
Rattle
"
Dance
16
O-as-ka-ne-a
Shuffle Dance.
17
Da-swa-da-ne-a
Tumbling
"
Dance.
for the Dead.
15 O-ke-wa
"
Dance.
For
Females.
ORDER
IMPROVED
56
Ga-ne-a-seh-o
18
OF
Turtle
19 Un-da-da-o-at-ha
MEN.
RED
Dance.
for Girls.
"
Dark
"
Un-to-we-sus
21
Da-} o-da-sun-da-e-go
22
Wa-sa-seh
Sioux,
24
Da-ge-ya-go-o-an-no
Ne-a-gwi-o-an-no
Buffalo
25
Wa-a-no-a
26
Ne-ho-sa-den-da
Strikingthe
Squat Dance.
27
Ga-na-un-da-do
Scalp
28
Un-de-a-ne-suk-ta
Track
29
Eh-nes-hen-do
Arm
30
False
Face
Dance.
31
Ga-go-sa
Ga-je-sa
False
Face
Dance.
32
Un-da-de-a-dus-shun-ne-at-ha
23
their
Beside
the
with
....
Dance.
Bear
or
War
nation
Males.
"
Dance.
"
Stick.
"
"
Dance.
"
Finding Dance.
Shaking Dance.
"
PreparationDance.
national
"
and
other
in which
games
enthusiasm.
and
For
Dance.
Dance.
ceremonies, dances,
religious
Iroquoishad their
all possible zeal
"
Shuffle Dance.
20
....
Females.
For
Initiation Dance
These
festivals,
they engaged
contests
were
nation, village and
village,or tribe and

individual champions. The
tribe, and not between
prize was
victory,and belonged not to the players,but to the party which
they represented. They bet with each other freely on the
between
result
of the
gamble
his
away
every
in
others
field in
valuable
not
was
unusual
article which
his medal, ornaments,

these
among
it
and
games,
tomahawk,
Prominent
led the
and
games
the
and
were
an
Indian
to
ing
possessed, includeven
the ball game
was
popularity. Goals
erected
his blanket.
which
at
easily
either end
place,the goals being

The contest
between
the playerswas
about eighty rods apart.
which
could carry the ball through the goal a given numto see
ber
of times.
The game
as
requiredgreat skill and endurance
well as physicalcourage.
The other games,
such as the game
of
Peach-Stone
Buttons, Snow-Snake
Javelins,Deer
game,
game,
used principally
for gambling.
were
Indian
also extremely proficient
in archery. The
The
was
Indian bow was
usuallythree and one-half to four feet in length,
and it requiredgreat muscular
strength to draw the bow to its
The
full extent.
about
three feet in length and
arrow
was
of the
feathered
revolve
at
in its
which
he
for
the
small
contest
end
flight,
giving a
with
motion
took
twist
similar
which
to
the
caused
twist
it to
in the
ORDER
IMPROVED
58
OF
RED
MEN.
proof of his abilityto provide for his household.

concluded
the contract
This exchange of presents ratified and
bound
the new
which
pair together in the marriage relation.
the palefaceswas
Such
a
thing as love as understood
among
the Iroquois. After
ments
marriage attachentirelyunknown
among
tion,
naturallywould spring up between the partiesby associathe
bride
as
mutual
habit, and
This
dependence.
the result of the
was
surrounding Indian habits and mode of life. The

and in the same
male sought the societyof the male exclusively,
the female
sex.
manner
sought the companionship of her own
in part may be traced to the inequality
The secret of this custom
Indian
of the sexes.
The
as
an
inferior,and
regards woman
from
force of habit and tradition,she accepted the positionthus
the lack of association
assigned her ; this being remembered,
is more
between
the sexes
easilyunderstood.
the
forbidden
Iroquois,and never
Polygamy was
among
husband
was
became
a
separation between
practice. There
and wife if they failed to agree, although every possiblemeans
of the married
used by the mothers
was
pairto restore harmony
before the final separationwas
bered
permitted. It will be rememcircumstances
that the husband

and
the children
were
had
no
right to
the
were
of the
custody
further
no
seldom
father
wife
trouble
able
The
to
to
distinct
the husband,
in the
unless
they
as
One
were
same
as
of
handed
over
of the strongest
witness
to
trusted
en-
continued
having
the
death
of
the
his wife
so
was
or
children,
bequeathed them,
relatives
in
his
own
deceased.
characteristics,and
the
wife
At
of title.
he had
and
alone.
before, each
his nearest
of the
was
society,
pervaded,and
any
war-path.
the
on
and
to
The
manhood
childhood
husband
his property descended, not

presence
or
of the mother
of transfer
personalmementos
of Indian
was
the
marriage
possessionand
after
right of
tribe
affection
rights of property of both
The
but
companions in the hunt

children during infancyand
the watchful
after separation,
manifested
reached
sons
be his
of the
care
father
concerning them.
his children, or
caressed
tribe,
same
The
children, and
solicitude for their welfare, until the

were
of the
never
of the tribe of their mother.
himself
he gave
Indian
and
most
attractive
by
spiritof hospitality
ures
feat-
which
it
descriptionof this crowning virtue, carried
PRIMITIVE
RED
MEN.
59
universality
by the Iroquoisbeyond that of any
other people, is worthy of reproduction here, not
only as an
of the innate
indication
nobilityof Indian character, but as
an
example worthy of imitation in the organizationwhich seeks
of
degree
to
to
perpetuate
houses
only open
night,but also
entertainment
Such
before
of their
memory
words
with
him,
the
to
their
as
forms
each
to
not
were
of the
and
the
other,
and
afforded
kindness
of the
the
to
of
day
stranger.
freelyspread
was
and
Their
customs.
at all hours
wayfarer
means
of
and
welcome.
The
regular meal after the rooming repast, but he

the occasion
offered.
The
care
allayed his appetite whenever
left entirelywith the women,
the Indian
of the appetitewas
as
Indian
had
no
never
asked
hour
in the
food
set
for food.
day, it
the
was
him.
before
If
duty
neighbor,or
difference
no
of attention
universal, in fact, one
of the laws
was
part of the wife
the
neglecton
wife
had
of the
hour
to
bestowed.
take.
par-
how
day, or
every
This
it
observe
her
to
comer,
custom
of their social system
to
to
prepared,
invitation
an
extended
was
the
any
was
; and
regarded both
was
and as a personal affront.

A neighbor,
hospitality
to
house
Indian
a stranger, callingfrom
or
house, through an
would
be thus entertained
at every dwelling he entered.
village,
If the appetiteof the guest had thus been fullysatisfied,
he was
as
breach
else she
what
the first act
and
of
at
stranger, entered
him, with
the calls,this courtesy
numerous
whatever
at
returned,
the custom
and
dwelling,a dish of hominy, or

was
immediately placed before
It made
the husband
Whenever
of
yet bound
in courtesy to
the
return
"
the
usages
claim
disposedto
universal
law of
unknown
he
home
it.
unlike
the
of
corn
any
to
remain
entertained
; and
of his kindred
while
out
with-
relation
he
was
operationof such a simple and

hunger and destitution were
entirely
hospitality,
of dealingwith the human
them.
This method
Under
brotherhood
common
be thus
pleasedto
was
among
among
strikes
the mind
appetite
principleof
and
stranger would
presented,
of life.
entitled to
dish
to
charge as long as
was
the
acknowledgment, Hi-ne-a-weh, "I thank

violation of
do either being esteemed
a
customary
omission
an
you
of
taste
as
the
novel ; but
of
and
table of the
yielded,with
it
was
founded
social intercourse,
Spartans.
The
upon
much
not
abounding
light cultivation, by
their
plies
sup-
fruitful
60
ORDER
IMPROVED
OF
RED
simple fare of the Indians,

inconsiderable
burden.
an
hospitality
the
fields,and
the
and, therefore, upon

industry,
the
by the cultivation
the gathering of the
plants,and
with
accordance
exact
vacate
his bed
clothe
the naked.
to
inflexible for the
too
freedom
of the
noblest
A
too
Indian
and
illustration
him
to
dignityof
of
With
feed
the kindest
noble
these
Indian
the
hungry,
apparel to
severe,
no
rifice
sac-
engagement
an
innate
has
in
was
the
his
an
he
man,
pal
princi-
it
; but
and
character.
other
despised the toil
give up
of friendshipwas
too
to
fidelity
great, no
virtues of the heart, and
further
their
and
warrior
beneath
the weary,
test
favor
repay
No
kindness, of the
maize
his dinner
surrender
refresh
to
It rested
unparalleledgenerosityof
the
would
He
character.
all labor
held
and
husbandry,
prevailing
chieflyupon
wild fruits,provided the
part of their subsistence, for the

of
the
rendered
natural
of the
who,
woman,
MEN.
edge
knowl-
exhibited
deeds
of
the
humanity.
characteristics
of
the
Iroquoisis given in the followinganecdote :

Canassatego,a distinguishedOnondaga chief,who flourished
the middle
of the last century, thus
about
cuttinglycontrasted
the hospitality
of the Iroquoiswith that of the whites, in a conversation
Indian
with
Conrad
Weiser, an
interpreter. You
know
our
practice. If a white man, in travellingthrough our
"
"
'
country,
enters
We
dry
you.
give him
and
we
one
him
our
cabins,
if he is wet,
and
drink
may
spread soft furs for him
to
money
"
return
that
; but
if I go
for victuals
And
if I have
and
none
we
all treat
him
warm
we
he
meat
nothing in
Albany, and ask
your
of
him
if he
and
into
man's
drink, they say
they say,
"
and thirst ;
We
mand
de-
house
at
sleep on.
white
do
is cold, and
allayhis hunger
rest
as
"Where
Get out, you
is
Indian
dog."'"
Crimes
and
offences
the Iroquois,
infrequentamong
that a criminal
Offences
code
were
was
scarcely necessary.
punished in proportion to their magnitude, as alreadydescribed
New
the
concerning the practices among
England Indians.
Adultery was
punished by whipping ; but the punishment was
inflicted upon
the woman
was
alone, who
supposed to be the
Murder
was
only offender.
punished with death, but could be
condoned.
The
murderer
could be executed
by the family of
his victim whenever
the lapse
what
they found him. no matter
were
so
RED
PRIMITIVE
But
of time.
the murderer
and
in the
not
of the crime, with

of the tribe
influence
of white
in
his relations
bear upon
to
known
race.
In
the
condition
whites,
with
the
was
was
until after the

to their
introduction
The
of
use
advent
fireside,stimulated
"
fire-water
liquor filled
; it invaded
the
fiercest
strife,and
it
love
of
character.
spoke
the
truth
On
another
was
all occasions, and
truth
without
fear
and
was
with
"
among
the
them
villageswith
the
peace
of the
passions,introduced
probablydid
the downfall
singleagency to secure
powerful League of the Iroquois.
The
white
innocence
their
other
once
of the
and
simplicity
of
bloodshed
violence, and
disease, contention, and

any
sation
compen-
the result of their intercourse

affairs,
of
traders.
vagrancy,
domestic
the acceptance of the present
secure
Indians
strikingcontrast
and
the
by
the
among
of
nature
This
usuallyeffected except
Theft was
premeditatedmurdferr
scarcely
of
aggravated cases
reconciliation
and
wampum,
to
accepted, forever
regarded as a regretful
petitionfor forgiveness. All the
the victim belonged was
brought
which
to
the part of
on
of the transaction.
for the life of the deceased, but

confession
sent
wampum,
memory
was
wampum
his victim, when
family of
wiped out the
of white
present
white
the
to
obliterated
of
present
MEN.
and
more
decay
trait of
marked
in whatever
without
than
of the
the
Indian
the
peril,
Indian
hesitation.
Their
language was
simple and direct,and did not admit of different
shades
of meaning and
nice discriminations
bordering upon
actual prevarication.They adhered
with unwavering fidelity
to
furnishes
the faith of the treaties they made, and this fidelity
of the proudest monuments
of their national
one
integrity.
Allusion has alreadybeen made
chain"
with
"covenant
to the
the British, to which
until their entire
faithful,
they remained
All their national
forfeited by their fidelity.
country became
which
talked into
were
were
compacts
stringsof wampum
delivered
itary
the heredto Ho-no-we-na-to, the Onondaga Sachem,
The
keeper of the wampum.
expression, This belt
"
"
"
preserves
my
speeches,
making
not
only
as
words,"
reference
used
frequently
was
to
this
custom.
treaty, always exchanged

the
ratification,but
the
at the
Indian
wampum
memorandum
close of Indian
nations, after
belts
which
of
the
were
pact.
com-
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
62
MEN.
RED
and their form of enlistment

adoption of captives,
for the war-path,are alluded to in another
chapter of this
Order.
book in describingthe degrees of our
He
a
pursued it
passion with the Red Man.
Hunting was
and
for himself
his family,but for the
not only for subsistence
In their pursuit of
and employment it afforded.
excitement
which
the whole
territory
they held
game, the Iroquois roamed
the
north to the
on
under
subjection,from the St. Lawrence
The great lakes, the rushing rivers,and the
Ohio on the south.
contained
the game
forests
vast
they sought, and which they
sistence
regarded as the specialgiftsof the Great Spiritfor the subof their people.
the year 1 800 a new
About
religiousteacher appeared among
who claimed to have received a revelation from the
the Iroquois,
trines
with a command
to preach to the Iroquoisthe docGreat Spirit,
intrusted.
The
he had
been
with which
new
religion
embodied
all the precepts of the ancient faith,and recognized
the sanction of
of worship, giving to it anew
the ancient mode
doctrines
and it also comprehended such new
the Great
Spirit,
in to enlargethe primitivesystem without impairingthe
as
came
itself. The new
structure
religionbecame
generallyadopted as
faith of the Iroquois.
the prevailing
Handsome
teacher was
This religious
or
Lake,
Ga-ne-o-di-yo,
born in 1735 of
Sachem
of the highest class.
He was
Seneca
a
of Corn
Planter.
the Turtle tribe,and was
a half-brother
Upon
He was
Sose-ha-wa
his death
a
was
appointed his successor.
Their
of
manner
grandson of Handsome
jacket.
At the mourning
at
intervals
of
of three
religion. At
1848, the
and
the
and
few
a
or
Lake, and
one
nephew
religiouscouncils
years,
four
days
to
it
was
listen to
followingis
discourse
mourning councils
delivered by Sose-ha-wa
translation
of it :
to
set
apart portions
upon
held
was
Red-
League, held
of the
customary
of these
discourse
of the famous
the
new
in October,
taken
down,
"
dren
Onondagas, the Senecas, and our chil(the Oneidas, Cayugas, and Tuscaroras) have assembled
here to-dayto listen to the repetitionof the will of the Great
communicated
from heaven
to us
as
through his servant,
Spirit,
Ga-ne-o-di-yo.
"The
Mohawks,
the
PRIMITIVE
"
Chiefs, warriors,
cordial welcome.
I
warned
am
meridian
Turn
your
attention.
time
my
advanced
the
to
Think
seriouslyupon
We
give you a
his path, and
is limited
you
hasten
Great
minds
63
far in
instruct
to
therefore
I must
sun.
has
sun
MEN.
children
and
women,
The
that
RED
to
perform
Spirit,and
what
duty.
my
listen with
about
am
the
to
strict
speak.
to
it well that it may

benefit you and
your children.
I thank
the Great Spiritthat he has spared the lives of so many
I return
thanks
him
of you to be present on this occasion.
to
Great Spiritlooked down
from
that my life is yet spared. The
Reflect
upon
heaven
upon
He
that
saw
He
raised
lived
and
from
his labors
and
Lake
was
to
Great
in
the
tell
month
He
'
and
sacred
been
ated.
degener-
them.
He
instructor,who, having
for sixteen
years, was
with the Great
felicity
I cannot
the
at
same
bears.
memory
of O-nike-ya (June) that
had
dren.
chil-
illfour years.
resigned himself
to
He
called
Spirit
all times
precision.
Handsome
was
tomed
accus-
the will of the
thanks
Great
to the
nightly returned
my
gladdened at evening by the
my eyes were
Spirit/said he, as
sightof the stars of
at evening,through
gratefulfeelingsto
sincere.
them
that he had
us
'
reason
my
of his red
fire-water among
enjoy eternal
I speak.
Be patient while
thoughts with
prepare
my
Spirit.
should
to
yet sick.
was
wanderings
greatlydecreased
of the
among
I will relate what
"It
the
had
for them
up
travelled
in heaven.
But
they
the ravages
saw
therefore
arrange
and
sufferings
the
heaven.
the ornamented
I viewed
the
opening
in the
my
Creator.
had
roof
no
of my
assurance
heavens
lodge,with
that
For
evening contemplate his works.
fervent
more
acknowledgments to him were
my
When
again shed
night was
gone, and the sun
at
the
next
this
and
his
of
lightupon the earth, I saw and acknowledged in the return
all mankind.
At
and
to
goodness to me
day, his continued
length,I began to have an inward conviction that my end was
with
I resolved
to exchange friendlywords
near.
once
more
brothers
people,and I sent my daughter to summon
my
my
(Blacksnake).'
Gy-ant-wa-ka (Cornplanter) and Ta-wan-ne-ars
She
she had returned
hastened
to do his bidding, but before
Ta-wandeath.
he had fallen into insensibility
and apparent
returning to the lodge,hastened to his brother's
ne-ars,
upon
IMPROVED
64
ORDER
MEN.
RED
OF
portionsof his body were

yet warm.
had dried.
This happened at earlyday, before the morning dew
When
the sun
had advanced
half-wayto the meridian, his heart
asked
began- to beat, and he opened his eyes. Ta-wan-ne-ars
if he was
At
in his right mind ; but he answered
not.
him
he again opened his eyes, and
the same
meridian
questionwas
out,
spoke from withrepeated. He then answered, and said, A man
forth.
I looked, and
and asked that some
one
might come
I arose,
and, as I attempted
saw
some
men
standing without.
couch, and
that
discovered
'
to
step
the
over
fallen had
have
looked
who
men
seemed
wore
caught
day
old.
one
berries
have
been
with
and
them
have
all.
thankful
were
of
His
for the return
the
beauties
the
moon,
addressing
relieve
me,
of
Take
you.
We
have
have
given yourselfup to
dailyreturn of thanks.
of
been
You
hear.
to
open
you could
accustomed
night,when
of heaven.
she
shrub
restore
your
has ever
ear
in his hand
health.
to
you
lengthened illness. We
your
heard
The
of them,
and
holy
paint they
three
were
alike.
held
One
will
resignationyou
Spirit. We
has heard
Each
they
eat;
witnesses
what
dressed
comfort
to
come
They
me.
of fruit.
kinds
have
these
not
were
but
said, "We
Great
they
alike,and
bearing different
seen
of my
should
and
door, I stumbled
threshold
were
the
He
You
plate
contem-
look
to
in her
hightly paths. When

there were
no
hopes to you that you would again behold these
things,you willingly
resignedyourselfto the mind of the Great
Spirit. This was right. Since the Great Spiritmade the earth
upon
and
put
guard
man
and
his
protect
will be
you
Spiritis pleased to
As
Tell
them."
speak
to
which
had
you.
The
'
There
to
four
are
the
see
devotion, he
has
of
other.
cured
and
to-morrow,
at
to
servants
us.
Some
The
Great
his will.
patientresignationto
your
assemble
his constant
been
permitted
know
people to
your
have
works.
for y6ur
reward
coursed
it, we
upon
time
other
as
sickness.
your
noon
go
in and
tions
they had further revealed their intenconcerning him, they departed.
"At
the time appointed Handsome
Lake
appeared at the
the revelations
council, and thus addressed
the people upon
should
been
made
servants
yet live
After
upon
to
him
of the
the
'
I have
Great
earth
to
message
Spirithave
become
an
to
told
deliver
me
instructor
to
that
to
my
66
IMPROVED
OF
ORDER
RED
MEN.
for their
Creator.
morality, and a reverence
also guard their children against improper marmust
riages.
They, having much experience,should select a suitable
children
their
Parents
match
for their child.
When
the
young
agreed,then bring
parents of both
the
pair together,and
parties have
let them
know
If, at any
good their parents have designed for them.
tented
time, they so far disagree that they cannot
possiblylive conwhat
and
happy
with
each
good feeling; and in this there is

born
to
it is his
for
Spirit,
Great
When
wrong.
evidence
in their
their
to
child
thanks
give great
an
children
parents, and
their
Spirit, to
no
must
gift,and
their
parents instruct
Let
wife, they
and
husband
separate in mutual
other, they may
of his
duty
the
to
kindness.
the
to
is
fellowmen.
Great
Children
obey their parents and guardians,and submit to them

children
occasion
in all things. Disobedient
great pain and
and
their parents'
often drive
'feelings,
misery. They wound
final
them
to
desperation,causing them
great distress, and
into the place of Evil Spirits. The
admission
marriage obligations
Let
have assumed
them.
should generate good to all who
the married
be faithful to each other, that when
they die it may
should
suffer in their old

The
kind
Be
age.
permit their parents
never
them
to
of
their children.
and
great wrong,
father-
or
To
abandon
mother-in-law
to
vex
son-
or
This
child.
is also
the angry words

for itself no
see
return
to
its Maker.
parents then
weep
great sin.
Great
that it should
creatures
should
among
when
Spirit,
be made
infant
you,
he made
merchandise
enjoy it equally.
their infant
and
hears
It feels bad
their child has
lonely.
It concludes
and
would
the earth,
Your
hends
compre-
and
dies.
left them.
if you
; but
It
children.
own
disputesover
The
for
daughter-in-law
; but
happiness in prospect.
It wants
a
happy home
put this evil practicefrom

"'The
It is wrong
their
of its parents.
because
children, is
wife, or
evils.
produces many
they should use them as if they were

often happens that parents hold angry
can
them.
support
Spiritrequiresall children to love, revere, and obey

To do this is highly pleasingto him.
The
piness
happarents.
of parents is greatlyincreased
by the affection and the
attentions
It
and
to
Great
their
should
Children
in peace.
be
live
The
must
happy.
intended
never
he willed
chiefs
You
to
that
have
all his
violated
PRIMITIVE
and
betrayed your
of
our
and
occupy
and
should
hold
their
by
here
dedicated
the
thus
that
the
of the
the council:
It is
also return
all to
you
what
further
The
usual
"
be said.
may
manner,
Sose-ha-wa
Relatives, uncover
House
far advanced,
fire.
; this
see
appointed,
exchanged
with
again
Thanks
Ga-ni-o-di-yo.
has
We
you.
hear
to
we
listen.
gathered
are
nations
also
see
opened
in the
"
the several
me
The
day
the
around
of the
Long
around
seated
me
Faith),who have been regularly

of our
religion. Greetings have
of the
custom
each
heads, and
great joy. I
(Keepers
is the
as
and
he
early day,
been
had
continued
your
around
gives me
counsellors
been
now
that
that
Spirit,
instruct
my
done."
the council
thus
Accept
It is meet
at
to-morrow,
I have
morning, after
council
my
again
up
next
has thus
to
come
close.
I must
said.
to the Great
my thanks
far in my feeble frame
to
thus
of
children
and
meridian, and
now
should
me
discourse
"
Faith, warriors, women,
thanks
ask
sells lands
great punishment
in your minds
that which
has been
for your kind and
patient attention.
assisted
from
religionteaches that the early day is

and
that the late day is granted
Spirit,
our
the Great
to
addressed
spiritsof the dead.
Preserve
You
driven
are
Whoever
expect
You
children.
children
suspended the narration

and
Lake,
all know
You
must
sell.
to
for your
trust
reservations.
land
no
conduct.
and
Spirit,
Chiefs, Keepers of
"
have
sacred, lest your

unsafe
small
left
'
Sose-ha-wa
Handsome
in
is now,
Nothing
few
men,
tract
your
Great
the
as
you,
that trust
after death.'
to
men,
possess
67
by sellinglands.
trust
aged
homes
offends
MEN.
large possessions, save
once
Chiefs,
RED
other.
Thanks
also have
been
have
returned
been
returned
to
our
tor
Crea-
the Great
At this moment
assembled.
by the council now
Spiritis looking upon this assembly. He hears our words, he
knows
our
thoughts,and is always pleased to see us gathered
it will reach
together for good. The sun is now
high,and soon
the
middle
heavens.
attentivelyand
thanks
the
to
our
dangers
consider
four Celestial
beings,who
what
well
Creator, that
of darkness.
therefore
must
he
has
you
shall
return
communicated
Listen
haste.
I return
hear.
spared your
I salute and
have
make
my
what
lives
thanks
I
am
through
to
the
about
68
IMPROVED
to
to
say
We
whom
you
the
place before
his
occupy
which
power
he
you, but
Our
forget it not.
and
him
I
at
he
long absence,
another
husband.
sin, and
must
"
The
speak.
to
councils.
our
conscious
am
children
Lay
it up
it well.
Creator, when
he made
and
returns,
The
Great
be put from
finds
much, and
Creator
our
not
Listen
in your
us,
minds,
man
After
has
taken
a
great
us.
among
that
it
was
It is not
intended
never
his wife
that
to
designed that
Spirit says that this is
Messengers further said

punish a child with a rod.
to
now
that I have
and
four
mother
about
am
happens that
by hunting. It sometimes
the hunt, leaving his wife with her friends.
for
out
live
should
goes
grandfather (Handsome
my
possessed.
Consider
good instruction.
miss
MEN.
RED
what
Counsellors, warriors, mothers,
"
we
to
first heard
We
loss.
all feel his
OF
thanks
I return
you.
Lake), from
ORDER
that
for
wrong
right to punish
children
should
be
In punishing
punished with a whip, or be used with any violence.
cient.
a
only is necessary, and it is suffirefractorychild, water
This is not wrong.
Whenever
a
Plunge them under.
It is
child promises to do better, the punishment must
cease.
it after promises of amendment
continue
to
made.
are
wrong
Thus
they said.
It is rightand
Let
always to look upon the dead.
proper
"
face
your
the
Let
be
brought
dead
know
that
theirs,and
to
near
their
then
is
absence
address
them.
regrettedby
their
that
Let
the dead
they grieve for their death.
know, too, how their survivingfriends intend to live. Let them
whether
know
they will so conduct themselves, that they will
The
them
dead will hear and
meet
again in the future world.
Thus
remember.
they said.
friends, and
"
Continue
they
said
man,
and
to
that
the
the
earth
earth
return
him
ground berries
to
rules
produce
remains, it will
proceed
the
made
kinds
many
should
thanks
certain
will of the Great

our
while
Creator
gave
of the
is the
Our
give them
also
as
listen
to
earth.
all that
and
what
Upon
it he
It
is
good for
man.
placed
pleased him
also
ordered
So
long
face
yield. Upon the surkinds are
produced. It
various
have
He
further
to
cease
that
Spirit,
him,
relate
of conduct.
of amusements.
not
of
to
when
a
they ripen,we should

public rejoicingfor the
PRIMITIVE
69
blessings. He made everythingwhich we

and requiresus to be thankful at all times for the continuance
favors.
of his
When
Our Life (Corn,etc.)has again
appeared, it is
Great
will of the
the
Spirit that
assemble
we
generalthanksgiving. It is his will also that the

in the Feather
to participate
brought and made
for
be
times, should
these
if any
or
of the
consist
feast must
Your
at
MEN.
of these
continuance
live upon,
RED
changes
have
been
continue
made,
dance.
It is proper
their
lished,
pub-
names
them
to-announce
four
days. Thus they said.

be
Upon the first day must
performed the Feather dance.
This ceremony
take place in the earlyday, and
must
at
cease
the middle
the second
manner,
day. In the same
day,
upon
On the third day,
is to be performed the Thanksgiving dance.
the Thanksgiving concert, Ah-do-weh, is to be introduced.
The
fourth day is set apart for the Peachstone
All these
game.
be commenced
at
Creator, must
ceremonies, instituted by our
the earlyday, and cease
at the middle
day. At all these times
thanks
to our
we
are
Grandfather, He-no,
requiredto return
is assigned the duty of watching
and his assistants.
To them
the earth, and all it produces for our
over
good. The great
Feather
and
monies
Thanksgiving dances are the appropriatecereand thanksgivingto the Ruler and Maker
of all things.
The
to our
belongs appropriately
Thanksgiving concert
fathers.
grandIn it we
thanks to them.
return
During the performance
of this ceremony,
we
are
required also to give them the
smoke
of tobacco.
Again we must at this time return thanks
then.
festival must
have
not
present
any
production.
new
children
The
our
mother
the earth, for she is
return
thanks
to
to
Our
required to be done
protracteduntil the
Life and
the
by
sun
our
relative.
its Sisters.
lightof
the
We
All these
sun.
has hid its face, and
things are
It must
darkness
also
must
not
be
surrounds
all things.
Continue
"
have
of the
day
are
to
of cold.
season
in which
one
new
Creator.
devotion
to the
its ceremonies.
We
This
have
is the
change of
hunting season.
a
seasons.
We
It is also
themselves.
Upon the fifth
people can amuse
Nis-go-wuk-na(about February ist),we
moon,
the annual
commence
jubileeof thanksgiving
At this festival all can
give evidence of their
will of the Great
Spiritby participatingin all
the
requiredto
our
listen
to
IMPROVED
70
"Continue
transpiring among
was
translated
was
the
upon
a
His
man.
asked
him
it
man
he
was
saw
saw
how
this
hard
to
seated
and
us,
him
; that
to
the
upon
They
upon.
She
ground.
Lake
down
came
filthy. His
poverty. They
to
him.
then
told
He
replied
him
the
that
taken
the
he
looked
Again
poverty.
what
and
and
had
he
seen
of it
Out
tattered,
misery
great
Great
looked
He
assembly.
torn,
the
Handsome
time
spectacle appeared
look
ever
regions above.
were
of
have
one
great
drunkard
reduced
woman
the
MEN.
RED
Messengers
At
indicated
was
it had
and
over
to
garments
appearance
that
and
earth,
four
men.
them
by
whole
watched
always
OF
The
listen:
to
Spirithave
ORDER
fire-water,
and
saw
constantlyengaged
her
worldly
person
was
in
her
gathering up and secreting about
is inhospitable. She
effects.
They said, the woman
you see
is too selfish to spare anything,and will never
leave her worldly
She
goods.
can
never
from
pass
earth
your
people. Again he looked,
and
hand
largepiecesof
went
to
each
piece. This
They said, thus

from
among
looked
will the
again, and
earth
Brother
you.
the
about
saw
if the
be
him
It
of confinement,
he
to
pitable
is hos-
of blood.
streams
is not
fire-water
put
friend, friend.
will kill brother, and
Again they told
this
carryingin each
assembly,giving
man
they said, is blessed, for
man,
He
kind.
and
He
meat.
saw
Tell
heaven.
to
obeyed,and,
of
far as his vision reached, he saw
the
as
increasing smoke
numberless
distilleries arisingand shuttingout the light of the
It was
horrible spectacle to witness.
sun.
a
They told him
that here was
manufactured
the fire-water.
Again he looked
and
and
furnished
saw
a
costly house made
by the palefaces.
was
house
whips. They
fire-water
put
to
said that
would
look towards
those
fall into
this destructive
vice
were
inclined
surrounded
them
the fumes
of the
had
met
to
hear
to
of
fire-water.
He
instructions.
He
Again
them
the
use
took
temptations to
back, and they also
saw
This
another
they
and
unwilling to
great pride
another
the
to
us
looked
he
were
observed
of the
commands
riotous, and
were
allured -them
Creator
us.
and
fetters,ropes,
were
Our
Some
hear, but
He
east.
persisted in
who
far from
various
half
where
this.
assemblages.
listen to instruction.
They
in drinking the strong waters.
saw
the
group
vice
who
which
revelled
in
assemblage which
said
was
pleasing to
PRIMITIVE
MEN.
RED
*j\
Spirit. He loves those who will listen and obey. It

divided by separate
has grieved him that his children are
now
interests, and are
pursuing so many paths. It pleases him to
water
his people live together in harmony and
see
quiet. The fireand divisions among
dissensions
creates
us.
They
many
the Great
the
said that
be
would
many
burned, and
of the
will be
to die unnatural
many
cold
to
and
freeze ; many
under
the
while
drowned,
those
who
use
deaths
would
be
influence
unite
to
many
repeat
to
death,
have
been
The
while
into houses
you, the Ruler
put this evil from
and
to
commence
thrown
now
pened.
hap-
waters.
strong
fire-water
are
often
frozen
been
of the
the
Many
palefaces.
the
have
influence
have
things
death, how
to
earth.
the
by
requires us
these
people
our
the
under
of confinement
All
burned
been
punishments of
they are yet on
all
of
many
while
drowned
relatives
and
have
many
us
cause
fire-water.
How
how
exposed
others
Friends
"
of it would
use
of
us.
among
and that it
of the fire-water is not wrong,
say that the use
Let
make
those who do not believe it wrong,
this exis food.
periment.
Some
all who
Let
into
those
who
will then
be
council, and
difference
great
will
harmony
in
end
and
quiet.
resolve
to
will repent.
they
destruction, for then
do
The
tumult, while
to
Reform,
the
use
If
discovered.
It is hard
us.
assemble
into another
do not
riot and
of this evil among
Many
the fire-water
use
think
this, nothing
medicine
can
have
can
of drunkards
other
will have
no
prevalence
among
death, when
near
council
of the great
until
organize
them.
near
put it from
and
fire-water
the
and
save
them
Thus
power.
you.
they
from
they
said.
"
All
given
men
them
to
others
an
Some
goods.
But
own
are
thanks
the
are
you
must
makers,
the
ugly one
figure.
therefore
equal by the Great Spirit; but he has

a
variety of gifts. To some
pretty face, to
a deformed
a comely form, to others
; to some
them
fortunate
in collectingaround
worldly
and
all entitled to the same
are
privileges,
made
were
put
nor
giftof
pride from
among
of your
Spirit,and
the builders
the
Great
for their bestowal.
He
giver. It has pleased him
You
you.
fortunes.
own
to
alone
to
make
him
must
must
be
are
not
All
be
your
things
returned
acknowledged
differences
among
men,
as
IMPROVED
72
it is wrong
but
Love
ORDER
for
one
other, for you
each
OF
exalt
to
man
RED
himself
all brothers
are
MEN.
and
above
another.
sisters of the
same
pitality
great family. The Great Spiritenjoinsupon all to observe hosand
to the
kindness, especially
needy and the helpless,
for this is
abode, speak
him
to
welcome
him
to
in which
you
may
If
him.
pleasingto
with
kind
words, be
home,
and
your
weary
wanders
stranger
about
your
hospitabletowards
him,
forget not always to mention

the
Great
Spirit. In the morning, give thanks to the Great
Spiritfor the return of day, and the lightof the sun ; at night,
to him, that his ruling power
has preserved
renew
your thanks
during the day, and that night has again come,
you from harm
four
The
"
your
rest
bodies.
said
Messengers
further
Handsome
to
Lake
the Keepers of the Faith, to

people,and particularly
faith.
We
fear the
be strong-minded and to adhere to the true
them
with temptations. He
Evil-minded
will go among
may
He may bring cards and leave them among
introduce the fiddle.
'
Tell your
The
you.
of these
use
their
guard,and
that
none
Let
evil's may
the
busy. He goes from one

by which to keep them
into the
of the
door
their steps
bend
and
leave
then
He
should
Speak
"
then
mindful
Let
at
no
once
Let
If you
one.
not
your
is
pleasingto
Counsellors, warriors,
"
rest.
thank
to
I thank
the
you
Great
witness
this
day.
say
no
betray you
the Great
those
great
person,
into evil.
Let
Creator.
our
surround
who
Spirit.
children
and
women,
he has
of
the words
friendshipwith
is
This
they said.
good of a
Thus
can
are
all for your
Spiritthat
persons
that time, to
at
some,
with age.
tongues
of this ; for these
tions
tempta-
follow
even
they have entered,

indulged,obtains a fast
abandoned.'
once
is then
resist until
habit,
all strive to cultivate

This
them.
us
evil of
be silent.
all be
"
be
for instruction,
Evil-minded
will
induce
and
hold, and the evil propensityincreases

sin, and
conduct
another, whispering many
Many
This
the
go,
away.
council
away.
it.
to
on
vigilant,
the people.
of moral
be held
to
are
people be
among
way
the law
preserve
meetings
purity. When
people are preparing to
the
be faithful and
their
find
Keepers of the Faith
in all its
Let
keepers of the watch
the
of the
the
and
great sins.
are
kind
I request you
I shall
patient attention.
and
spared
the
all
to
lives of
come
so
up
many
now
of
again to-
IMPROVED
74
for the Indian
to
in consequence
will not
How
far you
may
grow
be
do
can
build
cattle and
safelyadopt
as
they do.
Thus
Continue
"
as
of the
Life,
our
let the
great
When
You
tell you.
and
comfortable
now
it is all that
can
you
live
cannot
and
way
hold
Creator
our
to
set
apart,
let
this specialfavor
For
have
you
pleasure of your
will and
pressing
they do.
as
palefaces. You
pleased
Sisters.
people assemble
good. In this
of the
It has
Three
thankful.
be
ever
the
live
said.
they
listen
to
therefore
yourselves warm
customs
of domestic
flesh
palefacesare
sin ; and
said,
Messengers
the
use
sin, I will
is not
dwelling-houses. This
four
The
must
without
so
The
wrong.
MEN.
RED
might
we
You
side.
every
upon
you
OF
in his feasts.
use
of this,that
This
animals.
ORDER
in
gathered
us
harvest,
your
general thanksgiving for
you will show

Creator.
Thus
obedience
your
to
so
the
they said.
It
Many of you may be ignorantof the Spiritof Medicine.
all constantly,and
watches
assists the needy whenever
over
men
necessityrequires. The Great Spiritdesigned that some
the giftof skill in medicine.
But
he is pained
should possess
to see
a medicine
man
making exorbitant charges for attending
"
Our
sick.
the
always be
Creator
Spirit by
made
well.
must
receive
are
be
as
blesses
to
us
must
is
and
that
; and
whatever
the
right and
he
medicine
the
gratitudeof
There
saved
the
life of
is
man
the
are
stored
re-
many
It is sufficient
pay for attendance.

to the medicine
man
upon
has
he
that
goodness
proper.
Great
the
cannot
thanks
return
medicine
the
This
his
to
must
sick person
thanks
by
plant
When
return
; for it is
his reward
remembrance
a
"
He
may tender.
unfortunate
for
The
of tobacco
means
This
tobacco.
us
administeringmedicines.
his health, he
recovers
who
in
used
for
made
recovery.
relative
will
sufficient reward.
Listen
further
communicate
distinct from
to
the
to
us
what
He
lest the
one
time
has
paleface.
interminglethe blood
transgression.
"At
the Great
of
the four
people should
their evil ways,
two
made
It is
great
Let
Messengers
will
now
as
us,
races.
disbelieve
we
Spirithas
you,
said
disclose
race,
sin
be
separate and
guiltyof
Handsome
to
not
to
pleased to
intermarry and
to
none
and
been
you
repent
the
this
Lake,
and
sake
for-
House
of
AN
IROQUOIS
WOMAN.
PRIMITIVE
dwelling-placeof the
particularin describingto
was
and
the
MEN.
the
Torment,
Lake
RED
which
course
75
Evil-minded.
Handsome
all that
us
departed spiritswere
he
witnessed,
accustomed
take
to
road which
led upwards.
was
a
leaving the earth. There
branch
led straightforward
At a certain point it branched
; one
and
of the Great
the other turned
aside to
to the Home
Spirit,
At the placewhere
the House
the roads separated
of Torment.
stationed
two
were
keepers,one representingthe^Good, and the
other
the Evil Spirit. When
reached
the fork, if
a
person
wicked, by a motion from the Evil keeper,he turned instinctively
on
which
road
the
upon
if virtuous
and
the
good,
The
straightroad.
former
led to the
abode
other
latter
of the
keeper
directed
him
But
the
upon
travelled, while
much
not
was
Evil-minded.
the
frequentlytrodden that no grass could grow in

the
pathway. It sometimes
happened that the keepers had
in deciding which
should take,
path the person
great difficulty
the good and
bad actions of the individual were
when
nearly
so
was
balanced.
Those
remained
to
sent
the
of Torment,
House
sometimes
of our
for
day (which is there one
years) ; some
a longerperiod. After
they have atoned for their sins,they pass
either of the great
But when
to heaven.
they have committed
sins (witchcraft,
to
murder, and infanticide),
they never
pass
forever.
some
Handheaven, but are tormented
Having conducted
Lake
to this
a
large and dark-colored
place, he saw
one
mansion
One
covered
four then
of the
moved
He
up,
saw
with
until
they
haggard-lookingman,
his form
and
This
and
man
to
was
it
it,as
directed, and
blaze.
He
take
on
an
upon
sunken
eyes
all that
the
article he
for
he
loved.
this.
Others
had
then
The
his mouth
help. The
sing and make himself merry,

after drinking the fire-water.
from
the
upon
was
ground,
undergone.
appeared,
obeyed his call,he dipped

him
liquidand commanded
man
red-hot
in vain
cast
Evil-minded
The
one.
within.
was
his eye
met
the torments
by
immediately from
to
earth
warning
was
down
lesser
the top of the house
first objectwhich
drunkard.
cried
requested him
while
his
look
As
by name.
a quantityof
caldron
drink
was
of
could
it stood
his rod, and
out
half consumed
called him
from
held
The
rooms.
many
beside
soot, and
were
then
man
issued
did
a
Tormenter
as
was
Let
summoned.
as
he
stream
then
his wont
drunkards
There
IMPROVED
76
before
came
wife.
He
of while
two
to
the earth.
They raged
RED
OF
who
persons
told them
on
words.
him
ORDER
exercise
MEN.
appeared
husband
be
to
the
privilegethey
They immediately commenced
each
at
other
with
in
together
had
who
wives.
and
and
peace
been
Let
such
also
take
harmony.
Next
he
witch.
First
he
that their
speak.
disputing
see
nor
and
up
into
live
and
warning
her
plunged
quarrelof
called
fond
so
violence
such
tongues and eyes ran out so far they could neither

This, said they,is the punishment of quarrelsome
husbands
were
and
woman
caldron
boilingliquid. In her cries of distress she begged the

cooler place. He then immersed
minded
to give her
some
in one
containingliquidat the point of freezing. Her cries
she
that
were
shall
the
who
him
up
had
he
obeyed
statue
fond
was
struck
and
The
the
in this
which
beat
of while
he
The
his arm
was
by the contact
punishment, they said, awaiting those
From
this take seasonable
warning.
whose
woman
had
and
arms
hands
and
ceeded
prowho
him
up
led
do
to
earth.
He
in every direction,
Such
is the
looked
the
again
but
flesh
This, they said,would
arms.
sengers,
Mes-
ill-treat their wives.
who
nothing
were
sold fire-water to the Indians, and
her hands
consumed.
He
four
Having
the
flew
then
called
next
upon
her
all those
his wife.
sparks
and
awaits
was
Evil-
He
female, he directed
figure.
the
manner.
Evil-minded
to
of
said
woman,
punishment
accustomed
the red-hot
to
which
that
been
This
tormented
wives.
cruellyill-treattheir
man
be
always
mention
to
cold.
too
was
of
was
and
saw
bones.
She
eaten
from
be the fate of
rum-
and
Again he looked and in one
apartment he saw
recognized Ho-ne-ya-wus (Farmer's Brother),his former friend.
He was
engaged in removing a heap of sand, grainby grain,and
not
although he labored continually,
yet the heap of sand was
diminished.
the punishment of those who
This, they said, was
sold land.
was
a field of corn
Adjacent to the house of torment
sellers.
filled with
weeds.
down, but
as
fast
,He
as
the
they said, was
and right,had
proper
saw
this
women
in the
act
done
they grew
punishment of lazy women.
we
was
time,
to
tell
more
made
up
my time is limited and I must

pass to
Creator
made
each
men
dependent upon
them
social
beings ; therefore, when
your
cuttingthem
again. This,
It would
of this
But
"The
of
be
ment.
place of torother things.
other.
He
neighbor visits
PRIMITIVE
give him
must
you
before
food
set
you,
him.
to
Again they said :

for anything necessary,
they will be supplied.
do
"
is
This
care.
"
live
one
This
year.
only to
right. Let
to
dead
and
make
an
custom
very
not
longer.
address
always
and
Great
When
the
steal anything.
one
that
be
must
which
in this rule.
,your
age.
Creator
of
ence
rever-
felt much
kind
them
to
face, and
of
the
when
old
them
with
mourn
for the
dead
causes
the
nurse
Spirit.
to
us
among
and
wants
things home
old
want
you
ever
none
and
seen
As
be abandoned.
over
Great
them
you.
Should
tell your
take
to
is wrong.
custom
deceased.
among
Be
their hands
children, it must
many
the
earth.
the
steal.
neighbor,
thank
parents instruct children
is the will of the
It has been
and
partake
tempted
door
next
your
not
says that your deportment towards

affection.
and
They have
misery and pain of

and helpless. Wash
77
have
This
people
will
must
you
Let
them.
belong to
Many of our
You
MEN.
it be
He
often
are
not
If
eat.
"
Children
RED
it
Ten
dies, it is
days mourn
right and
body, tellinghow
respect for the
dead
much
must
death
for the
proper
you
be
of
to
loved
observed
us.
Messengers said to Handsome

him
the
show
Lake, they would now
Destroyer of Villages
(Washington), of whom
Upon
you have so frequentlyheard.
the road leadingto heaven
he could see
a
light,far away in the
the
distance, moving to and fro. Its brightness far exceeded
of the noonday sun.
brilliancy
They told him the journeywas
follows : First, they came
was
to a cold spring,which
as
a rest:
ing place. From this point they proceeded into pleasant fairy
Soon
grounds, which
they
spread away in every direction.
reached
heaven.
The
dazzling. Berries of every
light was
size and
Their
quality
descriptiongrew in vast abundance.
sufficient
than
to appease
such that a singleberry was
was
more
the appetite. A sweet
fragrance perfumed the air. Fruits of
"At
time
another
the
four
'
'
'
"
every
kind
the
met
spent their time

there.
The
eye.
in amusement
inmates
and
of this
repose.
No
celestial abode
evil could
enter
transgressedagain. Families were

reunited
and
dwelt
together in harmony. They possessed a
of the earthly
bodilyform, the senses, and the remembrances
life. But no white man
Thus
entered
heaven.
ever
they said.
None
in heaven
ever
78
IMPROVED
He
looked
and
saw
OF
inclosure
an
Within
of heaven.
entrance
'
ORDER
RED
it
was
Destroyer of Villages/walking to
and
His
indicated
countenance
Handsome
to
who
Lake
left the
ever
'
The
earth.
fort.
man
of the
between
great difficulty
the
Crown
(Go-wek-go-wa),you
of your
mercy
that
enemies.
The
Crown
for his allies the Indians, he
as
to
the
on
Americans
and
abandoned
told the
might
when,
you,
were
the
saw
They said
only paleface
man.
the
he
the
the inclosure.
is the
kind
was
settlement
Great
good
see
you
He
Here
fro within
great and
plain,justwithout
upon
MEN.
to
the
great American,
if he
kill them
liked.
be cruel and
just.
unjudged that this would
believed
made
He
they were
by the Great Spirit and
kind
to
entitled to the enjoyment of life. He was
were
you,
he has
and extended
over
you his protection. For this reason,
been allowed to leave the earth.
But he is never
permitted to
of the Great
Spirit. Although alone, he
go into the presence
is perfectlyhappy. All faithful Indians
by him as they
pass
They see him and recognizehim, but pass on in
go to heaven.
No
word
silence.
his lips.'
ever
passes
Friends
and
Relatives : It was
by the influence of this
that we
were
spared as a people,and yet live. Had
great man,
he not granted us
his protection,
have
been ?
would
where
we
Perished, all perished.
The four Messengers further said to Handsome
Lake, they
fearful that, unless the people repented,and obeyed his
were
the patienceand forbearance
of their Creator would
commands,
great American
The
"
"
be exhausted
; that
their increase
"
to
Our
heat
to
Creator
and
shine
he would
grow
with
angry
them, and
cause
cease.
made
light and
darkness.
the world.
over
He
He
made
made
the
the
sun
also, to
moon,
shine
by night, and to cool the world if the sun made it too hot
by day. The keeper of the clouds, by direction of the Great
will then cease
The
to act.
Spirit,
keeper of the springs and
rule them
for the good of man.
to
running brooks will cease
The
cover
sun
will
the earth.
face of the earth.
poisonous animals
the wicked
to
cease
upon
fulfilhis office.
created
will
by
come
the
the earth, will
out
will
darkness
will rise and
great smoke
Then
Total
spread
over
of- it all monsters
Evil-minded
; and
perish together.
then
the
and
they, with
8o
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
of our
structures
political
primitiveinhabitants have, in
Isolated nations,
general, proved exceedingly unsubstantial.
of institutions,
casual advantage of location,
or
superiority
by some
with an
energetic growth, and for a season
up
sprang
far and wide.
brief period of
After
a
spread their dominion
borne
back by adverse
fortune
into their
prosperitythey were
territories
originalobscurity; thus rendering these boundless
The
"
the constant
of
Indian
rest
of human
scene
conflict,and
sovereignties.It
themselves
upon
reserved
was
durable
more
of the
rise and
for the
fall
Iroquois to
foundation, by the
lishment
estab-
their nations they

League. This alliance between
cemented
by the imperishablebonds of tribal relationship.At
the epoch of Saxon
occupation,they were
rapidlybuilding up
of
an
empire which threatened the absorption or extermination
Indian family east of the Mississippi. Their
the whole
power
of
had
sufficient to
become
set
defiance
at
all hostile
invasions
contiguous nations; and the League itself,while it suffered

with
endued
loss of numbers
a
no
by emigrating bands, was
capacityfor indefinite expansion. At the periods of their separate
the
Aztecs
the
the
in
south
and
the
on
Iroquois
discovery,
north were
the only Indian
the continent
whose
races
upon
institutions
promised, at maturity, to ripen into civilization.
and prospect of this Indian
Such were
the condition
League,
from
Hendrick
when
sailed
the
Hudson,
than
more
river which
centuries
two
constituted
their
since
(1609),
boundary.
This
silent voyage
of the navigator may
the
be regarded as
in reversing the
in the series which
resulted
opening event
political
prospect of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, and in introducing
up
into their
Long House
and
invincible
more
assaults
Their
it had
been
invader
an
in
arms
more
than
the
eastern
relentless in his purposes

Red
Man
againstwhose
erected.
far
so
council-fires,
of civil
they are emblematical
have
jurisdiction,
long since been extinguished,their empire
of evening are
has terminated, and the shades
now
gathering
of this once
the scattered
feeble remnants
and
thickly over
the inevitable
has yielded to race,
powerful League. Race
"
result of the
shall relate
contact
with
river to river,and
as
of the civilized with
what
from
lake
to
life.
Who
regret they yielded up from

of
lake, this fair,broad domain
of
pangs
the hunter
PRIMITIVE
fathers ?
their
The
Iroquois will
night of impenetrable
that
been
have
races
of
residue
The
this
around
their native
become
eradicated
backward
the
to
forests
as
Iroquoisas
them
remember
as
religionhad
whose
an
and
people whose
temples,and
no
linger
until they
long,look
away
exisTertce ; but
from
Sachems
whose
been
still
shall,ere
blotted
race
who
fade
We
has
trails obliterated.
gifted race,
stock.
Indian
many
their country
to
people,in
so
their
destined
Indian
lost,as
in which
cleared,
are
be
soon
Already
proud and
seats,
MEN.
darkness
enshrouded.
their
appropriated,
to
RED
had
cities,
no
had
government
no
record."
All
writers
extolled
Indian
upon
Indian
historyand
character
have
the
It
them.
eloquence of the leading chiefs among
of the
seems
therefore, to include in this account
appropriate,
primitiveRed Men some
specimens of the beauty and imagery
of the
children
of the
language used by these "untutored
forest."
One
of the
opening
of
the
whites
the
present
century,
at
council
at
held
close of the last and
the
Sagoyewatha, called by
January io, 1830. In the
was
died
He
Red-jacket.
1805,
year
Indians,
noted
most
Buffalo, N.Y.,
at
there
were
assembled
a
Seneca
chiefs and warriors at the request of
many
missionary from Massachusetts, who explained that he had
called them
and
Spirit,
togetherto
instruct
for the purpose
them
how
to
Great
worship the
getting away their lands and

and unless they embraced
but one
religion,
; that there was
money
it, they could not be happy ; that they had lived in darkness
and great error
all their lives ; he wished
if they had any objections
to his religion
they would state them ; that he had visited
not
smaller
some
before
council
cas
tribes, who
they
their older
were
the Indians
which
"
we
an
answer
Friend
should
he has
garment
upon
from
us
would
consent
After
made
fine
before
;
our
receive
the
day
the sun,
eyes
are
for
our
and
He
opened
present
the
as
follows
Sene-
all
has
He
"
taken
it to shine with
that
cluded,
con-
Spiritthat
things,and
Great
orders
council.
caused
him,
the
themselves, after
the will of the
was
of
missionary had
together among
by Red-jacketas
together this day.
us
decision
the
to
brothers.
brother, it
meet
given
waited
conferred
was
and
of
we
see
his
ness
bright-
clearly;
our
82
IMPROVED
ears
ORDER
unstopped that
are
have
the words
that
the Great
and
Spirit,
request that
your
think
man
minds
our
Brother, you
"
leave this
have
It is
from
told us, and
forefathers
our
from
the
and
their skins
earth
disputes about
the
; your
the
religion.They
and
them
more
do
we
we
say.
He
thank
w.e
it
at
was
have
tened
lis-
requested
from
He
produce
Their
;
us
made
was
crossed
bear
told
asked
for
small
and
now
came
meat
they gave
found
amongst
be friends ;
sat
us
country
our
us
yet
we
down
made
All
an
beaver,
them
this he
If
we
they
amongst
did not
had
landed
friends
found
their
own
enjoy their
pity on them,
to
took
us
return.
tidingswere
had
generallysettled
evil day came
here
we
had
He
them.
them.
poison in
;
extended
the
fled from
had
came
seat
when
scattered
take
small ;
and
men,
time
great waters, and
they
us
people.
and
had
loved
the
were
our
the buffalo, the deer,
the
he
you ;
fathers
Spirithad
for bread.
because
you
seats
Great
you
are
detain
to
Their
created
corn
numbers
they
one,
There
clothing. He
taught us how to
children
as
the white
for
us
talk before
wish
not
The
had
granted their request, and they
people had
have
settingsun.
forefathers
enemies
corn
should
heard
country for fear of wicked
them
distinctly
we
your
hunting-grounds,they were
blood ; but
shedding of much
this island.
not
to
this great island.
to
any
and
you
said ; you
answer
have
what
to
country, and
for his red
us
we
served
done
upon
by
and tell you what

little,
animals' for food.
the
without
an
of Indians.
use
other
caused
want
back
owned
and
the
favors
agreed.
right you
what
risingto
it for the
over
hear
to
this time
have
you
home, and
Brother, listen
"
what
are
will first look
we
kindled
was
together at
say you
place.
great distance
but
able
minds
our
consider
one
been
MEN.
; for all these
spoken
only.
came
to
RED
freely; this gives us great joy,for we now

that we
stand
upright before you and can
speak what
heard
as
; all have
your voice, and all speak to you
speak
we
we
attention
with
on
him
have
we
Brother, this council-fire
"
to
you
OF
we
gave
The
white
carried
fear them
we
back,
took
they called us brothers ; we believed them,

and
them
had
At length their numbers
a
larger seat.
gave
land ; they wanted
our
more
greatly increased ; they wanted
country. Our eyes were
opened, and our minds became uneasy.
to
PRIMITIVE
took
Wars
and
many
place;
Indians
of
people
our
liquorsamong
strong
were
MEN.
hired
to
83
fight against Indians,
destroyed. They also brought

strong and powerful,and has
were
; it
us
RED
was
slain thousands.
Brother,
"
small ; you
our
seats
have
now
Brother, continue
"
instruct
white
that
if
worship
to
do
we
We
Spiritgiven it
for
to
the
it ; how
about
deceived
the Great
white
people
Brother,
Spirit.
book
"
We
; we
great difference
he has
know
us
difference
that he has
means
tell
you
us
often
so
one
worship and
religion,
why do you
Why not all agree, as
to
way
these
your
we
things;
We
also have
has
been
told
are
we
forefathers,and
has been
which
religion
handed
down
to
us,
It teacheth
to be
us
way.
receive ; to love each other,and to
that
quarrelabout religion.
Great Spirithas made
all ;
us
between
things to
between
given us
his white
complexion
given the arts ;

these
give
worship
different
the
what
Great
never
Brother, the
given
one
it ?
about
understand
not
for all the favors
be united
know
you
book
did he not
why
believe, being
to
is but
forefathers,and
our
their children.
thankful
only
If there
given to
your religionwas
handed
down
from father to son.
given to
his
say
this to
the
not
book, with
of that
is but
much
so
do
we
us, but
there
that
all read the
can
to
people?
say
differ
has
why
you,
when
know
we
sent
are
you
How
onlyto
not
that
was
religion
do you know
religionis written in
as
knowledge
rightly? We
the white
by
Brother, you
serve
"
shall
well
as
that
say
lost.
are
and
understanding it
you
force ymaf
to
our
Great
that your
us
us,
forefathers
our
"
got
Spiritagreeably to
hold of ^thereligionwhich
be unhappy hereafter.
You
shall
we
You
the
take
not
understand
intended
was
listen.
to
people teach, we
right and
you are
be true
if it
how
us
and
mind,
of
want
have
; you
very
have
us.
upon
to
blankets
our
satisfied ; you
not
are
spread
to
large,and yours were

great people,and we
once
become
scarcelya place left

country, but
were
to
be
these
true.
red
different
children
; he
has
customs
; to
you
he has
not
opened
Since
he
has
made
our
eyes ;
so
we
great
things,why may we not conclude

underdifferent religionaccording to our
in other
us
and
and
but he has made
IMPROVED
84
for his children
"Brother,
from
you
our
been
I have
from
the
for,but
to
from
"
wish
not
only want
he
to
have
not
tell what
I cannot
it
suppose
for your
was
of
way
knows
what
is best
or
religion,
destroyyour
enjoy our own.
to
come
to
meeting.
MEN.
to
say that you
at
your
right;
enlightenour minds ;
your meetings, and saw
but
money,
RED
satisfied.
are
do
we
we
we
Brother, you
"
Spirit does
the Great
standing;
OF
ORDER
I will
get
land
our
tell you
now
it
or
that
collectingmoney
you
this money
you
intended
was
if
minister, and
thinking,perhaps
take
should
we
form
con-
want
may
some
us.
Brother,
we
told that you
are
have
been
white
preaching to
people in this place ; these people are our neighbors ; we are

acquainted with them ; we will wait a little while and see what
find it does
effect your preaching has upon
them.
If we
them
good, makes them honest and less disposedto cheat Indians, we
will then consider again what
you have said.
"
Brother, you
this is all
will
we
have
have
we
to
and
come
your friends."
chief and
The
you
on
you
others
by
As
we
are
and
hand,
journey,and
your
then
the
to
answer
our
say at present.
take
Spiritwill protect
heard
now
drew
talk, and
going to part,
hope the Great
return
the
near
your
safe
you
missionaryto
to
take
by the hand ; but he would not receive them, and hastily

risingfrom his seat, said, that there was no fellowshipbetween
and
the works
the religionof God
of the devil,and, therefore,
could not join hands with them."
Upon this being interpreted
to them, "they smiled, and retired in a peaceablemanner."
Indians
well conceive
how
The
cannot
they have any participatio
in the guiltof the crucifixion,inasmuch
as
they do
of the same
not believe themselves
religionas the whites, and
there being no dispute but that the latter committed
that act.
said to a clergyman who was
importuning him
Red-jacketonce
upon the subject:
him
"
"
"Brother, if you
Indians
we
Spirit,
our
him
affair.
;
we
white
had
If he had
would
for that crime
have
men
murdered
nothing
come
to
do with
us,
among
treated him well.
yourselves."
the
we
of the
Son
it,and
would
You
must
it is
not
none
have
make
Great
of
killed
amends
PRIMITIVE
illustration is
Another
trial of
who
chief
story is
The
RED
85
given in the followingaccount
executed
follows
as
MEN.
for
woman
"
of Red-jacket'stribe
spring of 1821, a man
languishment and died. His complaint was unknown,
attended
circumstances
believe
that he
fixed upon
she
matter,
evidence.
an
had
court
The
any
through three
jacket and the
other
of their
of the
long
"
'
! do you
inculcated
to
the
bench, your
Salem
for
!
the sentence
arm
us
that
been
of
executed
in
executed
from
the
ridiculed
much
Your
time
country.
by
aptlyalludes
some
in
"
bigots,because we
yourselves sedulously
divines
judges
justicehave
have
have
thundered
pronounced it
sanctioned
it with
now
of your
records
for the very
upon
and
was
punish our unfortunate

of his fathers ! Go to
superstitions
of condemnation
of vengeance
Some
Red-
woman
into
came
you
law, and you would
at the
the
fools and
as
pulpit,your
the
the
established
the stand
which
ago ?
the
carried
was
finallycleared.
was
upon
courts
adhering to
Look
find hundreds
the
of
had
English
denounce
Tom-
up
prison.
after it
Red-jacket thus
while
the
from
the formalities
brother
which
believe
and
tried,condemned,
the
centuries
two
this doctrine
from
to
took
into
testified that
of the Senecas
he made
still continue
been
before
Americans,
What
for
laws, which
doctrine
speech which
him
was
Red-jacketappeared in court
the prisoner denied
that the
on,
witnesses
pursuance
witch
threw
to
of t*rie
nation,
custom,
Americans
The
some
attended
chief
the case,
over
jurisdiction
terms, Soo-nong-gisewas
that she had
immemorial,
came
counsel
witch, and
The
and
his friends
that
or
fell into
of
by the name
people Soo-nong-gise,executed
his trial
after,when
caused
woman
the law,
by
by his own
by cutting her throat.
seized Tom-jemmy, and
decree
as
The
suffer death.
to
called
jemmy,
time
the witch, and
as
doomed
was
his illness which
bewitched.
was
allegedwitchcraft.
the
In
"
of
upon
her.
and
government,
crime
What
have
will
has called forth
which
this woman,
you
and
our
drawn
down
brothers
done
people have done ? And what

crime has this man
by executing,in a summary
way,
of his God ?
the laws of his country and the injunctions
in the case,
Before Red-jacketwas
admitted
to give evidence
he was
and punishments,
asked if he believed in future rewards
more
than
the
of your
committed
rulers
'
'
86
and
his
IMPROVED
with
and
interrogator,
! much
Yes
With
of God.
the existence
OF
ORDER
replied:
"
judge of
Upon
their actions."
than
more
piercinglook
little
no
MEN.
RED
into the face of
indignation of expression,he
white
the
if
men,
to
are
we
Red-jacket upon this occasion, one

There
is not, perhaps,in nature
observes :
a
more
expressive
that
of Red-jacket; when
fired by indignation or
eye than
it is terrible,and
when
he chooses
to displayhis unrivalled
revenge
talent for irony,his keen, sarcastic glance is irresistible."
Red-jacketvisited Philadelphiain 1792, at which time he was
delivered to
of Pennsylvania,who
welcomed
by the Governor
in behalf of the Commonwealth.
him
address
an
Red-jacket
made
which we
Onas
here reproduce.
was
a
speech in reply,
the Indians gave William
the name
tinued
Penn, and which they conof Philadelphia.This
to give to all subsequent governors
will explainthe allusion in the followingspeech :
"Brother
Onas
to what
we
Governor, open unprejudicedears
Some
have to say.
days since you addressed us, and what you
said gave
us
great pleasure. This day the Great Spirithas
allowed us to meet
We
hope
you again,in this council-chamber.
that your not
address
to your
answer
receivingan immediate
mention
will make
We
no
improper impression on your mind.
and friendly
this lest you should suspect that your kind welcome
the
of
appearance
"
"
"
"
address
has not
had
effect upon
proper
our
In your address
you it is far otherwise.
this ancient council-chamber, where
our
conversed
together, several things
forcibly. When
forefathers
you
often
met
told
on
us
this
to
us
the
the
peaceable terms,
our
assure
day, in
other
forefathers
struck
was
We
hearts.
have
attention
place in
it gave
which
us
often
very
our
sensible
and more
pleasure,
joy than we could express.
Though we have
often to have heard of
no
writingslike you, yet we remember
the friendshipthat existed between
The
fathers and yours.
our
pictureto which you drew our attention
(afine picturerepresenting
Penn's treaty with the Indians),"brought fresh to our
minds
the friendlyconferences
that used to be held between
the former
of Pennsylvania and our
the love
tribes,and showed
governors
which
your forefathers had of peace, and the friendlydisposition
of our
people. It is still our wish, as well as yours, to preserve
"
peace
between
our
tribes and
you,
and
it would
be well
if the
ORDER
IMPROVED
88
friendshipwas
children
remain
left
their children
for
several
We
still feel
wish
our
fulfil the
to
their services.
them
Lake
Erie,
square
creek
mile
river
the
made
now
known
the
to
have
interpreters.
as
as
them
reward
minds
to
for
give
the outlets of
at
of
Scoyguquoydes
Niagara,up said creek,
miles, thence westerly
the river runs,
to contain
two
minds.
our
now
Rock, beginning
river,as
the
you
and
our
name
two
runs
up
returned
lying on
Black
River
the
place of beginning,so
the
have
by
and
us
up
of land
below
known
the river,thence
to
miles, to
miles
mile from
one
northerlyas
thence
We
two
Creek, running
one
have, therefore, made

three
them
them, and
We
miles
for
of land
to
to
live in
affection for them, and
made
promise we
about
of
mouth
the
of
seat
with
them
return, and
have
They
adopted
our
wished
would
serviceable
beat
hearts
these
we
seat
upon.
past been
years
they
of them
sit down
to
if
MEN.
Then
relations
promised
give each
to
country,
our
and
us
among
RED
bright.
their
seek
to
us
made
more
once
OF
miles.
square
We
two
expect and
permit our friends to receive this

make
the same
good to them according to the
laws and customs
of your nation.
Why should you hesitate to
make
minds
our
request ? To you
easy with regard to this our
it is but a little thing ; and have
you not complied with the
the giftsof our
brothers, the Oneidas, the
request and confirmed
?
And
shall we
Onondagas, and Cayugas, to their interpreters
ask and not be heard ? We
send you this our
speech,to which
before the breaking up of our
we
expect your answer
great
will
that you
earnestlyrequest
our
gift,and will
council-fire."
It has with
truth been
lipsof a man
by this chief
said that
there
flowed
never
from
the
metaphor than that made use of

in the speech given above
when
alludingto the
wind,
the Great
Revolutionarycontest,
Spiritspoke to the whirlsublime
more
"
and
War
it
of 1812,
Another
or
Corn
with
were
more
chief
Planter.
the
in the
still."
was
reduced
as
to
"
chief died before
It will be
of
At
the
the Colonists
in
eightysnows
prominent among
exception
Revolution.
country
than
This
the
the
years."
the Senecas
Oneidas, took
alternative
of that
of
required,or
was
Gyantwaka,
that the Six Nations,
remembered
end
the close of the
war
part with
the Indian
England
nations
giving up such of
of losing the whole
their
of it.
PRIMITIVE
In
1790
amelioration
believed
was
the
of
the
condition
to
be the
Father,
and
not
his
nation.
which
?
upon
Ontario
Lake
to
running
from
the west,
and
and
come
promised
to
to
answer.
When
the
the
on
Corn
; and
and
in want
to
hearken
to
are
"
When
children
"
When
the
and
robbed
been
innocent
have
all
and
to
by
repay
employed
children
to
in
serve
pre-
lying
are
of the Seneca
"
States)
nations
have
and
we
cation
followingcommuni-
the
the wise
heart
chiefs,subsequently
other
two
Washington
entered
army
the Town
men
"
speaks
to
you,
the
of all the thirteen
placed their
therefore
It
wisdom.
entreat
you
to
speak of thingswhich
are
able to
the
country of the
clingclose
Destroyer ;
look
women
our
before
great.
your
heard, our
us
nothing
loves peace,
others
occasion
which
in your ears,
attention ; for we
very
called you
we
is
us
has
his heart
have
his wife
small
with
tell
you
of food."
President
(thirteenUnited
be very
may
on
another
spent in endeavors
has
this moment
made
He
which
season,
great counsellor, in whose

fires
him.
families, he
Father, the voice

"
then
it
appears
given to those who

they should plunder
on
Philadelphia,
was
"
sun
Planter, accompanied by
to
came
line
the
mark
people which
has
their
ground
and
down, he opens
preserve
whole
The
peace
lie down
Pennsylvania
is silent,for he
He
of
Jandon
the east, and
on
of that
hands
to
are
from
for, first one
goes
the
can
he
providing for
so
great God
again upon the hills he

his protectionduring the night. For he feels
become
desperate by the injuriesthey sustain
only that
themselves.
sun
in which
the
Pennsylvaniawould
order
it to us.'
people, lest
your
it is not
by
appeal
is the
after them
line drawn
to
secure
in store
and
the
that
you
it forever
mark
it away
men
it is God
from
the
Creek
see
for
among
he had
would
we
gives thanks
that
conceal
that
earlier than
God, and
Planter
some
"
their children
us
Beaver
take
Nations, which
'
and
told
You
Six
'theyask continually where
For
children
our
Congress for
to
preserved the Corn-plant from
has
men
own
occurs
will not
we
of the
89
production of Corn
followingpassage
"
made
patheticappeal was
most
MEN.
RED
to
chiefs
behind
Six
Nations,
to this
them
day, when your name

and turn
pale,and our
the necks
of their mothers.
returned
from
Fort
Stanwix,
and
laid
ORDER
IMPROVED
go
before
council
our
give up
Every one
to
said that
day
each
Father, when
"
wise
assembled
men
the children
of
his children.
told
They
the
where
told
called
that
us
such
thirteen
that
us
with
he
asked
ment?'
chastise-
the
separately,
all brothers,
the
red
invited
people
he
as
to his protection.
us
beyond the great

was
a
king whose
resided
that
but that
We
were
regarded
ment
resent-
war,
severe
fires
you
brothers, and
us
first rises,and
sun
deserve
to
great father, who
They
us
kindness.
more
your
at them
one
to
was
compelled them
anything for it.
yet swelled
were
it with
done
we
had
nation
our
happened during the
kindled
you
paying
hearts
had
have
other, 'What
there,
country you
consider
would
you
MEN.
RED
done
your
your
for what
against us
one
great
you, without
to
been
had
what
how
hear
surprised to
OF
water
power
as
bright as
people could resist,and that his goodness was
the sun.
What
We
accepted the
they said went to our hearts.
invitation and promised to obey him.
What
the Seneca
nation
perform. When
promises they faithfully
you refused obedience
to assist his beloved
in making
to that king,he commanded
us
men
In obeying him, we
did no more
than yourselves
you sober.
had
led us
to
deceived, but your people,
were
promise. We
teaching us to confide in that king, had helped to deceive us,
and we
Is all the blame
?
now
ours
appeal to your breast.
no
"
when
Father,
we
that
saw
the invitation that you gave

kindled, and talk with you
it. You
towards
from
demanded
which
told
you
had
us
us
had
we
to
us
draw
you
could
offered
to
us
as
crush
if
deceived,
as
our
to
the
had.
nothing, and you
price of
want
heard
haste
made
we
peace,
us
and
the fire you
to
near
concerning
great country,
been
of
that peace
strength had
rights. Our chiefs had felt your power and were

unable to contend
againstyou, and they therefore gave up that
they agreed to. has bound our nation, but your
country. What
by this time be cooled, and although our
anger againstus must
strength is not increased, nor your power become
less,we ask
destroyed our
you
to
consider
commissioners
After
had
"
calmly:
reasonable
further
received
the
terms
just?
and
alluding to
from
Father, you
Were
the
unjust
the whites, the address
have
said that
we
dictated
to
us
by
your
"
were
which
treatment
continued
in your
they
"
hand, and
that
PRIMITIVE
by closing it
crush
to
who
nation
have
said
he
who
will
become
know
would
not
crush
ask
you
think
of
"All
sleep with
the
land
Six Nations.
No
"
Hear
and
those
up
that
delivered
We
of
instead
trying them
people took them
your
immediately to death.
death, but
who
men
of
the
chiefs
1815,
upon
Indians
the
American
Indians.
state
meditated
the
not
them
to
of
their
any
to
wrong,
according to
magistrate,and
deliver
lowest
their
of
put them
the murderer
up
with
people
to
nation."
own
Mackkatananamakee,
was
of
excellent
place
you
law, the
your
Commissioners
at
fjfthe
accordingly. But
warriors
An
speech
who
called
affairs.
It
the
The
was
had
Fox
Tribe
was
made
assembled
Portage, July,
supposed that
hostilities
One
of
against the whites.
in opening the talk, unwisely
Commissioners,
Indians
punish
name
celebrated
most
council
the
the
that
in
do
treaties of their
American
the
to
accused
the
eat
his
or
agreed
we
should
just to punish
Indian
has
pain. Another,
of his father
men
your
will
whose
western
many
chief
Senecas
Thunder,
one
among
by him
It is
chief
one
Stanwix
two
up
according
disregardthe
Black
was
the
and
from
determined
Chataughque,
Fort
them
our
in peace.
people who
our
might try
you
law.
your
of
of
you.
At
more.
mined
deter-
speaking of belonged to the

belonged to the king of England,
ever
give it to
not
once
us
deliver
part of it
could
he
and
been
you
those
have
of his
hand
his fathers
have
we
and
this case,
the
to
Are
that
so,
out
the
dying by
brother, has said he will retire

fatal root, and
In
do.
put him
to
us
children,
to
gi
nothing.
tell
are,
your
what
MEN.
to
us
If you
us
die so, may
to
could
you
RED
of
of
breach
former
treaties.
The
first
voice which
dently
evispoke with a tremulous
Thunder's
Black
portrayed guilt, or
perhaps fear.
reply showed him equallyindignant at the charge of the white
and
man
answered,
at
the
cowardice
The
of the
chief who
had
preceded him.
speech was as follows :

My father, restrain your feelings,and hear calmly what I
shall say.
I shall say it plainly. I shall not
speak with fear
and trembling. I have
never
injured you, and innocence can
"
"
feel
where
no
fear.
is the
I turn
man
who
to
you
all
"
will appear
red-skins
as
my
and
accuser
white-skins,
?
Father,
"
ORDER
IMPROVED
92
OF
RED
MEN.
clearlyhow things are working. I have just

I again to be plunged into bondage ?
been set at liberty. Am
all around
but I am
Frowns
are
incapable of change.
me,
I tell you, but it is a
You, perhaps,may be ignorant of what
understand
not
truth, which
I call heaven
and
earth
witness.
to
It is
fact
every
easilybe proved, that I have been assailed in almost

possibleway that pride,fear, feeling,or interest could
touch
me
which
can
tomahawk
an
shall
removal
my
settlement
States.
I sent
not' know
what
that
you
should
be
do
men
we
and
the
came
have
defend
say here
to
my
and
no
buried
to
and
you
in the
exposed
in
myself.
the
contract
life.
this
the
to
I have
remember
it.
; I
I will not
I then
awaited
an
told
enemies
signal
your
I
enemy,
shall
Again
pipe in evidence
it from
of my
me.
together,that
It
was
to
When
make.
I should
If I
ever
came
were
held
you
If I had
excuses.
; but
thought
I have
but
to
their evil deeds
world.
defence
no
I have
repeat what
nation.
fought
nothing now
I said before
You
it,
heard
simply this : My lands can

cheated, and basely cheated, in
was
surrender
I call heaven
it
it.
that your
I little
friendship.
councils, except
surrendered
will receive
smoke
in your
doubt
be
Mississippimight
ground, while
great father, the presidentof your
never
I sent
and
"
of
We
the United
this,
only
took
it is
Why do I tell you this ? Because
melancholy truth, that the good things which
prepared;
guilty,I should have come
without
come
by the hand, and I am
againstyou, I would have told you so
to
with
"
conduct
We
departed.
never
received
formed
and
me.
friends,
that
of
friend.
often
are
be my
made
acquainted
I went
of the
You
be
conduct
are
cause
Indians
doing.
be
You
it resembled
"
the
around
common
pipe,
"
this be
have
we
make
If this
here, I
to
counsel
were
strippednaked
are
warriors
my
to
the
you
war.
truth, and
the
called
raise the
to
could
never
Chien.
du
last
the
friend.
your
Prairie
that
If
enemy.
be
enemies,
my
be your
never
friends should
your
make
to
but all in vain.
Missouri, that the
the
by
to
my
resolved
and
pushed
never
from
smoked,
been
above
and
counsel, and
it
were
you
I
enemy,
with
a
againstyou,
feel that
to
I have
that
"
and
my
earth
to
country but
witness, and
with
my
I smoke
sincerity. If you are sincere, you

should
My only desire is, that we
should
grasp
your
sacred
hand, and
PRIMITIVE
for
I claim
all my
with it all the
upon
away
MEN.
93
myself and my tribe the protectionof your country.

pipe touches your lips,may it operate as a blessing
tribe. May the smoke
rise like a cloud and carry
this
When
RED
animosities
which
have
arisen between
that the issue

worthy of statement
peaceful,and in September followingBlack
It is
Commissioners
Another
after
St. Louis, and
at
famous
Indian
western
long periodof
executed
rightingwith
the
have
You
"
to the
taken
agent
Hawk
prisonerwith
me
the
met
Hawk.
States
whites.
The
made
Chien
Prairie du
at
was
treaty of peac^.
the United
capturedand delivered to
finally
is said to be the speech which Black
council
Thunder
Black
was
was
himself
of the
us."
Shortly
forces,he
following
when
:
he
rendered
sur-
"
all my warriors.
I am
defeat you, to hold
not
grieved,for I expected, if I did

trouble
before
much
I surout
rendered.
longer and give you more
I tried hard to bring you into ambush, but your last
Indian
not
was
general understands
fighting. The first one
wise.
When
I saw
that I could not beat you by Indian
so
to rush
on
fighting,I determined
you, and fight you face to
well aimed.
face.
I fought hard.
But your guns
The
were
bullets flew like birds in the air,and whizzed
by our ears like
the wind
through the trees in the winter.
My warriors fell
I saw
around
evil day at
me
; it began to look dismal.
my
The
hand.
dim on
in the morning, and at night
sun
us
rose
much
it sunk
in
the
was
dead
dark
last
and
He
But
is
"
he
has
ashamed.
cheat
of
ought
has
and
making
to be
is
Hawk.
His
will do
with
is not
is
him
afraid
This
heart
He
his bosom.
and
torture
ball of fire.
take
they
as
of
them
from
deceitful.
The
white
of it.
at him
spitefully.But
do not
steal.
their
men
the
The
came,
white
death.
speak bad
does
to
be
and
year after year, to

know
the cause
You
They
men.
despisethe
men
But
homes.
Indian
Indian.
an
their lands.
away
It is known
to all white
war.
ashamed
who
men,
is
now
nothing for which an Indian ought

fought for his countrymen, the squaws
drive
and
like
Black
on
Hawk
against white
them
our
Black
done
He
papooses,
looked
shone
stand
can
coward.
no
He
that
sun
and
longer beats quick in

the white
men
; they
no
prisoner to
wish.
cloud
the
Indians
of the
Indian
not
tell lies.
Indians
are
and
not
look
Indians
ORDER
IMPROVED
94
"An
in
wolves.
the
hand
as
bad
would
be
white
The
men
deal
looks, and
false
of
; he
nation
our
is
who
Indian
them, and
ruin their wives.
keep away
from
and
us,
coiled
they
poisoned
us
danger.
We
to
make
"
told
We
themselves
them
touch.
We
We
looked
father.
We
were
our
beaver
and
squaws
starving. We
The spirit
of
and
warm
He
contented.
and
there
does
Indians.
do
men
not
were
white
of them
duty.
"
is
Indian
true
feels for
avenge
He
The
It
and
up
dug
heart
of
was
the
Black
led his warriors
the
His
our
avenge
council-fire.
he
to
keep
pure
He
world
of
to
spirits
father will meet
nation
wrongs.
disdains
to
they
them.
few
cry
him
their fate.
do
His
worse
"
there
officers
The
as
But
and
the
white
they poison
will not
countrymen
like the white
years, become
them, and
like
friends.
for his nation
laments
but
with
can't trust
them
and
cares
settlements,nearly as many
your
Things
forest.
to
us
his wife, his children, and
for himself.
that you
Farewell, my
fair
us
him.
They will suffer.

not
scalp the head,
and
to
the
when
his
scalped,but they will,in

so
great
drying up, and

from
to keep them
built a large fire.
the
He
care
in
liars,
our
gave
in the
and
spoke
his bosom
done
to
satisfaction.
victuals
will go
has
lived
springswere
He
heart ; it is not
men,
up
They
We
went
war-whoop
ready, and the
set
in
We
deer
no
is satisfied.
Hawk
He
We
snake.
workers.
no
before
spoke
knives
commend
"Black
woman.
all
high
got
and
paths,
our
great council
and
arose
alone
deceive
hypocrites and
no
great council
We
our
swelled
battle.
be
His
let
beset
the
by
to
us
face
the
drunk,
safe.
not
Spirit.
without
fathers
pleasant.
tomahawk
Hawk
called
our
like the
were
fled ; the
were
papooses
die.
or
wrongs
the
Great
were
and
opossum
and
like them,
encouraged.
and big promises, but we
There
were
growing worse.
words
he
the
to
up
to
on
adulterers, lazy drones, all talkers and

"
them
us,
among
becoming,
were
up
they smile in
they shake them
him
live
not
by the
they carry
eat
schoolmasters
they followed
but
their
by
bad
cheat
to
get their confidence,
to
and
death,
to
put
could
men
in false actions ;
Indian
poor
the white
as
are
MEN.
RED
OF
must
men,
be,
to
as
take
in the
care
in order.
!
He
Black
drank
Hawk
the
tried to
blood
of
save
some
and
you
of the
96
ORDER
IMPROVED
for your
danger
sakes.
OF
Father, how
RED
MEN.
lives have
many
been
Nations
?
have suffered and been
your account
Children have lost parents, brothers, and relatives !
Wives
lost husbands
may
weakened
on
before
may,
perhaps, think
your
enemy.
want
me
Do
up
long
conclude
the
to
with
peace
Father,
I have
have
perish
said that you
Think
that
not
although now
you
Long-Knives, you
them.
thoughtlesslyrushing on
this, father.
that
me
perpetualenmity
keep
more
many
fool for thus
believe
not
how
end
an
convince
to
sense
known
will be at
war
your
is not
It
lost
Father, you
pretend
to
before
may
say
love
you
This you have often told them, and

your children, the Indians.
indeed it is your interest to say so to them, that you may
have
them
you
at
love
can
than
attention
have
same
the
of
act
skin like
going to
as
hunter
rushing
weapon
you
Father, pay
ting
setyou, father, are
dog
enemy
your
much
enemy
the
game, while
of yours, with the
on
I may
me,
gave
better
own
your
that
yourselves?
his
that
on
from
general)"on
sets
believe
can
us
While
say.
in
Indians
a
of
different color
white
am
manner
destructive
bloody
(meaning the
in
am
But, father, who
people of
what
to
me"
who
those
in the
service.
your
perchance happen
place from whence

you started me, and
what shall I see ?
Perhaps I may see my father shaking hands
with the Long-Knives ; yes, with these very people he now
calls
I may
his enemies.
then see
him laugh at my follyfor having
mand.
obeyed his orders, and yet I am now
riskingmy life at his comFather, keep what I have said in remembrance.
Now,
to
look
back
is what
father, here
me."
to
the
has
(With these words
with the
hatchet
scalpupon
what
you
he handed
it,above
ordered
with
done
been
the
to
you
gave
the stick to the commandant,
mentioned.)
me
hatchet
do,
"
I have
found
and
it
done
with
sharp.
the
theless,
Never-
No, I did not.

might have done.
I felt compassion for your enemy.
My heart failed within me.
Innocence
and
women
(helpless
children)had no part in your
quarrels; therefore I distinguished I spared. I took some
live flesh, which, while I was
bringing to you, I spied one of
In a few days you
I put it for you.
which
on
your large canoes,
I did not
do all that I
"
will
with
this flesh,and
recover
your
saved.
own.
You,
Father,
find that
I
father, have
the skin is of the
hope you will

the
means
destroywhat
preservingthat
not
of
same
color
I have
which
PRIMITIVE
with
perish for
would
me
RED
MEN,
warrior
The
want.
97
is poor,
his
and
always empty, but your house, father, is always full."

Heckewelder
comium
highly praised this speech, concluding his enIt is but justicehere to say that Pipe was
follows :
as
character
of the
well acquainted with the noble and generous
is
cabin
"
this
British officer to whom
speech
addressed.
was
He
country, an honor to the British

livingin his own
obeyed the orders of his superiors,in employing the
fightagainst us, but he did it with reluctance and
much
as
in his power
was
Captain Pipe, and,
esteemed
He
the horrors
pleased with
the
humane
have
of
conduct
Indians
this Indian
to
softened
as
warfare.
doubt,
no
He
name.
of that abominable
I
is ^still
well
was
chief, whose
sagacityin this instance is no less deserving of praise than his

eloquence."
But probably the roost noted
specimen of Indian eloquence
is that of Logan, the famous
Mingo chief. Jefferson,in his notes
on
Virginia,published the facts alluded to in the speech of
Logan. Logan was one of the most noted chiefs in Indian story.
He
the Indians.
His name
is still perpetuated among
was
a
of the Cayuga nation of the League of the Iroquois.
member
and greatness of soul in peace, few, if
For magnanimity in war
surpassed Logan. He took no part in
any, in any nation ever
the French
which
wars
ended
the
always acknowledged
was
murdered
Michael
by
in which
extent.
whites
was
It
sent
treaty.
I
cabin
He
appeal
to
him
to
sent, in
to
any
under
all the
Logan
in his
own
reply,the following:
to
say, if
he gave
not
he clothed
him
not.
ever
meat
until
ously
treacherof
Captain
dastardlyand
more
in the camp
if he would
know
white
command
bitter
the
to
in
the famous
him
hungry, and
naked, and
remained
brutallyand
concluded
finally
delivered
not
was
people
his vengeance
in said treaty, when
in council, but
was
and
wreaked
peacemaker
of the white
provocation.
no
Although desiring peace,
more.
"
Logan
that of
save
familywas
was
it had
treaty of peace
resulted
made.
was
friend
massacre
because
followed
1760
party of whites
The
Cresap.
indefensible
which
his entire
1774, when
the year
in
war
fullest
conference
speech of Logan
of Governor
would
not
cabin
until
indorse
Dunthe
meet
a
ger
messen-
the
proposed
entered
Logan's
"
he
; if
ever
he
came
cold
ORDER
IMPROVED
98
the
During
"
idle in his cabin, an
remained
love for the whites, that my

'
I had
"
thought
even
injuriesof
have
not
even
There
"
thought
turn
writingsof
The
Not
one
hundred
illustrative of Indian
spring,in cold
relations of Logan ;
all the
children.
blood
in the veins
I have
of fear.
Logan
do
his life.
save
of any
living
sought
it.
For
vengeance.
But
to
for the
but
you,
of peace.
joy
his heel
on
Logan ?
for
beams
my
last
gluttedmy
fully
is the
mine
that
will not
mourn
the
rejoiceat
country
with
for revenge.
me
on
I have
killed many.
have
He
called
This
creature.
was
men.'
Cresap, the
unprovoked, murdered
and
sparingmy women
not a drop of my
runs
Such
pointed as they passed,
lived
blood, and
Logan
war,
for peace.
countrymen
to
MEN.
long bloody
advocate
Colonel
man.
one
RED
is the friend of white
said, Logan
and
last
the
of
course
OF
my
harbor
not
felt fear.
never
Who
is there
to
"
years
Various
character.
with
abound
ago
phases
anecdotes
shown
are
in
which
have
been selected from a large number
of
following,
similar import.
An
the French
to
Wit.
Ottaway chief, known
by the
Count
of Whitejohn, was
Frontenac
a
name
great drunkard.
he thought brandy to be made
of ; he replied,
that
asked what
the
"
his
French.
English
more,
as
he
discovered
Island
of the
Five
in
French
the
"
was
about
was
who
life,and
for I have
Recklessness.
Long
"
father, who
own
given me
once
chief
Just
head, he
no
"
of the
battle
and
talk, too, with astonishingfreedom
can
Honor.
side
"For," said he, "when

tongues
of it,my heart is a thousand
plentifully
strong,
drunken
I have
and
of hearts
be made
it must
he
now
paid the
was,
In Connecticut
Sound,
is
Nations, who
wars,
narrow
rapidity."
fought
chanced
to
on
meet
fightingon the side of

to deal a deadly blow
upon
and
give it to
debt
and
owed
said
to
Let
you.
me
"
You
in
the
his
have
meet
you
miles
from
you."
River, about
of
him,
the
five
"200
yards only,formed
Through this chasm
of solid rock.
shelving mountains
are
compelled to pass all the waters which in the time of the
floods bury the northern
country." It is a frightful
passage of
author expresses
about 400 yards in length. No boat, or, as an
known
to
was
ever
it, "no
livingcreature
pass through this
by
two
PRIMITIVE
except
narrow,
RED
woman."
Indian
an
MEN.
This
99
had
woman
taken
under-
river
the
just above, and although she had the

god Bacchus by her side,yet Neptune prevailedin spiteof their
hurried
the frightful
united efforts,and the canoe
down
was
thus hurrying to certain destruction,
was
gulf. While this woman
to
cross
she
as
had
did not
and
bottle of rum,
to
reason
every
take
seized
expect, she
it from
her mouth
her
upon
until the
last
quaffed. She was

marvellouslypreserved, and was
actuallypicked up several miles below, floatingin the canoe,
When
it was
known
what
still quite drunk.
she had done, and
she dared
drink
much
with the
to
so
rum
being asked how
drop
was
prospect of certain
it
knew
too
was
of it should
any
before
death
for
much
her, she
time
one
but
answered
she
that
she
unwillingthat
was
be lost.
certain tribe of
a
missionary,residingamong
one
Indians, was
day, after he had been preaching to them,
invited by their chief to visit his wigwam.
After
having been
kindly entertained, and being about to depart, the chief took
him
She had
by the hand, and said, I have very bad squaw.
Justice.
"
"
little children.
two
One
she
loved
well, the
other
she
hated.
I was
night, when
hunting in the woods, she
gone
it froze to death.
shut it out of the wigwam and
What
must
with her ?
The
be done
be
missionary replied, She must
said the chief, "go, then, and hang your
hanged." "Ah!"
God, whom
just like her."
you make
A hunter, in his wanderings for game,
fell
Magnanimity.
of Virginia,and by reason
the back settlements
of the
among
induced
to seek
inclemency of the weather, was
refuge at the
he met
Admission
house
of a planter,whom
at his door.
was
refused
him.
Being both hungry and thirsty,he asked for a
In
cold
"
"
"
of bread
morsel
case,
Indian
"
No
and
dog
It
came
to
of water,
nothing
happened, in
planter lost himself

travel, he
cup
shall have
! you
"
in the
an
but
here.
process
woods, and
Indian's
answered
was
Get
you
in every
gone,
of time, that this

after
cabin, into which
you
same
fatiguingday's
he
was
comed.
wel-
inquiringthe way, and the distance to the white

settlements, being told by thq Indian that he could not go in
the night,and
being kindly offered lodging and victuals, he
In
gladlyrefreshed and reposed himself in the Indian's cabin.
On
ORDER
OF
RED
conducted
him
through
IMPROVED
100
the
Indian
the
morning
agreeably to his promise

sightof the habitations of
his leave of the
if he
him
thus
in the
dumb
with
began
at
The
to his friends.
of these
Deception.
make
brought from
dog
author
to
ladyof
"the
sugar
asked
then
"
not
the
name
don't
him
islands,"gave
to
return
difficult to say, which

of Christian."
fine oranges
some
poor
again,'Get
say
vessel, having
see
you
dismissed
It is
to
at
said,"When
water,
He
adds,
take
to
full in the face, and
and
cold
'
captain of
The
present
of
'
about
was
in
came
findinghimself
had so inhumanly treated, and
it was
the manner
requited,he
and
beg a thousand
pardons,
he
man
cup
he
Horror-struck
excuses,
As
him
the best claim
had
two
whites.
interrupted him,
Indian
you
make
length to
gone,
the
thinking of
on
fainting for
Indians
you
shame
the Indian
when
of
power
wilderness,
night before, until they
him.
know
the
the
planter,he looked
did not
MEN.
which
them
to
desire
he had
Indian
an
to
just
in his
employ to carry to her. Lest he should not perform the office

punctually,he wrote a letter to her, to be taken along with the
present, that she might detect the bearer if he should fail to
of
deliver the whole
the
with
he
and
entrusted
was
journey, reflected
the
during
what
how
he
found
be
with.
The
Indian,
refresh
should
'himself
Not
having any apprehension

of the manner
of communication
cluded
by writing,he conthat it was
only necessary to keep his design secret from
the letter itself,
supposing that would tell of him if he did not.
He
therefore laid it upon
the ground and rolled a large stone
he regaled himself
it,and retired to some
distance, where
upon
and
then
with several of the oranges,
proceeded on his journey.
and
the
On
letter to the lady, she
deliveringthe remainder
oranges
him
asked
delivered
several
where
all.
more
not
the
She
rest
told
and
she
his
falsehood, and
must
believe
not
of the
him
which
sent, to
out.
that
he
it.
letter
the
answered
But
he
; he
were
oranges
said
that
was
there
the
had
were
letter lied,
in
confronted
soon
begging forgiveness of
said he
the
offence,
was
pardoned.
Shrewdness.
was
"
As
Governor
superintendingsome
an
able-bodied
on,
as
of
Indian, who,
pastime,
to
see
his
Joseph Dudley
his workmen,
he
half-naked, would
men
work.
The
of Massachusetts
took
come
notice
and
governor
of
look
took
PRIMITIVE
occasion
day
one
wherewith
clothes
to
him
need
to
work.
said
he
"
with
work
my hands
work
if any
would
said he wanted
did
himself.
fingerto his head, said,
his
MEN.
he
why
cover
did not
he
asking him why
ask
to
RED
work
not
The
The
Indian
I work
head
as
should."
you
would
one
and
get
by
pointingwith
work, and
have
so
Indian
The
him.
employ
some
answered
governor,
no
then
The
that, if he would
calf killed,and
IOI
ernor
gov-
go"and
would
give him a shilling.He accepted the offer,and

went
immediately and killed the calf,and then went sauntering
The governor, on observingwhat he had done,
about as before.
asked him why he did not dress the calf before he left it. The
Indian answered,
in the bargain
not
No, no, Coponoh ; that was
for killing
him.
Am
he no dead,
to have a shilling
; I was
witted,
Coponoh ? (governor). The governor, seeing himself thus outtold him to dress it and he would give him another shilling.
This
the Indian
done, and in possession of two
shillings,
short
After
a
stay, he
goes directlyto a grog-shop for rum.
he had given him a bad
returned to the governor
and told him
piece,and presented a brass one to be exchanged. The
shilling
thinking possiblyit might have been the case, gave
governor,
him
It was
not
another.
long before he returned a second
time with another
brass
shillingto be exchanged. The governor
convinced
of his knavery, but not
was
now
caring to
do it,he
"
"
make
words
got four
The
for
shillings
determined
governor
letter
service.
The
letter
orderinghim
that all
to
master,
carry the
The
return.
the fellow
him
gave
to
half
the
for his
corrected
after,told him
directed
was
the rogue
soon
and
letter
consequence
whipped.
When
he felt
little
no
him
the road, the Indian
on
governor
thus
he must
for the
crown
keeper
take
of
bridewell,
give the bearer so many lashes, but mistrusting

of the
exactlyagreeable,and meeting a servant
to
not
was
have
to
for him
Boston
to
another, and
one.
abuse, and, meeting with

a
him
the time, gave
at
the
this
was,
at
him, in the
he
immediately,as
governor
chagrin
ordered
learned
being
thus
name
in
was
of his
haste
to
twice
egregiously
had taken
place,
outwitted
by the
time
after this, but
servant
what
got
Indian.
He
did
not
see
length,fallingin
the
with
fellow
for
him, asked
some
him
by
what
means
he
at
had
IMPROVED
102
ORDER
deceived
and
him
OF
RED
MEN.
times.
Taking the governor

play,he answered, pointingwith his finger to
again in his own
The
work!"
his head, "Head
work, Coponoh, head
governor
that
he
well
the
whole
offence.
was
so
forgave
pleased
Indian
An
his
chief, on
being asked whether
Equality.
free, answered,
Why not, since I myselfam free,
people were
although their king ?
An
had
for many
aged Indian, who
Matrimony.
years
time
the white
people,both in Pennsylvania
spent much
among
that
and New
day, about the year 1770, observed
Jersey,one
easier way of getting a wife
the Indians had not only a much
certain way of getting a good
than the whites, but also a more
court
For," said he, in broken
one.
English, white man
cheated
so
many
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
court
Well
marry
not
so
be
may
"
as
soon
"
"
have
must
Well,
now
morning ! Scold
must
keep him
be
all
!
day
ever
Indian
he
industrious
see
close
fore-fingers
look
yes !
squaw
know
squaw
"
no
meat.
Toleration.
each
scold
people
so
cross
do ?
him
Indian,
home
well what
smile
Indian
do
one
this is all
"
he be
danger
no
"
like
two
if he
cross
then
"
he say
one
cross
two
No,
! throw
no
him
band
husno
Squaw love to eat meat
Squaw do everything to please husband, he
live happy."
please squaw
!
"
"
"
In
"
him
"
him, place his
to
go
other, make
see
"
another
everythingto
an
face
too
take
and
away
in the
he take
so
"
aside
he
squaw,
be
may-
"
White
"
he
! scold
cross
suppose
when
do
in the
get awake
but
"
cross
very
before
"
all one
he
sleep!
wife he
law forbidding throw
away
Well, how does
keep him always
until
"
be two
year
may
years
then he get very good wife
maybe
"
maybe
"
whole
one
American
the
to
great attention, and
year
1791,
two
England, where,
many
flocked
around
Creek
chiefs
nied
accompa-
usual, they attracted
as
them
their ideas of certain
as
well
to
learn
things as to behold "the savages." Being

their opinion of religion,
asked
of what
or
religionthey were,
made
that they had no
one
answer
priestsin their country, or
established religion,
for they thought that upon a subjectwhere
gether
altothere was
of people'sagreeing,and as it was
no
possibility
of mere
matter
best that every one
a
opinion, it was
should
his own
paddle his canoe
way." Here is a volume of
"
instruction
in
short
answer
of
savage
IMPROVED
104
but
the
on
ORDER
first fit
OF
opportunity
MEN.
RED
remonstrated
against his judgment and said to him,

we
preach a religionof justice,if we
judgment ?
To
"
do
severely
very
what
do
purpose
unrighteousness in
"
contrasted.
Characters
for
remarkable
from
the
State, and
of families
number
the
to
fixed
himself
people came
of
alone.
die, Indian
die, no
can
live here."
no
of his child, and
Shawano
He
to
to
took
"
"
When
him
make
miles
200
white
him.
help bury
his farm,
up
he went
his
grave
dug up
through
the
the
!
Torture.
escape
"
Some
years
from
move
their
ago
tations,
habi-
Muskohge warrior, known

by the
of old Scrany, prisoner. They bastinadoed
him severely,
name
and
him
condemned
He
underwent
to the
a
fiery torture.
His countenance
and
great deal without showing any concern.
behavior
their way
he
"
me
Indians, being obliged to
in
only child,when
them,
to
gave
Indians
where
ill-treated,yet
not
of his
sorry
carried it with
Singular Stratagem
the
be
land
prevented any sympathy
said
speak
one
of
grant
Shortly afterwards
and
man
tribe,
township
new
death
him.
near
forests,to join the Canada

A
Kennebeck
a
Though
at the
inhabitants
child
my
shown
was
the
child
When
in
settled.
were
of the
some
body
conduct, received
This
man's
of the
good
him.
none
Indian
prejudiceagainstIndians
common
with
his
An
"
were
if he
as
persecutors, with
had
gained most
nation, and
that
he
was
and
him
to
when
had
protection of the divine
carrying the
enemies, yet he
enable
was
superioras
that, although he
impurity or other, when

would
he
their
much
forfeited the
his devoted
voice, that
pain.
He
warrior
told his
; that
he
of the
martial reputationat the expense
desirous of showing them, in the act of dying,
gallant countrymen
hands
the least
not
of his
stillas
was
suffered
bold
had
so
punish himself
he
headed
fallen into
power
by
his
their
some
against
holy ark of war
much
remaining virtue as
than all
more
exquisitely
their
despicable,ignorant crowd
possibly could, and that he
do so, if they
ing
would
gave him libertyby untying him, and handhim
of tha red-hot gun-barrelsout of the fire. The
one
of address
proposal and his method
appeared so exceedingly
bold and
that
uncommon
seizingone
end
his
of the
request
red-hot
denly
sudgranted. Then
barrel, and brandishing it
was
PRIMITIVE
from
side to side, he
into
small
island,and
bullets,and
of
of
he
and
though naked,
prodigious steep and high

river,dived through it,ran
a
over
the
numbers
in
branch, amidst
of his enemies
into
got
105
passed the other
though
him,
down
leaped
branch
bank
MEN.
RED
bramble
in close
were
of
suit
pur-
through which,
swamp,
mangled condition, he
shower
his
reached
own
country.
Unparalleled Case
An
captured
warrior
of
the
of
The
Suffering.
"
Anantoocah
Shawano
nation
the stake, according to
their
usual
unconcernedly suffered
much
torture, he
cruel
Indians
him
and, put
solemnities.
told
them
to
Having
with
scorn
how
therefore
to punish a noted
they did not know
enemy,
he was
willingto teach them and would confirm the truth of
his assertion if they allowed him the opportunity. Accordingly,
he requested of them
a pipe and
some
tobacco, which was
given
he had
him.
As soon
as
lighted it,he sat down, naked as he
his
the women's
within
on
burning torches, that were
was,
composure
circle,and continued
smoking his pipe,without the least disOn
this,a head warrior leaped up and said they
saw
plainenough that he was a warrior and not afraid of dying,
should he have
both
nor
died, only that he was
spoiledby the
fire and devoted
to it by their laws ; however, though he was
a
and his nation a treacherous
people,it
very dangerous enemy,
in one
should be seen
that they paid a reward
to bravery,even
that
who
marked
was
lives of their
with
his
with
streaks, at
war
beloved
kindred.
of many
cost
then
And
friendlytomahawk,
the
by
instantlyput
of favor
way
end
an
of the
he,
all his
to
pains.
At
the
Congress
of Virginia and
at Lancaster, in 1744, between
the government
the Five
told that, if they would
were
Nations, the Indians
send some
of their young
the English would
to Virginia,
men
give them an education at their college. An orator
repliedto
Their
Notions
this offer
kind
of
of
to
you.
are
Learning of
follows
as
"
learningtaught
our
young
We
good by your
who
of
wise
men,
We
the
know
in those
that
"
you
you, would
that
proposal and
must
know
we
that
mean
nance
mainte-
the
be very
convinced, therefore, that you
are
the
highlyesteem
and
colleges,
with
while
Whites.
expensive
to
do
us
heartily. But you

you
different
have
different nations
thank
IMPROVED
106
ORDER
conceptionsof things,and
if our
with
We
will therefore
you
had
have
MEN.
RED
of education
ideas of this kind

yours.
OF
take
not
happen
to
not
experience of it.
some
it amiss
be
same
Several
of
formerlybrought up at the collegesof

people were
instructed
in all your
ences,
scithe northern
provinces; they were
back to us, they were
bad runners
but when
they came
;
of
livingin the woods ; unable to bear
ignorant of every means
either cold or hunger ; knew
nothing how to build a cabin, take
kill an enemy;
a deer, or
spoke our language imperfectly; were,
counsellors ; they
therefore, neither fit for hunters, warriors, nor
were
totallygood for nothing. We are, however, not the less
decline accepting it,and
obliged by your kind offer,though we
of it,if the gentlemen of Virginia
to show
our
gratefulsense
our
young
will send
of their
dozen
us
their education, instruct
in all
them
will take
we
sons,
great
know, and
we
of
care
make
men
them."
of
of
Success
Missionary.
Those
"
who
have
attempted
to
complain that they are too silent,

and that their taciturnity
the greatest difficulty
with which
was
Their notions of proprietyupon
matters
they have to contend.
nice that they deem
it improper in the
of conversation
are
so
contradict anything that is said,
to deny or
highestdegree even
hence
the difficulty
of knowing what
effect
at the time, and
anything has upon their minds at the time of delivery. In this
they have a proper advantage, for how often does it happen
that people would
matter
answer
a
were
upon
very differently
they to consider upon it but a short time ! The Indians seldom
of importance the same
answer
a matter
day, lest,in so doing,
of
they should be thought to have treated it as though it was
small consequence.
We
oftener repent of a hasty decision than
that we
have lost time in maturing our
for the
judgment. Now
Christianize
the
anecdote, which
A
Swedish
Susquehannah
them
with
is founded
the
Indians
is
up
"
Indians, made
as
thank
the
fall of
Christ
him.
When
to
he
"What
facts
our
first
repairthe
had
you
the
to
sermon
principalhistorical
; such
to
minister, having assembled
apple ; the coming of

and
etc.
sufferings,
stood
follows
as
of
the
them, acquainting
which
religion
parents by eating an
on
mischief
finished,
have
chiefs
an
our
; his miracles
Indian
orator
told us," said he, "is
PRIMITIVE
all very
coming
from
and
beans,
"
tell
how
"
me
those
missionaryone
been suppliedwith
they had
tobacco,
is
very
us
he
"
to
treated
it with
it
"
rules
and
Curiosity.
"
people are
our
incommode
rules of
"as
much
wish
we
be
to
them, and
upon
This
private.
of want
of what
notice
no
"
bushes
passes,
imprint it
of the council, and
the records
in
stipulations
treaties
hundred
in
have," say they,

into
where
towns,
our
for this purpose

to
pass,
is to
in their memories
it to their children.
communicate
and
writing),
they
of instructions
women
(forthey have
of the
towns,
our
into your company."

business
The
of the
Conversation.
who
we,
into
are
ourselves
have
stories.
come
them, gaze
effect
behind
felt
all your
you
ourselves
you
that
hide
of
are
the
what
instructed
but
exact
They
and
said,
"
desire
they
and
friends
not
see
"
intrude
Rules
they have
cora,,
Indian
your
Indians
round
or
and good manners.

We
civility
curiosityas you, and when you come
for opportunitiesof looking at you ;
never
take
where
ours
crowd
to
seems
rules, believe
of the
any
apt
them
the
and
When
great rudeness
esteem
we
believe
to
maize
The
You
civility.
common
practisethose
refuse
do you
Why
of
legends
contempt,
falsehood."
indignant,and replied, My brother,

in your education
not done you justice
of the
truths ; but
sacred
were
you
fable,fiction,and
mere
you in the
understand
07
apples. It is better to
much
obliged by your
thingswhich you have
eat
are
told the
had
I delivered
What
We
to
far to tell
so
Indian
of his nation,
bad
MEN.
mothers."
your
the
When
cider.
all into
in
kindness
heard
It is indeed
good.
them
make
RED
they
tradition
preserve
years back, which, when
with our
He
that
writings,we always find exact.
compare
would speak rises. The rest observe a profound silence.
When
we
he
has
to
to
say,
finished,and
sits down,
recollect,that, if he
or
has
interruptanother,
highly indecent.
Lost
of
Confidence.
his countrymen,
inhabitants
information.
has
anything to add,
To
"
even
An
The
in
omitted
he may
common
Indian
requested
in council, as
they leave
the
he wanted
him
five
six minutes
or
anything he
rise
again
and
intended
deliver it.
conversation, is reckoned
runner,
arrivingin
immediate
their
village
attendance
answer
people accordinglyassembled,
to
but
of its
important
when
the
IOS
IMPROVED
messenger
had, with
waited
an
that
for
proceeding, who
other
an
Indian
chief
at
once
in
his
for his text
taken
on
Indian
vow
me
time, "Vow
soon
home
go
with
vowed
again,saying,
'"It
arrived
finished,he
this time
Now
in his
vow
him
below
to
had
the' tone
the
go and
killed
His
mouth
of
them
They permitted him

morning by sunrise.
The
"
You
to
up
him,
to
Now
"
the
me
priest,having
must
go
minister, the
then."
Indian
supper." When
me
stay all night." The
taxed, replied,
sufficiently
The
go in the morning."
of his host that
"
before
Frenchman
day.
see
shall
clergyman had
Lord
thy vows."
more
vows
would
morning.
time
some
after took
soon
next
be
have
me
vow
you
said
of the
vow
Signal Barbarity.
life,that
Indians
British
of
home
me
be useless,departed in the
Case
to
came
stepped
said,
thinking himself
Indian, judging from

A
"
of Adam,
way
Great
him
Spirit
Minister."
said, "Me
be so, but
may
Mr.
the
at
who
present,
command,
at
"
priest,
by
and
the
the
unto
pay
finished,and
you,
of evasion
he
had
be
had
When
was
The
very
his sword, too ?
they
certain
"
and
to
he
as
language
this
hatchet.
the
Indian, accosted
thank
added, "Me
on
great expression of
inquired how
replied, O, by
his Word.
at
happened
priest as
and
brothers."
nearer
Preacher
An
the
an
"
man
Indian
The
suppose."
with
Man,
countenance,
white
The
brothers.
Red
sword,
bury
meeting
man,
President
his countrymen,
the President
white
presented
which
burying
done
wrong
The
of
act
does not
"
brother.
meaning
no
the
Why
"
Self-esteem.
as
in the
seen
lie."
of
with
armed
us
officer
an
side
one
representedas
saw
wiselyasked,
we
observed
soon
told
once
1794,
"
was
He
"
About
Question.
chief with a medal, on
Washington
no
this answer,
gave
Serious
western
he
given,and
was
none
answer,
and
message
was
present
him
his
great anxiety,delivered
likelyto be left alone in his place. A stranger

asked
a
principalchief the meaning of this strange
he
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
It
is related
the
at
war
of
Prairie
by
Black
1812,
du
one
Chien.
Hawk,
of the
"The
him
prisoner,and said they would shoot

family were
encamped a short distance
the
Ouisconsin.
that
night,as
to
go, after
He
He
begged permission
to die the next
was
day.
the next
promising to return
he
visited his
family,which
consisted
of
PRIMITIVE
six children.
wife and
RED
MEN.
I cannot
109
describe
their
meeting
and
by the whites, as it appears that their

partingto be understood
by their
feelingsare acted upon by certain rules laid down
are
governed only by the monitor within
preachers,whilst ours
He parted from his wife and children, hurried through the
us.
The
soldiers were
to the fort,and arrived in time.
prairie
ready",*
marched
and
shot
out
him
down."
and immediately
had
husband
in
Much
Mourning
been
Time.
Short
dead
"
widow, whose
young
about
eight days, was

hastening to
in order that she might be married
finish her grief,
to a young
She
warrior.
was
in a
determined, therefore, to grieve much
To this end she tore
short time.
her hair, drank
and
spirits,
flow abundantly,
beat her breast, to make
the tears
by which
the evening of the eighth day, she was
on
means,
ready again
to marry,
having grievedsufficiently.
How
the
over
evade
to
for the
Hard
him
and
said
When
--
Mr.
Gist
went
where
the land
This
evaded
it
subjects to
taking up
great
that
lay ;
Ohio
Harmless
the
"
the
In
of
house
time
Governor
the
it hard
Indians
same
Deception.
visited
Beaver,
French
River, and
king, and all

and
possessing the land
prescribedby the king.
the
the
man,
for the
Gist found
questionMr.
by saying
their
land
side of the
one
other.
conditions
Indian's
the
on
that
(two chiefs of the Delawares),desired
Captain Oppamyluah
know
Question.
Alleghanies,in February, 1751, on a tour of discovery

Ohio
Company, an Indian, who spoke good English,
to
came
and
had
in
of
English
to
men
on
and
answer,
white
an
claimed
were
to
all
the
he
all
equal privilegeof
conformitywith
Indian
and
troubles,
Jenks of Rhode
an
the
dian
In-
Island,
to request him, that, if any

took occasion
governor
know
to let him
to his wigwam
it,
strange Indian should come
his fidelity,
the
which
the Indian promised to do ; but to secure
when
the
governor
told him
that when
he
give him
flip. Some
should
such
tion
informa-
time after the

of
give him a mug
Indian came
Well, Mr. Gobenor, strange Indian come
again.
and what
house
last night !
Ah," says the governor,
my
did he say?"
He no speak,"repliedthe Indian.
"What, no
"No, he no speak at all."
speak at all?" added the governor.
and inThat
said his excellency,
certainlylooks suspicious,"
he
would
"
"
"
"
"
"
quired
if he
ordered
the
promised
Indian
the
of and
Gobenor,
squaw
my
alarm
was
concerning these
interest.
the
big buffalo
Ohio,
we
They
were
bones
of
have
to
bones
animal
; and
been
defects
with
tradition
The
of
one
the
carnivorous,
was
which
to
the
salt licks
the
has
been
never
Peale's
in
springsin
or
entire
an
Philadelphia,
supplying its
in
Museum
parts of America.
and
Some
existed
late
as
1780 in
as
in the time
Delawares
tucky
Ken-
skeleton
such.
concerning this animal
Indians
in
country, but
parts of the
in various
perfect,that, by a little ingenuityin

woodwork, it passed extremely well for
near
so
the
about
There
found, although the
he
on
found
Ohio.
and
was
interestingtradition
Indians, will always be read
they belonged they called
followingvery
among
greatest abundance
the
papoose.
earlymaps of the country of the

marked, "Elephants' bones said to be found here."
see
time by many
for some
supposed to have been the
believed
now
that animal, but they are
pretty generally
belonged to a species of animal long since extinct.
have
They
last
new-born
The
"
The
with
"Mr.
ernor's
night." And thus the govsuddenly changed into disappointment,and
Bones.
Mammoth
was,
disposed
was
mildly said,
depart, he
to
child
have
into
Indian
the strange
about
was
this
flip. When
of
mug
he
that
being told
still there, and
were
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
no
the
is,that
northern
of the Revolutionary
Virginiaon business, which

ing
having been finished,some
questionswere
put to them concerntheir country, and especiallywhat
they knew or had heard
respectingthe animals whose bones had been found about the
the Ohio
salt licks on
River.
The chief speaker,"continues
our
author, Mr. Jefferson, "immediately put himself into an
visited the
War
of
governor
"
attitude
of oratory, and, with

the
follows
came
of the
been
"
elevation
In ancient
to the
of
his
times,
Big-bone Licks,
subject,"began
herd
and
for the
use
of the
of these
began
bear, deer, elks, buffaloes

created
suited
pomp
and
what
and
universal
other
The
he
ceived
con-
repeated
tremendous
an
Indians.
to
animals
great
as
animals
destruction
which
man
had
above
so
lookingdown and seeing this was
enraged that he seized his
to
the earth, and
himself
seated
a
lightning,descended
on
neighboring mountain, on a rock of which his seat and the print
of his feet
are
still to be seen,
and
hurled
his bolts among
them
to
this resolution
than
them,
He
miracle
that
the
fired upon
Each
him.
pursued
the
met
itself
to
had
him.
closely
it is almost
and
other
either
rescue
who
enemy,
of the little retreating

party
none
to
death
than
worse
was
and
about
faced
therefore
destroyed,for
was
of the rest,
the exclusion
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
112
hurt.
were
The
ing
long, from fear of raisingthe neighbortheir
and
hence
could
object,
complete
English before they
the part of the familyescaped to a place of safety.
We
to enter
now
are
fullyinto the relation of this very tragedy.
There
was
livingin the house of Mr. Duston, as nurse,
in sharing the
heroic conduct
Mrs. Mary Neff, a widow, whose
in her power,
will always
fate of her mistress, when
escape was
Indians
be
did
not
pursue
admiration.
with
viewed
undisturbed
possessionof
sick
from
the
woman
of the
corner
This
the house.
at the
approach
take
her
attempted
were
house, and
of
considered
driven
sit
to
herself unable
night obligedto march

the cold ground.
upon
with
the
into
to
the
Mrs.
infant child, but
in
now
having
bed, compelled her
before
bed
the
Indians
while they completed the

fire-place
business being finished,it was
set on
Duston, who
Mrs.
and
her
The
the
the
quietly in
pillageof
fire,and
walk,
was
wilderness
Neff,
too
late,
intercepted,
from
the child taken
her, and its brains beaten out against a
company
was
neighboring apple tree, while its nurse
compelled to acher
and
also.
The
new
frightfulmasters
captives
amounted
in all to thirteen, some
of whom,
as
they became
unable
murdered
and
left exposed upon
to travel, were
the
Although it was near
night when they quittedHaverhill,
way.
they travelled,as they judged, twelve miles before encamping;
"and
then," says Dr. Mather, "kept up with their new
masters
in a long travel of an
hundred
and fiftymiles, more
or
less,
few
within a
days ensuing."
After
the
journeying awhile, according to their custom,
Indians
divided their prisoners. Mrs. Duston, Mrs. Neff, and
Samuel
had been
a
Leonardson, who
boy named
captivatedat
Worcester, about eighteen months
before, fell to the lot of an
Indian
three
two
family consistingof twelve persons,
men,
to
escape
was
"
and
women,
were
very
ceremony
children.
seven
kind
which
their
These,
so
far
as
our
accounts
go,
but told them

there was
prisoners,
one
they could not avoid,and to which they would,
to
PRIMITIVE
subjectedwhen
be
they
MEN.
RED
should
arrive
113
their
at
tion,
place of destina-
gauntlet. The place where this was

Indian village250 miles from Haverat an
to be performed was
In their meandering
hill,according to the reckoning of the Indian.
course
they at length arrived at an island in the mourn
which
to
was,
Contookook
of
Here
determined
and
captivity,
presently see,
held
who
the
resided.
men
from
free themselves
their
It
had
their arrival here, that
captives,before
to
Concord, in New
above
Indian
only to gain
not
their wretched
liberty,but,
as
shall
we
from
those
something by way of remuneration
in bondage.
The heroine, Duston, had resolved
first
kill her
to
the
be made
them
the
upon
of
one
by
effort should
an
six miles
River, about
Hampshire.
been
the
run
offered
opportunitythat
scalp them,
and
captors
any
and
chance
to
of success,
home
return
with
ism,
clearlyestablish her reputationfor herowell as
the public. She
insure
her a bounty from
as
her design to Mrs.
Neff and the Engtherefore communicated
lish
boy, who, it would seem, readilyenough agreed to it. To
the art of killing
and scalpingshe was
a
stranger, and that there
such
should
be
the
failure in the
no
from
boy, who,
of
his
Indians,
did so, and
He
would
trophiesas
business,Mrs.
with
long residence
inquireof one
to
the Indian
instructed
them, had
of the
showed
Duston
become
how
men
him, without
it
as
the
one
done.
was
mistrustingthe
March
now
originof the inquiry. It was
31, and in the dead
this bloody tragedy was
of night following,
acted.
When
the
in the most
Indians
sound
were
sleep these three captives
with the tomahawks
and
of
softlyarming themselves
arose,
their masters, allotted the number
each should kill,and so truly
did they direct their blows, that but one
escaped that they
whom
designed to kill. This was a woman
they badly wounded,
and
one
reason
they did not wish to harm, and
boy for some
unhurt.
allowed
Mrs.
Duston
to
accordingly he was
escape
killed her
master,
freelytold
him
and
how
All
ready
were
to
and
but
take off
one
a
day before
scalp.
before
the dawn
was
over
for
leaving this
scuttled, to
and
arms
place
prevent
the
killed the
Leonardson
of
where
to
day, and
of blood.
All
who
man
deal
all
the
camp
so
deadly blow
things were
boats
being pursued, and, with
Indian
had
got
but
what
afforded, they embarked
one
sions
provion
ORDER
IMPROVED
114
Merrimack
River
whole
The
country
astonished
was
which
of
truth
the
the
after
accident.
without
arrived
of
took the course

slowly and silently
for their homes, where
they all soon
other, and
the
board
MEN.
RED
OF
was
for
never
relation of the affair,
at the
doubted.
moment
The
not
evidences
to be
of the Indians were
scalpsand the arms
questioned,and the general court gave them fiftypounds as
showered
were
other gratuities
reward, and numerous
a
upon
Colonel
of Maryland, hearing of
them.
Nicholson, governor
ten
them
transaction, sent
the
alluded
have
handed
talked
the
sachems
was
to
be familiar with
occasions
proper
the
had
rudely carved
on
nation
to
seems
which
animals
had
of the
past and
been
rocks
or
drawn
prepared for that
upon
the
in relation to them, and
information
what
follows
Man
was
we
are
A.
study
valuable
indebted
for
primal stage had
no
thought beyond
the present
toward
tion
civilizasustainingexistence, and his advance
recorded
by the improvements in his implements of
The
dailyuse.
effort towards
implements
objects.
him
give
Frank
the
of
"
in his
of
means
to
skins
These
purpose.
the
us
be able
to
Brother
"picturewritings" of the Indians.
Bates
of Lynn, Mass., who
has given much
time to
and
translation of these "picture writings,"
furnishes
to
written
no
them
frequent intervals to make
in council.
Among all the Indian tribes
certain records
have
prevailedto make
at
custom
were
the traditions
and
the
to
which
considered.
preserved in tradition which was

history was
from generation to generation,having been originally
into their wampum
belts,and placed in charge of
chiefs selected for that purpose, whose
or
duty it
down
known
Indian
the
fact that
be
to
His
records.
at
the
to
present also.
generous
needs
peculiarity
phase of Indian
Another
We
first evidence
the
with
When
of this advance
artistic,in
more
or
he has reached
an
less
that
endeavor
crude
is shown
to
in
decorate
portrayalof
stage in which
an
these
material
he attempts
his
thoughts and wishes to others, he does so either

by pantomimic gesture or an attempt at speaking,and a spoken
language is at first but an attempt to imitate sounds which he
hears and which are expressive of the thought which
he desires
to
convey
to disclose.
Soon
he finds the
of leavingthis
necessity
expres-
PRIMITIVE
in such
sion
the
that
; or, in his
present
makes
form
value
understood
when
he
is not
personallyconvey the thought,he

object which he would describe and sees
material
his
and
first attempts
This
objects.
be
may
for instance, the
Pictography,
as,
for
be
115
to
of this method,
portraituresof
stage of
it may
attempt
of the
image
an
MEN.
RED
likewise
are
called
the
ca-Jiawk
name
would
first
ware
(Dela-
be an
imitation of the
emitted
goose)
the bird and is expressed by a figureof the bird (Fig i),and
that
sound
by
we
slightchange in a figuremakes another expression

of a kindred
thought, as Fig. 2, a man, is by an extension of
the body lines made
to represent a woman
(Fig. 3),a fact apparent
see
all.
to
The
sky (Fig.4)
from
the
not
second
now
Then
For
he would
became
above, which
rain Would
whatever
concern
stage would
and
intelligence
drawn
curve
mind, and
sky (Fig.5).
does
The
his untutored
to
appears
is
be
it
drops falling
this may
purpose
be
tended
ex-
us.
be reached
versed
more
to
commence
is the way
when
in the
these
use
the
of these
use
in
advanced
man
figures.
signs as symbols
of
some
of
qualityor characteristic,as, the deer would be emblematical
of a swift runner.*
speed, and might be taken as the name-totem
Or a winged man
would
be an
expression of a deity,as the
the sun, the source
of lightand heat, hence
abilityto flynearer
divine, would
There
be
would
esteemed
be
imaginationwould
way figureof the
everywhere.
*
(NOTE.
attracts
the
"
deed
of
stillfurther
attribute.
divine
advance
when
the
brought in play,as in the OjibGreat Spirit(Fig.6) which signifies

be
Indian
attention
throughout,or
some
An
as
it may
valor.)
child
of the
be
is first named
from
changed
when
he has earned
incident
whatever
parent, after its birth.
This
a
name,
name
as
may
a
reward
first
stick
for
ORDER
IMPROVED
Il6
used
flauntingstreamers
The
medicine
the
became
hold
to
men,
by
the
who
intelligent,
more
and
admiration
the
hence
of
signification
Medicine," something uncanny,
to
be worshipped (Fig. 7),
hence
and
tact
a
serpent, debased by his conwith the soil and deified by
of his venomous
reason
properties,
would
be a fitting
emblem, when
cine
joined to the above, of "Bad Medi(Fig.8).
would
the respect of the masses,
MEN.
RED
OF
become
soon
"
~-
""
"
The
"
Medicine
Lodge
"
would
its interior screened
have
from
in
would
be signified
as
vulgar gaze by curtains, and soon
Fig. 9.
idle scrawls, and
of the old carvings were
Probably many
commemorative
of important events, as a time of famine
others
which
touched
of plenty,matters
or
deeplyto the heart of the
the
simple
of the
son
forest.
Plenty,or Sight,would
and
Famine,
Sickness,
or
be
dispensationof
Darkness
the
the
good spirits,
result of the
machina-
9.
tions of the Evil
breath
parched the
symbol
for
Indians
Other
Fig.
Canon
or
were
events
whose
earth, or
by
fabulous
the
poisonous
a
great alligator,
desolation.
very ideal and
and
superstitious,
to the powers
of the
good
attributed
or
evil
many
spirits.
pictureswould be signboards of the road to trails,

springs,or warnings for the benefit of travellers,as in
10, which
de
face of the
cold, dark
commonplace
camps,
Spiritor great serpent,
drawn
was
Chilly,New
(a goat
can
go
the
at
Mexico.
up,
but
entrance
It
a
of
rocky
signifies Dangerous
horse
"
and
rider would
trail in
ing"
Pass-
fall).
If
PRIMITIVE
these
the
figuresat
might read,
"
being
Others, again, would
redoubtable
of the
right are
of
chief,
here," death
RED
shown
be
by
the
reversal
Beaver
of
at their graves
Dighton
name-totem.
chiefs,or
great
or
Rock
the
near
is
killed
was
of the
of deeds
records
the famous
As
of the
totem
warriors, engraved
combat.
117
portion of the inscription,

we
the
MEN.
sce"e
Algonquin
an
pictographsymbolic of some
great event.
Most
of these pictures,
although crude, are correct in posture,
and
a
knowledge of the sign language would
explain many
drawings.
of war, for his scalp-lock
is in position
Fig. 1 1 is emblematic
holds
he
and
take
A
the
from
to
arrow
dare
any
to
one
and
come
objectindicates an action,as Fig. 12

sight. Fig. 13 shows the scalp,and the number
line drawn
of
lines indicates
when
robes
the color
of the
the
number
indicative
was
of war,
But
bears.
owner
of
Sometimes,
ground for the record,

spiritof the drawing, and some
be expressiveto him who
stood.
underused
were
of the
bucks.
young
the
as
White
Mourning.
or
is also indicative
the
that
the faces would
is War,
is
an
other articles
or
paint on
Black
by
and
it.
indicative
Red
bow
or
these
is Peace,
Medicine.
or
passion,and is much
matters
change in
affected
different
tribes.
Some
Fig. 14
tribes
from
this year
murderer
This, of
the
keep
the
calendar
Calendar, which
Dakota
Uncpapas (a Sioux
is black, and
course,
is
of notable
the bow
only
an
events,
translated
tribe)killed
above
aid to the
is shown
as
shows
memory
two
the
reads,
Rees."
means
of the
by
"
In
The
of death.
Medicine
Il8
Men
and
end,
as
might be carried
this
so
vocabulary would
Even
and
And
Chiefs.
there
indeed
used
picturesare
few
but
are
to
out
infinite
an
be made.
this late date, these
at
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
who
either read
can
the
by
Indians,
write their
or
in which civilized nations use the term.

language in the sense
As a further example of Indian picturewriting,and in addition
account
to the above
by Brother Bates, we givecopies of totems
recorded
by the Indians on rocks and trees, as reproduced by
Indians
written
Catlin in his descriptionof the northwestern
own
the
symbolicdesign
who
the red
totems
from
pipe-stonequarry,
tribe to which
of the
it. These
carved
of these totems
each
that
It will be remembered
in 1832.
were
which
the
longed
be-
around
plentiful
very
obtained
was
sented
repre-
Indian
the material
also
totems
were
pipes., These
the
robes worn
in the picture writings upon
found
by their
elegantlymade, and the wearer
leading chiefs. The robe was
carried upon his back, so that all could see, the history
literally
of his life and the brave deeds which
he had accomplished.
the fascinatingstories by J. Fenimore
Among
Cooper, not
for the
manufacture
of
their
the least is that entitled
"
given an
incident
which
"totem"
of the
Indian
universal
of
hospitality
Tamina,
the great Indian
America
by the Sons
history. The story
Fox, made
the return
of
had
been
his
appearance,
stopped,
and
the Indian
selected
the
when
tribe
had
as
in this is
vivid reference
fullyin
Huron
ning
chief, Cun-
escaped from
full view
of
this
related
Delawares
tribe.
to
patron saint of
the
The
of the
Delaware
in
and
elsewhere
follows
as
captives who
made
chief
race,
Liberty,as
runs
and
and
of the
preservingpower
tribe,the
people of his own
the
among
of
to
of the Mohicans,"
illustrated the
visit to
conveyed
Last
to
the
The
the
demand
Hurons,
Huron
Delawares
and
made
he
of
amity by throwing his arm

upward towards heaven, and then lettingit fall impressivelyon
his breast.
He was
tions
encouraged to approach by similar indicaof friendship. The
Huron
welcomed
was
by a chief of the
Delawares, and after exchanging friendlysalutations,the Delaware
invited his guest to enter
his lodge and share his morning
meal.
The invitation was
made
accepted,and preparationswere
for a council,all understanding that some
important business
must
have
gesture
brought the Huron
to
the
Delawares.
Demand
was
ORDER
IMPROVED
120
for the
made
loved
woman
the
and
formal
It
had
deemed
the
even
the
sun
was
to
from
behind
fell upon
as
as
was
bosom
"
In
collection
in his
unusual
; and
conference.
tops of that
the
had
the Delawares
seated
But
tain,
moun-
constructed
their
his
bright rays darted

the outline of trees that fringedthe eminence, they
titude,
grave, as attentive,and as deeply interested a mulprobablyever before lightedby his morning beams.
most
were
somewhat
Its number
grave
and
individual,
each
place. The
preparationsthat were
climbing above
seen
againstwhose
encampment,
solemn
so
"
children, was
the
by
before
hour
an
and
women
created
been
necessary
when
half
been
have
might
was
a white
captives,one of whom
The
preliminarycouncil was short,
that a solemn
was
so
extraordinary,
immediately called to make the final
story thus proceeds
the
Then
including
delay
of the Huron
assemblage was
decision.
"
the Huron.
by
demand
and
of the
return
MEN.
RED
OF
exceeded
of
so
serious
as
thousand
savages,
souls.
there
is
to
never
be
ing
impatientaspirantafter premature distinction,standhis auditors to some
ready to move
hasty and perhaps injudicious
discussion, in order that his own
reputation may be the
and presumption would
gainer. An act of so much precipitancy
seal the downfall of precociousintellect forever.
It rested solely
with the oldest and most
ject
to lay the subexperienced of the men
of the conference
before the people. Until such a one
chose
to make
deeds in arms,
some
natural gifts,
no
no
movement,
nor
have justified
as
the slightest
interruption.
an
orator, would
any renown
On the present occasion, the aged warrior whose
ilege
privit was
to speak, was
silent,seemingly oppressed with the
magnitude of his subject. The delay had alreadycontinued
beyond the usual deliberative pause that always precedes such
found
any
conference
; but
sign of impatience or surprise escaped

raised from
an
boy. Occasionally,
eye was
no
the
youngest
the earth, where
the looks
even
toward
particular lodge, that
distinguishedfrom
that
had
of most
been
those
taken
to
were
was,
around
in
however,
it,except
protect it
riveted, and
in the
against the
strayed
manner
no
peculiarcare
assaults
of
the
weather.
"
At
disturb
length,one
a
of
multitude,
was
those
low
heard,
murmurs,
and
the
that
whole
are
nation
so
apt
arose
to
to
PRIMITIVE
RED
MEN.
121
impulse. At that the door of the lodge

by a common
in question opened, and three men
issuing from it,slowlyapproached
the place of consultation.
all aged, even
They were
beyond that periodto which the oldest present had reached ; but
in the centre, who
leaned on his companion for support, had
one
their feet
numbered
attain.
permitted to
erect, like the

than
more
of years
amount
an
His
cedar,
was
The
his shoulders, in such
had
is seldom
race
been
once
tall and
bending under the pressure of

Indian was
elastic,lightstep of an
was
compelled to toil his tardy way
place he
the ground, inch by inch.
in singularand wild contrast
over
human
now
its
in
and
gone,
the
frame, which
was
century.
to which
thickness
His
dark, wrinkled
with
as
to
the
countenance
long,white
that
announce
locks
on
generations
they had last been shorn.

dress
"The1
of this patriarch for such, consideringhis vast
and influence with his people,
age, in conjunctionwith his affinity
rich and imposing,
he might very properlybe termed
was
after the simple fashion of the tribe.
His robe
though strictly
of the finest skins, which
had been deprived of their fur, in
was
order
of a hieroglyphicalrepresentationof various
to admit
had
probably passed
since
away
"
"
deeds
with
in
in former
done
arms
medals,
in massive
some
gold,the giftsof
various
period of his life.
He
silver,and
Christian
also
His
ages.
wore
the hair had
one
two
or
loaded
was
armlets
preciousmetal.
been
permitted
and
His
to
cinctures
head,
grow,
on
the
in
even
potentates, during the
the ankles, of the latter

of which
bosom
long
above
the whole
pursuits of
having so long been abandoned, was encircled by a sort of

plateddiadem, which, in its turn, bore lesser and more
ing
glitterthe glossy hues
of three
that sparkled amid
ornaments,
trast
drooping ostrich-feathers,dyed a deep black, in touching conwar
to
the color of his snow-white
nearlyhid in silver,and
of solid gold.
"
So
soon
as
the first hum
sudden
appearance
little
subsided, the
mouth
and
to
the handle
locks.
of this venerable
name
of
tomahawk
of his knife shone
of emotion
'
His
Tamenund
and
like
was
horn
pleasure,which
individual
'
was
created,
whispered
the
had
from
Magua had often heard the fame of this wise

just Delaware; a reputationthat even
proceeded so far as
bestow
him
the rare
on
gift of holding secret communion
to
mouth.
ORDER
IMPROVED
122
MEN.
RED
OF
his
Spirit,and which had since transmitted
with some
slightalteration,to the white usurpers of his
name,
ancient
territory,as the imaginary tutelar saint of a vast
Huron
a
chief, therefore, stepped eagerly out
empire. The
he might catch a nearer
little from the throng, to a spot whence
decision was
whose
likelyto
glimpse of the features of the man
with
produce
"
Great
the
deep
so
The
an
of the
eyes
influence
old
his
on
fortunes.
closed, as
were
man
own
though
the organs
having so long witnessed the selfish workings

of the human
passions. The color of his skin differed from that
around
of most
him, being richer and darker, the latter hue
having been produced by certain delicate and mazy lines of
with
wearied
were
complicated
and
yet beautiful
figures which
had
been
traced
withstandi
by the operation of tattooing. Notthe positionof the Huron, he passed the observant
silent Magua without
able
notice, and leaning on his two venersupporters proceeded to the high place of the multitude,
of
most
over
and
where
he
his person
seated
dignityof a
"Nothing
himself
monarch
could
and
in the
the air of
surpass
the
unexpected visit,from
which
this
and
well beloved.
centre
a
of the
nation, with the
father.
and
reverence
affection
with
who
belonged rather to
received
another
world than this, was
by his people. After a
suitable and
decent
the principal chiefs arose,
and,
pause,
approaching the patriarch,
they placed his hands reverentlyon
their heads, seeming to entreat
a
blessing. The younger men
with touching his robe, or even
content
were
drawing nigh his
in order to breathe in the atmosphere of one
so
person,
aged, so
but the most
just,and so valiant. None
distinguishedamong
the youthfulwarriors even
presumed so far as to perform the
latter ceremony
of the multitude
; the great mass
deeming it a
sufficient happiness to look upon
form
a
so
deeply venerated,
so
When
these
one
acts
of affection
and
respect
performed, the chiefs drew back again to their several

places,and silence reigned in the whole encampment.
"After
short delay, a few
of the young
a
whom
to
men,
instructions had been whispered by one
of the aged attendants
of Tamenund,
entered
the lodge which
arose, left the crowd, and
has already been
noted
the object of so
much
as
attention
throughout the morning. In a few minutes they reappeared,
were
PRIMITIVE
individuals
escortingthe
toward
lane ; and
a
the
had
who
of
seat
MEN.
The
solemn
crowd
arations
prep-
opened in
re-entered,it closed again,forming
belt of human
dense
123
all these
caused
judgment.
the party had
when
large and
RED
bodies, arranged in
an
open
circle."
The
council
having
the
Huron
made
the
return
of
woman
and
everythingbeing ready,
for
concluding with the demand
his address
his
prisoners. It was
captive of the Huron.
the
was
formed
been
decided
that
The
justice,
gave the verdict, "Justice is the law
Manitto.
My children give the stranger food.
take thine own
and depart."
The
an
captivegirl made
appeal to the aged
of the
and
the
Uncas,
when
before
tongue does the

"Like
ended
was
given
over
Not
longerthan
had
referred
aged
prisonerspeak to
with
the
dialogue between
by the decision
to
the
the remarkable
"
chief
him, the
his fathers
followed
attention
Huron
chief
without
that
another
torture.
in the
scene
limb
moved,
was
chief
and
chief
that
Uncas
was
breath
drawn
of
closingsyllable
the united
might be,
from
replied,
Then
should
the
followingvivid language :
nor
what
patriarch,which
describes
it
as
With
Uncas
the
Then
at once,
"
Delaware."
passed the lips of Tamenund.
burst
that he be
brought forth,
demanded,
novelist
The
asks
then
was
of the
Uncas
of the
and
the Manitto."
tongue
until the
common,
to,
fact
the
to
of the Delawares
in the hands
prisonerwas
heard.
called
then
Great
Then
"
She
white
aged chief, with
exact,
success.
the
be
of
rest
"
louder
and
this final decree
of vengeance
lipsof the nation
cry
of their ruthless intentions.

In the midst of
frightful
augury
these prolonged and savage
yells,a chief proclaimed,in a high
condemned
the dreadful
to endure
voice, that the captivewas
trial of torture
by fire. The circle broke its order, and screams
of delightmingled with the bustle and tumult
of preparation.
Hey ward struggled madly with his captors ; the anxious eyes
of Hawk-eye began to look around
him, with an expressionof
Cora again threw herself at the feet
peculiar earnestness
; and
of the patriarch,
once
more
a suppliantfor mercy.
had
Uncas
Throughout the whole of these trying moments,
alone preserved his serenity. He looked upon
the preparations
a
"
with
steadyeye,
and
when
the tormentors
came
to
seize
him,
he
with
them
met
upright attitude.
and
firm
fierce and
more
them, if possible,
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
124
among
his fellows, seized
than
savage
One
hunting-shirtof the young warrior, and at a single effort

he
his body. Then, with a yellof frantic pleasure,
tore it from
leaped toward his unresistingvictim, and prepared to lead him
the
But,
the stake.
to
the
to
stranger
arrested
was
as
form
whole
slow
in
and
of the
in wonder, and
him
about
frozen
the bosom
fingerto
'appeared
of
mouth
; his
attitude
an
most
the
savage
had
supernaturalagency
The
eyeballsof the
their sockets
from
with
of Uncas.
became
his hand
if
suddenly as
start
to
he
when
moment,
feelingsof humanity, the purpose
in the behalf
seemed
that
at
posed
inter-
Delaware
opened, and
of amazement.
his
ing
Rais-
regulatedmotion, he pointed with

captive. His companions crowded
eye was,
every
small
like his own,
fastened
tattooed on
tortoise,beautifully
figureof a
in a brightblue tint.
the breast of the prisoner,
For
a
enjoyed his triumph, smiling
singleinstant Uncas
with a
Then, motioning the crowd
calmly on the scene.
away
high and haughty sweep of his arm, he advanced in front of the
nation with the.air of a king,and spoke in a voice louder than
of admiration
that ran
the murmur
through the multitude.
of the Lenni
Men
Lenape,' he said, my race upholds the
the
intentlyon
"
"
'
'
earth !
feeble tribe stands
Your
lightwould
added, pointing proudly to
Delaware
'
flames
"
Who
'
tones
that
My
'
is the
thou ?
he heard,
language of
"
race
art
the
Uncas,
from
came
'
to
such
child
What
of
demanded
than
more
fire that
fathers,'he
my
his
simple blazonry on
a
would
stock
smoulder
grandfather of nations !
skin ;
your
'
Tamenund,
at
ling
risingat the startmeaning conveyed by the
any
prisoner.
the
son
of
modestly, turning from

reverence
the
shell !
my
the
burn
can
the blood
on
the
other's
Chingachgook,' answered
the nation, and
bending
character
and
years
'
the
his
a
captive
head
son
in
of the
'
great Unamis
(Turtle).'
followed the triumph of Uncas.
Then
All the captiveswith
the exception of the white girl,
the
were
released, and such was
justiceof
was
He
the
Indian
race,
the claim
allowed
recognized,and he was
departedwith tauntingswhich
of the Huron
to
were
for her
depart with
received
his
return
captive.
in silence
by
RED
PRIMITIVE
As
Delawares.
the
in
he
as
their
125
and
enemy
his victim
motionless
sight,the multitude remained
departed,a fierce and powerful passion
had
Huron
The
long
MEN.
would
Delawares
informed
been
be
the
preparationfor
busilyon.
the
with
In connection
his
upon
after
that
trail,and
engagement
what
has
been
; but
within
the
seized
limited
the
tinued
con-
them.
time
the
given
in another
the
hour
next
upon
stant
in-
war-path
went
part of
of enlistment
for the war-path,the
history,of the manner
followed
which
is worthy of reproduction,
descriptionof the scene
told as it is in language at once
fascinatingand literally
of this ancient custom
in its description
of the Aborigcorrect
ines.
is as follows :
The description
A young
warrior at length issued from the lodge of Uncas,
with a sort of grave
and moving deliberately,
a
march, toward
dwarf 'pine that grew in the crevices of the rocky terrace, he
its body, and then returned
whence
he came
tore the bark from
followed
without
soon
speaking. He was
by another, who
stripped the sapling of its branches, leaving it a naked and
A third colored the post with
blazed trunk.
stripesof a dark
indications of a hostile design in the leadred paint; all which
ers
received by the men
of the nation were
without
in a gloomy
this
"
"
silence.
ominous
and
divested
of all his
one-half
with
the
Finally,
attire except
of his fine features
Mohican
his
hid
himself
girdle and
under
cloud
reappeared,
leggings,and
of threatening
black.
Uncas
with
moved
slow
and
dignifiedtread toward the

ured
encirclingwith a measpost, which he immediately commenced
step, not unlike an ancient dance, raisinghis voice at the
same
time, in the wild and irregularchant of his war-song.
in the extremes
The notes
of human
were
times
sounds, being someeven
plaintive,
rivallingthe
melancholyand exquisitely
and then by sudden
and startling
transitions,
melody of birds
causing the auditors to tremble by their depth and energy. The
words were
few and
often repeated,proceeding graduallyfrom
of invocation,or hymn to the Deity,to an
of
intimation
a sort
the warrior's object,and terminating as they commenced,
with
an
acknowledgment of his own
dependence on the Great Spirit.
"
"
If it
were
possibleto
translate the
comprehensive
and
melodi-
language in
ous
like the
which
following :
"
Thou
Manitto!
Manitto!
Thou
just.
art
Many
'
"
great, thou
art
In the
spots
many
heavens, oh!
Many
clouds.
In the
The
loud
"
At
the end
thou
"
art
be
might
by raisinga note
peculiarlysuited
louder
the
the
the
to
and
solemn,
was
I am
strong ;
slow
called
each
made
longer than common,

sentiment
just expressed.
and
intended
well-known
the
was
he
verse
to
idea
the
convey
second, descriptive,
bordering
third
"
aid.'
me
of what
first close
and
Manitto!
Manitto!
pause,
was
the cry ;
I hear
Manitto!
Manitto!
Give
the
whoop!
weak
am
hear
air,oh! I
long yell,and
woods, oh!
"'Manitto!
I
I see
see
in the
woods,
whoop,
wise ;
art
red ;
dark, many
"
In the
The
good, thou
art
heavens, in the clouds, oh!
In the
'
Manitto!
Manitto!
'"Manitto!
"
something
read
might
ode
spoke, the
he
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
126
the
on
war-whoop, which
of
that
The
eration
ven-
alarming ;
burst
from
of all the
warrior, like a combination
lips of the young
The
sounds of battle.
last was
like the first,humble
frightful
and imploring. Three
times
did he repeat this song, and as
the
did he encircle the post in his dance.
often
"
At
the close
chief of the
own,
the
to
music
enlisted in the
were
first turn,
Lenape followed
however,
warrior
of
numbered
of
his
a
and
high-esteemed
example, singingwords of his
a
similar
grave
character.
dance, until all of any

in its
The
mazes.
Warrior
renown
spectaclenow
after
and
thority
au-
became
the fierce-looking
and
wildly terrific,
menacing visages of the
chiefs receivingadditional power
from
the appalling strains in
which
they mingled their gutteral tones.
Just then Uncas
struck
a
his tomahawk
shout, which
deep into the 'post, and raised his voice
might
be
termed
his
own
battle-cry.The
in
act
given in Catlin's descriptionof the

skirt
"The
was
made
of
and
sewed
dressed
beautifully
upon
the
the
other
fallingdown
epaulettewas
neck
hand
the
to
was
similar
each
rested
breast, and
being passed
ders.
shoul-
the
form
of
from
arm
inches
of two
one
the
in the
down
sheep,
which
restingupon
and
beautiful band, and
mountain,
head
somewhat
and
shoulder
each
Across
"
of the
back, the
the
upon
they fallingover
and
them
between
a
Mah-to-toh-pa,
togetherby seams
hanging in front upon
skin
; one
arms
follows
as
skins
two
of
costume
descriptionis
The
chief.
Mandan
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
128
an
the
in width
(and
rightangles on the shoulder),beautifully

the dress and
with porcupine quillsworked
on
embroidered
the lower
To
edge of these bands the
covering the seams.
attached
whole way, at intervals of half an inch were
long locks
crossingeach
other
at
hair, which
of black
of his enemies
heads
thus
wore
as
The
front
and
had
he
also
and
his
from
hand
own
as
he
his dress.
to
ornament
an
the
which
slain in battle,and
he had
whom
trophy
with
taken
he had
curiouslygarnished in
porcupine quillsand paintingsof the battles
of the victims that
also with representations
had
hand.
parts with
several
fought,and
fallen by his
with
hemmed
or
of the
back
The
ermine
suspended from
the
skirt
were
and
dress
was
tassels of ermines'
skins, and
arms
of the
bottom
bound
tails
were
the shoulders.
made
of deer-skins, beautifully
leggings,which were
from the feet to
dressed and fitting
tight to the leg, extended
the hips,and were
fastened
to a belt which
was
passed around
"
the
The
waist.
with
porcupinequillsof
the
on
of the
"
outer
The
consisted
from
moccasons
similar
band,
worked
dyes,passingdown the seam

fringed also the whole length
the beautiful
his enemies'
from
of buckskin,
were
and
quite down
ermine, and
to
the
over
the
feet,
surmounted
of the buffalo,shaved
necklace
was
embroidery
covered
heads.
in almost
porcupines'quills.
was
head-dress,which
superb and truly magnificent,
of a crest of war-eagles'
quills,
gracefullyfallingback
the forehead
"The
the richest
leg,and
taken
scalp-locks
the
part with
The
skirt, had
part of the
leg with
every
"
These, like the
back
the
set
on
part of the head, and

whole
way
in
the top of the head
thin and
made
of
of
extending
profusion of
with
highlypolished.
50 huge claws or nails
the horns
of the
griz-
PRIMITIVE
RED
MEN.
zly bear, ingeniouslyarranged on the

like the scalp-locks,
as
a
trophy,and
that
His
was
with
the
the skin of
was
of
His
bow
as
otter, and
an
evidence
an
and
that
overcome
worn
able
unquestion-
desperate
glue that was

cat, and
pole-
hoofs
taken
of the
was
stained
all
its hoofs
white
; its boss
fringedwith
edges were
antelope.
as
neck, and
and
beautiful
laid,and
rows
ivory;
coating of
as
firmly attached to it,a

deers' sinews, which
it its elasticity,
death
and, of course,
gave
all that stood
threeto
inimicallybefore it. Its string was
had twanged
stranded and twisted of sinews, which
a time
many
victims.
and sent the whizzing death to animal and to human
of a panther'sskin, and hung upon
The quiverwas
made
his
were
back, charged with its deadlyarrows
poisoned and
; some
and
feathered
with hawks'
not ; they were
some
were
eagles'
clean
innocent
and
and pure, and
others
were
quills
; some
over
its back
from
its
of bone, and
was
of the buffalo's
of the hide
made
eagles'quillsand
"
with
skin of
combat.
shield
hardened
contended
had
in open
enemy
"
he
129
"
were
dried
them.
upon
of steel ; and
some
"
The
lance
or
two-edged and
victims
was
with
over
Their
dried
of
"
His
tobacco-sack
and
smoked
and
"
as
steel,and
spunk
pipe which was

the
(or pipe-stone),
inches
wide, made
half its
length
so
quills,
and
skins and
buffalo's tail.
skin
of the
of
The
from
of which
; its blade
of several
red
of
an
was
human
tufts
otter, and
in it
willow, which
it contained
out
was
other ; its shaft
porcupine ;
carved
ingeniously
stem
was
was
is
also his flint
of the red steatite
three
feet
long and
ash ; about
young
wound
with delicate braids of the pine's
was
porcuto
as
ingeniouslywrought
represent figuresof
animals
beaks
the
tobacco);
lighting.
His
that
intervals with
at
of the
for
for
the
over
ornamented
(the bark
substance
the blood
quillsof
with
his k'nick-k'neck
carried
it, one
made
was
tastefullygarnished
men
upon
toughest ash,
war-eagles'
quills.
blood
of flints,and
points were
deadly magazine.
or
polishedsteel,and
seen
human
held in his left hand
was
of the
was
two
blades
and
altogetherwere
spear
of
animal
upon
it.
the stalk of the
It
was
also
woodpeckers' heads,
lower
and
half of the stem
ornamented
with
the
the hair of the white

was
painted red, and
3o
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
"^P83"^
RED
~-?"j
^"*^SBi
-
MEN.
-^f
jju-*-;-.^
Robe
of
Mah-to-toh-pa, a
Mandan
Chief.
PRIMITIVE
"
His
fur
the
with
robe
on
side, and
one
MEN.
had
skin of
belt, which
of
was
131
recorded
on
substantial
for the
snows
buffalo bull, with
young
finelyand
the other
battles of his life emblazoned
all the
"His
of the
made
was
he
notches
edges it bore the

(or years)of his life.
its
on
RED
dressed,
delicately
it by his own
hand.
piece of buckskin;
was
his tomahawk
worn
firmlygirdedaround his waist, and in it were
and scalping-knife.
"His
the skin of a beaver, curiously
ornamented
medicine-bag was
It was
with
hawks'
bills and ermine.
held in his right
hand, and
stone, tied up
round
of
end
others
(or war-club),which
his Po-ko-mo-kon
in
piece of rawhide,
in the
stick, somewhat
of his weapons
at
form
of
and
a
of
made
was
attached
sling,was
to
the
laid with
his feet."
Mah-to-toh-pawas
reallya record of the battles
of his life,and besides being a remarkable
specimen of Indian
mention
extended
as
picture writing,is worthy of more
typical
of the records preservedby Indian chiefs of the deeds
in which
of the
they had been prominent personally. The interpretation
various incidents recorded
the robe is given as follows :
on
i.
Mah-to-toh-pakills a Sioux chief. The three heads represent
the three Riccarees, whom
chief had previously
the Sioux
The
robe
of
"
"
killed.
face.
The
"2.
wished
chief
Mah-to-toh-pais
hand, and
behind
Sioux
is
seen
with
seen
with
the
his knife in the other, with
war-paint, black
scalpof
the
his bow
and
Sioux
on
on
his
one
quiver lying
him.
A
Shienne
chief,who
Mah-to-toh-pathat he
by Mah-to-toh-pawith a lance, in
sent
word
to
killed
fighthim, was
of a large party of Mandans
and Shiennes.
Mah-topresence
toh-pa is here known
by his lance with eagles'quillson it.
Shienne
killed by Mah-to-toh-paafter Mah-to-toh-pa
3. A
had been
left by his party badly wounded
and bleeding; the
twenty-fiveor thirtyfoot-tracks around, represent the number of
Shiennes
who
the battle took place; and
were
present when
the
bullets from
their guns
representedas flyingall around the
head of Mah-to-toh-pa.
chief with war-eaglehead-dress, and a beautiful
4. Shienne
shield ornamented
with eagles'quillskilled by Mah-to-toh-pa.
to
"
"
In
this battle
the wife of the Shienne
rushed
forward
in
des-
perate
assistance,
Mah-to-toh-pa,with
5.
of
his shield is
brother
The
with
an
with
his
arriving too
fled
the
by
then
the
oath, killed
the
blood
the
on
beautiful
dress
head-
of
head
lance
first to
Riccaree,
equal
is represented
the
shot
firrd his brother's
its blade, and

with
who
through his body,
the lance from
Riccaree
same
by
of horse-tracks.
running a
dried
at
one
killing
the party of Sioux
the number
in it ; he drew
lance
fired
alone, and
Mah-to-toh-pa killed by
and
Mah-to-toh-pa dismounted
"
and
his arm,
on
late, fell
scalps.
two
Riccarees,
of
party
Mah-to-toh-pa was
it four years with

to
of
arrow,
left it there.
body
but
back, facing the enemy
in front of him
him
RED
Mah-to-toh-pais here represented with a

and one
his horse's
on
war-eagles'
quills,
beauty ;
"6.
the Riccarees
his horse
drove
of them.
MEN.
OF
Mah-to-toh-paobtained
In this battle
party of Sioux
and
his
to
manner
victim.
"
ORDER
IMPROVED
132
the
body, kept
then, according
same
lance ; the
and
lance
with the arrow
body of his brother is here seen
remaining in it,and the tracks of the Riccaree's horses in front.
The followingwas, perhaps, one
of the most
extraordinary
man's
life,and is well attested by
exploitsof this remarkable
who
Mr.
were
Kipp and several white men,
living in the
Mandan
In a skirmish
villageat the time of its occurrence.
the
Mandan
near
set
village,when
they were
by their
upon
ing
missenemies, the Riccarees, the brother of Mah-to-toh-pawas
for several days,when
ingly
Mah-to-toh-pafound the body shockleft piercing the body
mangled, and a handsome
spear
through the heart. The spear was
by him brought into the
Mandan
where
it was
village,
recognized by many as a famous
belonging to a noted brave of the Riccarees, by the
weapon
of Won-ga-tap. This
name
brandished
was
through the
spear
Mandan
villageby Mah-to-toh-pa(vyiththe. blood of his brother
dried on its blade),crying most
and swearing that he
piteously,
would
some
day revenge the death of his brother with the same
dead
"
weapon.
"
It is almost
great
care
in his
an
incredible
wigwam
expectation of
fact,that he
for the
space
kept
this spear
with
of four years, in the fruitless

it upon the breast of its
use
opportunityto
his indignantsoul,impatientof further delay,burst
owner
; when
forth in the most
uncontrollable
frenzy and fury,he again
it through the village,
"brandished
and said, that the blood of his
an
PRIMITIVE
brother's
called
heart
ask
sound
let
for
shall
drink
"With
of
name
he
has
to
'
let
"
until
and
(saidhe) 'be
Mah-to-toh-pa
gone,
with
you
hear
no
him
that of his brother.'
sallied forth
lance
from
in his hand
the
; his
and all eyes were

village,
speak tillhe disappearedover
travelled the
yet fresh
was
Mandan
every
Riccaree
dared
He
its blade
he will enter
when
it
village,
of VVon-ga-tap. The
blade of this lance
blood of Won-ga-tap, or Mah-to-toh-pa
heart's
shadow
the
the
133
in front of the
this he
plains,with
MEN.
on
'Let
where
nor
the blood
the
mingles his
the
him,
you
seen
sound
one
no
was
revenge.
the war-cry
show
and
for
loudly
silent,and
one
which
RED
distance
of
and
village,
direction
upon
the
hundred
the
over
was
towards
him, though
distant
grassy
hone
bluff.
miles
entirelyalone,
with a little parched corn
in his pouch, making his marches
by
night,and layingsecreted by days,until he reached the Riccaree
where
village,
(beingacquainted with its shapes and its habits,
and knowing the positionof the wigwam of his doomed
enemy)
he loitered about
in disguise,
himself
in
the
obscure
mingling
and
alone, observed
throng ;" and at last, silently
through the
of the wigwam, the last motions
of his
and
rents
movements
victim as he retired to bed with his wife ; he saw
him light his
last pipe, and
it 'to its end'
smoke
he saw
the last whiff
and saw
the last curl of blue smoke
that faintlysteeped from its
bowl
in darkness
he saw
the villageawhile
and silence,and
that were
covered
the embers
in the middle of the wigwam gone
nearly out, and the last flickeringlightwhich had been gently
into the
playingover them, when he walked softlybut not slyly,
wigwam and seated himself by the fire,over which was hanging
cooked
a largepot with
meat
a quantityof
remaining in it,and
by the side of the fire,the pipe and tobacco-pouch which had
justbeen used; and knowing that the twilightof the wigwam
two
"
"
sufficient
not
was
to
disclose
the
features
of
his face
to
his
turned
to the pot and
completely
deliberately
satiated the desperate appetite,
which
he had got in a journey of
erately
six or seven
days with little or nothing to eat ; and then as delibcharged and lightedthe pipe,and sent (no doubt in every
whiff that he drew through its stem) a prayer to the Great Spirit
enemy,
for
he
moment
eatingand
very
of his design. Whilst

longerfor the consummation
drinking,the wife of his victim, while lying in bed,
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
134
MEN.
RED
who
it was
was
inquiredof her husband, what man
eating in their lodge ? to which, he as many times replied, it's
let him eat, for he is probably hungry.'
no
matter;
several times
'
full well
Mah-to-toh-pa knew
"
cause
for,from
and
eat.
the
on
his
and
to
into any man's

his last gentle and tremulous
is allowed
smoking
with
walk
to
lips,and
his lance
(readers,every word
his toes
he
his way
saw
in his
lodge
whiffs
and
rose
with
out
it
drove
from
was
clear ; at which
was
he
hands,
of this
gesture acted
and
attitude
every
limbs),until
with
Indians,
pipe,Mah-to-toh-pa (leaningback, and turning gradually

side, to get a better view of the positionof his enemy,
the shapes of things)stirred
a little more
see
distinctly
own
own
the nation,
Northern
these
amongst
would
appearance
dignitaryof
the
this,from
custom
hungry
Whilst
the embers
his
is
who
one
on
invariable
an
any
replythan
other
no
his
that
his
moment,
through
the
and
of his enemy,
snatching the scalp from his head, he
darted
from the lodge,and quick as lightning,
with the lance in
body
hand
one
the
and
The
villagewas
the
enemy
scalpin
in
who
an
the
uproar,
had
struck
other, made
but
the
he
was
blow.
his way
to
off, and
no
the
prairie.
knew
one
Mah-to-toh-pa
all
ran
night,and lay close during the days,thanking the Great Spirit

for strengtheninghis heart and
his arm
for this noble revenge,
and prayed fervently
for a continuance
of his aid and protection
till he
should
heard,
and
the
on
descended
shouts
get back
the
of
sixth
bluffs,and
applause,
his
to
village. His
own
morning,
sunrise, Mah-to-toh-pa
at
entered
the
he
brandished
while
villageamidst
and
people the blade of his lance, with the blood

it,over
upon
that
suspended from
"
of
7.
white
short
"
Riccaree
8.
time
man
of
his brother, and
to
of his victim
his
dried
scalp of Won-ga-tap
the
by Mah-to-toh-pain revenge of the death

killed by a Riccaree
in the fur-traders' fort,a
previous.
toh-pa's powder-horn
dismounted
showed
killed
or
Mah-to-toh-pa,
and
deafening
its handle.
four bears, kills
challenged him to single combat,

parties. They fought on horseback
bows
were
prayers
arrows,
and
until
was
shot
their
Shienne
in presence
away
with
;
of the
guns,
they
chief, who
then
two
until
Mah-to-
fought
quivers were
emptied,
fought single-handed. The Shienne
war
when
drew
with
they
his
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
136
chief of the
The
battle.
give them
and
Shienne
war-party, seeing and understanding the difficulty,
of Mah-to-toh-pa, galloped his
admiring the gallant conduct
within hailingdistance, in front of the Mandans,
horse forward
approaching,in
and
called
out
and
defied
the
"
'
order
to
to
'who
know,
whole
he
his lance
alone.'
enemy
of
in command
Mah-to-toh-pa,second
am
stuck
had
who
was
the
brave
and
valiant Mandans.'
"
'
Mah-to-toh-pa to
Dares
alone, and
me
"
"
my
"
"
on
great warrior.
fight this battle with
and
will look
is
'
Is he
'
chief who
is
'
'
horse, when
white
he struck
his lance
into the
ground,
left it
and
of
both
of blood
the
forward
come
warriors
our
he
Mah-to-toh-pa ;
speaks to Mah-to-toh-pa ?
My scalps you see hanging to my horse's bits, and here
tail.'
skins and war-eagle's
lance with the ermine
You
have said enough.'
chief made
at full gallopon
Shienne
The
two
a circuit or
'
beautiful
"
often of
heard
I have
The
standingby the side of the lance of Mah-to-toh-pa,

tokens
which
were
waving together their little red flags,
and
defiance.
two
partiesthen
drew
full-plumedchiefs,at full
other, both
each
firingtheir
other
little distance
off his
drew
He
from
his left
arm.
thrown
off, and
balanced
were
both
eagles in
twangs
his gun
the
their
shields.
arms,
but
thrown
his bow
wing
bull's hide.
their murderous
each
it to
it from
for
into
Mah-to-toh-pa
it up,
pieces,and destroyed
and
him,
and
his gun
same
; his horn
was
the air; his shield
was
quick as lightningthey
two
Like
soaring
deadly combat.
drawn, and
their circuits round, and

heard
protected their bodies

bows.
also,
his shield upon
and
the
with
the
war-whoop
parrying off the whizzing arrows

lodged in their legs and others in
Deadly and
his
showed
other
Some
both
when
by holding
threw
air they made

open
of their sinewy bows
were
by
wheeled,
shattered
was
the
they dashed
beautiful
quiver and an arrow,

Shienne
instantlydid the
his arm,
on
then
on
his
The
on
and
the bullet had
his ammunition.
his bow
and
powder-horn,
adversarythat
drew
at
guns
and
prairie,
each
speed, drove furiouslyupon
the same
moment.
They passed
nearer
their
bucklers
as
with
their
of
the shafts that fled from

were
many
At length the horse of Mah-to-toh-pa
PRIMITIVE
fell to the
ground
an
his feet, prepared
upon
his
seeing
to
his bow
few
and
horse,
toward
shots
his
more
were
Shienne, having discharged all his

to
clashingit furiously
his shield, drew
and
his
his shield
on.
quiver,and
empty
from
of
face
rider sprang
the Shienne,
; but
sprang
come
the
combat
His
and
the
brandished
his
knife.
naked
'
his
held up
ground, with
"
him
thus, when
exchanged
arrows,
the
renew
back, presented the
inviting
enemy
to
137
in his heart.
arrow
adversary dismounted,
driving him
to
with
MEN.
RED
as
Yes,' said Mah-to-toh-pa,
the earth, and
He
rushing up.
was
it not
his belt had
he threw
had
; he
left it
his shield and
grasped for
home.
at
His
quiver
his knife, but
bow
in his
was
parried his antagonist'sblow, and felled

him
the ground. A desperate strugglenow
to
ensued
for the
knife ; the blade of it was
several times drawn
through the right
the
hand
of Mah-to-toh-pa, inflicting
most
frightfulwounds,
while he was
in several parts of the body.
severely wounded
He
his
at
length succeeded, however, in wresting it from
hand, and plunged it in his heart.
adversary's
By this time the two partieshad drawn up in close view of
each other, and at the close of the battle Mah-to-toh-paheld up,
in deadly silence, the knife and scalp of the noble
and claimed
hand, with
which
he
"
Shienne
Several
"9.
a
chief.
Minatarrees
party of Assinneboins
his
ground, fired,and
of them
with
and
and
flight,
to
his
his
The
lance
killed
as
attacked
Mah-to-toh-pa,who
of
He
his
him
behind
Here
seen
in front,
enemy
a
got the
said he
rest
is here
and
he
the Assinneboins
by
stood
putting the
drivingoff sixtyhorses.
shield, foot-tracks
and
Bears,'
Mandans
of the enemy,
one
party'shorse-tracks
his head.
flying around
Four
and
all fled but
own
bullets
'
hundred
shower
of
name
of
on
like
rushed
four bears.
"
beway
and
women,
takes
where
Ojibbeway village,
is here
other, an
left
on
seen
with
his horse
from
Mah-to-toh-pagets
10.
their
they
in
his lance
scalps;
his horse's
by asking
him
back.
whether
His
it
was
hand
one
eagle's-plumehead-dress
done
the
to
went
on
kills two
and
by
the
river for
and
water.
his horse, and
ill-will was
manly
to
incurred
boast
side of
knife
his
of
Ojiban
He
in the
his shield
for awhile
taking the
had
that he
sight of
pride prevented him from giving any

however,
explained
apology. The
interpreter,
two
entitled
which
were
in full view
of the
him
credit
of
large party
attacked
village,
driven
An
Indian
muzzle
of
his gun,
exploded
by
fires
of
then
made
his
victory,though
; the horse
and
is
Indian
of
the
face
with
the
leaving
through the
retreats
him
shoots
with
who
intrenchment
his
his tomahawk.
the
fallingto
seen
the
burns
kills him
the
near
Minatarrees,
into
rushes
Mah-to-tph-pa
of the Assinneboin
gun
front of him
the heads
and
burst ; the
and
runs,
intrenched
Mandans
the
him
at
which
and
gun,
he
as
and
tribe and
Assinneboins
back, Mah-to-toh-pa
alone.
shoulder
the
to
murder,
women.
Mandan
were
women
in full
manner,
Ojibbeway village,
seeking to revenge
six days without
remained
sustenance,
his victims
"ii.
daring
most
the
killed the
escape,
in the
himself
secreted
he
where
MEN.
RED
OF
his
and
scalpsof women,
explanation or
his
ORDER
IMPROVED
138
ground,
in
Assinneboins
The
the
and
in
ment
intrench-
of
behind
him.
Mah-to-toh-pais seen
"12.
his enemy,
the Sioux, and his
Mah-to-toh-pabetween
shot through him, after standing
own
people, with an arrow
the fire of the Sioux for a long time alone.
In this battle he
took
scalps, yet his valor
no
chiefs and
"This
braves
feat is
awarded
in the
seen
war-eagles'quillson
his enemies'
both
ways
his
horses
are
all around
his horse
urging
bloody, as it
seen
and
the
scars
on
has
several
his
him
was
the honor
of
centre
and
own
body,
robe.
him.
With
his
head
; the
forward, and
an
mentioned
he
is
arrow
his
bullets
of
flying
he
is
flyingand
seen
For
body.
of
tracks
in his hand
whip
the
Head-dress
in front of him, and
seen
which
the
his horse's
passed through
others
that
extraordinary
of a victory.
so
this wound,
above, he bears the honorable
generallykeeps
covered
with
red
paint."
The
material
from
taken, relates almost

New
the
The
England
which
this
to
exclusively
tribes and
those
chapter
the
matters
the
in the
years
been
composing the
nations livingeast
of
League of the Iroquois.
tribes and
1832-33,
peculiaritiesand
far has
Indians
MississippiRiver comprised in the

record
given by Catlin of his travels
the northwest
thus
among
prove
characteristics
that
the Indians
of
in all essential
alreadymentioned
PRIMITIVE
typicalof
are
whole
the
Illinois
of
race
of Mexico.
north
and
the entire
RED
At
in the
Men
Red
time
the
of
hands
of
the
139
nent
inhabitingthe contihis writings,substantially
of Louisiana,
west
territory
was
MEN.
Arkansas, Missouri,
Indian
tribes
according to Catlin's estimate,

he
of the people with whom
His description
is worthy of reproduction.
numbered,
"The
of
Indians
colored, with
black
long
forms
elastic
North
hair, black
less
are
"
America,"
than
the undisputed owners

originally
from
their lands
then
about
2,000,000.
came
in contact
said
he,
"are
copper-
tall, straight,and
eyes,
in
2,000,000
who
number
of the soil,and
were
"
got their title
Great
Spiritwho created them on it,

once
a happy and
forts
were
flourishing
people,enjoyingall the comand
luxuries of life which
they knew of, and consequently
to
"
cared
of
for,
dailyprayers
and
16,000,000 in numbers,
were
"
the
to
few
hundred
for
scuffling
now
of
ashes
the
to
the
bayonet, and
and
destruction
Indian
with
met
luxuries
of life
Men
; and
men
and
Of
and
fed
which
introduced
been
by
white
with
the 2,000,000
have
the
sword,
of their death
visited
upon
also, whose
men
in
the
'ears
of
remaining
are
bones
whom
to
means
and
embraced,
them
the
over
the remainder
men,
these
of
6,000,000 of
goodness
white
by
30,000,000
small-pox,and
whiskey ; all of
have
pemican.'
about
of Red
welcomed
were
and
for his
and
the
white
by acquisitive
poor
goods
that number
sent
entered
was
since ;
years
2,000,000
fallen victims
country
and
thanks
and
Almighty,
protection. Their
but
and
the
land
where
corn
green
alive at
them
fathers
forethe
and
this time,
living victims and

dupes of the white man's cupidity,degraded,discouraged,and
lost in the bewildering maze
that is produced by the use
of
vices ; and the remaining number
whiskey and its concomitant
1,400,000
yet unroused
are
are
alreadythe
and
unnoticed
primative modes, by
the
dread
miserable
from
or
their wild haunts
love
of
white
or
their
his
and
man
allurements."
All
who
Indian
in
that
he
was
have
his
come
native
in
contact
state, have
with
borne
the
North
testimony
American
to
the
honest, hospitable,faithful,brave, warlike
though cruel, revengeful,and relentless,and that he

honorable, contemplative,and religiousbeing. If the
fact
even
was
customs
an
and
were
down
came
to
and
natural
as
that
palliation
them
by tradition
in
remembered
be
ceremonies
and
of civilization
to
voluntaryacts
of
felt bound
to
and
the
escorted
their
under
very
by
bestowed
nature
betrayed him, struck him

worth of property."
shilling's
A large number
of legends have come
various
and
and
Indians, all of which
would
be
ble
hospita-
treated
reward."
at
to
the
of great interest
to
He
hazard
to
"no
stole from
or
down
of
him,
of exposure
blow,
ceremonies
and
dances
sand
thou-
upon
kind
all circumstances
ever
the
monies
cere-
eight years,
hundred
through the country of their enemies
lives, but
own
Indian
of
for
past,
stances,
varietyof circumand decidedly
many
kindness
them
customs
in their country,
welcomed
people. He was
best they could give "without
hope of fee or
was
pronounce
and
infinite
the
and
hospitality
and
dim
the
four
or
passion,
customs
from
intercourse
almost
to
these
our
as
three
some
witness
bore
them
After
us.
associatingwith
these people under an
Catlin
to
proper
visitingand
of
of
cruel,or of ignorantand disgustingexcess
is dark and
it should
of that which
present evidences
of the Indians
ceremonies
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
140
him
descriptive
us
northwestern
to
the
reader.
the peculiarities
appropriateas illustrating
made
sui generis,and
which
the Indian
which
justifiedthe
described
selection of the name
himself,
by which he sometimes
"Ongwee
Hongwee."
within the last few years to
Experiments by scientific men
of long drought, have
led to
produce rain, during a season
in these
the participants
experiments being called rainmakers.
held
were
Among the Mandans, as late as 1832, the rainmakers
in high repute.
While
the Mystery Men
performed their rites
inside of the lodge,young
sent
to the roof to stand
were
men
there from sunrise to sundown
commanding it to rain. If the
fruitless he descended
at night in disgrace. If he
attempt was
succeeded
he acquired a lastingreputation as
a
Mystery or
A
few
of them
Medicine
as
The
raised
will be
Man.
the ceremony
rainmakers
continued
never
from
for this ceremony

great deal of corn, and
reason
disaster threatened
were
The
the harvest.
appealed to by
the
women
day
to
day
apparent.
was
in
The
to
failed of
seasons
Chiefs
of
and
success
ally
eventu-
until rain
The
came.
Mandans
drought great
Medicine
Men
produce rain for the benefit
of the
the
of
After
corn.
assembled
them, with
herbs
which
they burned
might ascend
odors
within
allowed
had
selected
been
One
rain.
by
each
one
the top of the
upon
At
the
time
same
lives in
Heaven."
the
himself
superhuman
to
come
of the
eyes
fields of his
corn
drawn
arrow,
fell in
rain
the
place prepared
title of Medicine
the occasion
roared
a
above
to
and
beautiful
the
girl.
the chiefs
fall without
in
incense
the
to
gratefulodors
the
commands
to
thunders
of
the cloud
time, commanded
the cloud.
to
He
then
the
honors
mercy
described
pour
great trouble, for he knew
degree of
of his medicine.
the
In
homage
to
moments
from
descended
and
few
the
his
that
receive
the
high
were
style
Man.
it continued
falling,
killed
forth
potent in his mysteries,and
so
to
a*nd prayers
songs
at the same
receive
and
thunder
their
produce
spend the day
burning
were
who
to
attempt
lot
were
men
young
the potency
doctors
was
he
to
to
On
by
test
to
and
torrents.
due
one
his turn
sending
its head, sent
to
the
one
ceremonies
the
that
might draw down its contents

upon
bent, and
people. Finally the bow was
that
nearer,
make
order
appeared,and the fortunate brave,

lodge noticed its approach,drew upon
whole
villageas he vaunted forth his
and,
powers,
the
Men, and
were
sun
prepared in
Spirit. No
aromatic
cloud
the top of the
the
with
the
Finallythe
who, from
where
lodge,and
wigwam below, and

Great
Spiritfor success
"who
house
took
the
Him
Great
willingto
as
fire
Men
apparatus
other
and
sage
demands
Medicine
all their mystery
the
Medicine
the
the
that
the
to
141
the
possible,
as
of wild
upon
council
the
performed except
with
house
abundance
an
long
insistent
so
council
in the
about
the
delaying as
became
women
MEN.
RED
PRIMITIVE
and
upon
down
after the rain had commenced

in torrents
lightningflashed
The
new-made
that he
doctors
the
was
whose
immediate
until
midnight,the
through a lodge and
Medicine
Man
was
in
the irrevocable
subjectto
vengeance
was
of the
cause
likelyto
disaster.
and he soon
from
of his friends
learned
some
Morning came
the opinion of the wise men,
of the tribunal
and also the nature
that was
for his three horses, and
He sent
prepared for him.
the assembled
villagers
mounting the medicine lodge addressed
with these words :
My friends, I see you all around me, and I
"
am
before
you
; my
medicine
you
see
is great
"
it is
too
great
IMPROVED
142
I
"
am
The
and
young
for Ko-ka
horses
medicine
strong ?
Who
came
"
The
days.
was
the
of this sentence
end
the
gives
three
and
; his
the
ning
light-
the
of
shout
brave
descended
after he
ever
title of
honorable
and
is not
unanimous
of the hand, and
the familiar
under
that
for Ko-ka
weep
crowd, and
shakes
stop.
the eyes
of Wak-a-dah-ha-hee
of
religiousceremony
To
paleface this ceremony
the
Big
Mandans
included
lasted
four
of great
scenes
but with the Indians themselves

barbarity,
and approved
regarded as a great religiousanniversary,
Great Spirit,
visited
by
in the
witness
bore
him
in their power
were
to
existence
Bad) Spirit,and
the
North
but
there
also
future
and
time
and
constituted
all the
existence
vices
Indian
variance
that
Indian
tribes
and worshipful,and did everything

religious
the Great Spirit. They all believed
propitiate
of a Great
and an
Evil (or
(or Good) Spirit,
American
was
fact
the
to
for their virtues and
seemed
with
and
future
in this world.
have
to
the
regard to
virtue and
vice, and
instance, the Mandans
what
were
Good
and
believed
been
the
Evil
family;
one
and
manner
in the
bility
accounta-
In this respect
mentioned
place,of the accountability
the
appeasing and propitiating
For
the
crueltyand
Catlin
of
who
pierced the cloud
arrow
annual
apparent
by
of those
to
Medicine.
Double
it
when
not
are
many
Wak-a-dah-ha-hee
the medicine
says
thrived
lived and
his
through
greeted by
them
I knew
"
is laid low, and
hearts
"
the
At
approbation ran
amongst
the
great
was
fast
too
was
MEN.
RED
OF
(the Antelope).
gladden
to
of Mah-sish
wigwam
weep
ORDER
as
form,
to
what
modes
proper
Spirits.
existence
of both
Great
Spiritand an Evil Spirit; but they believed the Evil

and was
far superior
Spiritexisted long before the Great Spirit,
in power.
They believed in a future state and existence, and a
future administration
of rewards
and
punishments ; but they
a
believed
these
punishments
with
from
suffered
their
cold
naturallyreversed
the
torments
heaven
was
nothing
sins.
in the
supposed
is felt but
to
the
be
eternal, but
of heaven
from
were
not
Living in a climate
severityof their winters
ideas
our
of hell
were
warm
keenest
cold
and
and
and
not
hell.
from
were
mensurate
com-
where
they
they
With
very
them
heat, while
delightfulplace where
the
enjoyment, and where
He
tance.
the
to
went
to
men
for the
put it in readiness
lodge and
the
out
lodge,which he opened. He
he appointed to clean
whom
mystery
four
called to his assistance
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
144
about
ceremony
place,by sweeping it and strewing a profusionof green

herbs
its floor, while
boughs over
sage and aromatic
falo
these were
also scattered around, and over
arranged buf-
take
willow
were
skulls and
human
and
articles which
other
be
to
were
used
follow.
to
During the whole of the
during the ceremonies
the first
being made,
day, and while these preparationswere
around
went
through the villagestopping in
or
only man"
and asked who
out
front of each
came
lodge until the owner
he repliedby relating
the matter, to which
and what was
he was
had
the sad catastrophe which
happened on the earth's
"
Saying that he was

by the overflow of the waters.
from
the universal
saved
the only person
calamity; that he
in the west
where
his big canoe
launched
on
a
high mountain
the medicine
resides ; that he had come
he now
to open
lodge,
receive a present of some
for which he must
edged tool from
of every
the owner
wigwam, that it may be sacrificed to the
surface
; if this
water
would
one
no
depositedin
afternoon
or
of
On
were
be saved,
made.
was
canoe
He
of the
with
was
received
last
would
there
it
as
the medicine
tools
such
of the
they
that
the
each, which
big
was
until the
remained
when,
ceremony,
flood,and
another
present from
lodge,where
day
be
the
as
final
into the river in the presence

thrown
closingscene, they were
the whole
villageas a sacrifice to the Spiritof the Water.
the third day the candidates
for the torture, by which
they
to
their manhood
prove
lodge. On
carried
in his
hung
his bow
the
the
fiftyentered
arm
done
not
was
and
occasion
endurance, entered
which
lists
are
properly prepared for

right hand his medicine
bag,
his shield of bull's hide, and
and
we
and
the
tery
mys-
describing,about
the
Each
test.
while
the
on
in his left hand
were
left
held
his
quiver was hung on his back.

livered
deHaving entered the mystery lodge,the first or only man
short speech stimulating and
a
to
encouraging them
trust to the Great
Spiritfor protection during the ceremonies
and severe
ordeal through which
He
then
to
they were
pass.
called in
arrows,
medicine
for the
man
occasion, and
whom
who
he
was
appointed master
designated by
of
them
nies
ceremo-
O-kee-
PRIMITIVE
RED
MEN.
145
"
To
him was
keeper or conductor of ceremonies.
pah-ka-se-kah,
passed the medicine-pipe,and this appointment having thus
shook
hands with him
and bade
been confirmed, the only man
him good-by,saying that he was
going back to the mountains
he should
in just a
in the west, from whence
assuredlyreturn
year from that time to open the lodge again.
of the
Medicine
Man
took
his positionat the centre
The
lodge. He cried to the Great Spiritall the time, and watched
who
thirst for four days and
to fast and
the young
men
were
nights preparatory
the
were
let down
be attached, and
Buffalo
the
to
by
third
in it
actors
day, although
with
backs
the
on
the
times
horns
and
hoofs
position,
enabling them
while they were
looking
mask.
The
painted in
other.
their
bodies
the most
The
of
the
second
the
imitate
men
were
divided
were
torture.
four
robes
times
on
times
on
The
cipal
prin-
over
their
body being
the actions
as
in
of the
through
nearly naked,
into
to
by the flesh.
assigned principally
of its eyes
out
passed
up
day, twelve
fourth
day.
buffalo
floor
splintswere
hung
extraordinarymanner
eight men
positionsat the
the
attached, the
to
the
to
danced
was
with
horizontal
buffalo
it
on
eight men
were
be
to
were
be
splintsto
submit
to
the
on
part of the ceremony
sixteen
day, and
of
were
they
the first day, eight times

the third
bunch
him
the roof to which
which
was
who
from
dance
Behind
torture.
and
scalping-knife,
were
The
the
the flesh of those
through
Cords
to
all
and
and
similar
four
pairs,and
each
to
four cardinal
the
points. Between
four other persons
were
painted,two of
appropriately
represented night,and the other two
represented day.
twelve persons were
the only persons
actuallyengaged
assisted in giving it
dance, although a great number
took
groups
whom
These
in the
proper
effect.
On
each
the first day this Bull

of the cardinal
or
points,and
Buffalo
the
dance
Medicine
was
Man
given
one
smoked
to
his
twice on
In like manner,
the second
pipe in these directions.
day, three times on the third day, and four times on the fourth
been
to have
day. Indeed a superstitious
regard seems
paid to
the number
four. During the dances the Medicine
Man, assisted
by the old man, delivered a chant, sending forth their supplications
to the Great
Spiritfor the continuation of his influence in
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
146
them
sending
men
in the
opened
their
young
had
the
On
them
with
courage
and
supply
to
keeping
also
and
year,
buffaloes
the
up
that
lodge by tellingthem
during
of
fortitude
Great
the
the
the
Spirit
in their behalf.
ears
fourth
food
day
was
driving away
the
illustrated
of
the
Spirit. One of the tribe, painted in a hideous manner,

the
in among
people
represented the Evil Spirit. He came
him with
the
fled from
engaged in the ceremonies, all of whom
Finallythe Evil Spiritwas
greatest apparent fear and alarm.
the
returned
to
and
driven
place from
by the women,
away
Evil
he
whence
this
was
Spirit,
moral
The
came.
:
of
appearance
the
Evil
ceremonies
religious
doing mischief and of
of their
midst
in the
That
of the
of
for the purpose
Spiritcame
disturbingtheir worship ; that he was held in check and defeated
by the superiorinfluence and virtue of the medicine pipe,and at
last driven in disgraceout of the villageby the very part of the
he came
close of the fourth
The
to abuse.
community whom
devoted
to the tortures
was
by which the
day of the ceremonies
of the young
tested.
man
was
Splints
bravery and endurance
were
passed through the flesh of the arms, legs,and the breast.
in the arms
and legs were
attached weights,buffalo
To those
allowed to remain
until by suppuration
heads, etc., which were
they dropped out of their own
weight. To the splintsin the
breast were
attached the cords by which
hoisted six
they were
or
eightfeet from the ground, remaining in that positionuntil
weight they broke their flesh loose from the splints.
by their own
had been concluded
After these tortures
the presents of edged
Evil
the
tools which,
man's
every
bank
and
above
stated, had been
wigwam,
of the river,when
all the nation
from
them
not
as
be
high
and
taken
all the
by
other
bank
This
into
the
the
the
door
Man
to
attended
men
in their presence
water,
from
of
the
him,
he threw
which
part of the affair took
closed the scene,
at
Medicine
medicine
spectators, and
were
recovered.
sundown,
were
collected
they could
placeexactlyat
being the ending of
the Mandans,
religiousceremony.
This
chapter has
alreadyexceeded the limit originally

assigned;
but the subject has been so fascinating,
and the mass
of material
at hand
so
to
has been
to
decide what
great, that the difficulty
omit, rather than what to select. What
has been
presented is
PRIMITIVE
but
present, as
to
near
as
in all its
character
MEN.
147
portion of that untouched.
small
very
RED
be,
Our
comprehensive sketch
phases, trustingthereby, to arouse
may
of the reader, sufficient interest to induce
mind
himself
of wealth
mine
in the
idea has
his
at
him
to
of Indian
in the
delve
and
for
illustrative of
command,
character, Indian
Indian
been
purity,Indian nobilityalone
with his so-called
unspotted by contact
and
tarnished,
un-
civilized
'
conqueror.
Where
have
extracts
taken
been
from
publicationslong
since
than one
hundred
published more
in which
were
or
quotations fcom writings and
ago,
years
and eighteenth centuries, we
publicationsof the seventeenth
have
thought proper to use the quaint language of the original
idioms.
As
in
writing rather than to change it to the modern
is learned
from
the study of a historyof a people much
their
also an insightis gained into the forms
habits and customs,
so
of a certain time
and peculiarities
by the language then used.
have not
In this chapter as in other
portions of the book, we
the material at command,
hesitated to draw
making genupon
eral
of
of
the
and
ing
claimour
source
information,
acknowledgment
only the arrangement and adaptation to this historyof the
of
out
of them
print,some
selections
have
we
made.
Among the races

stands unique and
originof the race,
it descended
from
of the
earth,the North
remarkable.
how
the ages
many
those
palefacestoo
vivid and
into
Brought
cognizant of
freedom
from
restraint,it is
their
not
Patriotic
and
suggested to
country
and
Societies
the
them
Accustomed
"there
is
no
justicewould
as
good
seem
of
are
we
Indian
to
to
by
except he
compel
us
to
the
which
inhabited
the
books
of
be effaced.
being
that
assume
those
who
and
the
composed
the
succeeding chapter,
separationfrom the mother
a
free
reiteration
by
speaking
to
government,
into
crystallized
became
been
Indians, and
much
in
the idea of
Indian
fearlessness, endurance
too
mentioned
establishment
thought afterwards
the
imbibed
of libertywas
inspiration
that
to
ever
with
daily contact
made
the
in the
remarkable
thereby
same
of the evolution
record
have
may
prehistoricpeople
country before it,it has left

the
Whatever
American
be
learn
the
United
of the
brutal
which
States.
phrase
dead
Indian," simple
something of this won-
IMPROVED
148
derful race,
"
fast
are
who
in the
travellingto
ORDER
OF
imagery of
the
shades
RED
their
own
of their
MEN.
expressivelanguage,
fathers, towards
the
has
here
If what
that
been written will arouse
setting sun."
the
shall influence
reader to remember
of justicewhich
sense
the virtues, and
forget the faults,of this singularpeople, our
objectwill have been accomplished. And if in the description
of our
Order, even
given,we shall have brought to the members
in a slight
degree, some
knowledge of the OriginalPeople,whose
customs
are
perpetuated in the
work,
have
feel confident
stronger love and a

of Red
Order
Men,
Red
time
we
Men
will be
more
forms
and
ceremonies
the result will be
of
that
for
enduring fidelity
our
they
the
ualistic
ritwill
proved
Im-
of the Primitive
by which the memory
preserved to the latest period of recorded
CHAPTER
III.
PATRIOTIC
IN
Order
notice
due
frequently
previous
in
the
all
colonies
had
colonies.
The
without
population
plain by investigation,
The
Forest,"
tutelar
the
and
Colony
again
additional
patron,
facts
have
been
at
Independence,
had
of their
History
number
or
the
to
justify this
tion.
assump-
to
permit
of
union.
such
tematic
sys-
conducted,
This
sustained
fact
is
the
by
of the
possess
and
formation
in-
of
the
from
forms
Children
"f
Indian
genuine
existence
the
practised
is derived
shows
and
of
Chieftain
the
settlement
length,
of
people
suffered
that
the
the
the
its
as
early history
with
but
royal letters-patent,
first, the
the
the
of
from
were
the
wrongs
the
English
reign
War
at
in
of
any
James
privileged companies
realityindependent,
149
the
to
and
with
Government.
of
dates
refer
we
them
colonies, prior
British
beginning
; but
upon
indignities
settlers
in
in
substantiate
presence
in America,
England.
and
many
under
I. of
At
mention
briefly commented
rulers
us
shall
we
greater
The
hands
we
costumes
which
proof.
the
of
Maryland.
chapter
them
the
claimed
and
of
independence
surely
that
adopted
wore
which
of the
of this
of
and
saint
Some
to
information
society which
ceremonies,
the
and
is
tainly
cer-
given.
first reliable
secret
and
and
They
localities, harmoniously
communication
of
forms
the
for
and
sparse
ten
influential
communication
evidence
separate
form
close
too
our
least,
at
some
ceremonies.
mystic
and
of
patriotic organizations,
Independence,
freedom
was
history
nearly all, using
is abundant
in
of
their
the
"
the
formed,
pages,
origin
herein
of
for
object,
some
these
all, or
common
work,
made
and
There
of those
Declaration
Indians
ultimate
same
the
to
of the
customs
in
to
of
epoch
taken
be
must
alluded
years
traditional
the
considering
SOCIETIES.
and
as
they
IMPROVED
150
dissenters
were
seeking
grievanceof
the
OF
ORDER
MEN.
RED
they
sidered
con-
the government,
and
church
established
the
what
from
place of refuge
grievancewith them as
they would have done had they been reallyincorporated with
the British empire. This course
at first allowed
was
by Great
Britain
until the advantage and value of the possessionsin
America
more
were
Having once
thoroughly understood.
at
awakened
this knowledge, the policy of England was
to
once
different,and all possessionsacquired by the subjectsof
deemed
to be
James I.,either by conquest or occupation,were
held by them
This was
for the crown.
exemplifiedin the early
Zealand.
refer now
to the earlysettlement
We
historyof New
they took
not
care
to
the
convey
"
of
the
colonies.
growth
This
course
it must
foreignsoil,as
upon
beneficent
was
even
appear
for
one
upon
their
cursory
observation.
"
There
are
many
colonization.
appreciatetheir
supremacy
evils incident
Colonists
of the crown,
for the
or
must
rather
independent
they rightly
attempts
any
themselves
interests
own
to
when
the
see
in that
at
advantage in the
of the
British
ment,
Parlia-
is
over
a
only properly supreme
territory
which has been taken by conquest from another
civilized power.
The supremacy
needed
implies a right to protectionmuch
by
small collections of men
in distant regions."
Such was
certainlytrue of the infant history of our country,
and undoubtedly the fact that they were
known
as
belonging to
the English crown
immense
was
an
protectionto the colonists
againstthe claims of either France or Spain.
But while this was
of the infancy of America, the fact
true
became
crown
patent
that
as
the
colonies
and in
financially,
territorially,
restive under
to
an
this
freedom
of
influence,and
restraining
strengthened,
thought,they grew
disposed,if possible,
from it. Possibly

the freedom
of the
escape
incentive to this feeling,
for the colonists saw
they (the Indians)were

this government
and
measures
the
and
grew
each
was
was
governed by
one
in which
allowed
of government
were
change of attitude assumed

first friendly,
sympathetic, and
Chief
decided.
in the
was
although
Sachem,
had
to
that
tion,
representa-
councils
Added
Man
that
or
all warriors
voice
Red
at
which
this also
by the English government,

of
helpful. The resources
was
at
the
of
Navigation Act,
resented than any
bitterly
The
the
carried
were
neither
were
search
and
this.
All
which
was
any
these
of
acts
attempted to
arisingfrom the
tax
determined
and
in
England,
1765, passed
levied
which
tax
No
in the colonies.
actions
the
by
and
could
document
by
colonists,
them,
the
Act
Stamp
parchment
legal without
posing
imwas,
from
and
be
meet
This
of the
as
vellum
to
wars,
revenue
known
act
an
all paper
on
in
them
in order
Indian
and
French
submission
force
of the colonies.
forever
the colonies
tax
Angered
to
created
Assistance,
imported into the colonies.
articles
on
resisted.
course,
the
but
were
that
legal permits to enter

free people could submit
to
of that struggle
forerunner
No
house.
now
expense
a
man's
of
Writs
for,
see
assist
to
more
less than
nor
result in the freedom
to
England
the
more
to
England
out,
obtained
finding smuggled goods, they

which
order
In
officers,and
of custom-house
large number
spoken, was
English government,
hurtful.
most
of this act
measures
have
we
of the
act
the
said, it was
have
we
as
which
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
152
used
stamp.
time, the Quartering

passed, about the same
A standing army
ordered
for the colonies,and
the
Act.
was
ding,
required to provide the troops with quarters, bedpeople were
There
also
was
fire-wood,drinks,
This
roused
dastardlyact
and
resentment
the
colonists.
be
It may
which
had
mentioned
burning fire the indignation

smouldered
so
long in the hearts of
United
time
after the
than
this, about
tax
from
levied upon
was
the
that
no
it
with
it could
each
obnoxious
other
be
too
as
done
to
the
of how
in the
to
meet
This
tax
dear for
not
with
means
rule of the mother
as
State
the
was
made,
for the
yet taken
over
of
Maryland, a
resulting
expenses
endured
the
their
safety,counselled
form
the
and
more
men
of open
wrongs,
freeingthemselves
country.
first
earlier
that
and
price of liberty,
that blessing.
brooded
of
strangely
years
rebellion,and
part of the
Although oppositionhad
still in secret
hostility,
men
when
Southern
people
was
price was
instance
an
1779,
year
her
as
changes that
imposed
stamp tax was
war.
Revolutionary
cheerfullybecause
knew
of the
the
also, the
States
war
to
here,
history repeats itself,and

that in the
candles.
and
soap,
and,
consulted
from
the
PATRIOTIC
SOCIETIES.
153
Gradually these secret councils took the form of regularly

into a
organized meetings, which in turn resolved themselves
the Sons
of Liberty."
secret
societystyled by its members
this feelingin the hearts of all the members
So instinctive was
of this society,
Sons of Liberty was
that the name
chosen
as
symbolicalof the sentiment and as indicative of the libertyand
freedom
they longed for. The precisedate of the formation of
this societycannot
be traced ; but that it had an
existence
now
of Independence
at least ten
years previous to the Declaration
relative to the odious
is proved by the action of its members
colonies
Stamp Act, sought to be imposed upon the American
"
"
"
in the year
At
1765.
beginning
the
this
of
the first information
that
chieftain
Indian
as
of
chapter the statement

a
societywhich claimed
its tutelar saint and
patron,
made
was
a
genuine
derived
was
from
earlyhistoryof the colony of Maryland. This, as the text

subsequently indicated, referred to the Saint Tamina
Society,
It would
be more
organized at Annapolis in 1771.
proper to
say that the societyof Sons of Liberty on that date changed its
to that of Saint Tamina
name
Society. In addition to what is
elsewhere
of Liberty,it is proper
stated concerning the Sons
the
to
add
further
Colonel
Isaac
of this
account
Barre
was
following1761. He
of the Stamp Act,
passage
years
of
five
to
Sons
for which
of Parliament
was
the few
among
which
passed
service
he
for several
who
Parliament
afterwards
opposed the
by a vote
received
the
of the
thanks
Barre
one,
society.
member
had
province. In a speech on February 6, 1765,

called the opposing parties in the colonies "the
of
name
Liberty,"which
adopted by the society. While
was
immediately afterwards
precisedate of organization,
therefore,may not be stated, it was evidentlyat or previousto
the year
"Sons
of
1765, and the time of assuming the name
Liberty,"subsequent to February, 1765. The organizationtook
a leadingpart in all patriotic
between
movements
1765 and the
Declaration
of Independence. On
the I4th of August, 1765,
Andrew
hung
which
is
now
Oliver, brother-in-law
the
of
Governor
Hutchinson,
in
was
the Liberty Tree

as
effigyfrom the old elm known
stood on
Washington street, Boston, Mass., facingwhat
the beginning of Boylstonstreet.
This pageant,"we
"
told,
are
OF
RED
prepared by a party
Liberty who, prompted by
been
had
"
called Sons
the
ORDER
IMPROVED
154
of
this method
hour, devised
memorable
to
MEN.
of Boston
the intense
anniversary for
the
feelingof
gust
I4th of Au-
The
it.
express
mechanics
of
Sons
Liberty,
who
on
eight years later in 1773, celebrated it by 'a festivity'
The
the
Stamp Act
opposition which
Roxbury Common."
its repealby an
sufficient finally
of
to secure
act
received was
the approval of
Parliament, February 21, 1766, that received
the king Ma/ch
17, 1766. Throughout the colonies the news
of the repeal was
received
with every conceivable
tion
demonstraof joy."
The
took
place in
principaldemonstrations
mon
erected on the ComBoston, on May 19, 1766. An obelisk was
became
"
"
and
with
decked
lanterns
; Hancock
illuminated
his house
discharged fireworks in front of it from a stage ; and this

was
responded to by similar demonstrations
by the Sons of
Liberty at the workhouse."
The societyof the Sons of Libertyin Boston
exercised commanding
and
influence
hundred
marched
and
when,
British
far
as
soldiers
encamped, the remainder

later in the
There
day, to
is record
Dorchester, August
and
Many
dinner
14,
eral
1/68, sev-
Long Wharf, and
at
portionof
by the Sons
the troops
allowed
Fanueil
occupy
of
where
"
were
of October,
ist
landed
were
Common
the
as
the
on
of
Liberty,
Hall."
given by
the Sons
of
Libertyat
1769.
important were
the events
of
some
transpired,
which are repeated in contemporaneous
history,but concerning
the minor
details of which there is much
obscurity,
owing to the
exceeding delicacyof the positionoccupied by the colonists,and
the absolute
as
regards the personalidentity
secrecy necessary
of the patriots engaged in
of the proceedings of those
many
times.
South
being
the
Finallycame
Church
in the
Thursday,December
filled to
was
building.
arrival of three
proposed
to
land
Pearl Street.
Wharf,
The
loaded
defiance
to
to
had
with
of the
the
pay
Addresses
than
tax
been
tea
the
made
people
which
it had
of
been
of the
representativesof the
The
by
Old
called because
shipswere
Liverpool Wharf,
were
The
2000
expressed wishes
collect thereon.
now
16, 1773.
suffocation,more
meeting
vessels
in
people,who refused
king had attempted
off Griffin's
that
Samuel
near
the
moored
foot
of
Adams, Young,
PATRIOTIC
SOCIETIES.
Roe, Quincy, and others.

should
tea
church,
be
not
the outside.
to
persuade him
to
attempt
an
returned
"
No
said
Messengers
to
sent
were
for the
arrange
land
had
sooner
he concluded
to
governor
of the vessels
try
without
six o'clock
the messengers
unsuccessful.
The record
than
Samuel
Adams
and
arose
do
to save
the country.'
nothing more
Instantlya shout was heard at the porch ; the war-whoop resounded,
and
band
of fortyor fifty
a
disguised as Indians, rushed
men,
by the door, and hurried down toward the harbor, followed by
a
throng of people ; guards were
carefullyposted according
Griffin's Wharf
to
to
previous arrangements around
prevent
and
the intrusion of spies. The
others
Mohawks/
companying
acsome
aboard
the
three
them,
tea-ships and
sprang
of three hundred
and forty-twochests of
emptied the contents
the least injuryto the vessels or any
tea into the bay, 'without
:
meeting
the
to
return
About
the tea.
quote continues
we
'This
that
was
reported that they were
and
which
from
unanimously resolved that the

Besides
the large crowd
in the
than 7000 people had gathered
more
landed.
it is estimated
on
It
155
can
'
property.'No
other
harmed
tea
no
confusion,
one
interfered
allowed
was
to
be carried
infuriated
noisy riot, no
no
with
them
no
There
away.
mob.
The
was
person
was
no
multitude
stood
ing
by and looked on in solemn silence,while the weird-lookvisible in the moonlight, removed
figures,made
distinctly
the
hatches,
tore
open
This
overboard.
the
chests, and
threw
strange spectaclelasted
the
about
entire
three
cargo
hours,
was
as
home, and the town
people all went
quiet
if nothing had happened. The
next
as
day the fragments of
the tea were
strewn
seen
shore, carried
along the Dorchester
tide.
A
formal
declaration
of the
thither by the wind
and
committee
Paul
transaction was
drawn
; and
up by the Boston
Revere
York
and Philadelphia,
sent with despatches to New
was
and
where
then
the
the
news
was
received
with
the greatest demonstrations
joy. In Boston the feelingwas that of intense satisfaction

of having exhausted
proceeding from the consciousness
every
of legal redress before undertaking this bold
possiblemeasure
and novel mode
of assertingthe rightsof the people."
Two
be aptly inserted
stanzas
describingthese events
may
here from a poem
Holmes.
by Oliver Wendell
of
spread the tempest's darkening pall;

troubled ;
The mighty realms were
Fast
"
The
morning shall reveal

fire no king can smother,
British flint and
When
of
of
date
January
concerning
the
landed
marched
have
have
from
snow-shoes
on
had
have
James Warren
brought
they
sick at
so
Under
had
on
to
suspected
the knee, would

the
done
off
from
up
letter goes
The
if
one-
vessel wrecked
been
this way,
to
to
William.
been
Indians."
"
wrote
shore
on
Indians
tribe would
Marshpee
the
Adams
Castle
at
It is said that the
"
say
cast
twenty-eight and
similar
Cape Cod, and which
of
and
cape
1774, Samuel
10,
other."
1774,
disposed of by
were
lot of tea
back
the
of
tea
in March,
that
is record
steel,
Boston
againsteach
clashed
Have
half chests
teapot bubbled.
Boston
lurid
The
There
loose,but first of all
broke
storm
The
"
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
156
business
for
them."
in mentioning these facts to show, that the

particular
of the forms and customs
of the
Sons of Liberty did make
use
work
in which
Indians
as
a
disguisein the patriotic
they were
Undoubtedly their leading spiritshad determined
engaged.
But until public
separation from the mother government.
upon
had
been
educated
sustain
sentiment
to
an
sufficiently
open
of independence,it was
declaration
that
mantle
of
a
necessary
We
are
should
secrecy
be
call attention
We
the
This
societies
in
were
full
harmony
they were
Liberty and
said
of
was
an
the
we
secret
and
the
Indian
have
Tamina
distinct.
While
first,of which
as
modes
Paul
the patron
Sons
record,
of
to
we
Revere
sent
was
by
delphia.
Phila-
New
York
have
made, that these
and
of communication,
in
communion
The
successes
treasonable.
the claim
Saint
the
organization,
of which
by
if
acts, which
despatches to
engaged.
is clear and
Maryland
with
united
were
were
their
fact that
the
corroborates
which
name
to
committee
Boston
upon
if failures
but
patriotic,
were
of
thrown
the
connection
and
work
common
between
the
in
Sons
Society of Annapolis, Maryland,

the Saint Tamina
Society of
we
have
record,
saint of America
to
and
use
the
of the
Liberty was the first organization,

the disguise of Indians
and
use
PATRIOTIC
SOCIETIES.
157
for the patriotic

presumably their forms and customs
purposes
for which
organized.
they were
From
the beginning the organizationseems
spired
into 'have been
loftypatriotism,and by a desire
by the purest and most
be done for the benefit of the colto do everything that should
onists,
while at the same
time, as we have remarked, laying the
for a government
that should be independent of Great
foundation
Britain and properly
guard the mighty continent whichyhad come
into their possessionas a great heritage,
and whose
possibilities
for future grandeur and power
then dimly foresaw and
they even
realized.
Non-Importation Act of 1770 was warmly supported by

Gazette of February 19,
the Sons of Liberty; and in the Boston
of a sewing-circle
composed of
1770, there is a quaint account
who
house
of Rev.
met
at the
Mr.
45 daughters of liberty,
The
and
Moorhead
232
spun
their entertainment
a
little wine, etc.

and
tunes
was
"
The
skeins
wholly
whole
liberty
songs,
of yarn.
of American
concluded
was
with
It is mentioned
that
production, except
with
great judgment
many
able
agree-
; fine voices
performed and animated on this occasion in all the several parts

of the Sons of Liberty."
by a number
under
During the siege of Boston the famous
Liberty-tree,
which
the Sons of Liberty used to hold their meetings,was
cut
down
who
"
had
amidst
the
sneers
and
taunts
of the soldiers and
tories,
forgottenits almost personalsymbolism." In 1833

the spot.
In later days
the old Liberty-TreeTavern
stood upon
this in turn
pying
occugave place to the present business block now
the site and
the face of which
is a tablet bearing a
on
representationof the famous
Liberty-treeand an appropriate
inscription.
Whether
the persons
who composed the Sons of Libertyactually
took part in the hanging in effigyof Mr. Hood, who
was
appointed Stamp Master at Annapolis, Maryland, in the year
ing
1765, is not clearlyproved by history;but that a general meetconvention
of several societies of the Sons
of Liberty
or
did take place in the town
of Annapolis, Md., in the year 1766,
is fully authenticated
taken
from
by the following account
Ridgely'sAnnals of Annapolis :
"In March, 1766, the Sons of Liberty,from Baltimore,-Kent,
not
ORDER
IMPROVED
158
counties,
Arundel
Anne
and
RED
at
this
met
to the chief justiceof

application
the secretary and
commissary general and
office,to open their respectiveoffices,and
written
execution
the
in
with, and
the
their
of
Stamp Act
and
Northern
the
among
null and
of
land
usual
as
complied
was
void."
Liberty,"existed
Colonies.
Middle
They were
very
tribute
appointed to dis-
officers
thoroughlyfrightened the
active, and
proceed
to
Sons
"the
of the
judges
became
virtually
associations, called
These
a
place, and made
the provincialcourt,
demand
This
duties.
MEN.
OF
the stamps.
called
of
Sons
"
and
Province,
says:
in
British stamps
all the
warned
of
At
this
the
Lord
Baltimore's
time
there
by
foreign citizens
the
Liberty,"drove
the execution
covered
of
Stamp
Act
of
into associations
distributers
stamp
officials
from
the
Annapolis not to
anywhere upon the
soil
organizationsamong
the
at
tempt
at-
charter."
several
existed
and
Annapolis
adopted the patronage of
had
distribution
"They opposed the

Maryland ; formed themselves
writer
Another
other
sections, each
saint of
some
of which
European
tion,
extrac-
Saint George's
as
designatedthe societyby his name,
Society, Saint Andrew's
Society,and Saint David's
Society.
These
all loyalto the crown
of Great Britain, and it was
at
were
first in ridicule of them
that the Sons of Liberty claimed
the
American, an Indian Chief or King
patronage of an undoubted
named
Tamina
and traced
or
Tamanend,
a
legend of his life
and
and
of
exploits,much
In the
year
title of "Sons
1771, the
of
Saint
which
Society of
Tamina,
apart the first day of
set
We
quote from
Annals
"In
in the
of
our
May
this year
(1771),and
Saint
of
from
his
own
Libertyadopted
scendant
de-
the
Tamina
Society,"and
their anniversary.
authority,Mr. Ridgely,in his
as
says
Sons
or
former
Annapolis,who
derived
was
for many
later,there
years
of
existed
Annapolis,a societycalled The Saint Tamina

who
set apart the first day of May in
Society,'
of Saint
memory
Tamina, their patron saint, whose
lost in fable
historyis now
and uncertainty. It was
usual, on the morning of this day, for
town
the
members
the
city,'a
of the
Societyto
and
to
May-pole,'
'
erect
in
decorate
some
public location in
it in
most
tasteful
ORDER
IMPROVED
160
MEN.
RED
OF
indelible
length of time in a vicinityleaves an

locality, not always for the best.
the
impress upon
"
It
its truth, that
proves
enforce
and
preserve
a
with
inconsistent
seems
of
the laws
land, often
spiritof lawlessness
rife
Such
a
spiritwas
community
its citizens.
War, and
of the
one
was
at
unknown
which
with
among
of the
the 'end
elements
it is to
spreads through
hitherto
yet experience
business
whose
of troops
body
and
sense,
common
tionary
Revolu-
those
who
The
condition
good had to contend.
had
been
deplorable. Education
country at large was
and infidelity
entirelyneglectedduring the war, and irreligion
for the
strove
of the
almost
had
"The
common
been
introduced.
Revolution
opened the door
in
infidelity
to
First, by introducingforeignfashions, habits and
two
modes
ways.
of feeling,
infidelity.And, secondly,
thinkingand acting a practical
by introducingfrom England and France, but especiallythe
atheistical
latter, an
opposition to Christianity. The
open
philosophy of Goodwin, Rousseau, Voltaire, and others was
spread in the United States during the revolution with a fearful
rapidity."
"
But
there
Allen's
Paine's
much
his other
Of
the
condition
States
their moral
character
called
vicious
already appeared.
and
error
that the friends
and
principles
of all
effect
Dr.
Ramsay,
of
"
is inferior to what
exert
for
paved the way
this time
at
Thomas
Revolution, with
aid the
to
Ethan
country.
own
History of the Revolution :

and militarytalents of
literary,
political,
been improved by the Revolution
; but
have
worse
to
upon
some
our
in his
the whole, the
for the
written
of the colonies
the United
change
had
in
objectionablewritings. The
was
long felt in the country.
more
Carolina, wrote
On
"
inculcated
evil influences
South
"
Sense
had
and
"
of Reason
Common
"
truth
these
infidel writers
were
Oracles
"
their
utmost
habits which
it
So
was.
great is
the
loudly
abilities in extirpatingthe
have taken deep root during
of
good
order
are
the convulsion."
It could
and
great
not
care
but
and
be
and
common
time
some
would
good judgment be required,before
of the colonies
uniform
expected that
could
plan.
be settled
This
had
as
far
been
as
the
elapse,
the
ernment
gov-
possible,
upon
hope,
at
least,
PATRIOTIC
of those
prominent
most
SOCIETIES.
in the
late
161
not
struggle. It must
majority of Americans
be
volted
reforgotten,however, that while the
soil there
againstthe English yoke, yet upon American
others
felt differently.
who
friends
were
England had many
soil
who would
and supporters on American
some
gladlyhave
"
continued
under
her sway
and
who, objectingto the rule of

and
throne
within
monarchy
It is known
that
the
there
were,
still
a
chical
monarEngland,
preferred,
and would
gladlyhave established
of government,
form
Others
government.
the confines
government
of America.
of the
country during the
called the Continental

RevolutionaryWar consisted of what was
nies.
deputed by the several coloCongress, composed of members
They held their sessions at Philadelphiaduring the
greater part of the period.
A
committee
was
appointed to draft a declaration of the
of this Congress with regard to the independence
sentiment
of the colonies.
This
of
committee
reported the Declaration
Independence, which on the 4th of July, 1776, was
adopted.
colonies declared
the thirteen American
By this instrument
and
free
themselves
the
of the
name
independent under
"
Thirteen
United
"This
States
of America."
of
Declaration
throughout the Union with

the spiritof the majority,though
tokens
those
were
who
viewed
the
whole
received
everywhere
appreciation. Such was
Independence
was
of
it must
be
admitted
matter
in
we
referred
there
different
very
light."
These
not
were
of course,
were,
the element
powerful enough to
still strong enough
among
the
debt
colonists.
of
effect
to
The
such
occasion
country
forty millions
over
change
trouble
much
was
of
as
burdened
dollars.
while
to, and
they desired,
and anxiety
with
an
Efforts
mense
imwere
Opposition,however, for the time prevented

Only time, prudent
any plan proposed being executed.
and admonition
could bring order out of such a chaos.
measures,
That this was
done, the historyof our country shows.
Happy indeed, for our record as a nation, that there should
have lived at that time
General
George Washington, for to all
classes of people, whether
federal or not, (forby this name
made
to
reduce
this.
"
the
friends
of the
federal
government
were
known,)
"
he
was
he been
ambitious
as
might
the country
such
With
in
be
to
country, and
so
of those
it
Such
believed
was
a
Had
Francia,
or
they.
as
that
monarchy
qualified
land, it was
who
had
that it behooved
in the
find them
"
disdain."
patrioticmen
watchful
ever
we
well
1782, when
it with
cause,
upheld their country's
Tamina
Bolivar
as
of affairs in this beloved
state
the minds
to
from
he turned
; but
him
even
as
States.
United
yet ready for anything but
not
was
for life
dictator
proposed to
or
MEN.
RED
of the
Napoleon,
as
been
have
was
course
OF
the first President
acceptableas
he
ORDER
IMPROVED
62
so
ent
appar-
valiantly
the Sons
of Saint
of their beloved
interests
again rallyingunder
the
banner
of their patron saint.
who,
They saw, with alarm, that in their midst were
many
although opposed to foreignrule,and although they had entered
freelyinto the War of Independence, were, nevertheless, strongly
with principlesof royalty. Added
imbued
to
this, ambition
of the popular leaders, and more
than
held sway
among
many
and sceptre could have been found, and
one
aspirantto a crown
who
would have gained many
a proposupporters. When, finally,
sition
and Congress for life was
to elect a President
made, this
of the people,deservedly called the
element
popular element
of the people,"took alarm, and when, in addition to this,the
Societyof the Cincinnati was formed, the constitution of which
which was
made
a strong anti-republican
membership hereditary,
"
feature
and
obnoxious
to
the
recognizing the fact that,

instituted or rather
liberty,"
Sons
or
of Saint
Columbian
We
will
have
Tamina
under
the
masses,
"
defenders
of freedom
Eternal
vigilanceis the price of

reinstated, the old society of the
of
the name
Tammany
Society
"
Order."
now
refer
to
briefly
the
Societyof
mentioned
the Cincinnati,
the effect its organization

had upon
of the generalpublic. It was
if not
composed chiefly,
we
as
the mind
entirely,
of the
its existence
to a desire on
and, indeed, owed
military,
the part of the officers of the Revolutionaryarmy
at the close
of the War, to perpetuate the bonds
of friendlyfeelingwhich
their continued
that
and
constant
intercourse
had
created, and
also
they might have some

spot or trystingplacewhere, in after
old
revive old associations, renew
to
years, they might meet
and
the
of
record
friendships,
perpetuate, through posterity,
PATRIOTIC
those
deeds
General
which
by
SOCIETIES.
such
wonderful
163
results had been
achieved.
originatorof the idea which led to the

formation
of the Society. He
General
first obtained
ton's
Washingheld, and
approval of the plan. A meeting of officers was
of the
a committee
appointed to draft a plan for the formation
Society. They did so, and at a meeting held at the house of
General
Steuben, near
Newburg, N. Y., on the i3*h of May,
was
adopted. Their
1783, the plan which they had formulated
Cincinidea of naming the Society after the famous
Roman,
natus,
Knox
taken, for there
well
was
his life and
between
noted
the
was
Roman
lived
birth of Christ.
his
when
as
theirs.
about
in many
History tells
five hundred
Consul.
So
were
messengers
years
great
sent
was
the
that
us
this
the
previous to
of
simplicity
him
expirationof
of office,he returned
his term
the
that,
man
of his election
appraise him
the soil of
tilling
to
this office,they found
mode
larity
simi-
respects, a
for
noted
so
Among his countrymen, he was
chosen
honesty,that he was
by the Roman
integrityand
Senate
was,
At
his farm.
to
his former
of life,as
to
the
simple
again
Washington did, only to be again and

called to assume
the leadershipand control of a people to whom
he was
devotedlyattached.
The
him
and
of character
between
points of resemblance
their beloved Washington ; his mode
of life which
had its counterpart
in many
of theirs (forin laying down
the sword, many
him
took up the ploughshare); and his devoted patriotism,
made
in their eyes, a worthy model
and name-giver to the Societyof
which
shown
they expected such happy results. This idea was
in their incorporation,
for at this meeting before spoken of, they
reportedthat, "the officers of the American
erally
army, having genbeen taken from the citizens of America, possess
a
high
veneration
Ouintius
for the
character
of that
illustrious Roman,
Cincinnatus, and being resolved
to
his
follow
Lucius
example
citizenship,
they think they may, with propriety,
Cincinnati."
denominate
themselves
of
the
the
Society
also taken to state distinctly
and fully
the objectfor
was
the societywas
designated.
by returningto
their
"
Care
which
"
To
vast
under
perpetuate, therefore, as
event
as
the
the pressure
mutual
of
common
well
the
of
remembrance
friendshipwhich
dangers,and,
had
been
in many
this
formed
instances,
cemented
army
the
do
hereby, in
endure
as
solemn
most
themselves
combine
long
as
the
they
into
shall endure,
MEN.
RED
officers of the
the
parties,
of the
blood
by
and
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
164
stitute,
associate, con-
manner,
societyof friends, to
one
or
can
Ameri-
of their eldest
any
male
who
may
posterity
; and in failure thereof the collateral branches,
members."
and
its
of
be judged worthy
becoming
supporters
sub-divided
to be
one
There
was
general society,which was
societies,these
State
into
"The
Societywas expected to
May, so long as they should
State
in
Monday
afterwards
the officers,"was
between
"
under
The
from
fund
used
alleviate the
to
They also embodied

:
glowing principles
"An
incessant
without
bled, and
and
of
instead
and
Treasurer,
by
General
interest
attention
which
a
State's
fund
up
Society
created
thus
constitution
the
following
inviolate those
preserve
exalted
for which
nature,
high rank
blessing. An
his
made
was
distressed.
their
to
the
of
of the
of the
wants
cherish, between
of
they fought and

rational being is a
unalterable
determination
to
the
majorityvote
Washington
Hamilton
Death
of President, Vice-President,
Assistant
and
position for
16
Burr
men
seem
as
the
was
After
elected
were
from
the
Washington,
first President
his
death
He
held
the
duties
terminatinghis
from
These
Secretary,
ally
annu-
of the members.
him.
also relieved him

Aaron
Treasurer.
years.
succeeded
It would
such
the
derived
was
Treasurer
within
Its officers consisted
with
acts
respectiveStates, that unison

national honor
their happiness
to
so
essentially
necessary
the future dignity
of the American
empire."
promote
and
the
liberties of human
rightsand
curse
this benefit
paying to
pay," and
month's
one
which
officer
each
was
substantial
abilityof the society,towards

be
officers and their families, who, unfortunately,may
the necessityof receivingit."
those
by
the most
subsisting
the
beneficence, according to
of
and
years."
extend
to
it necessary,
deem
cordial affection
"the
the first
annuallyon
meet
three
in every
once
object,besides cementing
Its
"
least
at
into districts.
be farther divided
to
the
and
General
held
that
Alexander
position six years.
of the
office,the
duel
life.
standpoint of to-daythat the fact of
General
Knox,
and
others of like char-
PATRIOTIC
acter
positionbeing
and
would
have
been
SOCIETIES.
with
connected
sufficient
to
165
the
give
Society of
it
hold
the Cincinnati
upon
the
publicfavor, and probably this would have been so but for the
It will be seen
that by the constitution
or
following causes.
were
plan of the Society,its members
pledged to maintain in
This was
not
undisguised harmony the union of the States.
sticklers for distinct
State
altogetherpleasingto many who were
for as yet the Articles of Confederation
were
cally
practisovereignty,
form
of independence and
untried, and many
preferreda
freedom
in State
Secondly,it was
of kind
government.
exclusive,being intended
feelingbetween
which, of
course,
Thirdly,it savored
to
from
many
many
perpetuation
officers of the American
"the
debarred
for the
of
Army,"
membership.
return
to
the customs
at least
of
royalty,in the transmission of hereditaryrights,and also as

of the people.
unjustlyelevatingthe militaryabove the mass
denounced
was
Consequently the
Societyof the Cincinnati
of the people,who
to the
regarded it as harmful
by the mass
Not
here
be found
to
was
good and libertyof the nation.
"
"
material
to
helpfulin
furnish
the
late
the
war.
bone
Not
and
sinew
here
was
which
to
be
had
found
been
a
so
society
and needs
heartysympathy with the demands
of a common
themselves,
people. Not here, but from among
this material
be found, and, accordingly,
in the minds
of a
must
faithful few of Tamina's
blossomed
into
band, this idea finally
which
would
be in
fruit in the resuscitation
of the old
society.
recognizedof a societyfor
the protechaving been

tion
the
of the
of the rights of
people at large,or the masses
the
people, the Sons of Saint Tamina
being ready to undertake
of such
formation
a
society,the result was, as we have said,
Tamina
the organizationof the Saint
Society or Columbian
The
need
Order.
the all-absorbing
was
topic of
question of government
of adopting the Federal
the day, and we
find that the discussion
Constitution
reallydivided the country into two distinct parties.
lor
Prominent
whom
were
Jay, Hamilton, and Chancelmen,
among
in advocatingit upon the ground
strenuous
Livingston,were
that it was
the most
energeticgovernment
they could obtain.
as
They were
equally prominent,
strongly opposed by men
The
whom
among
George Clinton,
were
others.
Yates, and
Robert
did
not
looked
upon
and the
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
66
"
MEN.
RED
Governor
of
York,
New
tion
opponents of the Constituto a confederation, but
they
The
professto be adverse
tion,
an
the projectbefore them
as
attempt at consolidato destroy the
erection of an
irresponsible
power
sovereigntyof the States."

History shows us that the Constitution was adopted, that the
for years
Tammany Societywas formed, and that it numbered
of both parties(Federaland antimen
its ranks moderate
among
Federal). Being composed of the
it
parties,
both
"
party institution."
its
administration
the
As
this trait
historythat
free
of course,
was,
of
conservative
more
from
any
the years go on,

or
characteristic
Jefferson,it became
we
element
of
charge of being
will
in
see
tracing
in
changed, and that

known
distinctly
as
istics
embracing within it the characterStates.
peculiarto one political
party of the United
The
formal organization
of this association took place on the
twelfth day of May, 1789, in the cityof New
York, and was
accomplished principally
through the efforts of William Mooney,
American
an
by birth, but of Irish descent, who had been a
leader among
the
He
Liberty Boys during the Revolution.
entered
into the Revolutionary War
with the enthusiastic
spirit
the race
of which
he was
a descendant, and
characterizing
upon
the close of the strugglewas
still as ready as at its beginning to
of
the organ
party, or
one
as
"
"
his country in whatever
serve
entered
as
into
mercantile
life
but
upholsterer,
an
still later to
active
whose
The
formed
nature
Nassau
After
the
Street,New
moved
to
York
Maiden
he
war
City,
Lane, and
Through all his life

rewarded
substantiallyby
he
was
the
an
party
espoused.
connect
brethren
human
was
first constitution
"to
could.
Street.
partisan,and
cause
on
afterwards
Chatham
he
he
way
of
and
of
this
Society declared
in indissoluble
known
the
attachment
libertyof
the
bonds
of
that
it
was
can
Friendship, Ameri-
the
political
rights of
country."
to
The
of the formation
of this Societyis taken
followingaccount
from
its historywritten by R. G. Horton, Esq., and published
by authorityof the Tammany Society of New York in 1867.
On
General
the
twelfth
day of May, 1789,

George Washington had taken
about
the
two
oath
weeks
of
after
office
as
168
first of
of the
instead
of the
Society was
of the
Hudson
On
that
miles
from
celebrated
occasion,
the
the
amusements
follows
buried.
After
Gabriel
and
Wiskinkie,
the
divided
The
and
February ;
May
; the
season
of
All
eras
and
embraced
the
Baker.
the
transactions
own
of
of Blossoms,
the
moons.
of December,
organization; second,
; and
from
dated
Societywere
national
our
ary,
Janu-
April,and
March,
formation
as
Sachems
13
Indian
and
it was
Tribes
13
Sachem.
All
tribes,which
claimed
that
possible,those tribes of red
defenceless
into which
elected, from
were
the Grand
as
from
of the
the
three
dence
indepen-
and
frontiers,
is made
Fire," "Calumet"
was
always
in the
or
buried
pipe
number
then
were
this
was
who
men
so
of
when
of the
peace,
done
were
the
pipe
were
in
to
conciliate,
devastating
of
some
of the
Society,
Creek
Indians.
societyof
and
one
numerous
this did, in fact, prove
records
Society
of their customs
during the year followingthe institution

with the
a bloody war
averting,in all probability,
Mention
the
which
avail
which
into
seasons
the months
season
costumes,
November.
country,
the
Anthony
Secretary,
forms, ceremonies, and
seasons
and
third, the discoveryof America.
the
far
as
Hunting, September, October, and
First, its
borrowed
the
Ash
August
selected
was
Van
June, July,and
divided,
was
Beuren,
of Fruits,
season
the
In
Snow
of
season
Courtlandt
Indian
into
year
White
Pierce, Thomas
Doorkeeper, Gardiner
or
Sachems,
were
Tylie,John Campbell,
James
Treasurer, Thomas
Societyadopted
The
Mooney
Societies
Burger, Jonathan
Hardenbrook,
;
smoked,
was
of the
first year
William
John
Furman,
Joseph Godwin
;
for the
Sachem,
Greenleaf, Abel
Ernest
company
Glenn, PhilipHone,
Mattack, Oliver
modation
accom-
continued.
chiefs
or
of peace
two
dian
engaging in various Inso
popular at the time, until
the city,where
returned
to
recreations
day, the
Grand
York, for the receptionand

calumet
were
officers
The
about
erected
were
brethren, the
other
of the
close
wigwams
or
New
was
dances, and
the
tents
cityof
the
tomahawk
the
MEN.
RED
River.
of
and
OF
previously celebrated by the old

the anniversaryof the formation
by a grand festival on the banks
May
Societies, and
Tamina
Saint
as
ORDER
IMPROVED
the
of peace
the
"
Council
"Tomahawk"
was
smoked.
PATRIOTIC
The
of admission
manner
elected
at
present
to
and
an
the annual
dollars,and
candidate, the
followingode
by being proposed at one meeting,

and it requiredthe vote
of every member
applicant. The initiation fee was three
was
the next,
elect
dues
chant
dollar.
one
At
enlivened
was
ceremony
or
169
SOCIETIES.
by
initiation of
the
the
singing of
the
"
ODE.
"
"
SacrecTs
the
And
Virtue
Our
ground
at
Our
here,
joyfulvoice
Confirm
Et-hoh
Tribes,
of the
was
hearts sincere
With
division
found,
Friendship'sshrine,
Shall greet you
The
name
fans the flame ;
Union
And
her
stamps
hearts entwine
Freedom's
where
your
choice.
Et-hoh
Et-hoh
thirteen
Societyinto
in imitation
!"
of the
branches
thirteen
nations
nated
denomiof Saint
it was
found
kingdom, and when
by a coincidence
that this number
corresponded with the thirteen originalStates
of the Union, a name
totem
was
or
given to each State, of
which the followingrecord has been preserved:
New
York
was
given the Eagle ; New Hampshire, the Otter ;
Tamina's
"
"
"
Massachusetts, the Panther

the
Fox
Island, the
; Rhode
Beaver
necticut,
; Con-
Jersey, the Tortoise; Maryland, the

the Tiger ;
Rattlesnake
; Delaware,
Bear; New
Pennsylvania, the
lina,
CaroCarolina, the Buffalo ; South
Virginia,the Deer ; North
the Raccoon
; and Georgia,the Wolf.
When
member
a
joined the Society,he either chose one of
these Tribes as he preferred,
he was
or
assigned to one by the
;
Grand
Sachem.
At
was
the installation
sung
the
"
"
Et-hoh
Brothers
our
of the Grand
raisingup
or
"
or
sacred
council
Every applicantfor membership

for by a member
"that
he was
a
attached
The
to
the Constitution
Societyadopted
the
bright,Et-hoh
was
!"
required to
true
of the United
word
there
commencing
song,
fire shines
Sachem,
be vouched
republican, and
firmly
States."
Friendship for
its motto,
after
ORDER
IMPROVED
70
of the old Order
example
the
present Improved Order
MEN.
RED
whose
of Saint Tamina,
mottoes
have
of Red
Men,
those
and
Freedom,
was
OF
watchword
preserved in the
been
with
the addition
of the
Tamina
Charity,thus suggesting the chain of connecting links

of Saint
of Liberty, 1765 ; Sons
Tamina,
1771 ; Saint
Society,1789; Society of Red Men, 1813-16; Improved
Order
of Red
motto
"
Sons
Men,
In the year
1789-90,
States
United
about
with
cityof
Washington.
receive
pomp.
York
New
the
The
visit,and
to
with
them
that
on
desirous
The
members
and
on
this
half-
him,
of the Creeks, to accompany

Great
occasion
him
Father, General
learning of
the
and
dress
to
posed
pro-
savage
in Indian
tumes,
cos-
and
feathers, moccasins,
wore
gether
to-
the Indians, determined
accustomed
were
bring
to
induced
and
Willett, was
great display of ceremony
for
McGilvey,
nation,
conciliate
to
in order
Marinus
Society,on
Tammany
with
and
visit to the
the
Indians, which
Alexander
with
thirtychiefs
about
Creek
the
Col.
difficulty,
confer
of great influence
breed
to
to
between
dispute arose
consequences,
of the
by Congress
sent
and
serious
settlement
of
matter
government
threatened
time
1833.
leggings,painted their faces in true Indian style,and sported

huge war-clubs, knives, and tomahawks.
The followingreport of Colonel Willet to the United
States
militaryauthorities,is found on page 1 1 2 of the MilitaryActions
of Colonel Willett in the Congressional Library at Washington,
C.
D.
On
"
day
Tuesday, the 2oth,

arrived
"
from
a
Elizabeth
at
which
in the
found
to
Set out
and
Societyin
the
great
White
were
dusk
We
received
sent
on
landed
with
Hall
where
rock
for
Town
Point
six
at
New
board
the
about
; conducted
to
was
see
nine
and
two
to
in
ten
o'clock
the
near
the
up
transport
sloop with
splendor by
Congress
York
o'clock,where
York
noon,
noon,
after-
New
at
of
dawn
the
in
between
from
great
parade escorted
o'clock
I set out
place I arrived
the dress of their Order
and
four
at
Hall
been
the
Philadelphiaat
again for Elizabeth
York.
Federal
pomp
Point
place. Embarked
for New
past
at
morning, at which
a
sloop which had
that
I left
placejustat
row-boat, landed
o'clock.
us
the
dians
In-
house,
coffee-
Tammany
Wall
Street
in
session, and
with
the
President.
The
PATRIOTIC
additional
with
Indians,
Clinton, where
Governor
SOCIETIES.
171
parade,visited the Minister

an
elegant entertainment
of War
and
finished
the
day."
addition
In
that
stated
be
it may
is detailed
what
to
in
Indians
the
Colonel
Willett's
also
were
report,
conducted
the
to
on
enteringwhich, theywere
Wigwam of the Tammany Society,
to receive
and at
so
theuft,
surprisedat the preparationsmade
the number
race
(asthey supposed) of their own
present, that
cluding
they uttered a whoop," which almost terrified the people,inIndians.
the mock
They seemed
overjoyed by the
that they perin which they were
treated, so much
manner
so
formed
"
dance
Calumet
The
William
hand
of Peace
the
pleasedby
the
sang
speech
of death
delivered
he told
cold upon
was
that
the
of the White
evening they were

of the Society,and
territory,
they entered into
Beloved
Washington, the
they termed him.
well
so
the Grand
that
"
be
it may
Tamina
Tuliva
This
one
called
the
Society had
changing hands
of what
was
year
1805, the
"the
Tammany
and
habits
1811,
as
that
the
most
of
the
free
Sachem
"
Chief
or
theatre
the
the
dreaded
Thirteen
efforts
late
as
of
to
access
afterwards
bers
mem-
and
Tammany
and
it for himself
called
this nation,
averted
of the
Museum,
Fires," as
with
war
powerful,was
Tammany
the
by
departure to their own

peace and friendshipwith
of
several times, this
pose
pur-
historical value.
every
and
Scudder's
Society.
for the
of
member
family.
formed
museum
peace
the
Museum.
After
tion
foundaIn
the
of
incorporated under the name
Societywas
its Indian
organization
Society." It maintained
continued
corner
and
their
treaty of
said
the
to
Societyestablished a museum
and preservingeverythingof
collecting
was
the
fro in the
Mico
June, 1790, the

of
Sachem,
although
great chiefs
"
they
were
still walking to and
before
secured, mainly through the

In
them
two
taken
"
at that time
ode
Town.
In the
Thus
by
the title of
him
they gave
and
them
to
were
yet their spirits
wigwam,"
Indian
an
song,
smoked,
was
Smith, in which
Pitt
Columbus,
"
Et-hoh
"
great occasions.
only on
sung
and
the
to
year
Nassau
Indian
use
1811, and
and
costumes,
we
Frankfort
read
ceremonies, and
that
on
Streets, they
May
13,
laid the
their
of
corner-stone
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
172
from
marched
hall, and
new
MEN.
RED
Martling's Long Room," in Indian

their aboriginal
costumes.
Martling'sLong Room
Streets.
The
of Spruce and Nassau
at the corner
occupiedby the Society until its removal in 1867
in
wigwam
Tammany
their
old
file,wearing
"
situated
was
hall
new
was
the present
to
Hall.
During the
of the
1812-14, the members
of
war
Tammany
of the cityof New
the defence
the forts,volunteeringand performing
labor of erecting and
manning
Societyoffered their services in

York, and repairedin a body to
patriotic
duty and the
the redoubts
declared,
against the British. After peace was
and has since
the Societyrelapsedinto a political
organization,
in political
circles.
remained
so, exertinga powerful influence
with the Societyworthy of honorable
One fact in connection
remembered
record, and which should be ever
by the American
in the year 1807-8.
occurred
people with gratitude,
During the War of the Revolution, the British prisonships at
with prisoners,
and from
Wallabout
crowded
inhuman
were
"
"
food
at
no
all,
cases,
scanty food, and, in many
had died
together with the ravages of disease, the Americans
treatment,
at
upon
to
fearful rate, and
these
unheeded.
had
been
permitted
Repeated calls had been
the shores.
bury
their bones
bones
the
at
public expense,
made
upon
to
bleach
Congress
which, however,
were
The
to perSociety at length determined

Tammany
form
the sacred duty of interment, and appointed a committee
into effect.
The
to carry this determination
magnitude of the
undertaking can best be realized from the followingstanza from
the pen of Phillip
Freneau, a most
giftedpoet of Revolutionary
friend of President Madison:
and warm
times, the college-mate
"
"
Each
day
at
And
scratched
By
feeble hands
No
stone
No
sands
the graves
Spurn
most
board
at
tombs
mean
the
upon
the shore ;
were
made
far from
"
laid.
home
they lie
tear in passingby ;
the insultingBritons tread,
the sand, and
reliable
bore,
we
o'er their corpses
and
friend to shed
O'er the
carcases
their graves
memorial
In barren
By the
perishedon
least six
curse
accounts,
"
the Rebel
not
prison ships moored
less
dead.
than
"
11,500
in the East
souls
River.
SOCIETIES.
PATRIOTIC
predictedthat
Paine
America
submit
to
whiten
her
would
of her citizens would
of 3,000,000
the bones
before
173
England,
shores.
predictionverified,that the bones of 11,500

whitened
the shores
of
British cruelty had indeed
victims
to
buried by the Tammany
Wallabout, and were
Society.
deavored
Society took up the subject in 1803," and en"Tammany
assistance
from
to obtain
Congress, without/success.
evident that Congress would
it became
Finally,in 1807, "when
called "the Wallabout
do nothing" in the matter, a committee
for carrying the
Committee
was
appointed,to take measures
into effect.
This committee
long-contemplateddesign of interment
far
So
this
was
"
reported in 1808, and immediate

into
carry
tomb
their
effect
laid
was
the
on
measures
taken
were
of
suggestions. The corner-stone
a
I3th of April, 1808, when
grand
imposing processionwas
Marshal.
Aycregg, Grand
formed
the
under
direction
of
to
the
and
Major
The
militarycompanies and civic

societies united with the Tammany
Societyand proceeded to
the spot, where
Joseph D. Fay, the orator of the day, delivered
an
eloquentand impassioned oration.
Referring to those who
had perishedfor the love they bore their country, he said :
On
this day we
of their tomb.
Their
ashes
lay the corner-stone
"
hitherto
have
future
blown
the marble
But
to
been
ages
the
about
column
story that
like summer's
shall rise
they
dust in the whirlwind.

this spot, and
on
had
choose
to
tell
death
or
The
curious
they nobly elected the former.
mariner
shall pointto it in silent admiration, as he passes
at a
distance, and posterityshall call it 'the tomb of the Patriots."1
The result being completed, the Society fixed on
the 25th of
to their final
May of the same
year, for consigning the bones
the weather
mony
resting-place
proving too stormy, the cere; but
was
postponed until the 26th, when one of the largestand
slavery,and
most
magnificent funeral pageants which

took
the
that
day.
mounted
upon
place.
The
on
which
Garret
Sickles
first feature
a
was
black
in the
horse,
inscribed
was
the
cityhas
Grand
carryingin
in letters of
his hand
ever
a
a
of
trumpeter
black
gold, Mortals,
Approach the
"
nessed
wit-
Marshal
procession was
Spiritsof the Martyred Braves!

Patriotism
Honor, of Glory, of Virtuous
"Then
followed
the militaryunder
11,500
this
flag,
avaunt
tomb
!
of
"
command
of
Brigadier.-
ORDER
IMPROVED
174
with
member
each
bucktail
tee,
Commit-
Wallabout
immediatelyafter,the
Morton, and
General
MEN.
RED
OF
in his hat.
Then
the
came
Society,headed by Benjamin Romaine, Grand Sachem,

with all the insigniaof their Order, making a most
impressive
and
lyn
Brookdisplay. The municipalgovernments of New York
of the city)
then mayor
next
came
(De Witt Clinton was
Tammany
followed
by
of the
Governor
the
State, D. D. Tompkins,
and
of
tary
Congress, miliStates, and finallyall the
and naval officers of the United
various civic societies of the city. The
processionproceeded
through the principalstreets, crossed to Brooklyn, and moved
Avenue,
the vault in Hudson
to
of the
the remains
contain
delivered
the
members
John Broome,
Lieutenant-Governor
York
near
patriotdead.
oration, which
he
had
Street, which
Dr.
Benjamin
prepared
at
to
was
Witt
De
the request of
Society. After its conclusion, the coffins were

Tammany
depositedin the tomb, and the procession returned to the city."
the Sons of Liberty had
By this act this Society,which as
assisted in the defence of their country's
rights,and as the Sons
had protected the claims of the people at large,
of Saint Tamina
delivered their beloved country from "the disgracewhich
justly
attached to our
it showed
to the
country for the neglect which
the
"
"
men,"
brave
of these
memory
ever-increasingfame
the
as
and
added
fresh
Tammany
laurels
to
their
Columbian
Society or
Order.
descriptiongiven of the Tammany

Society of
New
is justified
York
by the fact that it is the only branch of the
founded
in the latter half of the eighteenth
organizations
patriotic
The
extended
century which
has
institution down
which
has been
maintained
the
to
here
an
present time.
related
existence
unbroken
That
period of
the time
covers
from
when
it
its
was
its
history
really
institution,and before it had been

patrioticand benevolent
changed from its originalpurposes into a political
organization.
It is hardly necessary
to
add that, of course,
there is not the
between
the Tammany
slightestconnection
Society of New
York
and
the
Improved Order
of Red
Men
except
the
common
societies existingover
100
originin the patriotic
years ago.
To properlyunderstand
the prominent place occupied by
Societies
to
refer
of Saint
Tammany
brieflyalso
to
from
mention
1771
to
made,
the
1820, it is necessary
in the conof them
him
and
of
MEN.
RED
refuse
"
to
communication
dated
was
the
citation also proves
This
OF
resign,saying, If, sir,you

request, it will be disagreeableboth
him
asked
very reasonable
us."
This
to
in
ORDER
IMPROVED
176
existence
to
December
of
the
for that
and
interest
the
extend
to
in
successful,because
been
which
Sons
of
with
the
that
was
manifested
in
sent
was
Liberty
branch
have
must
it resolved
its
of
126
to
1765.
objects,
the
most
whom
be mentioned
city,among
may
Rev. Jacob Duche,
Rev. Thomas
Chief Justice Chew,
William
Rev.
White, John Dickinson, James Allen,
Coombe,
Franklin
Andrew
Allen, Gov. William
(of New
Jersey),Gov.
Mifflin (afterward Major-General and
James Hamilton, Thomas
individuals
prominent
of
Governor
of like
was
President
Thomas
follows
as
State),and many
invitingthese gentlemen
"
"APRIL
"
Penn,
of the
circular
The
prominence.
be present
to
Richard
(the astronomer), Joseph Reed, and
Jr. (each afterward
Wharton,
others
the
State), Lieutenant-Governor
the
Rittenhouse
David
in
told
are
we
circular
purpose
1773
and
you
27,
Philadelphiain the year 1765 contemporary

the same
societyexistingin Boston in that year.
celebration
of the Tammany
The
Society in 1772
our
all nations
have
for
28, 1773.
(several
?) centuries past adopted some
for his virtues and
remarkable
loved for civil and
religious
great personage
and
tutelar
at a fixed day to comsaint,
memorate
libertyas their
annually assembled
determined
follow
him, the natives of this flourishing
to
province,
laudable
have
so
example, for some
adopted a great warrior,
past
years
SIR
sachem
the
As
and
chief
named
tutelar saint of this
the accustomed
And
honors
for this purpose

of Saint
Sons
form
and
then
be
those
of
the house
useful charitable
is
from
whom
had
years
at
have
so
requested
are
you
circular
to
The
the memory
fast friend to
province,and
plans
hitherto
to
meet
of Mr.
for the
the
on
great and
to be
forefathers,
our
ist
of May
celebrated
the
children
James Byrnes,
to
done
personage.
and
associate
dine
together
relief of all in distress
shall
as
agreed upon."
This
that
Tammany,
to
Tammany
such
seven
whom
it
was
it issued
with
sent
strength much
language will
past" it had
the memory
susceptibleof
of
also bear
been
interpretations.One is,
desired to impress the gentlemen
two
the fact that
greater than
the
Sons
interpretationthat
This latter view
of
actuallythe
was
in existence, and
Tammany.
the
had
done
"for
many
Tam-
fact.
some
homage
is at variance
to
with
PATRIOTIC
made
the
record
was
established
by
May
Mr.
SOCIETIES.
Westcott
that
177
the
Tammany
Society
originaldata, from which
that statement
was
copied,may have been furnished by some
familiar with the facts.
not
If we
admit
the probability
one
been
that there had
an
organizationwhich, "for some
years
had
its
tutelar
therf
its
as
adopted
saint,
Tammany
past,"
zation
organiantedate
would
the Society at Annapolis, which
in 1771
was
organized out of the previouslyexistingSons of Liberty.
various
other
Among
public actions celebrated during the
is made
of St. Tammany's
Day, and the
year 1779, mention
of this noted
"observance
anniversary on the 1st of May by
the Sons
of St. Tammany."
had as their
to have
They seem
guests,
St.
"
their
George,"
i, 1772, but
adopted brethren
and
they
had
the
of St. Patrick, St.
dinner
old
the
at
and
Andrew,
theatre, South-
wark.
the popular celebrations
of the year 1783, was
the
Among
on
appropriateobservance
Thursday, May I, of the anniversary
of St. Tammany,
"the
tutelar Saint of Pennsylvania,"
at the
the Schuylkillby 250 "Constitutional
country seat of Mr. Pole on
Sons
tails and
of St.
feathers.
Tammany,"
At
noon
who
decorated
were
thirteen
Sachems
or
with
buck-
Chiefs
were
The
mony
cereappointed,who selected a head Chief and Scribe.
of burying the tomahawk,
in token
with
that the war
then performed, each
man
England had ended, was
casting a
stone
upon its grave, after which the calumet, or pipe of peace,
smoked.
The
bowl
of the pipe was
was
a
huge ram's horn,
gildedwith thirteen stars, and its stem a reed six feet in length
with peacock feathers.
decorated
In a cabin set apart for that
At one
end of
a feast was
prepared for the members.
purpose
this cabin was
of St. Tammany, and besides this there
a portrait
and portraitsof Washington
was
a design of the siege of Yorktown,
and
Rochambeau.
of
accompaniment
when
the
to
army
and
thirteen.
Thirteen
toasts
artillerysalutes
Washington were
At
the
toast
to
and
three
named,
"
The
drunk
were
the
to
cheers, which,
swelled
friends
of
ously
spontane-
libertyin
tuning of the Harp of Independence,"

thirteen cheers were
St.
again given,and the band struck up
Patrick's Day in the Morning."
After
the drinking of toasts
had ended, the Chief sang
the first verse
of the originalsong
Ireland," and
"The
"
ORDER
IMPROVED
178
for St.
Tammany's
day,
celebrations
long before
stanzas
sung
were
follows
as
was
Although more
Although more
their
by
achievements
heroic
brave
e'er would
was
and
young,
free
shown
his own,
misfortunes
his
foes).
brave
boys,
own.
out
length,growing old, and quiteworn
As historydoth trulyproclaim,
His wigwam was
fired, he nobly expired,
flew to the skies in
And
Other
flew to the skies in
in honor
songs
highly pleased with

their shoulders
all present.
from
the
green
saint
were
gaietyof
years,
boys,
sung,
the
into his cabin
colors of France
The
with
flame.
of the
the
brave
flame, my
and
and
These
The
cannon.
were
struck
Chief
and
city in Indian file,the

They saluted the French
the
amid
his Sachems
at
then
him
the shouts
the
Holland, and
sunset
riors,
war-
on
of
State
separate
signal from
marched
on
into
the
the
playing "St. Tammany's Day."

Minister in passing,and proceeded to
persed
Coffee-House, where, after giving three cheers, they disand
On
after
the
Chief, bore
flagof Pennsylvania,had been raised in the morning

staffs.
few,
were
for his
my
At
And
boys,
numbers
our
he took
whom
oppose
our
brave
friendshipwas
misfortunes
our
he made
And
boys,
find ;
we
he
fathers his
he made
And
feats,
Tammany's
by far,my
by far.
stories
own
country
our
he
George,
heroic
Tammany,
our
(For
to
hear!
we
fought only to
From
cruel oppression,mankind, my
cruel oppression,mankind.
From
Whilst
To
referred
fought only as fancy inspired,
heroes
When
remaining
DAY.
TAMMANY'S
relates great
one
no
As
thus
song
of Patrick,of David, and
mighty
What
These
SAINT
FOR
Andrew,
While
The
the
special
"
SONG
Of
and
"
Leacock.
in the
vogue
revolution,
the
Mr.
by
compositionin
"
MEN.
RED
OF
the
country
returned
ist of
seat
to
band
their homes.
May, 1784,
of Mr.
another
Pole, when
celebration
the State
was
flagwas
held at the
hoisted
with
SOCIETIES,
PATRIOTIC
the
colors
the
Netherlands
being accompanied by
ceremony
usual
and
of France
toasts
drunk, and
were
Sons
the
of St.
179
salute with
their way
on
side,the
The
cannon.
from
home
General
saluted
Tammany
either
on
the
quet
ban-
Washington
Hill,with music,
dining with Robert Morris, at Lemon
and
Ministers
of Frande
The
the
cheers, and firingof cannon.
Netherlands
were
complimented in a similar manner.
held
At the celebration in the followingyear, 1785, which was
the Schuylkill, The
at the
country seat of Mr. Beveridge on
compliments of General Washington for the respects paid him
in the previousyear being communicated
by the Secretary,produced
who
was
"
cheers
thirteen
of this celebration
features
paintingof
at
which
the heart."
from
came
raisingof
the
was
it.
Tammany
upon
On the i ith of April,1786, the Sons of
their wigwam
the Schuylkillthe
on
"Corn
of the
flagwith
new
St.
with
Planter," who
Philadelphiaon the way to

certain
by Congress upon
followed
What
One
is thus
matters
had
Chief
arrived
in
to
secure
of interest
to
their
nation.
o'clock
in the
"About
described:
Seneca
famous
in order
York
New
received
Tammany
Chiefs
other
five
St.
three
action
'
Corn
Planter
waited on
and
Tammany Sachems
the
his companions at the Indian Queen Tavern, and attended
Three
Chiefs
the wigwam.
near
separatelyto a rendezvous
of militia.
others of the Indians
escorted
were
by a company
fired and
On
the arrival of the Sachems
were
cannons
flags
hoisted.
Corn
Planter
then made
pressed
a
speech in which he exof amity and friendshipfor the
himself
in strong terms
afternoon
the
after
whites, and
the
company,
about
formed
A
smoked.
the
escorted
St.
the
numbered
'
council
libation
then
salute
back
to
was
fire
Corn
by
and
out
in
the other
peace
persons,
the
pipe of
poured
Planter
cheers
three
2000
and
was
followed
and
'
and
guns
about
of wine
dance
war
Sachems
a
salute of thirteen
which
Sachems
Tammany
terms,
after which
Tammany,
the
'
dance
from
circle
was
was
peace
of St.
honor
Indians
in which
formed
perthe
militia officers
repliedto
participated. One of
Planter's speech in fitting
Corn
fired, the
colors
struck, and
the
Indians
town."
Tammany day was

May at the wigwam in
celebrated
the usual
by
manner.
the
Societyon
Charles
the
ist of
Biddle, Vice-
l8o
ORDER
IMPROVED
President
of the State,
The
was
titles conferred
Indian
boucksey
"
"
Pechemelind
Deunquatt
"Simougher";
"
dress,
Elias
Corn
"
"
"
follows
as
; Alexander
Boyd,
; William
"
At
this celebration
Eliza Phile
an
to
the
ode
was
follows
When
dark and haughty plan

superstition's
Fettered the genius and debased
the man,
Each
trifling
legend was as truth received ;
The
priestinvented and the crowd believed
the whim
in stone
Some
paint,
gloriedin the fabricated saint.
holy guardian,hence, each nation claims
Gay
France
Andrew
O'er
her Denis, and
and
George
humbler
Ireland
lands
her Patrick
maintain
the
or
united
sway.
whim
prevails
odd
same
"
Spain her James.

obey ;
grave
saints
mighty
two
once
"
boasts, her David,
Wales.
We, Pennsylvanians,these old tales reject,

And
our
Tammany,
and
field,
in the
Great
saint
No
puny
He
climb'd
Rushed
Your
To
And
With
thousand
loved
when
Kindled
we
long he
unequalledflight
"
miracles
he added
at
sight
"
ease,
privateends,
strove
in which
the
like these.
and
next
to
ward
in
he
his friends.
the
blow,
foe),
effort he in vain had
the flame
the vale ;
swifter deer with
all respect e'en
each
he swept
tremble
his country most,
courage
(Courage
And
and
saints would
publicviews
in the
the forest with
the swift boar, and
worked
race,
foremost
chase,
he, with fasting
pale,
was
through
elect.
to
proper
of Indian
the mountain
ancient
Caught
And
saint think
own
Immortal
Tata-
Phile,
Coates,
tried.
bravelydied
portraitof
ODE.
at
"
"
"
lontonque,"Jonathan Bayard Smith, and

by Brother Prichard, which we reproduce as
Britons
"
"
"
And
Shuetongo ; William
Thorpe,
EnEyre, Tediescung ; Zachariah
Thomas
Proctor,
Kayashuta ; and
"
adored
the
"
presented by Mrs.
Nations
"
; Frederick
"
"
Hyngapushes."
was
recorded
are
many.
Tam-
as
together with
Towarraho
"
hailed
and
Hoowamente
"
Heister,
Emanuel
"
Planter
them,
Joseph Dean,
Shamboukin
Boys,
Sachems,
lontonque
"
; Daniel
"
other
Nevill,
; Thomas
"
Sachem,
upon
Jonathan Bayard Smith,
MEN.
RED
elected
of the
names
OF
"
Sachem
recited
DQ
UJ
h
DQ
Q
"
"
o
82
War.
Tammany
been
which
or
civil and
the
Societies
ary
Revolution-
result of the
they existed seem

archy,
monopponents of everything tending towards
in the slightest
plete
degree would cripplethe comof
religiouslibertygained in the establishment
The
have
as
MEN.
RED
OF
founded
been
had
Republic which
to
ORDER
IMPROVED
wherever
government.
new
gradual change taking place in the

the Tammany
organizationsas earlyas 1796,
objectscontrolling
:
we
quote the followingfrom Mr. Westcott
As
of the
indication
an
"
or
national
the
"To
the Columbian
name
social and
was
be added
societies may
Order.'
Before
the
'the
Society of
Revolution
an
Saint
association
in
firmlypatriotic
patriotic.It continued
Tammany,
bearing this
its ceremonies
for some
of the Revolution, and
proceedings during the contest
years
many
In 1796 there appeared publiclythe first notices that the Tamafterwards.
in
ruary
FebIt
had
become
met
a political
Philadelphia.
Society
society
of that year at the wigwam No. 63 North
Fourth
Street. In 1800 the
20
of Whalein Harmony
bone
corner
Court,
wigwam was
probably at Northwest
(or Hudson's) Alley."
and
"
The
drift of the
inferred
assailed
from
Societytowards
attack
an
made
on
action
political
Governor
also be
may
who
McKean
was
of his
Sachem"
"Grand
at
as
participation
the anniversary
celebration of the Saint Tammany
Society held
in Moyamensing.
The
Tavern
May 12, 1800, at the Buck
the other
longtalk was made by Dr. John Porter, and among
account
on
"
"
Sachems
present besides
John Barker.
The
McKean
Colonel
General, and it was
were
Barker
his son,
Israel Israel and
here
Colonel
afterwards
named
Captain James
N.
came
be-
Barker,
an
officer of the
the garrison at Fort

regulararmy, who commanded
it is
Mifflin,assisted by Lieutenant
Williams, at the time when
claimed the Society of Red
Men
was
organizedthere.
Captain
Barker
of
resigned from the army after the close of the War
1812,
was
afterwards
made
an
.alderman
of the
and
city of Philadelphia,
elected
have
no
be
was
fact, it may
Mayor. While we
that Captain Barker
evidence
of the
of
member
the
Saint
so
Tammany Societyin which his father was
prominent.
the Societies of Sons of
Assuming this,the connection between
Saint Tammany
and the Societyof Red
Men
is unbroken
and
complete.
In addition
to
the
Tammany
Societies
existingin
New
York
PATRIOTIC
SOCIETIES.
183
of the
mention
the branch
to
Philadelphia,it is proper
In 1805 there existed
organizationin the city of Baltimore, Md.
in that city a branch
of the Saint Tammany
Society,or
and
Columbian
and
Order, fashioned
purely
of New
This
political
organization.
in the
of the
"Month
Corn"
its existence
314," and
subsequent years.
America,
constitution
The
after that
of this
be
traced
published in the
Society,Vol. XXVI., indexed 385.
sufficient to indicate
we
give extracts
governed.
that
1789,
lished
estab-
was
several
through
in
Society,organized at Baltimore
cal
pamphlets of the Maryland Histori-
1805, was
It declared
branch
in
"year of discoveryof
and
can
York
its purpose
to
was
this constitution
From
how
the
Society was
in indissoluble
"connect
of
attachment
to
patrioticfriendshipcitizens of known
the political
nature, and the liberties of this
rights of human
before initiation was
requiredto come
country." Every member
solemn
under
a
obligationto maintain the constitution of the
The
Society,and to preserve its secrets.
presidingofficer was
Sachems
as
Sachem, and there were
designated as Grand
many
bands
as
States
council
and
in the
Union, who
with
for the government
secretary, and
the number
Society
the
The
divided
each
States,and
also
number
of
took
was
the
State.
treasurer
equal to
into which
with
of
number
of Tribes
corresponded
formed
Sachem,
There
body.
consisted
quorum
of States.
was
of the
the Grand
the
of
number
The
place
of meeting was
called a wigwam, and in the year 1808 this wigwam
located at North
Calvert
Street near
the City Spring,
was
in what was
known
the Octagon Building. The constitution
as
provided that the election of officers should take place at the
of the
first stated meeting in May, annually. In the absence
devolved
Grand
Sachem
his duties for the time
being were
upon
the
fixed at
be
paid
Father
"
not
more
the
on
membership
upon
more
Tribe
were
Council."
1000
cents,
signing of
referred
to
candidate
two
was
black
to
elected.
He
nor
less than
ballot
sixteen
was
admission
The
two
fee
was
dollars,to
Applicationsfor
for examination, and
committee
every
Constitution.
the
the report of said committee

than
name
the
of
than
the
was
white
required to
taken, and if not

balls
appeared,the
attend
for admis-
ORDER
IMPROVED
184
six months
sion within
for
made
was
of falsehood
his election
or
ballot in
new
declared
was
of
case
Otherwise
mistake.
or
MEN.
RED
OF
rejectionon
could
he
void.
be
not
vision
Pro-
account
proposed
Society. Crimes against the Society were

declared
or
to be betraying the secrets, slander, embezzlement,
flagrant breach of civil laws ; but no person could be expelled
regular meetings of the Society
except after due trial. The
and the
held the first Thursday evening of each month,
were
the anniversaryof the
as
1 2th
day of May shall be observed
Society, on which a longtalk shall be delivered by a brother
styled The
appointedfor that purpose." The doorkeeper was
the
in
time
second
"
"
Winskinki."
He
known
"
him
to
admit
to
member,
a
"
word
the
leave
be
to
characteristic
the
directed
was
of
the
not
person
unless
nor
Society, nor
without
leave
ally
person-
he
presented
to
allow
any
of absence
having
Sachem.
One
first obtained
from
the Grand
been
significant
clause of the By-Laws, which
was
certainlyan improvement on
York
the New
Society,and had a beneficent effect by preventing
the members,
declared
drink
that "no
debauchery among
shall be admitted
into the wigwam."
stronger than water
of a meeting of the Tammany
more,
An
account
Societyin Baltiin 1807, appeared in the Baltimore
American, a leading
dailyof that city,from which we extract as follows :
member
to
wigwam
no
"
23, 1807.
"MAY
"
At
the
on
for the
adjournedmeeting
an
2
ist
ensuing
being made,
"
of the month
Grand
the
of the
of Flowers, nineteen
year, and
meeting
following
Sachem
Barkson
John
Aitken
Society,held
brethren
of Sachems
the result
was
Sachem,
Tammany
; New
Delaware,
being
were
held
their
Wigwam
elected
Sachems
at
and
an
allotment
"
Hampshire,
Sachem
Small
Sachem
Niles ;
necticut,
Con-
Sachem
Kentucky,
Sachem
Sachem
McClure; Vermont,
Sinclair; PennsylGeorge; Georgia,
vania,
Sachem
Sachem
Bland
Sachem
Craig ; Virginia,
Snyder ;
; Tennessee,
Rhode
Island, Sachem
Hewitt
; South
Sachem
The
and
Moore;
The
Jersey,Sachem
Chase
Maryland,
Stewart
Ohio, Sachem
Williams
Massachusetts, Sachem
Sachem
Peelin;
North
Carolina,
Maris."
Society maintained
then, like the other
have
; New
Carolina,Sachem
York, Sachem
New
Fulton
gone
out
fitful existence
branches
of the
for
short
seems
organization,
time
to
of existence.
St. Tamina
Societyorganized out
of the Sons
of
Liberty
PATRIOTIC
at
in the
because
1771, maintained
in
Annapolis
SOCIETIES.
Maryland
185
its existence
Republican,a
late
as
1810,
as
publishedat
newspaper
Annapolis,Maryland, in the years 1809-10, appear the notices

of the weekly meetings of the Tamina
Society of that city. On
the 1 2th of May, 1810, a longtalk was
delivered
before
the
quently
subseSociety by Mr. John S. Skinner, which
longtalk was
published in the Maryland Republican. The longtalk
of the Societythat on
the
so
was
acceptable to the members
Month
of Blossoms, the Year
of Discovery
1 2th day of the
318," a resolution was
unanimously adopted, "that the thanks
of this societybe presented to Brother
John S. Skinner for the
appropriatelongtalkdelivered by him, and that he be requested
to furnish
a
copy for publication."
The address was
published in the Republican for
accordingly
write.
In the
May 19, 1810, and a copy is before us as we
to the days of
longtalkthe speaker referred in eloquent terms
the Revolution, claiming that the society
which
he addressed
from
the St. Tamina
was
directlydescended
Society of the
olden time.
We
make
a few
quotationsas follows :
"
"
"
Society takes
Brothers,our
the Delaware
Tribe
and
also
like him
who
'
like
was,
the
its
friend
from
name
Logan,
celebrated
renowned
of the white
Indian
chief of
for his illustrious
man.1
Its
symbols
are
qualities
properly
whose
when
discovered
state
aboriginalAmericans
sented
preif not primeval innocence
and affection.
model
of perfectfreedom
a
of inflexible patriots,
who
It was
instituted by a sturdy band
sembled
secretlyastogether amidst surrounding horrors of British desolation through
the affairs of their country, and to
the RevolutionaryWar, to commune
over
borrowed
watch
from
the
out
waters,
the
motion
of its enemies.
of this
beginning
this fountain
From
chain
that
has
grown
which we
forth many
sprung
of institutions of which
this
day met to brighten and

at his
to celebrate."
properly imposed on each member
"Secrecy was
admission, thus far resembling the social dinners at Sparta,where, when the
Spartan youth entered, the oldest man
present pointed to the door and said,
a
are
we
component
.
'
No
one
word
members
as
spoken
to
in this company
of
the
of
goes
address
and
Society,
their duties
Brothers, beware
as
abusing
much
freedom, the main
there.'
out
sound
citizens.
the
"
is devoted
He
the
to
advice
said
is
political
given the
"
franchise,that is the great

edifice,a fortress
your patriotic
elective
pillarof
enemies
rake your political
can
truth,justiceand equal rights.
of your
which you
principlesof
have
of the
bulwark
from
large portion
character
"
link,and
and
defend
When
we
forever the eternal
approach
the
polls,
let
us
baneful
guard against the

pretensionsof the
gold
can
seductive
masked
tyranny, aided
and
or
ORDER
IMPROVED
86
Such
secure.
by
OF
usurper,
office-hunter
hatching
all the servile
of
at which
celebration
The
only two
Already
country.
before
years
shadow
the
this
the
of
insolence
The
outbreak
and
more
of aggrandizement
which
the
in the councils
delivered
of
the
art
of
hands
coming conflict
England aroused a
of
evident
of the Nation, he
Brothers, if there exist such solid
that
spoke
follows
seeming
for union
and
to send
our
ample cause
scouts, perhaps our
punish foreignaggressionsbeyond the great waters?
all expect, that
unless ample reparationwas
made
is there
not
lies concealed
which
beneath
the council
fire of
our
tion
indigna-
could
war
the
over
of
storm
to
reasons
1812-14.
hovered
this and
as
occurred
of
War
the
people,and it was
long postponed. In reference to
not
the
followers
Jacob
longtalkwas
the
among
and
and
his schemes
deluded
or
the words
'
MEN.
"
Esau.1
"
of the
arts
have
men
RED
be
not
vacillation
"
vigilanceat
home
warriors,to watch
I
thought,did
us,
the
great wigwam
we
tomahawk
would
have
of
assembled
in the month
(national) Sachems
We
Beavers.
thought that they who had treacherouslyrejectedthe friendly
and
the Calumet
refused to smoke
of Peace, ought not
insolently
wampum,
to have passed unpunished. We
thought the bloody scalpsof our brethren
slain in the Chesapeake would
have
roused
evil
apathy itself. But some
birds have been flyingamong
old
have
been
mitted
adto
us
some
seem
squaws
in disguiseinto the Council
of our
Sachem, and to have turned our
I have no
into jest for fear of the battle.
hope of brighteningyour
wrongs
these
honor until
old squaws
and dress
are
kept at home to hill their corn
I have notched
their potatoes.
but
unredressed
a list of our
as
they
wrongs,
are
likelyto be, I fear their rehearsal would drive us into despair and rage
and
this jocund societyinto a mourning scene.
convert
With
England we
have whiffed the pipe of peace, but as soon
back was
turned she struck
as
our
been
unburied
when
our
"
scalpingknife. She pretends to great

honor and loftyviews, but all is hollow,false and
faithless and
inconsistent.
'
In England is a government
unitingthe mock modesty of a bloody sceptre
with the littletrafficof a merchant's
counting-house,wieldinga truncheon in
and
hand
one
picking a pocket with the other.' Against France, too, we
have
much
the
be likened
to
ground for complaint. Her injuriesmay
Severn, but the crimes of England are huge as the Chesapeake, or vast as
the great waters
of whose
undived
Our
Tribes will not
empire she boasts.
always submit to injury. They ivillyet rise in their fury, sing the -war song
and
terrible as the mountain
storm
theywill rush upon their enemies.'1'1
us
with
the
tomahawk
and
drew
the
'
'
In
view
words
of
of
the
the
war
above
that
so
shortly ensued,
paragraph
seem
almost
concluding
prophetic, and
the
PATRIOTIC
the
during
of blood
two
years
nation's
since
from
our
for many
and
tomahawk,
from
smoke
great
calumet
the
Arundel
in Anne
unable
are
we
admission
full of
that
find
to
marked
the
has
peace
that
nations
two
ascended
It has
been
the
to
record
for the
who
with
the
accompanied
born
War
of
Francis
that
of his
the
giving
truth
in 1772
claimed
the latter years
interestingepisodes,not
connected
friends
this oration,was
any
vouch
cannot
we
was
being
the
of
County, Md.
the Society in
of
member
life
between
suns
delivered
John S. Skinner, who
as
conflict which
and
Spirit.
Great
was
187
many
history,the blood of the Sons of St. Tamwas
freelyshed as the priceof freedom, and, as events have
Whether
proved,of lastingpeace with our old enemies.
the
hand
of England no longer grasps
fear or policy,
the
of
page
the
SOCIETIES.
life,but
of
date
of this claim.
the
he
his
His
least memorable
1812.
He
Scott
Key
was
of
one
with
when
sought the release of his friend, the aged Dr. Beams,

detained a prisonerby the British.
He was
friend
a
particular
of Mr. Key and his family. It was
while on this mission to the
British fleet,under
the immortal
wrote
a flagof truce, that Key
national hymn, the
Brother
Skinner
Star Spangled Banner."
of considerable
and in the year 1818
was
a man
literary
ability,
called The Censor.
In the year
publisheda periodical
1819, in
others
he
"
with
company
and in
Samuel
1829 published and
closelyidentified
and
He
was
many
years, which
it may
with truth
and
man
It is
now
the forms
to
our
useful
notice
be
year
to
promote
postmaster
of
the
said
to
under
that
needs
of
the
called
of
prosperity
Baltimore
acceptably.Of
no
was
land,
Mary-
convention
city of
filled most
he
He
eulogy
as
for
him
good
the
which
costumes
Indian
societywhich used
is brought
of the Indians, and which
sociation
Asof the
name
Kickapoo Amicable
in the city of Washington, D. C., in
not
only adopted the usages, forms,
mention
existed
1804, and
its members
of the State
secretary of
was
Farmer,
Turf Register.
calculated
ceremonies
ceremonies, and
the
American
the
interests
best
1825
edited
citizen.
which
the
owned
positionhe
proper
and
the
year
best
means
State.
the
with
in the
discuss
to
Sands, he
names
stillanother
"
of the
Indian
race,
also gave to
of the
custom
but
and, followingthe
Indian
bestowed
race,
Association"
Inhabitants'
to
the
of October
"FOR
follows
as
VERBEA,
The
the
of
manuscripts
OR
natural
"Oldest
document
STATES
BOYD,
V/ASHINGTON
ESQ.,
AMERICA.
OF
Amicable
Association, Greeting:
dence
ye that we, the Kickapoos of Washington City,reposing due confiand
o
f
beloved
friend
the
in the benevolent
humanizing disposition our
Know
"
Beaver, have
him
honorable
rules of
adopted him and given

according to the
fraternity
chapter would
This
celebrated
of the
of
saint
Indian
Societies
of the
the researches
this account
before
even
to, the
legend
which
are
skill of
a
remains
found
now
Tammany.
hunter
and
Tamina
In
the
of Mr.
work
is attributed
followinglegend is
taken.
de Soto
and
his
west
of
of the Ohio
extending northward
and
of monuments
other vestiges of art,
in that section were
owing, it is said, to the
In his youth he was
famed
for his exploits
beyond
the Father
of Waters
the
Great
council
fire.
enemy,
the
courage
exceeded, if possible,all that is related in ancient
and
song
He
Evil
Salle,
La
or
and
warrior, and, from

Salt
it is
Mitchell,and
L.
of Ferdinand
patron
(or Tammany)
of Tamina
Samuel
the
of Bcehem, Tammany
voyage
that extensive and fertile tract of land
Alleghany Mountains,
The
as
account
fancied
the
people inhabited
river.
the
named.
late Dr.
giving an
canonized
were
that the
and
Tribe.
Secretary Washington
was
after whom
before the discoveries
Long
the
chief who
described
herein
alreadyreferred
Horton
from
and
America,
ancient
our
association.
our
incomplete without
be
of
name
KICKAPOOS!"
THE
LIVE
"LONG
this in the
J. LAMB,
"
to
The
"
of the Kickapoo
To the Members
cipher,made
the certificate.
composing
BEAVER,
THE
is in
document
the words
UNITED
as
other
or
Washington, Vol. I.,is
of
1804.
20,
certificate reads
or
animal
an
by spellingbackwards
to
MEX.
certificate of membership issued

copy of the original
of this association named
member
Washington Boyd, under
is
date
"
of
name
Among
them.
object upon
which
the
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
88
Lake, his deeds
waged
for many
Spirit,and
of the Grecian
years
during
Hercules.
recounted
were
a
war
this time
This
Evil
with
at
every
his mortal
his prowess
Spirittook
and
story
every
ORDER
IMPROVED
190
Detroit
the falls of
and
Niagara
still remain
this,the Evil Spiritstirred
After
MEN.
of
monuments
as
astonishing event
the
RED
OF
red
the
up
of the
men
East
against Tammany, and a long and bloody war

a
at length defeated, and
ensued ; but they were
great number
in the power
of
taken prisoners. When
they found themselves
Tammany, they expected,of course, to be put to the most cruel
had prepared himself for
and lacerations ; but each one
tortures
the
and
North
sing
death-song, while
his
had
like Alkmoonac,
execution, and
the horrible
gashes
into
his flesh.
their
that
the
determined
brought
good
implacable
to
waylay
where
wigwam,
he
sound
and
reason
Evil
the
lives !
their
spare
of their
ashamed
But
his
to
full of
so
to
to
separating limb
were
limb, and
blazingsplintersstuck
surprisewhen they learned
determined
He
what
victorious
ordered
delivered
to
that
sense
But
was
Chief
had
them
to
discourse
them
they
from
be
heartily
were
villainy.
own
determined
give up yet, and so

his enmity against Tammany,
that he resolved
himself.
attack him
Tammany, however, knew
Spiritwas
was
and
not
to
was
secreted, and
moving of the bushes where his enemy
pretending not to notice the discovery,he advanced, and with
his hickory staff he dealt a blow upon
his adversarywhich
made
by
him
the
bellow
with
out
pain ; and,
to follow
the exact
words
of the
legend, they clinched, and dreadful was the crashingof timber

which
since the times
they trod down in the scuffle. Never
the giantspiledmountain
when
mountain
there such
were
upon
exertions
of animal
than a
strength. For the space of more
left standing
all were
crushed
league square not a tree was
and trampled flat by the combatants.
At length,after unceasing
exertions
for fiftydays, Tammany,
tage
skilfully
taking advanof the
hiplock,threw him head and shoulders on the
"
"
ground, and
him
; but
endeavored
immense
an
effect it.
have
He
then
to
rock
seized
strangledhim,
roll him
into
faint and
out
exhausted, which
of his hands
but, as
Ohio
and
standing in the way, he

him
by the throat, and
had
not
his wrist
that they could

sprainedand weakened
enough to stop his breathing. Tammany
so
the
not
and
drown
could
would
thumb
gripe him
not
tainly
cer-
been
hard
by this time grew

the Evil Spiritperceiving,
slipped
he departed he was
told to confine
PATRIOTIC
himself
to the
cold
and
SOCIETIES.
regions of
remote
threatened
Bay, and was
be caught showing his
ever
191
with
Labrador
instant
face
death
this
on
and
if he
side
of
son's
Hudshould
the
great
lakes."
After
He
devoted
this, Tammany
brought maize, beans, and
himself
states, and
tobacco
the
to
from
of pâce.
arts
their
uncultivated
domesticated
plum trees and onions, and introduced

other improvements in agriculture. By these things he
many
endeared
himself to his people. His government
of the
was
His people looked
to him
patriarchalkind, mild, but firm.
up
their father,and referred all their differences
and
as
disputes
His decisions were
to him.
always law. Plenty pervaded his
contented
and
word
land, and his people were
happy. Their watchwas
Tammany and Liberty."
About
this time, Manco
Capac, the great Inca of Peru and
"
the descendant
of the Sun, who
had
heard
of the wisdom
of
Tammany, dispatched messengers

he would
an
interview, the place of which
Mexico, a spot about equidistantfrom the
powers
where
he
he wished
about
was
consult
to
establish
to
him
on
for the
form
invitinghim
mention
might
of government
which
nation.
departing to
of
Andes, called together his tribes, which
the
thirteen, and
each
delivered
OF
above
soars
FIRST
THE
the
him
From
superiorto
of
the
reason
be
yourselfto
learn
fogs of
prejudiceand
their
the
SECOND
THE
the
EAGLE
in the
daytime
and
stirring
engagement
make
"
you
of
qualities
sightof
OF
THE
the DEER.
sounds
at
in
shines,in
sun
TRIBE
your
into,and
enter
you
lose
CHILDREN
judge of
active
The
the
to
TIGER
He
affords
TRIBE
possesses
great distance.
model.
your
broad
survey
nothing escape
objects,to rise
clear atmosphere
never
or
expose
slumber.
useful lesson
extraordinaryquickness
in the
dark, teach
look
you
sharp
every
misty days nor stormy nights
your pursuit.
to the
to pay good attention
are
of hearing
readiness
can
to
let neither
worthy objectof
THIRD
lets
fitof drowsiness
to
respectivecallings,
to
be
thoughts to elevated
passion,to behold in the
true
lightand posture, and
The exceeding agility

of this creature, the
you.
of his sight,and, above all,his discriminatingpower
be
to
precepts
mountain-tops,takes
for
to
amounted
should
direct your
to
things in
surprisedwhile
OF
The
TRIBE:
his watchfulness
all
CHILDREN
"
illustrious Sachem
following sententious
clouds, loves
of the country round, and

him.
the
Tammany,
"
"CHILDREN
He
the
be
of each,
Peruvian
this talk with
to
dominions
before
have
and
You
uncommon
In
like
"
manner
open
ye
your
ears
to
ORDER
IMPROVED
192
whatever
is
collect
passing;
dangers surround
before
OF
substance
the
corn-fields
your
RED
of
and
MEN.
distant
wigwams
and
rumors,
is
what
going
learn
at
on
distance.
"CHILDREN
to
I would
which
the atoms
abroad
its
pestilentstreams,
CHILDREN
turn
FIFTH
THE
OF
but strong
in you
to
another, and
one
the
will be
you
the WOLF
of nostrils catches
extent
of the
This
Operate
strength in divisions, become

divided againstwigwam, and you will
your
is wise
in the
in concert,
useful
in the wilderness
is not
fond
and
buffalo,
stand
that
take
to
of his kind, and
company
mountain
children,are
my
of the strongest animals
one
him.
imitate
qualityof
one
notice
You,
excursions.
distant
venturing upon
will be
loves
is he
he
as
wide
him
gives
TRIBE
is
He
hints of the BUFFALO.
is
approach of his
rank, and like a contagion sends
power
grows
I see
the WOLF,
like the myrmidons of Tammany,
his head and snuff oppression in every breeze.
when
the first to rouse,

"
air,and
the
Thus
his foe.
or
prey
attention. His
call your
floatingin
There
TRIBE:
FOURTH
THE
OF
of
wise
it
together,support
nobody
; fritter down
spiritof parties,let wigwam be
ant-hill which
an
a
baby can kick
the
be
can
move
over.
"
CHILDREN
OF
TRIBE
SIXTH
THE
DOG, offers something for you

of his
the disinterestedness
him
mark
That
social and
The
profitby.
to
and
friendship,
object of your
the
as
the
kindness
valuable
creature, the
of his attachment,
warmth
unchangefulness of
imitation.
and
his
but
Do
fidelity,
love with
sincerityand steadiness with which these, your constant

hunting companions, love you all,and happiness,comfort, and joy will make
and
your land their dwelling-place,
ye shall experience all the pleasure that
half the
human
"
warmth,
nature
bear.
can
CHILDREN
OF
THE
SEVENTH
BEAVER.
His
fainter and
size smaller,was
TRIBE
You
pattern after the
take
to
are
be cleared, hills
must
industrymerits your regard. Forests
levelled,rivers turned to accomplish your plans. Labor and perseverance
all things; for I have heard old people say their ancestors
assisted
overcome
in making the sun, immense
he appears, by collectinginto a heap all the
as
fire-fliesand glow-worms they could find ; and
the moon,
whose
light is
all the fox-fire

"
OF
EIGHTH
THE
something profitableto
winter,
to
of life,and
needy
time.
rends
the trees
that
"
Fox.
you
This
cannot
CHILDREN
He
looks
he treads upon,
by
you.
collect acorns,
quantitiesto his hole.

winter
like
wood
you
may
venture
THE
and
out
takes
keen
It is his
they
could
The
SQUIRREL,
it becomes
manner
procure.
and
you
children, offers
my
he
practice,as
walnuts
pile
has
carry
look
to
foresightof
in
them
forward
large
to
for
the
that
provision necessary
yourselves at
while
all
around
at
enjoy
you frost
your firesides,
the white powder lies so thick upon
the ground
without
NINTH
well before
surprise.Such
by gathering into
some
asunder, and
OF
TRIBE
chestnuts, and
In like
have
formed
manner
phosphoric rotten
or
CHILDREN
in
your
TRIBE
him
good
as
care
examination
snow-shoes.
You
are
to
learn
he travels,examines
that his enemies
will
guard
you
lesson
from
the
the ground
carefully
do
not
from
come
upon
him
difficulties; and,
PATRIOTIC
if in
the
of nature,
course
will
nothing
back
world
the
TENTH
THE
OF
in
swims, this land

he
feels when
keeping
inhabit would
we
you
to
The
soon
part of his shell under
to
live.
If,then,
and
the water,
wish
you
of
attain
to
instruction
the
on
supports
to
immense
; and
his
on
Were
you.
it
in which
ocean
to the bottom
he
the
displeasure
tfceyquarrel and
him
induced
than once
to dip
more
drown
a set of wretches
no
longer fit
a
long life,be honest, upright and
go
injuretheir neighbors and families,has

a
TORTOISE, who
world
afloat
by them,
extricate yourselves.
lives of idleness
lead
men
193
be, in spite of all this,beset
TRIBE
inhabit, offers
we
for his benevolence
not
shall
you
enable
effectually
more
CHILDREN
"
SOCIETIES.
and
vice, when
industrious.
"CHILDREN
OF
the wholesome
make
to
sentence
cloth
to
stillness and
be
Would
quiet?
his
by
the EEL.
world,
proceeded
you
of wisdom
the
nor
numbers
the
men?
If such
who, although he
orphan
creation,
upon
of the
excellence
nor
children,of modest
EEL,
an
ungentle
an
his mouth,
peaceably among
from
known
never
speak
from
attention
your
was
to
nor
his parentage, but is cast
strength and
He
desirous, my
like to live
you
to
never
Are
lesson
neither his birth
yet shows
in the
Slander
his tongue.
under
I recommend
from
man
disturbance
or
desires,learn
your
knows
to
livingcreature.
guilerest
TRIBE:
derived
counsel
noise
ELEVENTH
THE
mode
of life
he has chosen.
"
CHILDREN
off.
ward
to
Thus
disease among
when
insects
when
"
the
withhold
imposes
scope
point out
of the BEAR.
which
inconveniences
for your improvement

He
is distinguished
he
finds it
when
scarcitythreatens your country

strew
your hunting-grounds with
refuse
and
corrode
worms
their accustomed
rain, bear with
patience and
yourselves men ;
Show
you.
the
roots
OF
THIRTEENTH
THE
of the BEE.
You
can
carcases
of your
I call your
among
afford.
woods
those
attention
creatures
Idlers, vagrants,
surpassed by anything
of publicproperty have no toleration there.
Regularityand
from them
Borrow
of
their government.
pervade every department
of arrangement
in business
that
the
"
"
corn
the clouds
supplies,or when
whatever
resignation
necessity
for it is adversitywhich
gives
TRIBE:
observe
the
not
to
ble
impossi-
famine
with
talents.
"CHILDREN
economy
I shall
the beasts
streams
upon
to your
of those
destroy your beans,
their
traits in the character
patientendurance
when
TRIBE
TWELFTH
THE
excellent
some
for his
OF
alchemy
productionof
advantages,and
of
and
above
all derive
from
even
venom,
crimes
and
from
the
discipline
and
bezzlers
em-
method
idea
an
their instructive
ample
ex-
operation somewhat
analogous
converts
privatefeelingsinto public
vices ultimatelyconducive
to public
mind, which, by
nectar
makes
to
an
good."
"
After
for his interview
interestingand
native
precepts to his tribes,Tammany

with the Inca, which
proved to be
deliveringthese
beneficial
country, he found
to
all
had
most
returning to his
taken
advantage of
parties. On
his old enemy
parted
de-
IMPROVED
194
his absence, and

into the minds
OF
ORDER
had
of his
of idleness
instilled notions
On
people.
MEN.
RED
and
dissipation
of this, diseases
account
had
requiredall his skill and sagacity

in doing,
to subdue.
This, however, he eventually succeeded
and lived, after he had accomplished it, many
years in great
happiness and wonderfullybeloved by\hispeople. At last,after
arrivingat an unusual age, that universal palsy,which, in the
of things,immediately precedes death, terminated
natural course
broken
out
either sickness
his life without
sigh or
more
them, which
among
Great
groan.
than
ceremony
or
pain, and he expired without
honors
were
ever
shown
was
paid
to
to
any
his memory.
corpse
After-
before, they
the ground, after their

to
Tammany
and
it a large mound
of earth.
Curious
raised over
manner,
its
not
antiquarianshave detected the spot, though they know
Musdesign or use, for he lies within the great Indian fort,near
kingum, beneath the hillock which they have so often admired
for size and labor second
to nothing of the kind
a monument
the Pyramids of Egypt.
save
Such
is the legendaryhistoryof Tammany.
Of his real life
the
committed
body
of
"
we
the
know
but little,
but
foregoingaccount,
narrative
of the deeds
remarkable
of
as
settled within
to
came
the time
It is
much
unvarnished
explicit,
Hercules
of the
and Ajax would
many
them
have been attributed
to
by the
One
not
an
statement
the
bounds
; that
of his death
of
at
he lived then
resided
near
in Bucks
the great council
Penn's
informs
us
Pennsylvaniawhen
that
under
the elm
first arrival in this country.
tribes of the Lenni
William
many,
Tamwas
Penn
but at
Schuylkill,
County, near Doylestown,
miles from the latter place.
near
springabout four
believed, though not positively
known,
present
of the poetry of
captiousorthographistscontend, Tamanend,
America
is buried
little upsets
doubt
we
exploitswhich
or,
upon
as
of the classic poets.
pens
and
that
the
that
tree
All
Tamanend
at
the
was
Shakamaxon,
chiefs of the
there, and it is not at all probable

Lenape were
that so distinguished
would
have been
a king as
Tammany
absent.
As, however, there was
no
treaty signed at the first
of exchanginterview, which was
only intended for the purpose
ing
of
of those present have
assurances
the names
friendship,
been
never
preserved. The first treaty for the purchase of lands,
made
by Penn with the Indians, is dated April 23, 1683, and in
'
PATRIOTIC
Tamanend
SOCIETIES.
195
Metamequam relinquishedtheir right and

title to a tract lyingbetween
Pennypack and Neshaminy creeks.
In the great treaty, by which
a
large portion of Pennsylvania
of Tamanend
was
acquired,dated the 3Oth of May, 1685, the name
that
does
and
not
deceased
From
appear.
these
between
short time
himself
Perm
of him
he
opinionis strengthenedby
in the
agree
of the
account
have
must
that he
statement
settled in this country
after Penn
related, in his
infer that
we
This
years.
the fact that all accounts

died but
this
"
indeed,
first settlement
of
Pennsylvania,that "he found him an old man, yet vigorous in

and body, with
mind
but easily
won
high notions of liberty,
by
the suavityand peaceable address
of the governor." Another
the above, represents him
account, differingonly slightlyfrom
as
nation,
chief of the Delaware
noted
the
head
of the powerful
Lenape, and his wigwam stood

confederacy of the Lenni
located.
where
Princeton
College is now
At all events, Tammany
ship
was
disposed to cultivate the friendof the palefaces,
and had the sagacityto perceivethat their
and
agriculturalarts rendered
knowledge of the mechanical
and
much
gence.
intellithem
people in power
superiorto his own
That
he lived to a great age, is universally
attested by
all accounts,
historical and
both
legendary. Cooper, in his
Last of the Mohicans," represents him as referring
novel, the
At the death of
to his age in the following beautiful
manner.
Uncas, he exclaims
My day has been too long. In the
of Unamis
morning, I saw the sons
happy and strong, and yet,
I lived to see
before the night has come,
the last warrior
have
"
"
"
of
the
wise
as
an
of
race
stated
but
and
he
the
authors
history;
correct
sented
repre-
first converted
and
it has
been
Delaware.
spellingsof his name

Tammanen,
Temeny, Tamanend,
his
of the
missionaries
French
Various
different
one
is sometimes
was
doubtless
was
He
the saints of the

actuallyenrolled among
But
quois,
Irothis is a mistake.
not
was
an
Tammany
belonged to the confederacy of the Lenni Lenape,
that
calendar.
Mohicans."
Iroquoischieftain,and
Christianityby
to
the
but
and
historians
modern
usage
orthography.
given,Tamina, Tammany,
Tamane,
Tamaned,
by the
who
have
written
concerning
has
are
accepted "Tammany"
as
the
ORDER
IMPROVED
196
without
however,
was,
Tammany
most
distinguishedRed Men
merciful, and
of peace,
arts
He
brave.
well
as
of many
be called "Tamanend
the
which
of the
sons
"
days
with
reverenced
and
patriarch,
remarkable
forest
bestowed
to
as
as
upon
strength of
all that
always
great
looked
was
his
powerful
so
"
the
Under
became
age
he
"
cultivate
to
Lenape
kind,
was
enemies.
their
Lenni
He
lived.
hi;; children
subdue
to
of the
question,one
ever
taught
as
MEN.
RED
any
who
reign,the confederacy of the

and mighty. Then
livingto
a
OF
affection
tains.
their chief-
upon
patriotsof the Revolution

adopted as their tutelar saint ; and if they could not claim that
he had performed miracles, they could at least point to him as
who
had rendered
one
good service both to his own
people and
Such
the
to
with
to
whites,
loss of his
This
the
organized
were
discovered
section
that
abuse,
without
submit
nor
in the
while
the
Sons
of
callingattention
which
New
have
we
New
than
north
country all the
the Revolution, and
live in peace
to
nor
wrong
Societies
of them
of the
endeavored
be closed
not
further
no
he
rights.
Tammany
trace
no
his
libertyor
the
the
neither
suffer
chapter should
fact that
whom
man
who, while
and
would
all men,
the
was
described
York.
We
patrioticwork
have
States.
England
to
In
previous to
strugglewas going on, was done,

of Liberty. It will be rememhave shown, by the Sons
as
we
bered
that Tammany
of the Lenni
was
a chief
Lenape. Their
the tract of land including Pennsylhunting grounds covered
vania,
Delaware, and part of Maryland. While, therefore, it
natural
was
for the
themselves
into St.
equallystrong
not
with
It will be noticed
into
the
Societies
the title of
our
the Sons
of
Liberty in
that the title of Red
nomenclature
described
form
Liberty in those States to transTammany Societies,the influence was
of
in this
the
chapter.
organization do
of the
Societyof
which
full information
Red
Men
famous
not
Fort
Men
New
had
Tamina
These
appear
England.
words
not
entered
(or Tammany)
as
until the
Mifflin in 1813,
part of
formation
concerning
is given in the succeeding chapter. We
have shown
with sufficient clearness
to satisfy
cism
critireasonable
the historyof the Order through its traditional period,
from
the Sons of Libertyof 1765 and the St. Tamina
napolis
Society of Anin 1771, down
to the War
of 1812.
It may
be asked why
at
When
garrison
the
of
members
establish
these
With
proceed
which
the
Revolution
pass
from
the
the
consideration
and
instructive
our
Order
from
at
Fort
RED
we
find
MEN.
the
It is
country.
our
Mifflin
who
those
among
of
names
contained
bers
mem-
rallied
who
were
tively
posi-
cannot
we
ble
improba-
not
many
Societies, although
explanatory
remarks
successor
of
link
between
the
of
1813
the
of
tradition
the
reader
concerning
to
that
St.
the
Order
Improved
region
we
of
consideration
connection
and
of
OF
fact.
that
the
became
out
prominent
Tammany
the
to
broke
defence
the
for
the
that
1812
Societies
these
time
second
of
War
the
of
and
ORDER
IMPROVED
198
the
1834.
to
of
close
this
Society
formed
in
Tamina
Society
of
Patriotic
Societies
Red
Men
supposition
information
second
chapter,
at
period
of
and
once
in the
and
1813
1771,
of
1834.
the
We
present
for
interesting
History
of
CHAPTER
SOCIETY
WE
come
from
included
and
Men,
Baltimore
in
in the
documents
upon
United
whose
direction
this
has
historyhas
been
which
of
Red
wards
after-
were
Men, established
our
history is
based
Council
of the
Great
been
the
of those
name
who
of Red
portion of
possessionof the
access
the
many
This
which
States, to
history of
1813, and
used
membership
Improved Order
1833.
in
be
to
; which
1833
to
the
the consideration
to
claimed
in their
of the
members
at
down
in
epoch
and
Men,
origin was
1816
(1813-1833).
MEN
second
of Red
societies,whose
existed
RED
the
to
now
Order
Improved
OF
IV.
had
by
those
under
which
prepared, and
have
already been used to establish the claim that the origin of the
Improved Order of Red Men dated from 1813 at Fort Mifflin,
the Delaware
River near
on
Philadelphia.
The
researches
directed
were
Past
by
of this claim.
Latham,
-Hugh
Fort
Mifflin
its
and
birth-place,
the years
1812
part of
records
of
the
the
detailed
statement
towards
establishingthe
of certain
as
and
1815
as
the time
Council
Great
is made
of
the
date of the
said to
documents
to
An
to
Mr.
documents
referred
to
had
remained
1831 until April 7, 1866, when

199
Pa.,
which
interval
from
United
the
States, a
taken
by said body
Order, and obtaining possession
be in the hands
of parties
James J. Loudenslager, a gilder and
the year
the
extracts
of the Societyof Red

Men, and
formerly members
of these documents, and their use
acquisition
and
the authors
Gorham
of the present history.
The
address
of its birth.
of the
action
Gorham
traditions
vague
history devoted
H.
Lancaster,
at
certain
that
printed
establishment
Incohonee
Morris
Incohonee
to
pointed to
In
Great
1857, referred
21,
between
the
to
Great
October
of Past
in the
carver
they
were
to
quent
the subse-
by
Brother
possessionof
by trade, from
acquired by
ORDER
IMPROVED
200
in behalf
Gorham
Brother
RED
OF
of the Great
MEN.
of the
Council
United
States.
The
thus
documents
in their nature,
and
not
opportunely recovered
full and
as
complete
fragmentary
are
is necessary
as
to
establish historical facts.

They contained sufficient,
positively
termed
herein
the
has been
to fullyillustrate what
however,
second
epoch in the history of the Improved Order of Red
Men.
of the
Book
of
papers
Men,
papers
of
the
the
of this kind
issue
Scattered
by
names
between
other
of their business.
are
Minute
meetings,and
societies
what
to
the
book
account
an
printednotices
transaction
and
mentioned
be
may
Red
similar
nature
books
these
Society of
in the
use
documents
its members,
Societyand
and
the
Among
which
the
through
members
Society followed the Indian custom

by giving
This new
to each palefaceadopted a new
name
was
name.
used
referring to the brother, and unless in
invariablywhen
possession of the key, the personal identityof each brother
If a brother was
a
on
was
safelyhidden.
appointed to serve
would
be made
committee, the record
something after this
fashion :
pum,'
Voted, that a committee
consistingof Black Wam'Split Log,' and 'Split Log's Brother,' be appointed to
entertainment
for the society at its next
council
an
arrange
The
known.
were
"
'
fire."
Meagre
evidence
though
to
establish
and, further,
distant
which
the
that
the existence
many
of
are,
of the
they furnish
Society of
its members
in
"sent
instance
one
Red
Men,
mission
on
the
sufficient
nucleus
to
around
gathered the reorganization in the present form

Improved Order of Red Men.
of
was
miles
Mifflin
below
is situated
Revolution,
and
was
little below
Island, a
strong redoubt,
earth, and
stands,
Fort
but
has
Mifflin
time, by
the
on
and was
Philadelphia,
cityand the Capes. It
that
and
documents
States," furnished
Fort
these
of
was
been
was
located
on
the mouth
Delaware
the
was
River,
only defensive
an
about
work
tween
be-
old British fort of the
the southeast
of the
extremityof Mud
It was
SchuylkillRiver.
form,
irregular
constructed
mounted
heavy
with
of stones, bricks
This
guns.
fort still
greatlystrengthened and improved.

of 1812,
garrisoned during the War
militarycompany
four
composed of the
sons
of the
for
lead-
SOCIETY
citizens
ing
the
OF
RED
Philadelphia. The
of
20
known
organizationwas
Artillerists."
of
MEN.
At
Fort
by
Mifflin and
"Junior
among
these volunteers
Men."
This
originatedthe
Societyof Red
of the Constitution
claim is based
of
partlyupon the Preamble
Men's
the
Red
Society of Pennsylvania,"adopted at its reor"^p*
ganizationin 1816 and which we reproduce as follows :
name
"
"
"
PREAMBLE.
"
We
hold
it as
sacred
truth, that all
endowed
and
and
and
so
by their great
defending their lives
far as they conform
to
and
"
laws of
Impressed
with
the
beloved
our
strong
born
equallyfree,and are
beneficent
with the right of enjoying
Creator
liberties,and of pursuing their own
happiness,
known
laid down
in the Constitution
salutaryprinciples
men
are
country.
of the paramount
sense
duties
we
owed
to
our
country for the
civil and religious,

which we
blessingsof liberty,
enjoyed by
the successful termination, by our
of Independence,
forefathers,of the War
of us entered into her services earlyin the year 1813 (as well as subsequently),
many
and marched
volunteers from this city,Philadelphia,
as
to garrison
Fort Mifflin, then commanded
by Captain James N. Barker and the lamented
Lieutenant
(Alexander John) Williams, (2) at a time of general alarm, and
when
our
citywas menaced
by a British force.
" At
that fort originatedthe Societyof Red
Men
; instituted not only for
social purposes,
event
each
to
relieve each
other in defence
of
pledged
other in sickness
at
all
or
personalhazards
distress ; and
firmlyto
in the
adhere
to
country's
and many
members
having
elapsed,
expressinga wish that
years
should
extend
the views of the earlymembers
by forming ourselves into
Benevolent
relieve
the
distresses
of
each
to
other, our wives, and
Society
"
we
but
of battle,solemnly
our
Several
children,we, therefore,whose
we
and
cause.
have
associated
title of the Red
rules and
following
ourselves
names
into
are
hereunto
Benevolent
subscribed, do declare that
Society,by
Pennsylvania,pledging ourselves
regulationswith honor and good faith."
Men
of
the name,
to
observe
style,
the
Fortunatelywe are able to sustain the claim made that the

Societyof Red Men originatedat Fort Mifflin as above stated,
in another
and
As will appear
stronglycorroborative manner.
in this chapter,the Society of Red
Men
celebrated
several important
occasions
feast days of the Order.
these
as
Among
were
Washington's Birthday, February 22, and Saint Tamina
On
Day, May 12.
February 22, 1825, Puyumannawaton, or
"Great
Light of the Council Fire," delivered "a talk" before
the Red
Men
of Pennsylvania,a copy
of which
is among
the
IMPROVED
202
OF
MEN.
RED
Penn
eulogizingWilliam
in his intercourse
with
the primitive
his honesty and honor
and
Men, and Washington for his great wisdom
soldierly
in
documents
for
Red
conduct,
a
ORDER
brief
he
our
uses
attempt
United
States,
repairedto
After
language
follows
the
glance at
second
possession.
of volunteer
number
Mifflin to
Fort
of the
encroachments
"
I wish
It
enemy.
was
when
1813,
subjugate the
from
this city
to
warriors
far
repel,as
take
to
now
In
originof our institution.

made
by Great Britain
was
a
as
had
as
they
at
this post, then
the
power,
manded
com-
tion
by Captain James N. Barker, that our present instituThe
formed.
was
originalfounders wished, by identifying
with
the Aborigines of the country, to
themselves
by name
the soil they inhabited, which
to
their attachment
show
they
held either by birth or adoption."
in
declaration, taken
This
connection
with
the
Preamble
alreadyquoted,is evidence sufficient of the organizationat Fort

Men.
When
learn the nent
Mifflin of a societyof Red
we
promiwhose
the
from
talk
have
we
positionoccupied by
person
quoted, it will be
the
this talk
made
he
of
made
statement
was
the Grand
was
served
Mifflin
Fort
on
at the
descent.
March,
was
Mr.
Fort.
He
to
the
Great
Society. The name

of the
Independent
"
Kite
was
of
be
fair
to
was
originalfounders of the Society

printer.
by professionand a Quaker
have
to
seems
officers of the
this it would
From
1813.
an
been
from
of
man
Red
heart
warm
Man
and
communications
and
Society,show
Life, and
enthusiastic
preserved in the minutes
Master
Roll
1822,
of the
one
He
high character.
as
of the
Society who
November,
as
in
pany
comMitchell, which
by Captain William
garrisonduty with the "Junior Artillerists" at
in
that he
assume
late
as
mistaken
been
of the
member
the Muster
on
have
not
The
by him.
Joseph Kite, and
Recording Scribe
Joseph Kite appears
Blues," commanded
by
that he could
seen
deep veneration
and
ings,
his writ-
by
him
for the
his
qualitiesof mind and heart,

to
he seems
have justified
the peculiarappropriatenessof the
he had
been
title by which
Great
invested,
Light of the
Council
Fire."
In 1823 he removed
to Wilmington, Delaware,
he organized a Tribe which, as earlyas the i8th of the
where
"
"
second
From
moon,
had
adopted 86 palefaces.
the information
hereafter
given,it will
be learned
that
SOCIETY
Society of
the
it,used
Red
OF
like the
Men,
forms
the
RED
and
MEN.
St.
203
Societies
Tammany
ceremonies
ceding
pre-
language of
the primitiveRed* Men.
Indeed, for some
time, the Society
Men
of the St. Tammany
and a branch
of Red
Society existed
and the names
of several
together in the cityof Philadelphia,
the roll of membership in eachôf
individuals appear upon
the
time.
We
feel justified,
fore,
theretwo
organizationsat the same
in assertingthe claim that the inspiration
which
led to the
of
Red
Men
for the organizationformed
selection of the name
Mifflin came
from knowledge of, and probable membership
at Fort
St. Tammany
as
in, the previous organizationsknown
by
from
that existed
was
based
the
Order.
G.
the
to
fact is further
C. U.
S., and
declaring 1771 as the date

With
this preliminary statement
of the work of the Societyof Red
its action
consideration
Book
in the Minute
the Great
This
1771.
submitted
the evidence
and
other
sustained
upon
of the
we
which
origin of
pass
Men
in the
documents
of the United
Council
the
"
"
Societies
and
to
the
detailed
as
possession of
States.
find the loss of its

Early in the Historyof the Society we
to have fallen into the hands
earlyrecords deplored. They seem
and it is presumed
of persons
of the organization,
not members
the first written
record in
never
recovered, because
they were
is under date of 1821.
the Minute
Book
Among the documents
is a muster
roll and
account
book, the latter containing the
of the organizationand the dates of certain
of members
names
charges againstthem for dues, and credits of cash paid.
On some
credits are
of the accounts
given for the year 1816.
It
was
in this year
also that
notice
was
inserted
in
phia
Philadel-
of the
meeting of the members
of reorganization. This would indicate
Society for the purpose
that the reorganizationtook
place in the latter part of 1816.
The scattering
of the garrisonof Fort Mifflin,and the discharge
of the soldiers among
been
whom
the Society had
organized,at
the close of the war, would
for the period between
account
1813
It is sufficiently
and 1816 while the Society was
lyingdormant.
however, to say that the reorganizationtook place in
explicit,
callingfor
newspaper
1816.
The
members,
names
book
account
while
of the
in
the
members
referred
latter
and
to
contains
part of the
the
Indian
name
the
book
of
76
given
the
names
are
with
its transla-
IMPROVED
204
of
member,
have
to
seems
his
on
confer
to
his
into
the
the
death
Society. The
or
discharge
title upon
and
name
MEN.
RED
OF
adoption
prevailedalso, on
each
tion, assigned to
custom
ORDER
other
some
palefaceat adoption.
officers of the Society,as follows : Generalissimo,
ten
were
There
Second
First and
Captain-Generals,Grand
Recording
and
four Tryors, who
Door-Keeper,
Scribe, Treasurer, Grand
member,
upon
or
called Warriors.
sometimes
were
the
of decisions
matter
First
Society. The
specialaids of
and
those
now
There
was
the
by
specialauthorityfrom
under
Thirteen
to
of
citizens
to
denied
constituted
members
limited
any
the
owning
person
to
committee
fitness of each
the United
taken
which
The
the laws
similar
to
Sagamores.
however, unless acting
Generalissimo
a
present
Senior
in certain
cases.
Membership
quorum.
was
admission
States, and
holding a slave.
were
proposed by
inquired into the
which
applicantand
States.
power,
and
the
was
or
Applicants for membership

referred
while
performing ditties
United
the
in
power
legislationof the
assist him
to
Junior
their
to
absolute
and
the
was
Captain-Generals were
in his absence,
limitation
Second
and
exercised
almost
the ceremonies
on
Generalissimo
the
for him
act
Society with
of the
presidingofficer
Generalissimo
The
ascertained
if he
report having been
requiredto
brother
and
character
and
was
made,
be unanimous
or
citizen
ballot
the
of
was
applicant
not
on
rejected. It was
customary to initiate candidates
the night of election,although the constitution was
sometimes
suspended to permit this to be done.
At the admission
of a candidate
he was
placed in charge of
the Grand
the necessary
Door-Keeper who made
preparations
and presented him
He was
to the Generalissimo.
required to
certain questions regarding his own
answer
citizenshipand
and his motive
in desiring to become
Red
Man.
a
principles,
His answers
he was
consent
being satisfactory
by unanimous
was
allowed
to
When
he
his mind
that
could
and
"
Red
be
come
proceed.
put
was
for the
Men
instruction
were
engraftedon
out
to
trial,
to
as
test
about
his
to
and
sincerity
be given,he
without
fear, and
the Tribe."
Having
men
man
should
who
knows
that
"
none
to
was
prepare
warned
but
such
passed the ordeal,

no
fear," he
was
SOCIETY
Generalissimo
again presented to the

Among the instructions
oaths
binding you
neither
so
feet ;
nor
as
less than
no
bound
friendship,
from
exact
united
thus
"Being
pledge of honor,
Are
..."
Red
as
who
those
an
you
administer
no
they bind
their wigwam
;
sit in the
full
fidence
con-
the
Society is Freedom,
blessings for ourselves,
others."
to
affiliated with
become
"of
assurance
scripts
manu-
prudence admonishes
Men,
would
as
Men
old
together by the strong
Toleration
exert
to
the
we
of
brotherlylove. The motto
while claiming its privilegesand
aim
we
from
enter
you
Here
"
ties of
and
instructions.
or
political
religiouscreed
any
other's
of each
Red
"
205
further
for
coming
as
these
your
free man."
depart, a
you
to
hands
your
quoted
mentioned
be
may
MEN.
RED
OF
willingto give
us
and
fidelity
such
to
us
simple
ness."
trustworthi?
assurance
"
The
"Then, sir,
being favorable the instructions continued.
of honor, one
who
regards his word
looking upon you as a man
bid
as
binding on his conscience as an oath possiblycan be, we
that all you
hear or see
in
may
you proceed,and caution you
of Red
the secrets
the wigwam
be kept
Men, and must
are
answer
inviolate."
the ceremony
During
in which
new
name
he
underwent
conferred
was
the
upon
of
Rite
him
by
Investiture,
which
he
was
He
was
always referred to in the councils of the Tribe.
this name,
and
record
is made
of the
required to remember
unfortunate
brother
who
had
expulsion of one
forgotten his
of adoption on the night of admission.
name
The
or
William
conferred
names
profession of
Muirhead
and
was
to
seem
the
the
he received
have
had
reference
palefaces adopted.
proprietorof a house
as
Withea
name
For
of
of
the
ing
call-
instance,
tainment,
public enter-
Missouri
or
of a father and son

relationship
of two brothers was
indicated by the name
or
assigned,as for
instance,William
given the name
Marley, who was
signifying
Deer"
"Moose
called
while his son
Deer."
Moose
was
"Young
"
Hospitality."Sometimes
his
to
It will be noticed
that
the
the
titles used
by
the
Societywere
due
that
officers of the
in their character.
This
have been
military
may
to the
militaryorigin of the organization,and the fact
soldiers exclusively
organized it. In the secret ceremonies
of the
organizationIndian
titles alone
were
used,
206
ORDER
IMPROVED
The
this
of communication
means
and
in
its branches
his
had
from
the
various
of
and
central
States
limited, and
were
subordinate
tion
organiza-
officers,each
officers
These
ranged
the Commander-in-Chief
was
of
of all
presidingchief of the Society while in

through the various grades of Captain-General,
Men,
council, down
Lieutenant-General,
grades of rank
consistingof
and
MEN.
the
staff of assistants.
own
the Generalissimo, who
of the Red
RED
between
required a large number
whom
two
OF
the
etc., to
indicated
were
variations
about
wide.
of
emblems
The
Order.
the
worn
upon
inches
twelve
emblems
badges
long and
the
upon
The
badges
six-pointedand
stars,
five-pointed
scalpingknife and tomahawk, with silver and gold bullion fringe.
The
records speak of Generalissimo, First and Second
tain-Gen
Capsix Lieutenant-Generals, twenty Major-Generals,
of Brevet
and
unknown
number
an
forty Brigadier-Generals,
The
Brigadier-Generals,Lieutenant-Colonels, Colonels, etc.
were
by
inches
of
brothers
by
bright red ribbon
one-fourth
formed
the
Lieutenant-Colonels,of whom
aids
there
were
hundred
one
or
more,
superior officers. Besides these there were

ten
Kings, several Half-Kings,ten Majors, nine Brevet-Majors,
nineteen
Lieutenants,
Captains,twelve Brevet-Captains,seven
six Sachems, seventeen
Chiefs, twenty-fiveOld Men in Council,
and three Squaw Sachems.
were
to
It must
the
be remembered
militarytitle had
him
upon
By
the
was
extended
and
records
brothers
the Indian
time
at the
assistance
of
into various
of the
"absent
sufficient for all
and
of
these
in addition
his
its
parts of the country.
mission"
to
as
ferred
consignification,
his adoption.
subordinate
officers the Society
name
Society contain
on
of these
that each
the
and
documents
The
reports made
indicate
with
by
a
these
clearness
practicalpurposes, the places where branches

of commuof the organizationwere
established.
The
means
nication
between
distant parts of the country being at that
time very crude, this multiplicity
of officers and complicated
adopted by the founders of the
system of official machinery was
its
and "extend
Societyto "lengthen the chain of friendship,"
that whenever
have
been
a
to
principles."The rule seems
either for
qualifiedbrother intended to visit a distant locality
residence, he was
given the necessary
temporary or permanent
.
SOCIETY
instruct
authorityto
should
may
of the
appointed
Improved Order
exists.
none
recorded
he
or
As
residence
of the
being
as
Indian
Cat's
Black
fifteenth Aid
and
being
as
brothers
as
"commanding."
or
stated, there
name
is
record
of
Nescoureaosca,
was
He
A
Virginia."
being
ing
organiz-
eral
Brigadier-Genthirty-second
was
to
in
was
residence, then
new
the Generalissimo.
to
mission
"on
recorded
are
He
he
is
the
on
number
ord
rec-
of other
is
mission," but the locality
"on
stated.
not
Early in
"
Father."
Deputy Great
of establishinga
in territory
where
a
succeeded
command"
"on
if opportunity
temporary,
his
Society at
Joseph Higginbottom whose

"
be
If he
is here
or
Men
to
was
illustration of what
an
purpose
Red
mission."
"on
branch
recorded
was
his
being
as
Tribe
If
of
Tribe
time
present
for the
be
207
establish
the
at
MEN.
RED
palefaces or
offer,just as
Incohonee
Tribe
OF
the year
1818, it is recorded
that
Ironstone," fifth Major-General,John
commission
and
Southern
Tribes," and
kindled
year, he
The
appointed
was
on
the
council
organized in
expectation until
beyond all
owing to a local disease, the
broken
at
that time
of Leaves, the
"
received
of
all the
"
of Snows
moon
of that
city of Charleston, S.C.

Charleston, it is stated, prospered
the
Black
members
Heat, 1820, when,
became
in
and
scattered
letter to
the
the
issimo,
General-
date of the month
under
Wampum,"
5th, 1826, says:
of
month
John M. Burns,
up.
General-in-Chief
twelfth
"
Burns,
or
fire in the
tribe thus
Tribe
"
M.
Minowakanton,
"
"
"
was
appointed in 1818, General-in-Chief
Tribes, by
the death
lamented
the
Northern
owing
to
the
not
Our
Tribe
held
so
any
among
cation
communi-
prospered
until the month
coming
Since
held their council
I2th, 1818, and
continued
local disease
'Split Log.'
I have
Tribes.
of Snows,
month
all expectations, and
1820, but
Generalissimo,
of that great counsellor
with
fire in the
our
of all the Southern
yond
be-
of Heat,
the Tribe
which
'
and
Bark
proved fatal and carried off my chief aids, Peruvian
in the
caused
Council.
a
Mainspring,' which
great chasm
of Red
buried with the usual honors
Men, beneath
They were
the
The
wigwam, with their tomahawks.
plague continued,
which
the wilderness,taking
caused the Tribe to scatter all over
'
'
208
ORDER
IMPROVED
with
them
their squaws
and
been
re-united, although
OF
I have
the-Water
has
appointment
another
in
in Mexico
so
Forest.
will
the
Your
the
institution
it is hard
learned
of the
Without
of
'GENERAL
or
this Tribe
declared
that
no
form
to
counsellors.
'
IRONSTONE.'
is
that the
owning
person
attempting to give in
various
of
made
or
proper
peculiarfor
third
article of
slave
holding a
commissions
chronologicalorder, the
mission, mention
on
-issued
to
Society into various places. William

Straw," was
Wampalooshewaytie, or "Wheat
rank
of Colonel
Alabama,
to
command
although no
in
L.
New
entered
on
are
probabilities
State
about
1818
There
the
time
and
1821.
is likewise
record
are
Smart, known
promoted
1821,
sent
of the
is made
recorded
and
the
roll
that
that
the
it
commanding
as
Order
taken
was
to
the
to
sion
mis-
on
result.
is not
In
stated.
"
or
in New
established
was
as
commissioned
being
as
Jersey,although the date

Major-General, Voibisonthe,
Antrim,
Water," is
The
I4th of March,
certain officers
manner
Elisha
the
on
be
may
introduction
the
show
the
to
an
Generalissimo
Charleston
at
assignments of the various officers
like
has
be admitted.
could
of
'
Oak
Brother,
fact, for it will be remembered
By-Laws
Little
and
orders
Red
"MANOWHUCKINGTON
another
Tribe
'
myself,
"
The
'
that
see
However,
the
Eagle Eye holds

Maryland, and 'Walk-in-
in
warriors
losingso many
shall always obey
of
'
Florida, and
you
never
solicited to call them
consequence
after
subscribe
since that have
often been
the Tribe
and
MEN.
and
papooses,
together: but I find it difficult in

being squandered all over the great
an
appointment under government
'
RED
South
Strong
Jersey.
in
that
tween
Carolina, be-
uncertaintyas to the exact date of the

introduction
of the Society into the State of New
York.
The
of Kanytariys of Oneida, or
name
dier-Gene
Light Wood," eleventh BrigaRichard
ing
commandLough, appears on the roll as
an
"
"
in New
on
page
into
who
the
were
York."
Under
69 of the Minute
date
as
loth, fourth
moon,
1823,
Book, there is record of the admission
PhiladelphiaSociety of
entered
of the
lumber
certain
merchants.
number
There
of
persons
is also among
SOCIETY
RED
OF
MEN.
209
originalpapers, dated September 26, 1824, a list of 64

members
as
compiled by John B. Sarzien, whose Indian name
"Balsam
is entered
was
or
Annenemvago,
as
Apple," who
Colonel commanding of the New
York
Tribe.
find recorded
We
the applicationfor recognition of "the
benevolent
Tribe of Nassau, established in the villageof Brooklyn
the
to
on
the
form
This
of Nassau, in the
Island
mutual
and
of New
York
friendlycorrespondence with
unanimously granted,as shown
authority was
references
State
in the
minutes
and
the
; and
Tribe."
by
quent
subse-
correspondence with
the
Tribe.
is assumed
It
that
time
Pa., some
between
preserved,is
concludes
the
month, which
On
of
16
page
Wetahoopeto,
from
the
a
Orleans
rank
is
the
'
or
of
he
The
whose
or
"
Order
Indian
Great
with
name,
Light
General
the
as
and
Minute
persons
had
fact
that
of
power
to
time
make
signs."
tressed
dis-
raise it."
is recorded
that
brevetted
the Tribe, with
of the nation
Delaware
ceived
re-
in New
Men
time, report
to
into
of the Council
Book, under
been
relief of
Red
signs of
the Red
to
which
over
he
by Joseph' Kite,
Puyumannawaton,
While
the precisedate
given,we find his name
twenty-ninthBrigadier-
Fire."
be
cannot
"
had
wigwam
Major-General,and
having attained the rank of

as
commanding in Delaware,"
he
letter
previouslystated, was
as
1823, it is stated that

that since
the
situation
of the institution in that State

recorded
for the
intendingshortlyto
into the
introduced
was
little
our
Cat,' George Taylor,was
should, from
Pennsylvania,the
appointed Sachem."
funds
Book
Brigadier to
of
The
much
very
are
Minute
Yellow
formed
our
we
initiate them
to
request that
Men
into
goes
"
that you would

do
admission, and three five penny
dollar
specialcertificate
and
wish
Lancaster,
the ments
docuamong
Smooth
eral
Stone," Gen-
Generalissimo.
have
"We
sick brother, and
or
"
have
the
to
at
1821, and
and
signed by
and
society,
We
same.
bits
follows:
as
beneficial
letter
established
was
1819
Lancaster, written
at
into
Tribe
date
"the
received
adopted
of the
Chief
power
i8th
and
of the
of the Delaware
to
in the Tribe
on
page
second
Tribe
moon,
reported
initiate brethren, that

and
received
of
55
the
86
priate
appro-
IMPROVED
210
Reading, Pa.,
have
had
MEN.
branch
of
long after
Improved Order of
the
147 of the
page
Generalissimo
that "the
RED
its existence
Society into
1833. On
in
OF
to
continued
of the
Baltimore
claim
may
which
at
ORDER
Minute
the
the
ganization
reor-
Red
Men
it is
Book
in
having confidence
ganization
or-
corded
re-
Brother
our
was
Nementon,
Bowstring (whose other name
George Priest,
Tailor),resident in the Borough of Reading, in the State of
promoted him to the rank of Brigadier-General,
Pennsylvania,
and gave
full powers
to open
to him
a
wigwam in the Borough
strict precaution and
in due
of Reading, and to initiate,with
form, into the Reading Tribe of Red
Men, all such white men
wish to become
Red
as
Men, if on examination
they shall meet
the approbationof the Council
sittingat his council fire."
maintained
This Tribe
and long-continuedexa
istence,
prosperous
although not alluded to in the records of the Mother
Society. On the gth of October, 1849, tne Great Council of
Pennsylvaniaof
Chief
Great
Improved Order
the
of Records
to
Men
correspond with
Reading for the purpose

the jurisdiction
of said Great
Men
of Red
instructed
the
Tribe
its
of Red
of
inducing them to come

under
Council.
Nothing definite
have
been
to
seems
accomplished, and on the loth of April,
transferred by the Great Council
from the
was
1850, the matter
Chief of Records
Great
of Correspondence.
to the Committee
taken
However, action was
January 16, 1851, when a resolution
at
"Resolved,
that
follows
That
they be
On
to
by
the
5th of
attention
the
series
admitted
as
of
the
of
title of the
Order
of
Red
in the
Great
the
Ancient
Pa.
Council
Order
This
term
Tribe, but
for
of
United
Men,
used
was
brought
was
States
organizationwas
Red
they
not
located
ferred
re-
in
because
it
proved
distinguishit from the ImThe
the
Society at Reading was
Again, on the iQth of October,
Men.
States,the Great
carryinginto
the
until
Men."
matter
of the
fee,and
to
Reading Tribe of Red Men."

1854, immediately followingthe
resolutions
the
charter
Council
of Red
Order
in which
"
of the
in this Great
Improved
"
of the United
the payment
entitled to seats
resolutions
"
on
September, 1854,
cityof Reading,
the
"
passed the stumps
to
the
their past chiefs be not
shall have
was
as
adopted
was
council
Council
effect the
of the
of
Great
Council
Pennsylvania adopted
of the Great
legislation
ORDER
IMPROVED
212
the
relatingto
old documents
OF
Societyof
the
for
that
statement
authority
maternal
a
grandmother, was
as
that
and
race,
this fact
to
due
Mr.
Red
is
Men,
quoted
Shallus, through his

of
the
the great interest
he
direct
was
MEN.
RED
descendant
Indian
felt in
of that
and customs
the Societyupon the manners
establishing
of his
the mark
shows
The earlyliterature of the Order
race.
the legislation
and
was
undoubtedly shaped by his
ability,
influence.
desires and
the
When
Society
reorganized in
was
indicates that the intention
to
was
it
make
the
1816
a
Preamble
benevolent
Society
exactlyas it is at the present time, in which should be paid a

in cases
of sickness
each week
or
regular,stipulatedamount
which
not
as
a rightand
as
disability,
payment should be made
the admission
fee was
fixed at
a
gratuity. For this purpose
the dues
$2.00 and
at
cents
25
month.
per
For
some
reason
originalidea was
changed and the
of a stipulatedamount
discontinued, and
weekly was
payment
the Society became
purelycharitable,dispensingrelief to needy
members
when
are
frequent in the
requested. References
of some
the. needy condition
Minute
Brother
is
Book
where
brought to the attention of the Society,and either direct appropriation
which
is not
recorded
from
chosen
to
Shallus
72, F. "
which
A.
this that he
at the
time
of
made
to
for that
had
been
relieve
he
was
the
him,
committee
of
member
PhiladelphiaLodge,
1803, to April 9, 1808, at
August 13,
resigned his membership.
not
or
purpose.
M., from
latter date
from
funds
raise funds
Francis
No.
the
the
member
establishment
of the
It would
Masonic
seem
Fraternity
of the
Society of Red Men.

Whether
his connection
with that organizationinfluenced
the
change from a beneficial to a charitable organizationthe records
do not
made
is abundantly
indicate,but that the change was
shown
in our
was
by the documents
possession. Mr. Shallus
in sentiment
and
and a close student
intenselyAmerican
feeling,
of American
that portionof it treating
particularly
history,
of the manners
and customs
His
of its primitiveinhabitants."
with the Masonic
familiarity
Fraternityprobablygave him the
of the organizaexperiencenecessary for outliningthe structure
tion
"
which
he instituted ; but there
work, the forms
and
ceremonies, the
nothing in the ritualistic

the interior
or
legislation,
is
SOCIETY
OF
RED
MEN,
213
ternity.
Fraworkings, to suggest in the slightestdegree the Masonic
the
The
Men, like its successor,
Society of Red
Improved Order of Red Men, stands originaland distinct from
any other existingorganization.
the
died on
Francis
Shallus
I2th day of November,
1821,
after a painfulillness,in the 48th year of his age.
Every effort
ute
been made
to have
seems
by the Society to render proper trib-
of respect to
records
the
which
the
indicate
had
in
then
1821,
and
his
the
resolution
committee
was
the
of
reason
of the
issimo,
General-
delivered.
about
the
that
safetyof
Society which
the
council
held
providingfor the
passed
request from
to
at
by
; but
it is evident
members
belonging to
possession,and
not
Generalissimo
the
documents
Generalissimo
a"nd services
provided for, was
felt among
anxietywas
the papers
been
dead
wrangling occurred
some
the character
illness of
During the
of the
memory
that
eulogy on
which
much
the
the Generalissimo
were
November
7,
appointment
all papers,
of
books,
possessionrelatingto the business of the

Men's
Red
it been
possible to obtain these
Society. Had
est
papers, as contemplated in that resolution,there is not the slightdoubt but that the complete connection
between
the Society
of Red
of 1816 and the organizationat Fort Mifflin would
Men
have been established, as well as information
cerning
beyond price conthe Generalissimo
and the
the correspondence between
and
in his
documents
members
of
the
Society "on
intrusted
the work
in distant
States.
On
of
3 of the
mission,"
branches
establishing
Minute
Book,
under
to
of the
date
he
whom
had
organization
of
July 7, 1822,
is recorded
resolution
which
a
was
adopted providing for the
to inquire concerning the paper
appointment of a committee
and books
formerlyin the possessionof the late Generalissimo,
and report at the next
meeting, the committee
consistingof
Great
Fire," Racer," and
Deep
Light of the Council
River."
made
was
a report which
July 9, 1822, this committee
page
"
"
as
follows
To
the Red
The
"
Men
Council
in
Brothers,by
documents
"
of the Red
following
Report :
"
assembled.
the
to inquirefor,and collect,
delegated,
of Pennsylvania,
Men
lay upon your Council
you
papers
board
and
the
IMPROVED
214
By
train of unfortunate
the papers
Men.
individual
Committee
most
them,
winds
the
what
Red
of Misfortune
has been
deem
collected
he
should
of them
have
for
the good Manetho, delightsin justice!it

Spirit,
him
when
he sits upon
his throne!
They have
know
they
lies at
tion
direcholds
who
but
your
mittee
com-
that
the
Great
is the mantle
therefore
the
redeemed
Brother
The
the
"
in what
remuneration
no
"
Expense
ascertain
to
them.
has asked
causes
river which
trouble and
wafted
remuneration
the
upon
dark
impossibleyet
have
may
the
rapid succession,
possessionof White
the
dwell
to
has with
Man
portion of them, for it is
other in
into
came
disposed
implicatedhaving passed
are
foot of the Hill of Life!

or
Men,
not
MEN.
RED
followingeach
events,
of Red
documents
and
The
"
OF
ORDER
that
envelopes
to
come
this
clusion,
con-
"
$2.62} be paid to Brother
That
of Columbia
be
Committee
report
be
to
any
delivered
the
Generalissimo
if other
appointed
succeeding Council
of the Tribe
the documents
request that
and
"
records
may
new
found, and
be
to
Fire.
PUYUHTOMMAKON,
DEEP
that
search
to
to
and
Otter
GREAT
Or,
LIGHT
COUNCIL
OF
FlRE.
RIVER
WANKAPONCHET,
RACER
THE
or
The
Dated, the 8th day of the Seventh
printed justas it appears on the Minute

eral
SevBook, the punctuation and capitalization
being followed.
of the most
notable being in the name
of
errors
appear, one
"Great
Light of the Council Fire," which should be PuyumThe
above
mannawaton
The
were
report
extract
is
instead
of
Committee.
1822.
Moon,
adopted, and
was
added
to' the
the
Brothers
among
"Otter"
for the
referred
here
Shallus
petung
or
with
met
under
"
Black
of
providingfor
form
book
all the Minutes
existingand
Council
and
Fires
in
December
"
of the
its suburbs."
he had
recoveringthe
into
which
in the hands
should
of the
attainable, and
Red
Men
the
within
to
of
have
adopted
in
Generalissimo,
the
"
because
was
entered
Minutes
ported
re-
Lappo-
was
documents
be
as
Francis
seems
resolution
and
Wampum
title
committee
1823,
out
succeeded
Indian
The
23,
paid
Black
"
who
whose
up
reimbursing Brother
Brother
Wampum."
partialsuccess
date
which
The
Generalissimo, and
as
of
George Knorr,
was
taken
collected
$2.92!were
purpose
"Otter"
and
subscription was
of money
committee.
"
Wampum
which
for the
amount
to
V Black
by
present
the committee
the
recorded.
committee.
given to
by
above
as
regular
or
where
else-
all future
cityof Philadelphia
SOCIETY
On
of
22d
the
Wiverwaski,
that date had
to
January, 1824,
Oak,"
"Red
or
inspectionof the
the
25th of the sixth
the book, and
examine
the
the
Tribe
and
he
have
Societyof
Red
Men
which
preparationof
include
not
made
'
here
therein
that
the
which
Minutes
up
presented
for
Minutes
the
1821, which
to
reported
that "the
'
still
appointed
committee
Oak
Red
earlyMinutes
was
and
in
Book
Minutes
write, the
been
correctness
Minute
The
all the
committee
Brother
to
general
Minutes."
book
does
had
due
were
February 3d
on
examination
that
we
form.
manuscript
in
exist
that
Scribe
Recording
2Oth, of November,
7th, gth, I4th, and
of the
Grand
commencing with
Moon, 1822, and continuingdown to January
some
possibly because they were
reason,
"attainable," this book
then
not
the
the
members,
For
1824.
MEN.
reported
copied into
been
the
24,
RED
OF
thanks
of
for his zeal, diligence,
transcribingthe previous
referred
recorded
lies before
to
us
as
faded during
slightly
passed,but as plain and legible as when

They form a connecting link with the
69 years ago.
inestimable
value, and give information
concerning the
years
written
past of
the
Order
not
of Red
Shallus,
be obtained
to
this
periodof
would
Men
have
elsewhere, and
without
the
the
been
Historyof
proved
Im-
impossible.
in the
succeeded
already stated, was
position of Generalissimo, by George Knorr, who had been
First Captain-Generalunder
name
him, and whose
on
appears
Francis
the
Minute
popetung
Market
between
of Generalissimo
Arch.
His
November
30
and
of the
documents
Mr.
Wampum."
residence
and
place of
the rank
recovered,
as
the
"Black
or
of his election
men
and
Book,
trade, whose
attained
as
have
must
referred
on
at
Sixth
Lapbaker
by
the
time
12,
1821.
Minutes
in the
The
which
possessionof
he
between
street
place,probably,some
in the
been
was
business
December
the documents
among
above
and
Knorr
was
election took
Society,as
time
record
were
not
the white
to.
then
period indicates the prosperity
council held regularly
a
attendingthe Society. Not only was
each month, but specialand adjourned councils were
frequently
from
in
receive
white
order to
and
men
applications
necessary
The
arrange
the
Minute
Book
at this
for their initiation.
and
Society,
the
manner
As
of
an
indication
propositionand
of the
of
growth of
a
conferring
2l6
IMPROVED
new
name
the
upon
find this
we
after
and
NAME
John Douglass,Magistrate
Taylor
Silver Heels
William
Warwick
War
Crumback
James Vandergrift
Minute
only the
him
and
the
name
of paper
the
found
by
home
It
....
assignedto
him
Black
Fox
....
members
actual count
similar
would
all.
be
is proper
to
consider
abundant
Book.
During
therein
recorded
instances
Brother
that
when
King.
scattered
production
re-
used
was
white
inserted
to
man
in
the
Brother
the
upon
it
was
had
course,
the
the
Minute
Book
was
thought that these

reference only to the
evidence
five years
charitable
work
of the
of this is
given
in the
of
the
his behalf.
as
an
It may
be
well
evidence
of
the work
in
manner
historyof
the
zation,
organiMinute
Society
in detail,frequent applications
for assistance
needy brothers are considered.

made
by the individual himself, and
the
Tail
proposing him
by the Society. We find a slip
statingthat at a certain period,
from
in
Wolf.
Societyat Philadelphia.
and
is
White
is sufficient to indicate
of the
584, and
This, of
Chief.
virtually
requirea
given
shown
to
Great
Bird
the above
the documents
of
Bread.
Otter.
occupation were
and
name
name
include
not
Rock
name
the
among
number
did
his
new
together with
record
Otter.
his admission, and
after
proposed
was
....
Black
; but
BY
Otter.
.
Club
which
Book,
of the records
describe
accepted
PROPOSED
Axe
innumerable
quote
the fact that
posed,
pro-
Otter.
William
the
were
were
Pole
War
Big
could
the
which
at
Hard
Kneas
through
men
RECEIVED.
Michael
We
1822,
Malt
Douglass
Joseph
submit
we
forms
usual
FlintyWarrior
Keene
Samuel
Brother,
"
NAME.
Joseph
the
going through
initiated,"viz. :
and
MEN.
following white
The
RED
the fifth Moon,
of
25th
"
entry
OF
admitted
newly
for the
followingrecord
time
ORDER
which
action
to
was
Sometimes
at others
refer
done
taken
to
the
by
application
brother
some
stances,
in-
few
of
by
the
Society,and
at
each
these
succeeding
council.
Under
Brother
date
of
received
from
July i, 1823, a petitionwas
Frog," notifyingthe Tribe that he was
Abbitiby,or
"
SOCIETY
sick, and
relief bore
Brother
A.
as
H.
"Frog"
further
in
of
honest
the
character
applicationfor
Painter," vouching for
Little
was
an
was
next
wife
subscribed
bound
duty
Brother
this it will be
By
man.
children
two
immediate
members
The
aid.
relief
amount
Book.
the
had
his situation
collected
was
paid to him.
cited is typicalof many
The
plan of relief seems
above
Minute
An
that
at
from
a
quired
re-
the
be
to
present
case
maintain, and
to
by
to
give
to
well
that
and
The
when
a passport to favor
good character was
needed
or
requested from the Society. The report
that Brother
ill and
"Frog" was
meeting showed
inferred
the
"
felt himself
who
21
in distress.
This
R.,"
MEN.
industrious, honest, sober, and
an
gentleman.
RED
of
"
Frog
"
family was
indorsement
the
behaved
"
his
that
OF
similar
recorded
in
have
required
Societyeither by the
to
to the
applicationshould be made
other brother
This
brother himself
in his behalf.
or
by some
indorsed
brothers, a committee
applicationwas
by one or more
and on
the report
was
appointed to make proper investigation,
of the committee
for the relief of the petitioner
a collection
was
that
taken
up
the
among
members
of the
recorded, the condition

the relief
"
the
Blue
three
nearly every
applicantseems
have
to
case
justified
given.
Among
of
In
present.
Hills," who
small
relieved
thus
cases
be
may
mentioned, also,that
applied for aid, statinghe
children
to
support, and
that
he
had
had
wife and
lost the
use
of
appointed to investigatethe case

He
had not been
able to
found that it was
deplorableindeed.
do anything towards
the support of his familyfor the preceding
the necessity of sellinghis
under
five months, and had been
his
household
When
an
furniture
the
old
with
at
was
only was
brothers, but
extended
the dark
to
taken
the
watchful
up,
and
care
His
his head.
could
and
of
and
children.
him
lyingon
arms
feed
were
himself.
afflicted brother
upon
the
orphans
not
the
charity conferred
the widows
river.
it found
room
he
him, and
once
the
his
pillow under
to
for his wife
bread
procure
entered
service
no
collection
to
committee
rug
little or
Not
committee
The
arms.
sick
and
who
had
A
lieved.
re-
disabled
organizationwas
of those
of
also
crossed
218
IMPROVED
As
November
earlyas
fire kindled
council
make
to
attend
MEN.
of
is made
special
Turtle
wigwam of Brother
of
for attending the
funeral
of the
this council
At
it
This
late brother.
"
Shell
"
Mulberry."
funeral
the
RED
the
at
"
or
OF
19, 1822, record
arrangements
Hassunimesut
to
ORDER
Brother
resolved
was
to
seems
dicate
in-
"
also an objectof affiliation.

was
burying the dead
Sunday afternoon, April 18, 1824, about seventy of the
that
On
"
attended
brethren
M.
"Badger," John
the
members
the
assistance
to the
of
of
his
late brother's
the
with
the
On
the
death.
collection
Andastakas,
Brother
in accordance
Boddy,
prior to
Wigwam
made
brother
funeral
the
and
widow
request of
of
return
taken
was
or
up
orphans.
for the
On
the
presented to the widow, who

returned
her grateful acknowledgments for it to the Red
made
similar
to
Men's
other allusions are
Society. Various
at funerals
action on the part of the Society,but the attendance
was
evidentlypurelyvoluntary,for, on December
13, 1825, a
ing
committee
was
appointed to consider the proprietyof establishof
rule requiringattendance
of members
at the funeral
a
the
following day
Red
deceased
Under
was
Men.
date of
January 6, 1826,
"Resolved, That
Men's
amount
hereafter
that
Society,or
for the
shall
all monies
be
applicant,by
Recording Scribe,
his
from
the
voluntarilycontributed
adopted :
funds
by
of the
absence
in the presence
petition,
over
to
dividually
in-
the
of the Grand
the
Assisting Scribe, or some

the presiding-officer
brother, whom
; and
may appoint for that purpose
for
the
the
a written
acknowledgment (from
paid to
applicant)
money
has
or
them, shall be produced at the first meeting after payment
or
"
Red
brethren
the
brothers, shall be paid
presentingthe
in
followingwas
drawn
relief of distressed
the person
the
other
that
him.
been
made."
January
aid of the
the
Society for
the
have
recorded,
manner
to
In
purpose.
the
funds
accordance
up
in
thereto
of the
with
subsequentlypresented
received
by her from
receiptwas
donations
$15.38.
to this
adopted by
the
taken
in addition
and
appropriatedfrom
was
widow, for
referred
Man,"
charitable
same
above
voluntarysubscriptionwas
Calumet
"
Societyamounting
We
the
dollars
the
resolution
from
the
family of
of ten
sum
the
1826,
10,
to illustrate
organization
Society for providing relief. It
phase
the
of the
ORDER
IMPROVED
220
far
as
for
the
possible,
selfish and
purpose,
common
thereby accomplish by united

individual action is impossible.
through
the above
made
have
the Minute
was
the
those
expelled,"and this fact

members
of the Improved
prone
to
the word
this
and
of the
records
show
with
the
that
hawked."
toma-
Societyfor
in mind
be borne
in
"
was
of Red
pline
disci-
penalty
extreme
by
Order
of the
the nomenclature
The
meaningless manner.
inflicted on
the Society was
more
used
Order
which
Brother
should
"
use
The
a
term
figurative
sympathy,
explain the fact, that
to
dereliction
unite,
may
good
frequent record
appears
for any
inflicted when
This
statement
delinquentbrothers.
inflicted upon
was
Book
we
thought and
effort the
and
We
Thus
designing.
of kindred
men
MEN.
RED
OF
Men
a
the
by
who
are
slipshodand
disciplineof
high rank as well as on the

members.
humble
Yet, notwithstandingthe necessityfor
in strength
the Society continued
to increase
discipline,
is proved by the constant
in generalprosperity,
sion
accesas
of
new
of
men
members.
It is necessary
at
this time
clearlymade
to
manifest
consider
that
in the
records
phase of the
on
the
ganization
or-
Minute
which
seem
conviviality
of that
been inseparablefrom all fraternal organizations
to have
period. This convivial element, it is claimed, finallyproduced
ment,
such a degenerationin the Society as to disgust the better eleand cause
the reorganization
in its present form, and the
incorporationof the word
Improved in its title. While this
disarmed
by the fact
may all be true, criticism is in a measure
not confined
to the Society
was
alreadystated that conviviality
of Red
Men
alone, and by the further notable fact that the
interfered
never
legitimatebenevolent work of the Societywas
with or sacrificed to gratify
convivial inclinations.
Minute
The
Book
and manuscript records
show
that during the period of
than
Council
10
more
was
"adjourned for
years almost every
social purposes." At no time, however, is there any record that
refreshments
taken
into the wigwam
were
or
permitted there
while the council fire was
ganization
burning, or that any funds of the orIt is undoubtedly
were
appropriatedfor that purpose.
Book, and indicative of the elements
of
"
"
true, that
"
purposes
were
after the
council
indulged in, some
fire
was
quenched, and
of the
members
"
had,
social
what
SOCIETY
be
may
There
OF
RED
designated,
truthfully
"
bounds
were
beyond
MEN.
and
halcyon
which
the
221
vociferous
could
members
in their hilarious celebrations, because
the Minute
time."
not
Book
pass
records
who
allowed
their unfortunate
punishment of members
appetitesto get the better of their reason, and were
guiltyof
and punishment.
conduct
meriting condemnation
the .most convenient
As has alreadybeen remarked
placesfor
holding the Councils of the Society were
public taverns, and
members
were
keepers of these places. Naturally the
many
the
bar
attached
the
to
these
to
taverns
brethren
affairs could
constant
assembled.
exist in
not
was
While
1893, it
such
be
must
of temptation
source
condition
remembered
that
of
it
be judged by
entirelyproper in 1823, and must
the customs
and opinions of that time rather than by those of
the present day.
Among the documents
preserved is a copy of a notice, issued
earlyin 1821, callingfor a meeting of the brethren at the corner
of loth and Arch
Free
and
a
Streets, when
mence."
Easy will comThis call is signed Yeogheowanewago, or
SplitLog,"
the
title
and
of Francis
Shallus.
name
Generalissimo, that being
are
Among the documents
copies of songs written for use at
Men's
the Red
"Free
and
Easy." We give these songs as
was
considered
'
"
"
follows
"
RED
MEN'S
TUNE
cheerful
While
heroes
Our
And
CHORUS.
"
of Columbia
Sons
Ye
His
CHORUS.
"
loved
our
her
cause
For
Red
Men
war-song
To
combat
have
Tribe
our
until
will
obey
or
arm
with
joy
the hatchet
blood
and
to
sing,and repairto
with
those who
Red
Be't
in Midsummer's
Men
are
our
boast.
desert
never
we'll
For
Fire,
lives end,
our
the Fire
has kindled
we'll
pride and
our
"
their
Council
the first toast,
their country
the General
commands
Aspire.
Grand
our
country
nerves
Columbia.
Freedom
we'll defend
Fame
If he orders
Our
to
of
sit round
we
For
While
Tars
departed shall
next
When
"
SONG.
warms
their heart.
bright,
delight;
so
wield,
the field.
Liberty'sfoes,
always fearless and bold,
heat
are
or
in stern
Winter's
cold.
ORDER
IMPROVED
222
party dissensions
No
Red
Each
Then
"
Around
Here's
"
to
For
The
Man,
have
we
Fire
power
Red
and
Men
assembled
Your
Grand
you
The
Warriors
Are
ready
The
fears of
Now
AND
Brethren!
of
hail this
happy night,
looks bright:
Wigwam
our
at
at
or
command
their station in martial

forth and
come
White
Tomahawk,
charge of
in years,
array stand,
new
willingto obey
call to
side,in
each
on
raise,
to
JENNY.
Man,
to
their station the Warriors
as
"
its vestal-like blaze.
in Council
Always ready and
Take
shall sink.
Chief,altho' far advanced

again on his duty appears.
Generals
Their
our
obey.
like
light'ningdo fly;
Long Knife display,
the stranger and
Freedom's
array,
and
and
War-Club,
test
to
lead him
toleration
motto,
try,
away.
our
aim,
our
Friendship our
name,
Let sobriety,
found
be
order,
here,
good
always
In Freedom's
Men
without fear.
cause
as Red
fight,
watchword, Red
And
again Brethren
When
For
No
you
no
cease
link,
expire,
the tune
to
sung
Here
To
in hand,
the hatchet
SANDY
His
lose
order stand
will
never
left to kindle
breath
Before
bid all discord
never
bumper
name.
our
tillCreation
Fire in due
Council
our
followingwas
Hail
Men
;
;
glasses,my boys, drink the toast I will give,

all faithfulRed Men
and long may
they live.
While
Or
Red
Men
and
act
aim
our
Red
peace,
increase
Council
our
Fill your
pipe of
of the Red
and
extend
let every
Now,
CHORUS.
the
the chain
But
and
watchword,
smoke
May
distract ;
motto, Toleration
our
Friendship our
CHORUS.
Councils
our
MEN.
is free to think, speak and
Man
Freedom's
For
RED
OF
enter
Red
broils
nor
no
Men, permit me
Wigwam
party dissensions
Men
can
leave discord
here
to
say,
away
placefind,
leave
you'll
quarrels,
those behind.
SOCIETY
Now
If
Red
as
OF
united
Men
RED
MEN.
in sweet
223
Friendship'sband,
worthy brother who in need of it stand,

relief,
give your mite, be it largebe it small,
good actions like those Manitou rewards all.
poor
Asks
For
When
business
our
is
be
finish'd,
it short be it long,
Let's be merry
togetherand sing a good song,

Drink a littlestrong water
our
strengthto increase,
Spend the evening togetherin friendshipand peace.
there
the members
seem
Among
appreciated a practicaljoke, for we
endorsed
to
and
to
have
find
been
some
manuscript song,
Obadiah
Porritt,Plumber, Reading," evidently
sung
of
of
which
is
the
Derry Down,"
following a copy
be properlyentitled
may
"
the tune
"
which
WHEAT
"Wheat
is
cakes
that
NARROW
baker,
this fair cityhe
Of loaves
And
SHEAF'S
Sheaf"
Around
loaves
nicelysweetened,
which
For
Call
day being
had
He
all his
"Wheat
merry,
are
small,
pleaseyou all.
Down.
littledelay,
Sheaf"
as
that
can
good people,with
Brother
on
One
the
he
said,
his bread
out
serves
large,and
are
ESCAPE.
oft it has been
Derry
I have
and
been
pockets well filled up
give him
his pay;
told,
with
gold.
Derry Down.
To
meeting of
Two
While
Red
Men
he went
with
Derry
the top of
On
Then
in full spunk,
singing and drinking,he got pretty drunk

wily young Red Men, so sly,and so proud.
he lay asleep,slippedhim into a shroud.
Where,
"
who
went
to
board
they
the surgeon
Down.
laid him
in dead
full tight,
of the
night;
brought you a baker, justfitfor dissection

plump littlefellow,he'll suit to perfection.''
We
have
Derry
Down.
is your price? "

doctor,well pleased,said, " What
A guinea apiece,"both cried in a trice ;
Then
paid,
quick by the doctor the guineas were
The
"
And
in
dark
room
the poor
Derry
baker
Down.
was
laid.
"
IMPROVED
224
After
"
ORDER
locking the door,

the baker
Thus
Till birds
he went
said he,
To-morrow,"
and
their
by
OF
doctor
melody
tried for to move,
So
tightwas
thought
He
Down.
hardly could
he bound, from
last he got angry,
that he
Down.
he used
all his
burstingthe cords, he was

Looks
round for a pitcher,
got
tried for to drink, but it
Derry
fumbled
He
bones
Save
strength,
loosened
at length;
When
he heard
doctor, with
But
recovering,he
him
Sheaf," rushed
knocked
over
to
Red
the street
so
baker
as
an
MEN'S
his way
tillhe knew
In
Friendshipunited, with
party dissensions,nor
For
wigwam,
Freedom's
example
our
was
dead.
of the
SONG.
discord
meet,
we
at
feet,
our
broils of any
we
he
Down.
PARTING
No
our
lion-like sway,
with
Men, oft togetheragain may
Shall enter
there,
despair;
thump,
quiteplump.
drunk, it is said ;
bought
added
be
in
Down.
all that obstructed
again got
the doctor
RED
CHORUS
sunk
the doctor
followingis
As
should
the foot of the stairs it sent
gave
Derry
The
Down.
pretty hard
never
hull.
Wheat
Nor
as
Down.
his
Derry
He
dry
opened, and who

long knife ; he
was
The
He
as
was
skull
lay piledup so high ;

he frightenedwas, sure,
trials,
the doctor approaching the door.
Derry
"
of
of all sizes
these sad
To
hold
around, but naught could descry,
Amid
It unlocked
dead.
surelywas
And
He
think ;
his feet to his head,
Derry
At
for drink ;
anxious
but he
for awhile
;'
knife."
long
my
peaceablylay,
a new
day.
hailed
got dry,became
baker
He
his wife
use
both
Derry
The
MEN.
with
bed
to
I shall
"
RED
kind
will leave them
motto.
behind.
Toleration
our
aim,
name
our
Friendship'sour watchword,
If danger should threaten,togetherwe'll fly,
Red
As
Red
Men, we'll conquer
without
Men
fear,or die.
SOCIETY
OF
RED
MEN.
225
wigwam's in good order ; our Council fire bright,

To
brightenFriendship'ssweet chain, we've assembled
to-night;
this
chain
of
Then
lose
ne'er
bright
Friendship
a
link,
may
Our
CHORUS.
But
the General
Red
With
CHORUS.
hold
never
obey
Men
sway
etc.
wigwam how pleasantlywe sit,

drink and we sing,and talk while the moments
by flit:
landlord's kind and good, his wish is all to please
keeps good gin and brandy, he keeps good bread and cheese.
We
's
"
He
CHORUS.
Then, Red
"
Old
"
we
May
the Great
and
as
Spiritguide us
brothers
sore
wigwam
to
that
in
Freedom's
our
motto,
distress,then
to
him
Man
be
span
can,
I'llgive,
now
happy
may
they live."
love,
above,
happy land,
united, we'll join in
if in life'sjourney a Red
And
acted
toast
and
squaws,
have
we
life'sbut
glasses,a
Men's
shall be called to the
For
"
Red
to
and
on,
cans
part here
our
And
Where,
coming
fillyour
Success
when
And
united, enjoy life while you
Men
age is
Then
In
motto,
our
pride Red
togetherwill fight,
Club, and our Scalping-knife
bright.
War
our
shall sink.
etc.
with
shall
Men
Freedom's
Brother
Our
CHORUS.
Red
Tomahawk,
For
"
motto,
our
independent we
Men
our
'tillcreation
commands,
tyrant over
As
increase
Freedom's
For
"
When
In
and
extend
But
band.
one
etc.
shall find
you
good
and
kind ;
if 'tis in your power

his grief,
to assuage
Stretch forth the hand of Friendship and give him
And
CHORUS.
"
For
Freedom's
our
motto,
relief.
etc.
Friendship united, Red Men will stand,

in hand ;
In Friendship as brothers,joined hand
shall
find
if in life'sjourney a Red Man
And
you
In distress,
we
again say, be to him good and kind.
For
CHORUS.
Of
in
"
For
course
Freedom's
these
idea of all social

held
our
motto,
in allusions
abound
songs
etc.
gatherings at that time,

It is no
reproach upon
full sway.
record historical facts.
While
anything that
we
is wrong,
we
are
feel it may
the
to
wherein
the
the wine
cup
organizationto
called upon
with truth be
not
prominent
to
defend
said, that
IMPROVED
226
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
Men
at the period
Society of Red
write was
no
more
we
at which
pronounced and had no more
work of the
control upon the patriotic,
fraternal,and benevolent
organizationthan have similar practicesexistingat the present
time at social gatherings of institutions,the proudest in our
land, and in whose
membership the best and highest of our
citizens are proud to claim affiliation. Let it always be remembered
Free and
that, however
enticingthe
Easy was to the
after the council
fire had
been
brothers
quenched, the work
of the organizationwas
faithfullyperformed, and all duties
of fraternity
and benevolence
properly attended to before the
and the worship
"Free
and Easy" opened, and the conviviality
of Bacchus
began.
the convivial
of the
element
"
"
is
There
other
one
with
the
only proper
fact, not
Society of
Red
to
mention
in
nection
con-
absolutelynecessary,
ties,
in order that proper credit may be given. The
Tammany Sociehave
said, degenerated into political
as
we
organizations.
Men
So far as the records of the Society of Red
give evidence,
made
but one
that organization
to use
as
a political
attempt was
the first and
As this was
dently
machine.
only attempt, and as it evito give the
to a disastrous
came
conclusion,it is proper
facts concerning it. They are these : At a council held on the
26th of the sixth moon,
1822, John Douglass, Magistrate,was
of
receivingthe name
proposed for membership and initiated,
This name
had been held preor
Okamkan,
Flinty Warrior."
viously
now
John McKinney, deceased, and was
by Lieutenant
transferred
have
elsewhere
to Mr. Douglass, proving what
we
claimed
that a name
sometimes
ferred
congiven to one brother was
Men,
but
"
afterward
another
upon
when
the brother
to whom
it
was
expelledfrom the Society. At

the time of his admission
Mr. Douglass was
candidate
for
a
sheriff for PhiladelphiaCounty, and
undoubtedly thought that
first
given had
admission
died
the
to
or
had
Societyof
been
Red
Men
would
assist his chances
by bringing to his support the influence of that

organization. At a slimly attended meeting of the Society a
of
election
committee
"Flinty
was
Warrior."
When
to
advance
the
the
movement
interests
became
feelingof determined
oppositionwas
then
and
reconsidered
previous action was
understood,
The
chosen
of
Brother
thoroughly
manifested.
indefinitely
228
He
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
MEN.
RED
quite 24 years of age at the time of his death, but

had lived long enough to prove
himself a hero, and to merit and
receive
the plauditsof his fellow-citizens.
The
claim is not
not
was
made
that
he
was
that
Mifflin, but
would
which
his
that such
alreadyreferred
was
in command
was
the
Fort
at
of General
son
of the Sons
member
Captain James
to
Mifflin in 1813, and
to
had
who
N.
Barker, who
the fact that he
been
prominent
of St.
Captain Barker became

Tammany.
Philadelphiain 1819. The testimony of
Great
is quoted
Incohonee, while living,
that
of the
Mayor Barker was a member
cityof
Marley, Past
Richard
the fact.
was
John Barker,
of the
mayor
Societyorganized at Fort
celebrated
by the Society
birthday was
indicate
have
We
of the
member
proof of the claim

Society of Red Men.
celebrated by the
The birthdayof Washington was
frequently
1822, there
Society,and as earlyas the i/th of the I2th moon,
is record of the appointment of a committee
to take in charge
the proper
The
of February 22, 1823.
of
observance
records
as
subsequent councils show

that
between
date
the action
and
in the time
taken
1824, when
again
the
ing
interven-
anniversary
observed.
appropriately
was
On
23d of the second
the
Council
"
Fire
lit at
was
1824,
moon,
the
wigwam
of
"Grand
Brother
Monthly
"
Free
and
of Washington.
doing honor to the memory
Generalissimo
Black
Wampum,"
Lappopetung, or
Shekoghell of Specra, or
George Knorr, presided. Brother
Big Turtle," Daniel E. Scott, delivered a longtalk suitable to
the
occasion.
After
this the brethren
adjourned for supper.
of the
The
members
were
evidentlypleasedwith the success
Easy," for
the purpose
of
"
"
celebration, as
Book
thanks
is
to
Big
pages
extended
an
the
recommendations
"
upon
account
committee
for the
149,
150,
and
151
thereof, with
having
the
of
publication
matter
the
of
the
Minute
expressions of
in
charge,
longtalkof
and
Brother
Turtle."
held in
Washington's Birthday was
delivered the longtalk of Puyumannawaton, or
1825, when was
"Great
Light of the Council Fire," from which we have quoted
the allusion to Fort Mifflin as the place where
the Society of
Red
Men
was
organized.
A
similar
observance
of
SOCIETY
In connection
be
may
is attributed
chapter:
with
OF
these
RED
MEN.
observances
of
229
Washington's
authorship of
given the following song, the

to the
James N. Barker, alreadyalluded
to
day,
Birthwhich
in this
"
"
When
Freedom
Her
When
The
the battle storm
on
weary
head
round
her
reclined,
fair,majesticform
serpent slaverytwined ;
the cloud,
Amid
the din, beneath
Great
Washington appeared ;
daring hand rolled back the shroud,
His
And
"
'
the suff 'rer cheered
thus
Burst, burst thy chains!
be
great! be
free!
giantstrengtharise!
Stretch,stretch thy pinions,Liberty,
Thy flagnail to the skies.
Clothe, clothe thyselfin glory'srobe!
Let stars thy banner
gem ;
the globe!
rule
the
sea!
Rule,
possess
Wear
diadem.
victory's
In
"
"
"
'
Tell, tell the world

Another
orb
Another
the
star
the morn,
let
"
wreath
said, and
He
Forth
And
to
morn,
The
Flew
And
lo! the stars
with
fame,
night
flew ;
in
light,
it drew.
chieftain
grasped the flag,
sheet unfurl'd,
it to his native
waved
of
pencildipped
on
standard
with
of
!'
liberty
of
the banner
Its blushes
Columbia's
name,
the fadeless wreath
wear
The
thy
be ;
Henceforth, Columbia
Wear,
born,
is
night;
just,be brave, and
Be
world
giveslight,
illumines
sun
Another
skies,
it o'er the world."
records
in
possessionany
legislation
Day, the
by which the celebration of St. Tammany
quired
1 2th of May, as
a holidayor
anniversaryof the Society was reBut all through the records
in the Constitution
Laws.
or
There
does
in the Minute
not
appear
in the
Book, in every
year
from
our
1823 down
to
1827 in-
IMPROVED
230
elusive,votes
this
from
down
177-
in the
absorbed
evidence
time
same
Societies
record
have
subscribers'
Clad
Mountain,"
Sapling,"and
This
vacancies.
and
further
Peters
at
at
Mantua
There
Men.
of both
members
inasmuch
is
came
be-
positive
Societies
St.
the
as
broken
membership
at
Tammany
taken
proper
Book, under
of
different
our
the
on
accordance
date of
April 29, 1823,
committee
"
brethren, that
I2th
with
of
of St.
observance
receive
to
will be
May next,"
and
clined
inthe
this vote, consisted
"Big Turtle," "Bull's
"White
of
ory
"Hick-
Horns,"
to fillall
Fish," with full powers
reported progress on the 6th of May
Cat
committee
the
for
the Minute
from
will present extracts
dinner, etc.,
appointed in
committee
Red
appointment
of
names,
take
to
"Snow
of the
is made
which
birthdayof their patron saint with great

natural than that the
more
nothing was
been engraftedupon the regulationsof the
72 of the Minute
page
that the
of
observance
the
Society of Red Men. We

Book
showing the action
Tammany's Day.
On
proper
of St.
certain
were
1818, and
ceremony,
should
custom
in
men
Tammany,
became
Philadelphia,
in
Societyof
that
observed
and
pomp
show
to
quite
MEN.
RED
societies
1822
to
is
OF
providingfor
the various
disorganized,it
and
the
recorded
are
When
day.
existed
ORDER
council
of
May
8.
The
secured, and
Villagewere
grounds
the
dinner
of
Judge
nished
fur-
was
William
Muirhead, at a cost
by Brother
Hospitality,"
Brother
of fifty
each.
cents
Big Turtle," delivered a longtalk
previousto the dinner.
Again, at the Monthly Grand Council held on April 6, 1824,
of five was
a committee
appointed to take order on the proposed
Men
dinner for Red
St. Tammany's Day.
Brothers
on
permint
'Big Turtle,' 'Red Oak,' 'Live Oak/ 'Cedar Bush,' and 'Pepif
fillall vacancies
to
were
appointed with full power
This committee
subsequently reported on
any should occur."
suitable and
venient
conApril 20, that "they could not find a more
place than the one they used the last anniversaryof St.
the same
Tammany ; they therefore recommend
place for the
present contemplated festival,and that the dinner be provided,
"
"
"
'
The
committee
brother, similar to the former."
by some
dischargedand another appointed consistingof Brothers
of Vulcan," and
Oak," "Peppermint," "Live Oak," "Son
was
"
Red
"Red
SOCIETY
OF
RED
MEN.
211
\J
Belt"
and
"for the
make
dinner
take
committee
Point, and
the dinner
could
and
man
each
obtained
Mantua
at
been
had
request made
it made
investigation
"
At
Kane's
dinner
in
rain, he
for whatever
pay
"
obtain
think
terms
ingly
accord-
cents
to
per
ory
Hick-
unable
was
to
reported that strict
"
white
them
proper
man)
to
day, with
offer'd to
50 cents
in his
and
if
and
man,
per
house,
furnish
every
man
call for.
Creek, which
Newtown
said
use, on
of 75
he
as
also
of his house, at
entertain
placeat
what
on
committee
rate
dinner,
follows
as
back
would
was
separately."Brother
keeper (a
liquorhe may
permissionto
house, free of
the
at
same
Jersey shore agreeably to the

April 23. As the result of its
Council
tavern
then
then viewed
They
the
the
offers
Hospitality
the
committee
report
point, a
the woods,
it should
The
on
the
by
The
Villageat
the
April 23, the

Kane's
(Kaighn's)
also to report
that Brother
that
the last festival
at
whether
man.
they
terms
held
place at
bid for the
made
done
tjiecouncil
for his drink
pay
Sapling declined to
furnish it on that day.
search
per
"
will propose
what
on
was
council
next
April 27,
to
At
to examine
the
and
day
Village,as
1823.
brothers
unanimously agreed
was
Village,and
be
dinner
in
Mantua
reportedon
furnish
Mantua
at
report
preferableto
It
directed
was
said
on
same."
the
place at
Tammany
of St.
inquiringwhat
the dinner
order
will furnish
of
purpose
the
use
of
placethe
a
kitchen
Red
Men
and
can
spring
expense.
place we shall have to provide ourselves,in every respect, with all

An
estimate of which, and the supposed
etc.
necessaries,provisions,
liquors,
"
this
At
thereof,is also laid before
amount
Committee
"Your
make
the
after much
foregoingreport, and
the present Council, for their determination.
fatigue,
happy that they are able
etc.,are
now
beg, that they may be discharged."
to
dischargedas requested,and it was voted

the action about
to reconsider
taking dinner in the woods at
Mantua
of five was
appointed to make
Village,and a committee
ner
dinto furnish
a
inquiryif any other brother would undertake
The
committee
"and
to
consisted
was
make
report
of
council
had
"They
Brother
April 30
'
enquired
Hospitality was
'
council."
next
This
committee
of Shoes,"
permint,
PepBig Turtle," Weaver
Foot."
At the next
Sprig,"and "Wooden
the committee
again reportedas follows :
of Brothers
"Cassia
at the
"
"
"
"
of
many
the
only
Red
(Tavern keepers), but
Men
person
who
would
furnish
dinner
that
on
IMPROVED
232
St. Tammanie's
was
cents
75
'*
ORDER
day, and
per
Committee
man,
further
circumstances
and
be
and
OF
MEN.
RED
likelyto give general satisfaction;his proposal
each
to
for his
pay
reported, that
they
drink.
own
had
considered
maturely
that, after having conference
with
of the
many
find the current
did
existing
brethren,
Ville, for
opposition running against dining at
that had
various reasons
been
suggested to the Society,therefore, they do
recommend
the reconsideration
of the report which was
made
mittee,
by the Comwho
examined
the place,at Newtown
further
Creek.
Your Committee
recommend
the reorganizationof that Committee, and
that your present
Mantua
Committee
will render
The
recommendation
them
consolidated
were
The
was
it
and
carried
out
voted
to
was
if necessary."
in their power,
committees
the two
and
take
dinner
Newton
at
Creek.
(Newtown)
"
assistance
every
Committees
hereby requested,
enjoined,to do all that may be in their power, to obtain subscribers,to
appoint caterers, regulate,obtain, do and direct all that they can devise ;
and
for the general good, the comfort, harmony, ease
enjoyment of all the
of the day of the
that may
brethren
think proper
to join in the celebration
two
being now
joined as
they are
one,
and
birth of
On
'
Titular
our
Saint."
4 the committee
May
Boat,' to convey
Team
brethren
our
o'clock, A.M.,
o'clock.
of
are
of the
to
the
on
out
Minute
to
Book
That
meet
start
are
that
"
kept by
our
time
what
said
I2th
instant."
adopted and
the wishes
appears
the
of the
the
the
on
day
be
The
On
:
eight
of
for the
nine
purpose
placethey
recommendations
committee
Society.
followingrecord
at
cil
coun-
published at
at what
and
the
hour
the
brethren
Men
to
I2th
notices
Red
were
said
positivelyat
that
engaged
Creek
recommend
the
on
had
again to Philadelphia,
back
they
they
Newtown
to
return
recommend
to
committee
carry
to
also
known
meet
do
which
taverns
making
to
and
They
various
and
of five dollars.
sum
that
brethren
our
2th of the fifth moon,
for the
reported
page
given
186
power
of the
"
of
the Wigwam
met
at
Orders, the brethren
"Agreeably to General
the
Brother
between
the hours of 8 and 9 o'clock, A.M., on
Hospitality,'
1 2th of the 5th moon,
1824; from thence they proceeded on board of a Team
which
was
boat,
employed for the purpose of conveying such of our brethren
to Gloucester
Creek), the
point as thought proper to celebrate (at Newtown
festival of Tammany
(our Tutilar Saint) After landing at Gloucester point,
'
the
brethren
through
the
brethren
had
of the Generalissimo,
command
under
singlefile,
Forest, until they arrived at the appointed spot ; and after the
lit; the followingwhite
received refreshment, a council fire was
marched
in
was
man
he
was
Br.
'
MEN.
RED
OF
SOCIETY
233
proposed, and after going through the usual and necessary forms,
initiated : Joseph Wigmore, occupation.Silver Smith, proposed by
of Shoes,'
Weaver
received
name
'
Walnut
Green
adjourned to social purposes, and

board
the brethren
on
proceeded and went
about 9 o'clock in Philadelphia."
\
the Council
little before
the
After which,
Tree.1
6 o'clock,P.M.,
boat, and
Team
landed
at
leading up to the celebration

given the legislation
this occasion considerablyin detail so that our
readers may
on
the importance which
attached not only to the
understand
was
anniversary itself,but to the proper arrangements to be made
of the event
that should be pleasingto the
for a celebration
of the society.
members
On page 259 of the Minute
Book, under date of April 4, 1825,
is made
of the appointment of the usual committee
"to
record
We
have
select
convenient
place for the
Red
Men
celebrate
to
the
anniversary of
Oak,' 'Brown
Tammany,"
St.
At
the
Tammany's Day
voted
at the
"
wigwam
Brothers
"
Fish,' 'Wild
council
next
reported, and it was

St.
Cat
Stout,' 'White
'Peppermint.''
follows
as
held
Turkey/
April
that the
Red
of Brother
Red
'
15, the
mittee
com-
celebrate
Men
Pine
and
Grove,
and
agreeablyto his offer take a repast at twenty-fivecents per man

for their eating." At
council held April 19, a comthe next
mittee
was
appointed "to receive subscribers for the celebration
of St.
"Red
Tammany's Day."
committee
The
consisted
of Brothers
of the
"Peppermint," "Chief
Northern
Tribe," and "Strawberry Bush."
("Chief of the
Northern
Tribe
General
Thomas
was
Snyder.) At the next
that the Red
Men
take
council, April 26, it was
formallyvoted
dinner at Brother
Pine Grove's
the I2th day of May, that
on
being the anniversaryof St. Tammany ; at the charge of fifty
each for his dinner."
cents
Subsequently arrangements were
Oak,"
Sheaf,"
"Wheat
"
"
'
'
for
made
"
the
brethren
Hickory Sapling
Brother
"Pine
Arrangements
Orders
The
to
at
size for
the
at
o'clock, and
one
house
proceed
of Brother
thence
to
his badge."
every brother to wear
also for a publicationof General
Grove's," "and
were
made
call the brethren
General
assemble
to
"
Orders
were
to
assemble
on
St.
usuallyprintedon
Tammany's Day.
sheets
of
ient
conven-
and other public

posting in houses of entertainment
several of these.
the old documents
places. Among
are
HEAD
Q UAR
TEH
S.
ORDERS!
GENERAL
Attention
Red
Men.
on
up
next, the 12th
Insigniaof
Council
instant,at
Tribe,- and
your
(he line of march
the
(3* A
lion.
Repast and
at his
Tickets
other
Wigwam,
can
be
at
the
Jackson)
12
Badgeof
Wigwam
Race
you/
Rank,
Eighth street,
near
o'clock,noon,
of Brother
in due order, with

to
full)prepared
take
Celebrate the
to
of
Anniversary
GROVE,
Fire,
(Sign of General
SAPLLVG,
THURSDAY
the full
Grand
in
will assemble
YOU
HICKORY
Tutelar
Saint
Entertainments
Harmony
of
Tammany,
Red
Men-
will be
provided
by
Brother PTNK
suitable for theoeeaHotel, Bush-Hill,
Hull
had of the Committee
of Ai range
ment.
aud at Pine Grove's
Wigwam.
N.
of
Generals
B. The
they will be
neglect
BY
on
to report themselves
requested
aflperceded
by new appointments.
are
that da
v, as
ia case
ORDER,
Lappopetung,
BLACK
or
WAMPUM;
GENERALISSIMO,
fFtverwtuti;or Red Oak,

2d Lieut. Gen.
FifthMooa,
Grand
"
RecordingScribe,R. M. P.
Bu"Frog, Pr.
9th, 182*.
234
IMPROVED
236
of
the
rifle company
be
to
that
etc., the
report thereon
appointed for
190, under
committee
"a
of
this purpose
of
date
Rifle
Red
of the
on
1824, it is
25,
take
to
into
of Red
fire," and
consisted
Men, and
May
Company
council
next
our
MEN.
RED
appointed
was
forming
at
OF
composed entirelyof
Book, page
Minute
recorded
ORDER
the
eration,
consid-
Men,
to
committee
Generalissimo
and
berry
"Lookout," "Peppermint," "Hickory Sapling,""StrawBuck."
"Hot
Bush," "Hospitality,"
Iron," and "Red
Brothers
This
committee
and
the
report
appointed to
was
Corps of Red
was
read
five
or
Men
and
six to
the
subsequent council
laid
and
held
was
June
I,
receive
made
subscribers
communication
Committee
desire
that
the
was
Minute
"that
week
on
subsequent
councils
Book, the committee
they
each
At
would
to
meet,
receive
Rifle
raisinga
council
which
permission to
(ifthey should find
add
the
unanimously granted, with
shown
on
in collecting
speedy
197
page
reported that they had
etc., at
Grand
committee
should exert themselves

request that the committee
as
subscribers, so that the Corps may be formed
possible."
29,
this date,
"the
for the
to
the
On
1824.
May
desired
present committee
Their
held
until
over
Book, it is stated
approved.
necessary).
same
a
which
192 of the Minute
page
the
received
was
Council
Monthly
that
reportedat
certain
subscribers,"and
wigwams
"that they
as
of the
advertised
three
had
36
times
bers
mem-
their list."
further information
in
give much
Men's
Rifle Corps. Fragmentary docurelation to the Red
ments
known
indicate that the Corps was
world
to the outside
Rifle Rangers."
The
the "Morgan
of the officers
names
as
were
Wampum,"
Captain; Richard
George Knorr, "Black
Leitmann,
Loudenslager, "Old Warrior," Lieutenant; William
"Peppermint," First Sergeant; Jacob Wolf, "Sheep Stealer,"
Second
geant.
Sergeant; George Ziegler,"Wolf Catcher," Third Serof the Society to
Upon a poster invitingthe members
the proprietyof
attend a specialcouncil August 29, to consider
a
making arrangements to receive Lafayette,it was noted that
meeting of the Red Men's Rifle Corps will be held at Brother
on
Monday next, August 23, 1824."
'Hospitality's'
uniform
The
worn
by the "Rangers" is described as "a green
frock
with yellow fringe;
overshirt, and leggings trimmed
or
The
Minute
Book
does
not
"
SOCIETY
fur cap, with
deer's
OF
MEN.
RED
237
tail in lieu of feathers
or
and
pompons
moccasons."
The
on
appears
under
date
of
of
the
reception in
of the
202
page
Procession
De
mention
next
August
24,
Minute
Book,
1824, wherein
the
at
"It
Lafayette
of
council
agreed
was
held
That
place in honor of General

visitingPhiladelphia,
provided,that a sufficient
Fayette's
of brethren
will attend, whereby the procession shall
council it was
mously
unanitrulyrespectable." At the same
of 15 be appointed,with full
agreed that a committee
La
number
appear
of Red
should
honor
Men
take
to fillvacancies, " to examine

powers
of brethren
be obtained
to
can
whether
form
sufficient
ber
num-
respectableprocession,
and that they report their opinion thereon
at the wigwam
of Brother
'Black Bottle,'on the evening of the 28th instant."
with this action reprecommittee
The
appointed in accordance
sented
the
was
follows
as
Liberties,and
Northern
cityproper,
Southwark, and
"
"Old
Lieutenant-General
Warrior," BrigadierCity
General
"Red
Oak," Brigadier-Ge
"Hospitality,"Lieutenant-General
Bottle,"
"Peppermint," Brigadier-General"Black
Sheaf's Brother."
Brigadier-General"Wheat
For
Northern
Liberties
Brigadier-General Strawberry
"Blue
"Wolf
Bush," Brigadier-General
Crane," Brother
Dog,"
For
the
"
"
"
Brother
For
Warrior."
Bold
"
Southwark
General
Brigadier-GeneralBlack
Rat," Brigadier-
"
"
"Deer
Skin," Brother
Club," Brother
"War
"Black
Rock."
At
were
the
council
August 28, a preamble

unanimouslyadopted as follows :
with
common
the
in
The
his
in
we
now
of the
Men
guest, the
of
arms
our
brave
and
late Grand
left his friends and
youth
his services and
which
Red
of
State
Pennsylvania
their fellow citizens,

to pay that respect, and
national
the associate
he
and
resolutions
"
"WHEREAS,
to
held
shed
General
patriotic
General
Sachem,
at
country,
his blood, to obtain
for
us
anxious, in
givethat reception
Fayette,who was
George Washington
La
of
Men
own
the
libertyand Independence
expense,
That
Pennsylvania,
we
present opportunity(being,perhaps,the last time that will

to
friend of Freedom,
one
whom
and
the benefactor
we
look upon
as
his
volunteered
happilyenjoy ; therefore,
so
"Resolved, By the Red

that respect due
are
the
of America.
will embrace
ever
champion
of
the
offer)to pay
Liberty,the
IMPROVED
238
"Resolved,
That
we
ORDER
will devote
RED
OF
the
of his
day
MEN.
arrival
exclusivelyto
his
reception.
"Resolved, That
procession,appear at such place

Tribe and badge
as
may be hereafter designated,with the full insigniaof our
La
of our
the
and
the
rank,
Revolutionarycockade,
Fayette badge.
"
under
the direction of the
Resolved, That the Grand
Scribe,
Recording
and Delaware
Tribes, to attend
Generalissimo, invite the Reading, Lancaster
occasion
and
all
brothers
other
the
Tribes, who may be in
on
belonging to
;
the cityor vicinity,
are
particularly
requestedto join in the procession.
"Resolved, That the above proceedingsbe published in the citypapers.
"
we
will
day
of
order
"By
Signed by
the
on
of the
WIVERWASK.I,
or
'
or
of which
the
followingis
Baker,
KNORR,
MR.
of
Sixth
or
action
any
Delaware, but
Reading
"
is made
record
reply was
:
copy
Oak,1
Red
Grand
"
No
Generalissimo.
WAMPUM,'
BLACK
'
taken
Lieutenant
General,
Recording Scribe"
the
by
received
Tribes
from
at
Lancaster
"
Market
Fifth Street,between
and
Arch
Streets,
Philadelphia
.
SIR
"DEAR
Moon, and
the Ninth
Smooth
BROTHER:
AND
note
We
have
its contents.
received
It has
your
'Talk1
of the ist of
pleased the Generalissimo,

of addressing you,
for the purpose
committee
appoint us a
sincere thanks for the attention you have
our
you individually
with.
honored
It will,
us
so
politely
however, be impossiblefor the brethren
in
of Lancaster
with you
to participate
paying their respects to the illustrious
and
of
La
the
universal
patron
Fayette,
Liberty. Some, however, of our
desirous
of visitingPhiladelphia,
of paying their
Tribe
for the purpose
are
La Fayette,and
with the rest of the citizens,
to General
respects, in common
will join in processionwith you.
'
and
to
Stone,1
return
"
to
to
We
sir,with sentiments, yours, etc.,

SPRUCE, Major-General ist Aid to the Generalissimo.
are,
"
"
BACKENSIGA,
Lieutenant
Colonel and
6th Aid.
"
"
LANCASTER,
At
SAGASAUNAY,
Major-General.
yth of the Ninth Moon, 1824."
the council
held
August
31, 1824,
committee
of arrangements
appointed and authorized to have badges prepared to

be purchased at the option of the brethren, the committee
Builder," Grand
Marshal, with
consisting of "Big Canoe
Oak
Bottle," "Screw
Club," "Black
Spike Driver," "White
assistants.
Heart
of Erin
as
Auger,"
Shooting Stick," and
At the next council, September 3, this committee
reportedthat
they had prepared certain articles suitable for and to be used.
was
"
"
"
"
"
SOCIETY
RED
OF
MEN.
contemplated processionin
in the
General
Fayette,"and
La
readiness
honor
further
the
by Wednesday
of
date
nation's guest,
our
the
instant."
8th
which
on
will be
same
in
these
Among
fix the banner
to
the top which
shall be
gilt
red."
the staff stained
Under
of
"that
"a
staff
articles may be mentioned
of the Order, with a liberty
cap upon
and
239
September
1824,
3,
communication
was
invitingthe Rifle Corps to unite

by the Generalissimo
with
the
regiment of citizen volunteers, and invitingthe
attend a meeting of the board of officers on
Generalissimo
to
of making
that evening at Mr. Holt's tavern, for the purpose
received
for the
final arrangements
parade.
of
September 7, 1824, it was "resolved that a committee
five be
appointed consistingof King Tom,'
Hospitality,'
and
White
Oak
Club,'
Fox,'
Strawberry Bush,' whose
duty it shall be to confer with the Councils, and in concert with
On
'
'
'
in
'
ascertain
them
'
fix the
and
station
the
Red
Men
the
contemplated grand procession in honor

nation's guest, the beloved, venerated
distinguished
This committee
evidentlycorrespondedwith the
Councils, for
the
letter
followingis a
received
was
copy
the
by
shall occupy
of our
justly
La
Committee
committee
GENTLEMEN
of Councils,who
of General
invited to
desire
La
of the 8th inst.
note
of which
nth, 1824.
was
laid before
the
Committee
tion
say that a placein the processionfor the recepFayettewill be assigned by lot to the Red Men, who are
me
to
appointa deputy to
of Fifth and
corner
at three
Your
of
"
"SEPTEMBER
"
Fayette."
draw
Chestnut
for them, at the Common
ber,
Cham-
next, the 15th inst.,
Wednesday
Streets,on
Council
P.M.
"
Yours
respectfully,
"JOSEPH
Thomas
"Messrs.
Waterman,
S. LEWIS, Chairman.
Muirhead, William
William
Simpson, M.
M.
Donohew."
Brother
Red
Men
"
White
To
"
Agreeably to lot
processionin honor
drawn
"
appointed to represent
was
drawing referred
that duty he made
the Generalissimo
number
Club
the
at
performance of
"
Oak
on
and
Members
to, and
the
the
have,on the part of

of La Fayette,being
the day appointed.
M.
the
the
result of his
followingreport :
of the Societyof Red
"M.
as
"
Men,
Society,drawn No. 4
number
preceding the
DONOHEVV-,
or
the
'White
Oak
for the
lowest
Club."1
IMPROVED
240
We
have
ORDER
before
as
us
write the
we
it in ink,
"
Club
council
the
to their
identical
held
the
read, and
were
drawn
the
figure4
"White
by
on
Oak
for their attention
the
thanks
also
resolved
the
the
to
faction.
generafrsatis-
motion
to
obtain."
and
in the
accordingly."
"that
received
which
the Generalissimo
them
proceedings of
of the
diligencein
particularly
requestedto attend
tendered
The
rods,
Society be presentedto the marshals

providingthe sufficient articles which they
thanks
and
Whereupon
agreeably
of the letter addressed
copy
of the
"Resolved, That
marshals
"the
10,
of."
City Councils,
September 14 it was on
Committee
was
with
banners, libertycap, marshals'
duly approved
were
committee
"
this report, and
originalof
number
September
duty produced
etc., which
were
MEN.
stated in his report.
as
At
the
being
RED
piece of paper
it is affixed the square
upon
OF
Brother
At
of the
name
this
council
same
Deer'
'Fawn
Society
it
authorized
be
for the
the
contemplated music
requested to engage
approaching grand processionin honor of the nation's guest."
At the council held September 17, a resolution was
adopted
and
as
follows
"
in addition
"Resolved, That
the
to
ade,
Society'sbadge, Revolutionary cockin procession will carry in his
Man
marshals
take order for procuring a
Fayette badge, each Red

hand
a
sprig of Laurel ; and that the
of Laurel for the occasion."
sufficiency
and
La
Further
when
it
action
standard
on
Knot
as
"
the
and
standard
appointed to
Evidently none
occasions
motion
be
by
"
"
notified not
brothers
appointed
to
24,
the
carry
nut
WalHard
"
Sheaf," and
"
implements
good Red Men
of this kind, for
La
September
"
but
to
be
held
"
the
carry
council
the
and Brothers
procession,
Warrior
were
appointed by the Society
At the same
berry
Strawmeeting Brothers
Wheat
'
Byron
'
that
we
Cherokee
and
were
to
find that it was

Brother
were
guard the banner.
permitted
'
"
Warrior
Long
to
appear
voted
Pen
'
"
on
should
come
to welprocessionof Red Men
Fayette until some
(supposed)charges were
the succeeding council of September 27, it
walk
up." At
reported that
cleared
at
of the
Bold
Brother
General
was
day
bearers.
Bush,"
upon
that two
voted
was
taken
was
the
in the
First
Marshal, Brother
"Big
Canoe
SOCIETY
Builder," was
Brother
"
unable
and
hurt
notice
MEN.
241
attend
to
procession,and
appointed in his place.
"
Knot
Walnut
Hard
RED
OF
was
the
"to
meet
given by the Generalissimo
of Brother
at the house
Hickory Sapling's to-morrow
morning
collections
make
towards
the
at seven
o'clock,to
music,
paying
and then proceed in procession." Accordinglyon the following
ory
Hickmorning a council fire was lit at the wigwam of Brother
Sapling," and collection taken up towards defraying the
realized being $6.83.
of music
engaged, the amount
expenses
The Societythen adjourned,and proceeded to jointhe procession
this council
At
was
'
'
"
the Frankford
on
It is not
the
to
necessary
magnificent
mentioned.
Road.
ovation
Our
into
enter
given
has
purpose
to
been
extended
an
Lafayette on the
to give in detail
by the Society of Red Men, and to

organizationof considerable importance in
taken
is also evidence
There
at that time.
descriptionof
to
show
the
that
cityof
occasion
the
it was
part
an
phia
Philadel-
indicate that in this
represented not only by the Rifle

processionthe Societywas
themselves
in a body. While
Corps but also by the members
of the scenes
from giving a full description
and events
refraining
attending the reception,we will quote an ode composed for the
occasion by Mr. Benjamin Mayo, and sung by a group of twentyfour boys and twenty-fourgirlsstationed at an arch at the corner
of Fourth
Streets as the general approached. The
and Vine
ode
was
as
follows
"
ODE.
Strike the
cymbal! roll the tymbal!
trumpets! beat the drums!

Loudly singing,cheerilysinging,
Lo ! the patriothero comes!
Great Commoner,
slightinghonor,
Here the youthfulhero came,
Aiding strangers,braving dangers,
Sound
the
freedom
Human
Troops
come
the hero!
Streamers
Far
God
AH
prancing,see, advancing
and daughters
sons
"
All Columbia's
Greet
and
his aim.
was
land and
waters
streaming,shouts
near, the hero's
of thunder, rend
the power
that
"
proclaiming
name.
asunder
tyrantsboast!
IMPROVED
242
ORDER
What
nations
are
When
compared
mighty
What
of
Hail
their stations
Freedom's
monarchs
"
host?
now,
shrines
bow?
we
princes,strengthof
him!
kings,
brings!
let each exultingband
Freedom's
happy land!
hail him!
Welcome
Fayette to
All hail him!
have
MEN.
RED
the dust fair Freedom
To
We
with
Freedom's
at
Pride
what
"
are
While
OF
all hail him!
alreadystated
in it
beyond page
the wigwam of
all hail him!
the Minute
that
413, at which
Book
has
is recorded
time
record
no
council
held
"Struggler" on the I5th of the fifth

of the Society during the time
1827. For an account
moon,
interveningfrom 1827 to 1832, we are compelled to relyupon
the fragmentarymanuscript minutes
still preserved,and upon
with Mr. Thomas
J. Loudenslager held
personal conversations
Gorham.
from
that it was
by Brother
Mr. Loudenslager that the documents
obtained from which
were
have
been given the extracts
contained
in this chapter relating
Men.
to the Society of Red
at
From
the
1827, a
Brother
mentioned
sources
committee
learn
we
consistingof "Red
Tribe," and
that
Oak,"
September
on
2,
Chief of the Northern
"
"Fair
Play" was appointed to have the dresses

of the Society properlyrepaired. At
this same
council
the
read, and a committee
previouslyappointed for the
report was
of draftinga new
Constitution
and code of By-Laws
purpose
for the
future
thereon
was
of
"
to
indicate
Laws
deferred
next
our
of
government
council
"until
"
have
the nature
the
further
Society,but
our
next
council."
not
been
preserved there
of this report
nor
As
action
the minutes
is
nothing
of the Constitution
and
adopted.
November
13,
1827, a council
Captain-General presided. Four
George Grier,
book
Allison, "White
Samuel
Then
minutes
"Chief
of the
November
16,
A
held, at which
candidates
Fair
the Second
initiated,"
were
Play'sBrother
"
George
Metal;" James M. Benckart, musician, "Great
Joy;", and
come
printer,
"
was
P.
Mitchell,Captain-Major,"Bold
of
council
Northern
at
which
charge having
held
at the
Tribe," General
Generalissimo
been
wigwam
Thomas
"Black
Soldier."
of Brother
Snyder,
Warrior"
on
sided.
pre-
produced against Dry Berry,"

"
IMPROVED
244
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN,
States,
society in behalf of the Great Council of the United
after a period of thirty-five
It is assumed
that Richard
years.
1818
Loudenslager joined the Society in the interval between
and
The
1822.
his name
the
on
only instance where
appears
Book
Minute
Men's
Red
At
this
is that
Rifle
Corps
of
Chief
of the
him
names
Rifle
Morgan
or
council
same
appointed to obtain
painting belonging
"
which
of November
the
to
Rangers.
29, 1830,
committee
books, implements, dresses

This
Society.
the
Northern
of the
Lieutenant
as
was
and
committee
large
consisted
and
Tribe," "Hospitality,"
Wheat
"
Sheaf."
December
"Blue
Brother
"
Sheaf
the
Tribe," and
"Robin
"
The
of
Bashaba
Brandt."
White
Brother
of
"
Chief
etc.,
were
of
the
Northern
in
the
hands
this council
Crane"
nominations
The
of
Two
Knorr.
"Blue
committee,
for Generalissimo.
candidates
Liberties, "Wheat
Piscataqua,Henry
the
to
At
of
wigwam
ported
previouslyappointed relarge painting had been procured,
and
added
were
the
at
.Northern
the
books, papers,
or
held
was
committee
hands
the
Hood,"
brothers
in
dresses
in the
were
council
Crane,"
presiding.
that
and
1830,
13,
and
of
made
were
brothers
tion
placed in nominabeing Pine Grove," Charles Clements
Hickory Sapling,"
;
Chalkley Baker; "Strawberrry Bush;" "Hospitality,"
"
William
"
Muirhead
"
"Bull
Sheaf," and
\Vheat
adjourned until Monday evening,December

have no record.
20, 1830, but of that meeting we
Then
the council of January 7, 1831, held at the house
comes
of Brother
"Wheat
Sheaf," "Old Warrior"
presiding. At this
council four candidates
journed
were
adopted, and the meeting adto meet
the following Monday evening,January 12,
on
pitality,"
"Hosheld at the wigwam of Brother
1831. This meeting was
Frog."
The
Crane,"
; "Blue
council
who
to
the
had
Cosmopolite Hotel
council
purpose,
report
that
belonging to
that they were
now
Scribe.
They had
other
Cherry Street
by the committee
possession had
papers
and
on
made
was
articles.
the
in
not
his old quarters in Bank
from
removed
been
above
obtained
Society from Brother

the possession of the
recovered
Brother
"
chosen
of the
At
this
for
that
books
and
"Bull
Frog," and
Grand
Recording
dresses, large painting,
the
Chief
6th.
Street
of
the
Northern
Tribe
"
SOCIETY
had
promised
be
to
OF
RED
the
at
present
MEN.
245
meeting, but
had
failed to
appear.
January
"
3.1,
meeting
Tribe,"
Northern
Jacob Wolf,
he holds,
that the
seen
have
must
resolved
than
been
of
above
Thomas
of
Men.
have
It will be
Wampum,"
been
regularly
had
last minutes
The
in
the last Grand
that
this
our
signed"Young
1831, were
been
exist.
"Black
nominations
to
appears
Chief
"
Society,prosecute
given
to
Eagle," who
Scribe.
the
of the Red
fillthe vacancy.
possession,
being those of January 21,
Red
that Brother
George Knorr,
selected, as
in December
made
of Brother
wigwam
Brother," for the articles which
those
of
successor
the
at
treasurer
as
they being the property
later minutes
No
was
Sheaf's
Wheat
"
held
it
at which
Hospitality,"
the
was
ing
Record-
the
was
of
name
in his
J. Loudenslager,and that it was
possessionthat
the property of the Societypassed when
it finallyceased
to
exist.
indebted
for the knowledge we
It is to his care
we
are
and for the pricelesstreasures
now
presented by him
possess,
to
Order.
our
is cited
He
his father, Richard

Generalissimo
doubt
is
Loudenslager, "Old
of all the Red
expressed as
to
decline
of
Warrior,"
of
and
He
or
spoke
evidence
gave
although
beyond dispute. In
be
class, who
"
rather
with
that
had
the
from
were
never
much
his
earnestness
earlylove
As
waned.
events
Society,he could not

but as nearly as
certainty,
in
of the
it
Society,
it
in the
and
class of
ceased
finally
this
on
subject,
Societyhad
the time
vived,
re-
lution
of the disso-
precisedate with
he could recall the closing
latter part of 1832 or early
state
the
1833.
the Asiatic
our
was
better
for the
to
clannish
so
and
Society,,
of the
absolute
Some
of this date,
correctness
certain
withdrew
who
exist."
to
elected
was
1830.
20,
aggressive that they disgusted the

offensively
members,
that
statement
accepted as
of the ultimate
Loudenslager assigned as the cause
the Society in Philadelphiathe acquisitionof too
members
many
the
December
Men
the
the fact of his election may
1866, Mr.
authorityfor
as
country
of any
that in
1832 the nation
was
visited
by
of that terrible scourge in

the presence
it extremely difficult to maintain the existence
cholera, and
made
organization,much
less
secure
additions
to
its member-
IMPROVED
246
ship. But,
died
ORDER
will
as
be
OF
shown
later, while
in
Philadelphia,offshoots
organizationin other localities,and
it was
and objects for which
out
remarks
Gorham
Brother
"
of Red
from
was
Men
had
served
that of the old
of which
were
stillin active
fit, might have
seen
branches
younger
exercise
the
preserve
Upon
individual
Men
of
in
this
ciples
prinpoint
existence
the parent
existence, which, had
precedence, and
have
it
branches
stem,
either of them
the
rights of
asserted
their
the
right
Men
all Red
wherever
jurisdictionover
their Tribes existed.'
The
authorityupon which this claim is
will be
based will be given in the succeeding chapter,wherein
of the Order
in Maryland, and its
recorded
the establishment
reorganizationinto its present form as the Improved Order of
to
eminent
apart
Philadelphia,
yet
successfullydisputed
to
an
sequent
by the lightof subthought that the Improved
Red
scion
or
maintained
It will be found
Society of
legitimateoffshoot
to
Society
parent
founded.
different
the
therefrom
that although it was

history,
Order
MEN,
RED
'
'
Red
In
Men.
closingthis chapter,we
fail to be
cannot
our
Order.
for the
We
think
Society of
Red
we
of
Men
the
deep interest
have
Societies
of
Tammany
brings us within the domain
existingrecords.
old
feel that
as
the
of
established
a
material
to
member
every
all
herein
have
we
positivefact
What
as
of
claimed
of
legitimate successor
Revolution.
sented
pre-
the
will follow
obtained
from
CHAPTER
V.
ORGANIZATION
THE
third
consider,
now
was
which
We
have
link
of
down
thus
far
is
is
the
of
that
Tribe
of
claimed,
Council
down
through
have
be
claim, and
the
The
to
the
leave
credit
passage
many
of
minds
to
and
Point.
authority
at
the
house
the
handwriting
Records
its
from
of
is stated, it
This
of
Red
of
of
the
organization
1866.
which
Tribe
that
the
first
was
fair
evidence
judge
to
and
patriotic,
Society
in
Chief
States
here
readers
One
organized
in order
present
of
positively
state
the
1834,
Great
until
as
to
manuscript
of
ternal
fra-
name
make
the
in Baltimore.
was
United
our
of
I,
was
years
stated
shall
we
in the
as
who
many
ably
given,
bear
of
it difficult
Street, Fell's
conflictingclaims
been
No.
that
Order.
our
March,
authority
Booker,
Great
The
Bond
the
on
L.
of
I2th
its
presented
we
of
organization
organized
Maryland,
on
of
claim
Men
the
the
been
has
and
from
of
by
to
and
institution
What
the
there
Red
1830;
known
now
of
existed
to
justifythe
to
makes
was
the
on
Men
the
Men.
of
dates
first tribe
John
Red
of
inspiring origin
McDonald,
of
organization
member
confusion
Society
Red
resulted
certainly sufficient
noble, and
D.
societies
Order
satisfyevery
of
Society
the
-period subsequent
benevolent
Improved
Men,
to
various
The
claims
the
that
1813;
tion.
ques-
necting
inspiration con-
Revolution,
in
cation
verifi-
that
of 'the
and
when
the
time
these
facts
common
with
will
we
beyond
are
these
and
sympathy
common
that
show
to
for
chronology
records
far
which
Order,
patriotic societies, existing previous
organization
to
the
written
thus
the
earliest
formed
from
tried
of
history
part of
have
we
BALTIMORE.
the
the
at
the
that
covers
of
in
epoch
AT
to
as
organized
judgment
may
sustaining
each
which
may
justly
priority.
years
of
circumstances
often
those
leaves
interested
connected
247
very
in
an
perplexing
object
therewith,
and
or
an
tainty
uncer-
event
sometimes
IMPROVED
248
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
about
those
uncertainty occurs
things most
important.
is this so where
the subject in question is one
of
Particularly
vital interest to a comparatively few.
A
matter
of national
importance leaves its impress upon the heart of that nation so
this
it
indeliblythat
which
of
there
for
are
where
with
be
can
of interest to
matters
be
never
can
effaced, and
little doubt
comparativelyfew,
measure
transmission
the
Differences
occur.
often, of
of
find this to
been
have
details
where
or
oral
upon
testimony, or
indifference
interferes
evidence, mistakes
opinion are
to
apt
the
in the
case
often
spring up, productive,
needless, discussion.
sometimes
in
records
of authoritative
and
endless,
the
uncertainty; but
or
dependent
or
inclination, procrastination,
great
about
historyof
We
beloved
our
Order.
tracing the
In
institution
opinion as
of
the
to the
first Tribe,
date of that
given by the
two
reliable in their data
we
members
of
Red
find
of that
the
on
relative to
the
members, and
Tribe
the
former
gives the date
It is
1833, while
when
the
have
been
under
Brother
Tribe
was
early in
were
subject,and
earlydays of
of
one
the
sidered
con-
the
the
and
most
Order
Past
was
Peter
formed
dated
Great
original charter
adopted into
was
The
while
in 1834.
the
organizationof
its first preliminarymeeting, held
in December,
Weishampel fixes the date from the time

actuallyplaced in operation,which must
1834, as both agree it took place in the
season.
in another
the title of Red
country prior to
Red
who
of
tion
informa-
the
of its existence.
first three moons
as
occurringduring the year 1833,
that the Tribe
is recorded
It
was
probable that Brother
Tribe, from
winter
the
during
Peter
of
Tribe
John F. Weishampel
Brother
the latter asserts
the
A.
George
the
to
slightdifference
namely, Past Great Sachem

George A. Peter,
Senior Sagamore John F. Weishampel.
Brother
back
Men
arising out
event,
authorities
best
the
Order
Improved
Men,
whose
Men
chapter that
had
existed
several
in various
associations
parts of the
organizationof the Improved

either of a political
or
objectswere
the
of
Order
convivial
character.
The
first
reason
"
the defence
of the
libertyof
the
people
"
IMPROVED
250
withdrew
the
soon
as
it soon
element
William
and
exerted
of
beauty
the
mutual
revive
the
its
founded
assistance
in
ignorance of the
Tribe,
George A.
were
the
observing
evil effects
in time
of
and
and
members,
the
basis
could
of
instil into
be
had
for
care
total absence
so
proven
infused
virtue,
sobriety,
need, benevolence,
orphan, and
the
its ceremonies,
of
strength that
pernicious practiceswhich
those
object of
up.
features
upon
the sick, relief of the widow
and
membership, yet admiring
Indian
and
MEN.
nature
members,
the interest of the
usefulness
association
the
Jones, who,
traditional
their minds
and
T.
RED
broke
composing
the
to
an
become
societyupon
determined
into
discovered
the
by
OF
afterwards
had
who
those
prevailingbad
Peter
they
as
society,"and
Among
ORDER
fatal
of
the
to
societies.
former
associated
They
themselves
with
several
other
members
of
the old
whom
the names
of the following have
society,
among
preserved: John E. Stansbury, G. H. Mittnacht, Peter
been
B.
their
could
influence
the immediate
Several
Lowe.
These
brethren,
their
of
the
Snike's
held, at which
were
organization and
presented and
Elisha
Order.
new
preliminarymeetings
were
at
among
formation
regulationsfor
held
A.
palefacefriends, and those of

defunct
old associates in the
whom
society upon
they
depend for support in their laudable enterprise,urged
using their
and
and
J. Friedenwald,
Lucas,
discussed.
Temperance
Street, Baltimore, Md.,
at
which
of the Society
government
"
These
meetings
House, located
the
plans,rules,
final
on
were
Thames
organizationtook
place."
Tribe
The
being now
duly organized, the selection of a name
became
the all-important
consideration ; and Brother
George A.
Peter proposed the name
of Logan Tribe, No. i, Order
of Red
Men.
This title was
afterwards
changed to Logan Tribe, No /,
will speak a little
But of this we
later
on.
Thus
after the
Logan Tribe, No.

adoption of the title was
association
formed
announced
the community
to
as
an
mutual
and benevolence, taking for its motto
fraternity
"
FREEDOM,
FRIENDSHIP,
AND
CHARITY."
i,
for
ORGANIZATION
AT
earlyexperience of the
and
difficulty
annoyances
Order
The
of
frequent, and
the
from
Tribe)
of
members
other
expelled from
tribes.
wigwam
graded
and
fire
world
the
of
"
ended
of
styled the
was
the
ship.
member-
organization,
Sachem
and
Forest
Indian
; and
Wigwam,
kindled
It
in
the
strict order
and
the
Sannaps,
for
was
the
at
the
Jewish method, using
of discovery374, dating from
sun
the
method
the
and the earlier societies elsewhere

year
of the
sun
for many
years, until changed by
United
States in the year
1865 for
"
the
decorum
called, the great
it was
as
of the
Men
of
centre
always quenched
was
This
change of
by Columbus.
recognized the connecting link between
term
the
forcibly
veritable
America
The
by
of the Tribe.
this continued
Council
of Red
of the
their
of the
eject
to
first Sachem
chiefs
computed according to
of the great
Order
to
and
trouble
attempt
an
character
always
burning
was
of the world, or,
Great
that
of
session
were
the year
in
thus
titles of
the
wigwam, and during its

enjoined upon the members.
Dates
Such
one.
Braves.
council
close of the
new
Peter, the
the Indian
Guards
WTarriors, and
the
having been
by fair promises
Sagamores, Prophet, Chief of Records, Keeper
as
Wampum,
The
presiding chief
The
others
of
the
officers received
the
who,
This
opposed
attempt was
stump.
the Tribe, and the malcontents
were
conformity with
In
A.
however, devoid
society,but
last culminated
at
(Brother George
the Sachem
those
old
into
251
not,
wa,s
from
the
gained admission
had
was
of
element
bad
the
among
BALTIMORE.
was
of
putation
com-
Improved
mentioned.
afterwards
grand sun,"
discovery
changed
"great sun."
The
added
months
followed
the
regular calendar
of the
title significant
season,
as
order, but with
follows
Worm
March,
February, Snow
moon;
Plant
June, Hot moon;
moon;
May, Flower moon;
moon
; September, Corn
; August, Sturgeon moon
Beaver
November,
moon;
Travelling moon;
Hunting moon.
moon;
The
and
term
days were
"moon"
termed
was
used
"seven
instead
suns"
and
of
January, Cold
April,
moon;
July, Buck
moon
"month."
"suns"
an
ber,
Octo-
December,
Weeks
Money
was
IMPROVED
252
called
ORDER
and
Wampum"
"
OF
divided
MEN.
RED
into denominations
of
fathoms,
inchest
yards,feet,and
dollar and
A fatJiom was
one
cents
cents
;
; a foot, twenty-five
twelfthcents.
These
denominations
Council
of the United
fatlwm
inch
at
denominations
used.
three
every
at
and
inches
chiefs
The
and
moons,
at
Great
cents, and
ten
an
generallythe only
the
Trjbe
held
meetings were
the
one-
"
were
of
and
two
was
changed by
dollar,a foot
one
yard, seventy-five
inch
an
follows
States, as
Fathoms
cent.
one
and
afterwards
were
fixed
was
half ;
elected
were
in every
once
seven
suns.
council
The
second
the
house
fire of
(Monday), in
sun
Thames
on
for several
Street, and
great
organizationwas
kindled
Tribe
Logan
in any
The
suns.
to
pass
wigwam
of
meetings
were
first act
law
where
wigwam
the
the
of
that
Water
sleep of
Elisha
Snike's
well attended
Tribe
council
"
the
on
Logan
no
Fire
"
knowledge of this fact but adds
The
kindled
was
after its
fire should
was
(liquor)
the lustre which
to
be
sold.
already
fair fame.
Order's
Recognizing the benefits to

be derived
from
temperance,
they inculcated its principlesin
In these days when
the teachings and laws of their Order.
is waged against the liquortraffic,
it is pleasing
such warfare
brightensour
know
to
the
question.
positionthe organizers of
For
whatever
upon
for
stand, whether
side
against the
or
Order
our
the
to
were
former
there
was
deemed
it
body.
draw
up
the
Men
at once
Tribe
had
also been
advisable
been
in
this
important issue we
question,all must
temperance
of liquor.
at the
of
root
the
organizers of
of the evil
Societies ; many
of the
the efforts of the members
speedilyrose
had
charter, so
struck
through
Logan
and
Red
reformed
Tribe, and
After
No.
upon
of this
deplore the result of excessive use

This
the part
on
prohibitorymeasure
Logan Tribe
took
the
estimation
in existence
instituted
one
the
new
public.
great
Tribe,
the
fatal
members
of the
of
about
Metamora
old
so
No.
sun,
2, it
Maryland Legislaturefor
that the Tribe
could be recognized as an
tant
imporBrother
John F. Weishampel, Sr.,was
appointed to
in
and in so doing prepared the papers
petition,
1
to
apply to
Great
Proceedings
Council of United
States.
AT
ORGANIZATION
the
of the
name
the
originaltitle,
:
Order
of
of Brother
extract
an
of
Order
Improved
"
connection
quoted
"
BALTIMORE.
253
Re4 Men,"
thus
ing
transpos-
In
Improved Red Men."
Weishampel's pamphlet is
this
here
"
Tribe
The
membership, and about a year after

it was
resolved to apply to the Maryland Legisits organization
lature
for a charter, and John F. Weishampel was
appointed to
draw
did so,
He
print the petitionfor that purpose.
up and
of the Order
and on all copieshe printedthe name
it stood
as
"
the
upon
increased
record, except
transposed the
copiesof
for his
one
Order
terms
Improved Order
name
in
and
of Red
own
Improved,
and
then
He
Men.
and
use,
in that
he
the
rendered
collected
all the
Tribe
had obtained
petitionto which other members
natures
sigoff
his
the names,
attached
them
to
own
and, cutting
the change above
memorial
in which
named
stood.
The
and
charter was
to the
a
Legislature,
granted to Logan
of Maryland, No. I, of the Improved Order
of Red
Men.
None
of
name
and
copy,
went
the
the
Thus
members
seemed
it therefore
we
that
see
to
the
alteration
in the
so."
remained
notice
successful
stratagem
to
the views
meet
of
of the founders
of the
defeated
the intention
singlemember
Order in adopting the title first proposed.
mistake
to have been
a
(There seems
regarding the charter
of Logan Tribe.
The
Acts of the Assembly of Maryland do
show
not
charter
a
granted to Logan Tribe alone, and no
charter was
granted by the Legislature of Maryland until the
session
of
1837
or
granted after
was
on
May
jointly,
of the
Great
In
Red
some
No.
body
of
were
and
Logan
elected.
which
Metamora
of which
Maryland,
of both
of members
of March,
result
1835, the
20,
month
of
meeting
Council
officers of that
names
1838, in the
Tribes,
the
was
charter
forming
after which, of course,
In
the
charter
the
granted the
Tribes
appear.)
is menthe peculiarwording of the charter, Logan Tribe
tioned
as
"Logan Tribe of Maryland, No. i, Improved Order of
in
has given rise to a statement
Men," and this peculiarity
quarters that the first Tribe
i," and by
is
i," ever
mistake,
had
an
writers
some
as
no
existence
has
such
in the
was
called
been
so
Tribe
as
"
Maryland Tribe,
referred
"
to.
ever,
This, how-
Maryland Tribe,
Improved Order
of Red
No.
Men.
IMPROVED
254
After
Tribe
an
existence
became
finally
benevolence
and
ORDER
attained
OF
of varied
very
enlisted
MEN.
and
successes
failures,Logan
popular,its peculiarfeatures of charity

the
attention
large membership.
made
to
applicationwas
An
RED
of the
and
palefaces,
it
the Tribe
for
lish
authorityto estabanother
Tribe
in a section
of the city more
centrally
and
the
This
22d
of
located.
was
on
June, 1834,
granted,
day
Metamora
Tribe, No. 2, was
instituted,and held its meetings in
Street and
located at the corner
of West
Baltimore
a wigwam
Tripolet'sAlley (now Post-Office Avenue), and selected the
sleepof the 4th sun (Wednesday) for the kindlingof the council
fires.
charter
The
members
of
Metamora
Tribe, No.
2,
have
ceeded
alreadybeen given. This Tribe promised well at first,and sucin increasingits membership with considerable
rapidity.
It was,
the
Council
deemed
Council
as
lived,as
the
records
shaw
that
in
1840
Maryland declared the Tribe defunct.

after the organizationof Metamora
Tribe, No. 2, it was
the Grand
best to form a higher body, to be known
as
as
of Maryland, in order that the laws and practices,
Great
Soon
well
however, short
of
the ceremonies
of the Order, should
be
under
common
controlling
authorityso as to insure uniformity,as the authority
of Logan Tribe
Metamora
Tribe was
not
over
always strictly
observed
the
Tribe.
acknowledged or
Accordingly
by
younger
selected from each of the two Tribes (see longdelegateswere
talk of J. F. Weishampel), and on
May 20, 1835 (or 2Oth sun,
Flower
in the old wigwam
on
moon,
5595), they assembled
Thames
Council
of MaryThe
Grand
Street, Baltimore, Md.
land
selected
then
and
there organized and
was
(as already
given).
It will be seen
held two
which
that Edward
Lucas
positions,
it appears was
allowed
in the earlydays of the Order, as
the
in 5598 (A.D.1838), when
Past
Sachem
same
thing occurred
and
John Miller held the positionof Grand Keeper of Wampum,
also that of Grand
Prophet. The former title having been
Chief
and the word
to
changed from
Keeper of Wampum,"
(See
prefixed to the titles of the grand chiefs.
Worthy
charter of Pocahontas
Tribe, No. 3, of Maryland.}
On the 1 2th sun, Flower
pensation
5598, or May 12, 1838, a dismoon,
for a new
Tribe was
granted to the followingappli"
"
"
"
"
ORGANIZATION
cants
J. Lysher, William
Peter
Hynes,
Green, W.
Stauffer, to form
W.
the
on
under
AT
The
(then* Grand
Tribe,
This
Council
the Grand
it
George
tuted
insti-
was
first Tribe
the
was
T.
Sachem),
3, and
No.
organized
Maryland.
of
firmly established,
prosperity. Its members
was
255
J. C. Chamberlain, and
G. Cook,
date.
same
Order
Burke
Pocahontas
authorityof
the
BALTIMORE.
now
and
seemed
be
to
zealous and
were
high road to
untiringin their efforts to increase its numbers, and its peculiar
ceremonies
there was
ance
always a good attendbeing so attractive,
the
on
the council
at
fires.
regaliaconsisted of a collar and apron, and in the grand

sun
5604 (or A.D. 1844),the followingwas
adopted as the only
For
Regalia of the Order : Collars.
initiatory
degree, pink
(afterwards changed to orange); second
degree, blue ; third
with
the
Color, scarlet, trimmed
Aprons.
degree, scarlet.
color of the degree of the wearer.
Regalia for officers.
with
Sachem, scarlet collar trimmed
gold ; Sagamore, scarlet
collar trimmed
with silver ; Prophet,a white sash worn
the
over
rightshoulder to the left side.
In
grand sun
5617 (A.D. 1857) the present regalia was
adopted. (See Proceedingsof Great Council United States.)
The
"
"
"
The
of
number
Tribes
is strange for
which
members
seemed
an
to
did
Order
for
increase
not
of such
several
their efforts upon
concentrate
years,
But the
intrinsic worth.
building up
the Tribes
strength,
alreadyformed, adding to their numerical
without
too
making them capable ,of self-support,
great a
their individual wampum
belts,an example worthy of
upon
and
tax
imitation
been
in
formed.
continuous
Tribes
and
Baltimore.
After
so
it
same
much
skeleton
many
advantage resultingfrom
better able
Order
in its
A
had
to
instruct
been
to
infancyand
desire
more
began to
generallyknown
time
to
serious
questionin
the
celebrate
the
this small
to
its
in the
the
but
of the
of the Order,
admitted.
comparatively unknown
grow
have
successful, it was,
extent
some
minds
at
felt to be
Order, it
was
in
even
of its members
community
anniversarywith
the
consideration, for it was
historyof
work
brethren
new
Tribes
all members
that
was
perfectlyacquaintedwith
the
of course,
at the
when
growth in membership
therefore
have
years
Another
became
While
to
later
large,and
honor.
due
a
tous
momen-
decided
about
IMPROVED
256
the close of
should
Flower
should
Day,
should
MEN.
RED
publicanniversarycelebration
that the
made
were
I2th
sun
(May 12, 1837),Saint Tammany's

by a publicdisplayof the Tribes, and
5597
moon,
be celebrated
delivered
be
arrangements
determined
was
OF
5596 that
sun
be held, and
of the
it
grand
ORDER
that
an
oration
with
attendant
suitable
the
to
occasion
ceremonies, consistingof
parade,etc.
We
quote from
of this
account
the
pamphlet
anniversary:
of
chosen
S.John E. Stansbury was
Weishampel orator of the day. Dr.
These
tern.
that
in
marched
in
Church
rode
an
"
"P.
J. F.
Weishampel
Brother
barouche
through
where
of
number
and
Marshal,
J. Bonfield
the head
at
Chief
acted
of streets
Sachem
Prophet pro
imposing procession
city to the Trinity
to a large audience
as
and
long
Past
of the
delivered
longtalkwas
of both sexes.
After the
citizens
paleface
oration,the processionre-formed and proceeded to a pleasant grove, where
they partook of the refreshments provided for the occasion and had an orderly
of the sun, when
enjoyment tilltoward the going down
they formed again,
proceeded to their wigwams and disbanded and sent their players on horns,
This was
the first public anniversarycelebrated
pipes,and drums home.
by
Old-Town,
of members
of the
the
Order
and
the Order."
About
grand
one
mentioned, the Order

of its oldest
left the
who
subsequent
sun
called upon
was
Past
members,
Great
anniversaryabove
the
to
to
the loss of
mourn
Sachem
William
T.
one
Jones,
lingeringillness,
in 1838. His death was
he
sad loss to the Society,by whom
a
He
active always in the interest
was
was
respected and loved.
of the .Order, and when
of Maryland came
the
Council
Great
into existence he was
chosen
the first Sachem
of that body. So
hunting grounds
of earth
after
"
unbounded
he
the confidence
was
with
entrusted
was
the
further
required to give
take charge of the
sun,
Flower
to
mourn
his
simply
treasurer."
as
He
to
time
of the
belt, without
wampum
securitythan
funds
for most
being
willingto
ever
be
died
the
on
8th
widow
orphans,also
and
largecircle
of friends
departure.
In the demise
of Brother
loss,for although he had

from
that
5598 (May 8, 1838),aged thirty-ninegrand
moon,
leavinga
suns,
in him
mingling with
yet they remembered
for
Jones the Order

a
long
his brethren
his
time
been
around
suffered
severe
debarred
the
council
by
ness
ill-
fire,
earlyactive services,so faithfully
IMPROVED
258
ORDER
Streets, Baltimore, Md.
OF
The
RED
MEN.
is
wigwam
large,commodious
building,admirably adapted to the purposes

built,and is often used by the Great Council
council fires.
the kindlingof its great sun
another
For
great
Council
Tribe, the
Grand
its council
fires each
At
after
sun
by
the records
sometimes
and
moon,
of
even
it
was
Maryland
institution
the
seems
for which
of
Powhattan
have
to
for
kindled
frequently.
more
specialcouncil fire,held on April 19, 5604 (A.D. 1844),

the question of celebratingSaint Tammany's Day was
again
discussed, and at a specialsession held on April 26, of that year,
the Representativesfrom the several Tribes reportedadversely,
and the matter
was
postponed. (See Proceedingsof
indefinitely
a
Council
the Great
Order, however, seemed

of
kind
some
be of the
to
would
be
On
December
been
"
of
benefit
the
to
adopted :
and
the
cussed.
frequentlydisfire kindled
having
as
appears
"
Resolved, That
this Great
Council
will not
permit the Tribes under its

to hold any procession,
or
ball,or other publicexhibition,
without
first
elsewhere,
obtaining permission from this
Council."
Great
It is evident
in
ball,as
that
permission was
granted for
5605 (January,1845), tne
moon,
Cold
record, "a
on
Jones Falls
over
under
dance
peace
Hall, located
"
or
Baltimore
on
(now
public ball
in the
"
The
Spies,now
From
this
Master
member
Tribe,
of Ottawa
and
The
bridge
given
was
and
cessful
proved a most sucOrder, having the effect,not
"
was
Tribe, No.
of
the
in its
Men
Red
belt of the
Charles
Professor
16.
Order
largeincrease of membership
an
impetus thus given awakened
a
good
was
results
added
to
side
interest out-
hunting grounds of Baltimore, and communication

opened with several gentlemen of Washington, D.C.,
the
is
date
exact
It
Theatre).
Ceremonies
public demonstration
followed,
the Tribes.
of
proposed
held at Washington
was
historyof the
of
only of exhibitingto the publicthe fraternity
brightestaspect, but also of adding to the wampum
Tribe.
the
Street, adjoining the
Monumental
auspices of Pocahontas
the
event
soon
tion
demonstra-
Council
Grand
of the
Order,
ball,was
or
the
members
opinion that
1844, the followingresolution
13,
to have
jurisdiction
in the wigwam
or
not
minutes
the
of
dance"
subjectof holding a "peace
/.) The
Vol.
of Maryland,
was
which
ORGANIZATION
resulted
in
AT
petitionfor
the institution
of Columbia, known
of the
members
of
members
form
to
William
of
the
from
3, of
their
G. Gorsuch, and
Louis
of the Order
the first extension
those
devoted
William
Sachem
Order
in
H.
G. Gorsuch,
William
of the
cohonee
Tribe
Great
went
L. Booker, William
Tribe.
of
faithful
it in
event
Maryland.
Of
Great
of
member
another, Past
United
Tribe
This
the
Great
Sachem
the first Great
was
to
ren
breth-
forming the
palefaces to put
outside
of the
Council
and
porary
tem-
of these
names
3, while
Tribe, No.
Pocahontas
Incohonee
is still
Ford
law, five
in this extension, Past
aided
who
brethren
this
should
After
Bonsai.
of
they initiated the requisitenumber
working order, and then rejoinedtheir own
marks
made
Baltimore, took
Ford, T. G. Miller, John
H.
located
Tribe
to
own
The
trict
Dis-
Council
new
obedience
Tribe.
new
in the
I, and
of the Great
Tribe, No.
of withdrawal
Washington
in
Tribe
Tribe, No.
laws
Order, and
Pocahontas
cards
were
The
259
oft a
that at least five members
it necessary
be
Powhattan
as
cityof Washington.
in the
BALTIMORE.
In-
States, and
the
father of
Susquehanna Tribe, No. 27, of Baltimore, Md.

the institution of Uncas
The
next
step of importance was
Tribe, No. 6, in the hunting grounds of Baltimore, which located
of Front
and Gay Streets, the charter
its wigwam at the corner
being issued to the following Chiefs : G. T. Laws, J. Adams,
W. Smuller, P. Metz, W. A. Allen, J. Coburn, George F. Sables,
This event
occurred
J. C. Boyd, and J. Kettrich.
early in the
great
5605 (A.D.1845).
sun
On
the
Osceola
i8th
Tribe, No.
in the town
of the
took
sun,
Great
Council
G.
cards
established
and
During
the
the
District
members
same
on
for
Pruden.
Osceola
afterwards
District
the
purpose.
Their
five members
former
case,
names
were
Meisner, John L. Booker, George F.

brethren
These
Tribe, No.
of Columbia,
in
as
instituted
was
petitionsigned by
rejoinedtheir
a
grand sun
of Powhattan
of Columbia,
Maryland, who,
Gorsuch, John
Sables, and James

and
of
5605 (February 18, 1845),
moon,
2, of the
of Alexandria,
withdrawal
William
Snow
known
Tribe,
No.
went
2, of the
own
District
Alexandria
of
bia,
Colum-
Tribe.
third
as
to
Tribe
was
Anacostia
I, among
whom
instituted
Tribe, No.
were
Tucker, A. G. Herold, Peyton Page, and Joseph Mundree.
3,
in
by
William
This
IMPROVED
260
Tribe
ORDER
instituted
was
date
being uncertain,
from
of
the
report
shortly afterwards
lurnbia,
Great
the
fire of
matter,
on
Wannart
H.
William
Immediate
the
on
instituted
Great
The
the
"raised
up"
Joseph
Wannels
Worthy
Great
Records,
a
This
being
Maryland,
worked
is
the
moon,
5605 (November
chiefs
of
in
Great
and
Senior
Junior Sagamore,
Howell
the
30,
Offutt, and
T.
Lewis
3,
Council,
and,
1845),^
4,
of
was
land,
Mary-
institutingofficer.
installed
(the
Great
A.
Worthy
great chiefs
term
Sachem,
William
Sagamore,
John
other
H.
Tribe, No.
Worthy
Mundell
(August
Council
the
elected
Great
Worthy
the
Povvhat-
Great
the
vogue):
consider
Herold.
being
were
Prophet, James
John
subsequent
form
the
the
special
Latham,
to
being
Great
K.
taken
Purden
G.
of
From
Anacostia
from
land
Mary-
application granted.
Hugh
2,
of
Council
to
A.
Chiefs
No.
as
formed.
called
follows
Z.
should
time
Council
5605
the
and
as
be
and
James
then
not
Worthy
at
great
Great
Tucker;
of
were
Sachem
following
Howell
Beaver
sun,
by
Tribe,
should
Maryland
Stephenson,
Peyton Page,
steps
4th
A.
such
moon,
petitionerswere
John
Tucker,
of
read
until
Sachem
Great
that
control, with
Order
Great
the
Co-
of
the
Great
the
Sturgeon
Osceola
and
Hopkins,
States
institute
Council
sun,
of
Maryland
to
The
John
I,
from
sent
to
its direct
under
of
petition was
the
Tribe, No.
tan
was
of
Council
Great
United
the
body
3Oth
of
appears
which
District
the
authority
Council
Great
the
the
names
precise
as
D.C.,
of
in
form
to
supreme
of
that
the
1845), when
Council
Tribes
Columbia.
of
council
The
taken
Great
requesting
District
the
moon,
5605 (A.D. 1845),
instituted
been
petition was
Corn
or
Great
the
the
Council
Accordingly
grand
these
that
in the
vested
sun,
were
measures
agreement
be
in
having
jurisdiction,placing
the
moon
organized.
Tribes
Three
in Buck
MEN.
RED
OF
Stephenson;
Great
Chief
elected
were
meeting.
first
the
charter,
worthy
of
or
Great
Council
warrant
reproduction.
of
It
instituted
outside
which
authority, under
was
as
follows
"
of
it
ORGANIZATION
CHARTER
GRANTED
AT
GREAT
THt
TO
COUNCIL*
COLUMBIA
GREAT
COUNCIL
OF
BY
YE,
DISTRICT
THE
OF
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
MEN.
THAT
\\'hereas,The
of the said
OF
THE
MARYLAND,
RED
KNOW
261
BALTIMORE.
General
body
the
State
of
Maryland
the session
at
in the years of 1837 and 1838,did pass an

porating
incoract
Council of the Improved Order of Red Men
of the State of
Great
Maryland, which
of the
Assembly
held
is to be found
Act
in
Chapter 181 of the said enactments;

said Great
of Maryland has, by virtue of the
Council
it,established three subordinate Tribes of the said Improved
And, whereas, The

power
vested
in
Order
of Red
Men
in the District of Columbia
And, whereas, The
said subordinate
No.
2, and
form
respectively
petitionedthe Great
to
Anacostia
constitute
of Red
Order
its duties and
No.
Men, and
for
the
Powhattan
"
of
District
of
Council
of the
Council
Great
3, all of
Tribes:
i, Osceola
No.
Columbia, have
in
due
Maryland for the privilege
District of Columbia
of the
charter to protect it in the lawful
Improved
dischargeof
maintaining of its rightsand
the
privileges,
Maryland does hereby grant to the
said applicantsrepresentedby John A. Stephenson, Z. K. Offutt and T. H.
Wannart
of Powhattan
Tribe, No. I ; Hugh Latham, Lewis H. Hopkins and
of
Howell
Osceola, No. 2 ; William
Tucker, Peyton Page and A. G.
John
of Anacostia,No. 3, the privilege
Council of the
Herold
to organizea Great
of the said Order, and grants to it the exercise of all the
and govern the said Tribes,and
and powers
to presideover
rights,privileges
Therefore,the
Tribes
all other
said
Great
of
Council
the said Great
Council
of the District of Columbia
establish in the said District,

according to the usage
the said Great
Council
And
Great
the
said
with
participate
Great
Council
the
Council
alter any of the usages

without the approbation and
to
Great
Council
of the United
right to
become
to
of
of
States
and
customs
the
of the other Great
concurrence
States,that
are
or
may
dispensationsand
be
of Red
shall not
to
power
establishment
principlesof
or
the
Order
And
body politic.
possess
Maryland in the
the said Improved
of the District of Columbia
In ratification of all the above
Council
the
considered
shall be
Council
Great
of the United
the said Great
But
shall further have

Council
after
here-
may
of the Order.
of
Men.
have
power
said
Order
Councils, or the
hereafter established.
agreement, the said
Great
of
in Beaver
suns
Maryland does on this third sun of the first seven
of the grand sun
moon
5605 (November 4, 1845),duly install the following
chiefs into the respective
of the District of
offices of the said Great Council
William
Columbia, viz. :
Tucker, Great
Joseph Wannels, Great Sachem;
Senior
Sagamore; John A. Stephenson, Great Junior Sagamore; James
Mundell, Great Prophet; John Howell, Great Keeper of Records; and
"
This
Great
Keeper of Wampum.
charter to remain
in full force
complies with
so
the
long as
the said Great
conditions
and
Council of the
requirements herein
262
ORDER
IMPROVED
OF
and so long as at least five Past

specified,
its jurisdiction
Tribes working under
are
is declared
this charter
the
from
source
Given
by
forfeited and
which
virtue of
Council
Beaver
of
and
effect,
none
in
the
in
Maryland, on this third

grand sun
5605, with
of the second
sun
seal of
the
"
time
some
PURDEN,
GUSTAV
OTTO,
WILLIAM
H.
HOOPER,
WILLIAM
G.
GORSUCH,
of that
Council
of
forming
the
previous to
District
of the
event,
returned
to
the
seven
of
suns
Great
Council
Maryland
body
supreme
United
had
States.
of
been
to
be
G.
M.
Sachem.
Sen.
Sag.
G.
W.
Jun. Sag.
Prophet pro
tern.
Keeper of Wampum.
organizationof
this
minds
W.
M.
G.
Keeper of Records.
and
of Columbia,
the
W.
M.
JAMES
WERNER,
Council
be
resolution
XJOHN MEISER,
For
is to
the
Otherwise,
same.
affixed thereto.
Maryland
Attest
good standing of
of the
passed by the Great Council o^

Logan Wigwam in the cityof Baltimore, on the 6th
of Travellingmoon
in the grand sun
suns
5605,and
the cityof Washington by the undersigned chiefs of
unanimous
of
in
moon
of
Sachems
members
it emanated.
Maryland, assembled
sleep of the third seven
signed and delivered
the Great
of
MEN.
RED
the
occupied
known
as
in
doubtless
of
members
with
the
the
the
Great
tion
anticipa-
the
Great
subject of
Great
Council
of
necessityof having a higher or supreme

organizationwith control and authorityover the Great Councils
which might be organizedto spread the Order
in other hunting
fested,
grounds, and whose organization,
judging from the spiritmaniseemed
probablein the near future, was at length brought
tion
to the notice of the membership by a communicamore
forcibly
from
Great
The
the Great
Council
of the former
of
of
to
Maryland
institutingnew
Council
Maryland,
of the
relative
grant charters
had
reserved
Tribes
to
the
the part of the
would
have
resulted
Great
in
new
to
the
right and
Tribes.
The
to
attempt
Council
conflict of
of the
to
the
execute
the
authority
Great
cil
Coun-
rightof granting charters
in all localities except
Columbia, and, consequently,any

on
District
and
of
this power
District of Columbia,
and to avoid such

authority,
conflict it was
determined
of the
Council
to organizethe Great
United
States with supreme
all Great
Councils,
authorityover
and to organizeTribes outside of Maryland and the District of
without
Columbia.
But
this important step was
taken
not
great deliberation, the membership of the Order
seemingly
a
ORGANIZATION
avoid
desiringto
haste
263
tifiat
may
result
follow
undue
action.
lution
5606 (January,1846),a resoearlypart of Cold moon,
was
adopted by the Great Council of Maryland to appoint
committee
to inquireinto the expediency of forming the Great
the
In
unfavorable
any
inconsiderate
or
BALTIMORE.
AT
of the United
Council
that it
such
take
of Great
Sachem
Sachem
Great
George
Fastie.
7th
of Corn
sun
The
Past
and
formed
send
to
Past
Council
of the
elected
and
three
Past
one
District
the
the Great
into
of the
committee
the
body
permanent
Council, and
sent
States.
United
The
notifythe
and
In the meantime
sent
to
Sachems,
Great
instructed
delegateto
of the
Council
Council
District
of
Council
resolution
the Great
Great
by
form
munication
com-
the
declined
the Great
of Records
send
to
was
Tribe
to
body.
of
the
delegates;
take part, and
This
Council
States
sentatives
Repre-
Council
to
nulled
an-
States,
as
each
Great
Great
eligible
the supreme
Maryland.
of the United
Chief
as
and
of the United
requesting that body
Council
of
Council
Past
not
also
was
the Great
opened,"
as
the Great
passage
"that
States, except
this resolution
Council, and
Great
of Columbia,
informed
so
United
eligible
Maryland on the I3th sun of

13, 1846),-requestingthat body
represent it at a meeting of the
proposed Great
Sachem
communication
but
of the
be
The
of
to
Council
members,
said
to
send
Great
should
Maryland, however, ignored the request

alone
resolution making Past Great Sachems
members
the
on
months.
seven
of
the
as
report
continued.
none
of the Great
Sachem
Great
self-constituted
Council
Council
5606 (November
moon,
Sachem
Great
of
space
that
its members
to the Great
Beaver
Past
committee
the
actingon
for the formation
nucleus
and
in the Great
have
to
seems
James Purden,
favorable
the
resolution
passed a
Sachems,
Great
for
accepted
membership
to
made
the
consisted
committee
Sachem
to
5606 (September, 1846), having had the
moon,
was
Council
Great
committee
consideration
report
The
Ketler, and
George
The
under
matter
Council.
Otto, Past Great
Gustav
mine
deter-
expedient,it was
empowered
toward
that object and report
Great
the
to
that committee
and
necessary
steps necessary
taken
action
Past
was
should
States, and
resulted
of
in
Maryland,
shall be forthwith
instructed
to
so
of the District of Columbia.
applicationshad
been
received
to
institute
ORDER
IMPROVED
264
two
No.
instituted.
never
granted
to
the
Logan Tribe.
from
latter
7, and
Philip,
explained
not
cause
some
was
Sachems
D. Lustre, L. Weber,
J. L. Muhlhoffer, togetherwith
lauf,and
No.
ter
duly organizedand a charPast Great
Sachem
:
followingapplicants
Past
Otto, and
Gustav
The
MEN.
RED
Wacusta,
"
former, however, from
The
8.
was
in Baltimore,
Tribes
new
OF
The
Tribe
of
number
A. Balbrethren
instituted in the latter part
was
5606 (1846). An
of
also received from a numwas

ber
application
to form
Mohegan Tribe, No. 9, at Cumberland,
granted.
of members
Md., which
was
this time
At
the
Tribe, No.
and
No.
No.
2, Anacostia
Powhattan
Tribe, No.
; the
Great
Tribe, No.
of
3, Met-
Tribe, No. 6,
Council
i, Osceola
Shawnee
3, and
Council
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No. 5, Uncas
8, of Maryland
of Columbia,
Great
of the
I, Pocahontas
4, Powhattan
PhilipTribe,
District
consisted
Tribe, No.
Maryland, Logan
amora
Order
of the
Tribe,
Tribe, No.
4, of
the District of Columbia.
Shortly after,a change

as
follows
in the
numbering
they became
the District of Columbia, and
under
Tribes
made
was
Powhattan
Tribe, No.
Anacostia
i, and
of the
known
Tribe, No.
Washington, D.C. ; Osceola, No. i, and Shawnee, No. 2,

of Virginia.
beloved
We
have nearly completed the earlyhistoryof our
Order from its earliest originup to the time of the organization
2, of
of the
Great
With
Council
of the
have
pleasurablepridewe
of Tribes, its added

in small
from
control
of the
read, the Great

Until
noted
this
its advance, its increase
membership, its wise administration
until,grown
jurisdictions,
advisable
deemed
States.
United
to combine
all smaller
Order
at
Council
in
stronger and
one
body, with representation

the
bodies,
authorityand
supreme
executive
large.
So
as
we
will
now
States.
Council
Maryland had held

and justly
sway, from, or through the rightof priority,
body,which resulted from the forming of the Improved
supreme
so, for
Order
of
Red
Men
Great
formed,
was
of the United
period,the
of power
larger,it was
should
infancy at least,until its

its members, that they were
establish branches, and
have
noble
teach
and Charity.
Friendship,
supreme
control
principleswere
fitted
the
of
to
go
among
so
of it, in its
familiar
to
strangers and
golden principlesof Freedom,
266
IMPROVED
hereafter
alter,amend,
known
are
and
be
to
benefits
of
the said
by
General
the
character
good
and
Laws,
RED
OF
and
adopt ;
or
arisingtherefrom:
hereby empowered
with
ORDER
MEN.
administer
to
all
to
Brothers
who
in
and
society,the privileges
standing
said
the
they,
Logan Tribe, No. i, are
Great
Council to enact
By-Laws in accordance
of the said Great
subject to all amendments
and
of Red Men, for the government of their said

Improved
and
Tribe; and, provided that the said Logan Tribe, No. i, do in all matters
pointsact according to the usages and customs
adopted by the Great Council,
and
they, the said Logan Tribe, No. i, are hereby bound to adhere to and
Council
of the
support
the
articles
and
adhering to
and
Order
amendments
or
supportingthe
declare, or
or
away,
suspend
Charter, as the said Council

the
Legislatureof the
thousand
eight hundred
by
one
witness
In
whereof,
subscribed
in the
our
names
United
eight hundred
and
we,
with
articles delivered
in default of which, the said Great

take
are
State
and
by
I4th day
the
said
officers of the
and
affixed the seal of the Great
of America, the 2ist
States
thirty-eight.
Great
WILLIAM
B.
unexplained
some
FASTIE,
KETLER,
MILLER,
Tribe, No.
of the
3,
of Pocahontas
No.
the
until the
2/th
W.
G.
of
charter
thousand
W.
G.
S.
G. S. S.
W.
G.
J.
S.
P.
G. C. of R.
W.
HENNA,
unto
here-
Pocahontas
Hunting moon,
1838),although the then presiding
sun,
of that Tribe.
(See charter
Tribe, No. 3.)

of
case
2, this
issued
year (December 27,

member
Sachem
was
a
same
Great
In
not
was
W.
A.D.
of Maryland,
one
BURKE,
GEORGE
the
cause,
Council
AUGUST
THOMAS
passed
of March,
of March,
day
Act
an
Council, have
the
JOHN
From
do
to
so
sation
Dispen-
or
their decision,may
this
of none
effect,
at
void, and
fullyempowered
of Maryland on
thirty-eight.
and
Council,
this Charter
Council,
null and
as
of this Great
aforesaid
as
act
of
No.
Logan Tribe,
the
Great
and
i,
Council
was
Metamora
a
Tribe,
of
secondary act
Tribe, No. 2,
authority. Logan Tribe, No. i, and Metamora
of
derived its rightsand powers
from its institution as a branch
the
Order
from
the Great
Logan Tribe, No. i, which, when
Council
formed, of
was
as
the head
all its former
surrendered
course,
of the Order, and
thority
au-
itself subordinate
became
of the Great Council

of Maryland, formed
higher power
by Representativesfrom both Tribes, in grand sun
5595 (A.D.
1835). IR issuingthe charters of the Tribes here referred to,
to
the
who
and
the
Great
Council
inserted
occupied the stumps

not
to
the
the
names
at the
originalmembers
date
who
of the chiefs of the Tribe

of
issuing these
applied
to
have
charters,
the
Tribes
ORGANIZATION
AT
this has
instituted, and
267
BALTIMORE.
of
seeming confusion
brethren
dates, and led some
attempting to arrive
astray when
formation
at the date of original
and seniority
of the first Tribe.
T. Jones
No
one
disputes that George A. Peter, and William
of Logan Tribe, No. i, at its institution,
were
originalmembers
but the charter of Logan Tribe, No. i, contains the following:
given
rise
to
"
FRIENDSHIP,
FREEDOM,
GREAT
THE
To
WHOM
COUNCIL
IT
QF
IMPROVED
ORDER
RED
OF
MEN.
CONCERN:
MAY
that the Great
Know
MARYLAND
CHARITY.
Council
of
Maryland, Improved
Order
of Red
Men,
doth
grant this Charter to the followingChiefs : Charles Treusch, Christie

Druff, Louis Toenis, Peter Nagle, William Segnell,J. W. Kratz.
Issued
this 2ist
be
To
known
Worm
sun
hailed
and
grand sun 5598.

Logan Tribe, No. i, Improved
moon,
as
Order
of Red
Men, etc.,etc.
Thus, it will be
Peter
William
nor
date is
grand
era
which
sun
seen
T.
Jones, appear
5508, 2ist Worm
anywhere
appears
is twice
be
"can
At
in
the
No
moon.
sun,
Flower
venerable
document,
Council
by
again
seal
in the
G. S.
of
mon
com-
the
upon
moon,
1893, this charter

discolored
of the
date
charter, and
of the. organization
of the Grand
George A.
charter, and the only
names,
plainimpress,and
2Oth
seen.
distinctly
the present writing,A.D.
of
of the
on
in the
affixed,once
colors of the Order, the date

the date
neither
that
5598,
Maryland,
is still in
age, but
in
istence,
ex-
good
preservation,
being glued to a strong linen or canvas
back
B. Burke,
is signed by William
to
prevent injury,and
Great
Senior
Sachem,
George Fastie, Great
Sagamore, and
other great chiefs of the Great Council of Maryland.
The
charter of Pocahontas
Tribe, No. 3, still hangs in the
than that of the
venerable
in appearance
more
wigwam, even
defunct
Logan Tribe, yet still perfectlylegible,and bears
the words
"Organized on the I2th day of May, 1838," on the
left-hand side of the vignette,
and the date, March
14, 1838, on
the right,the latter being the date of the incorporationof the
Great Council of Maryland, by the Maryland Legislature.
The charter is signed by the following Great
Chiefs : W. B.
Burke, Worthy Great Sachem ; George Fastie, Worthy Great
state
268
IMPROVED
Senior
;
of R. ;
the
OF
MEN.
RED
Sagamore; August Ketler, Worthy
Great
John Miller, Prophet ; Thomas

John Miller, Worthy Great K. of W.
; and
Junior Sagamore
Great
C.
Hanna, Worthy
followingchiefs of the Tribe

Lyster,Peter Green, Thomas
miah
W.
ORDER
E. Cook,
J. M.
William
B.
it is issued
to
Burke, Zefhe-
Hines, George W.
Stauffer,
E. Chamberlain.
On
the accuracy of the dates pertainingto the institution of

these three first Tribes depends the correctness
of the history
of the
Order.
Many of the earlyrecords of the Order have

been lost,or more
probably,wantonly destroyed,as they have
been seen
never
by any member
of the Order since their removal
of the Great Council of the United States in tJie
from the office
Great Sun of Discovery375, at which
time a new
Chief
Great
of Records
was
elected,and a portionof the manuscript records
concealed or destroyed. Several attempts have been made
were
information as to their whereabouts,
to recover
them, or gain some
It
but no
positiveinformation has been obtained by any one.
of these records which
has caused disputeand
is the absence
confusion of dates and localities heretofore,existingpriorto the
research
contained
in this work, obtained
time, labor, and
of
of the
from
money,
after the
old books, documents,
old Tribes, records, and
information
from
manuscripts,and
oldest livingmembers
the
charters
evidence
of the
and
der,
Or-
contemporaneous historical data, as shown by the

followingletter from G. A. Peter, the founder of the Order:
as
well
derived
expenditure
as
"
CINCINNATI, Sept. 17, 1872.

PAST
GREAT
Esteemed
Improved
Order
Muirhead
formerly of
think that you

of the
GEORGE
SACHEM,
Brother
are
W.
of Red
LINDSAY:
your report of the
the information I received
examined
Having
"
Men, from
Philadelphiaand
very
accurate
in its
other
old members
history,and
originof
from
of the
the
Brother
Order,
from and afterthe organization

in
to its correctness
certify

We
severed our connection
with
Men
that was
instituted in Baltimore by
the old Society of Red
subscribed
Brother William
he
to
an
Muirhead,
having
agreement to become
and support the Improved Order of Red Men.
a member
in the bonds ot F. F. and C.
Yours fraternally
Men
I can
organizationof the
GEORGE
Brother
George
Tribe, and Brother

the
Improved Order
A.
Peter
William
of Red
the
was
T.
first Sachem
Jones, the first Great
Men-
A.
of
PETER.
Logan
Sachem
of
ORGANIZATION
AT
BALTIMORE.
269
)
letter written
by
point, it having been
Weishampel, who
back some
fortyyears,
F.
to
which
Men,
misled
was
and
he
credit
writer
Richard
has
on
Brother
mistook
of
John
recollections,dating
his
by
of the
one
settlement
the
disputed by
the chieftaincies,awarding
occasions
many
consulted
his death, who
Marley,priorto
members
to
to
in the light of
indisputably,
George A. Peter.
evidence, belongs to Brother

The
much
time
one
Peter
Jones the credit of founding the Improved Order
Brother
of Red
at
A.
George
this work, contributes
compilers of
this
Brother
of the Order, and
whose
was
active
with
other
Brother
of the earliest
one
membership
him
made
reliable
most
stated
authority. He always most
emphatically
of Logan
the first Sachem
George A. Peter was
that Brother
Tribe, No.
Brother
i, and
other
Marley's statement.
distinguishedhonor
This
of that Tribe
aged members
was
conferred
corroborate
Brother
on
Peter
for
of
reclaimingthe name
from
it had
Red
Man
the disgrace and
obloquy into which
in organizing
fallen among
other societies,and for his success
the first Tribe of the Improved Order
of Red
Men.
He was
his earnest,
foremost
in the
founder
hearts
honest, and
devoted
work, and
of the Order
his
in
work
will
name
long as Redmanship
so
be
revered
has
the
as
place
in
the
of its members.
It may
not
be out
of
place to
say here, that from
time
to
time,
preceding the organizationof the

received
Great Council
of the United
were
States, applications
and petitions
granted to form Tribes in distant hunting grounds,
specialauthoritybeing given to brothers deputized for the purpose.
during the
But
thirteen
when
organized, there
Red
great
suns
the Great
existed
no
Council
of the
United
Tribes
of the
Improved
States
Order
was
of
anywhere except in Maryland,District of Columbia,

and Virginia.
We
thus brought down
are
to the period when
a
supreme
seemed
with
shared
body
authority,
equally,in a
necessary
and
other
representative capacity,by all the Great Councils
bodies subordinate
to it. In
chapters VII and VIII is given
the
Men
historyof
the United
time.
that supreme
States,from
body, named
its institution
in
the Great
1847 down
Council
to
of
the present
CHAPTER
ORGANIZATION
IN
AT
somewhat
The
facts
and
It must
claims
sixty
was
human
upon
lacks
the
for
the
of
given
as
the
In
evidence
Tribe
date,
in
established
different
indicate
Byrns
(Burns), 5th
the
at
of the
reason
recites
this
under
referred
On
to,
another
and
as
Maryland."
on
in
account
we
given
writing
and
do
in
end
of
and
records,
establish
the
present
each, and
then
soundest
the
upon
this
is to
sustain
based
are
stated,
matters
can
to
account
an
view
the
sumption
pre-
following
counter-claim
the
the
Society
of
the
country.
cerning
con-
the
by
this
of the
the
Stone"
in
he
in
Roll,
that
epidemic prevailing
was
as
when
in
all
Tribe
by
up
apparently
in
never
he
1826
"
The
M.
of
broken
Florida,
is entered
it is inferred
there
John
organized
was
Maryland.
270
Stone,"
Walk-in-the-Water
Muster
were
facts
Generalissimo
government
Eye"
"Iron
"
Men
The
became
which
the
to
that
states
time
which
and
1820,
mate
approxi-
General-in-Chief
was
which
the
of 'Red
Iron
"
or
of
given
was
of
at
letter
shown
From
With
1818,
"Eagle
Roll
late Past
are
documents
rests
Carolina,
and
fact,
appointment
in Mexico,
in
his
In
we
dates
the
given
Major-General,
plague
reorganized.
All
which
parts
South
Charleston,
the
by
disappearance, might
Minowakinton,
that
Tribes
southern
the
official
branches
stated
of
fairly stated
chapter
which
at
made
Baltimore.
at
preceding
claims
state
preceding chapter.
of which
faulty, of
argument
plausibility.
to
time
many
the
judge
to
the
the
dispute.
the
necessary
those
are
unfortunate
beyond
reader
that
of
VERSION.
Gorham.
always
their
conflicting claims,
is
and
ago,
facts
exact
leave
H.
verification
but
stated
ANOTHER
in the
those
that
memory,
the
which,
thus
Morris
years
seems
with
remembered
be
it
variance
at
Incohonee,
Great
BALTIMORE.
all concerned,
justice to
made
VI.
held
an
"Little
Oak"
"Eagle
Eye"
Marinus
W.
Pike.
in
"commanding
he
that
left
ton,
Charles-
city,he
pro
ORDER
IMPROVED
272
in
Major-General "commanding
Rolls
such
when
or
command
Marley
SplitLog," but
Brother
"
"
; but
held.
or
rolls is neither
"
appointment,
The
title
Eagle Eye
was
Eagle Eye
of
"
'the
was
the
members
the
of
name
Society.
of
nor
as
to
It is
the
the
Society in
of Marley ; and, recallingthe custom
Philadelphiaby the name
sanguinity
already alluded to in the former chapter, of expressing conat adoption,we
by the title given to a member
may
Roll No. I,
infer that William
on
Marley, whose name
appears
of February 4, 1817, with
under
date
the title of Toxus
of
Moose
Deer," was
Norridgewock, or
undoubtedly the father
Roll No. 2,
of William
on
name
Cooper Marley, whose
appears
Moose
with the title of Norridgewrigwock, or "Young
Deer,"
and that he was
the brother of Richard
name
Marley, whose
pears
apRoll No. 2, with the title of Metawa
of Chippewa, or
on
Deer's Brother," and subsequently,having attained the
Moose
rank of 3d Major-General,as "commanding
in Maryland,"with
sub-title of
the new
SplitLog's Brother."
The superscription
the letter cited indicates that it was
upon
addressed
to the
5th Major-General." The 5th Major-General
Iron
Stone."
It is
was
or
John M. Byrns, Minowakinton,
There
were
no
than
five
given
"
"
mistaken
however, that Brother Marley was
possible,
date of kindlingthe council fire in Maryland.
less
ter
Mus-
"
"
first Generalissimo
these
on
of
the time
SplitLog's Brother."
W. Pike, and
Split Log
Shallus, the
Francis
exercised
these
MEN.
RED
Maryland"
indicate
to
was
on
of Marinus
name
date
no
appears
OF
"
"
"
"
"
claimed
than
we
that there
confusion
have
would
of names,
already
seen,
less likelihood
be
as
was
the
name
of confusion
held
by
one
frequentlytransferred
rank
brother,
to
as
another
originalholder, or upon the occasion of

his severing his connection
all these
with the Society. From
data, it is claimed that Richard Marley could not have organized
in Maryland in 1820, four years before his admission
to
a Tribe
the Society,as recorded
Book.
on
page
209 of the Minute
other names
with
in
the Order
Among
given in connection
Baltimore, at different dates, are Dr. Matthias
Lopez, Captain
Jacob Warner, Jacob Winn, John Flaherty, Light Stick,"
"Little
Wasp," "Wolf
Rapid," John Braceland, "Bald Eagle's
Eye," Benjamin Vantassel, David Sweetman, Captain Moore,
upon
the
death
of the
of
"
ORGANIZATION
BALTIMORE.
AT
273
I)
Face,"
"Iron
appearing
on
and
Jacob Johnston.
the
Muster
Maryland.
Where
brother,
have
we
have
given, we
the
on
Roll.
Richard
the
said
in
it,under
with
of
name
been
the
is not
name
designated
furnished
by
alreadyestablished
operation until about the
in
continued
1820
it became
revive
to
real
have
to
names
that the Tribe
Marley, it is stated
made
the
give
only
in connection
records
records
information
1824, when
year
and
the
are
quoted it ; and where the real

he was
quoted the title by which
On
Baltimore
at
Roll
These
In
dormant.
direction
the
effort
1829, an
of Richard
was
Marley, 3d
Major-General,and was successful to the extent that the Tribe

It continued
attained a membership of about
to exist for
150.
and
a
period of three or four years, with alternatingsuccess
depression,until it finally
expired.
In
1833, William
Red
Men
Withea
was
in Baltimore.
Great
This
Incohonee
is stated
fact
in
Philadelphia,
1866.
gentleman
was
admitted
Recording
Scribe
operations. The
Muirhead
George Knorr,
that
he
there
had
in
when
the
1833
Great
was
and
United
Great
Society
Chief
the
established
It is
alleged that
J. Loudenslager, of
that
the
was
the
last
latter
Grand
in
Philadelphia ceased
to
him
is that
William
of
Brigadier-Generalunder
of the Society,and
Generalissimo
established
verification
further
furnished
of Records
Chief
Muirhead
and
by
the
of the
late
Great
the
of
Society
this fact is
John L. Booker,
Council
of Records
of the
Great
have
joined
between
minutes
the
dated
must
His
1821.
of 1816, and
of
the
as
of
Council
land,
Maryof the
States.
William
1818
1824, and
Baltimore, and
given by manuscripts
who
1833.
attributed
I^34."
or
quoted
Muirhead
in
second
to
gone
is
remembered
commission
the
also
Thomas
by
It will be
statement
"held
who
the year
confirmed
was
upon
"
or
that William
in
Societyof
Hospitality,"resided
the authorityof Past
Marley,
authorityfor the statement

the Society in Baltimore
in the
name
Missouri,
of
Richard
this statement
whose
Muirhead,
November
earnest
7, 1821.
aid
member
on
of his
first mention
and
Brigadier-General
active and
is not
name
to
of
the
the
the
is upon
name
He
old
years of
Book
Account
the
had
manuscript
attained
He
Generalissimo.
Order, and
was
the
was
rank
an
for many
IMPROVED
274
proprietorof
years
Street
in Bank
Market
tribute
Societyof
should
Red
is stated
It
that
the
Tribes
12,
1834, "his
to
of the
revive the
Society of
of D.
the house
this time
connection
with
Tribe.
to
He
the
of
of William
name
as
March
on
the
tion
organiza-
Maryland, No.
he
T.
I, at
was
the
in
Jones appears
able
an
of
he carried
of
brothers
that
organizingthe
respectablecitizen of
manently
per-
Robert,
son
Street, Fell's Point."
Bond
on
Order, and
is described
himself
of his
and
city,
of which
Men.
of former
Tribe
Men,
in his work
Muirhead
for many
where
Red
the
that
admitted
out
fullyaccomplished by
McDonald
About
assistant
assistance
the
Society in
was
purpose
and
services
being
Baltimore,
at
get togethera sufficient number
to
of his

Muirhead, having established
in Baltimore, with
began
the time
Tribe
his faithful
to
of the
first Tribe
the
Chestnut
sign of Robert Burns.

been
assigned to William
life,common
justicerequires
rendered
of the
public entertainment
the
from
Men
until the establishment

grew
be
of
Lane), between
of his
days
MEN.
RED
house
have
may
in the latter
proper
the
to
well-known
weakness
Muirhead
OF
(oppositeElbow
It is known
by
streets.
Whatever
that
ORDER
business
and
willing
above-named
Fell's Point,
of
shipping
the respect particularly
of
master, in which
occupation he won
he became
Man
and when
the seamen,
Red
he was
a
given the
Seaman's
Friend."
title of
John F. Weishampel, Sr., of
Lancaster, Pa., is quoted as additional authorityfor the fact of
above
have
the organizationof the Tribe
mentioned, and we
alreadyquoted from his address in 1837 concerning the events
of himself
and others to whom, as
leadingup to the withdrawal
dress
adhe alleged,
the associations were
distasteful.
In the same
years
on
"
he makes
further
time after, in the
"Some
statement
grand
sun
follows
as
of
"
1834,Mr. William
had belonged to
T.
Jones proposed
lodge of Red
Men
justmentioned, to organizea new
Men, upon the principle
and
of a Beneficial Order; and soon
a number
joined him in the enterprise,
formed.
At what time in the grand
was
Logan Tribe, No. I, of Red Men
it
But
I do not distinctly
remember.
did not go long until they found
sun
itself to
that the convivial character of the old lodge had unjustlyattached
refused to join it. It
the new
Order, and that on that account
persons
many
And
that we
then agreed upon
would change the name.
to kill the prewas
vailing
to
number
of his friends,some
of whom
Tribe
the
of Red
'
'
it was
prejudice,
proposedby one
member
to
layaside
the
name
Red
ORGANIZATION
and
the
BALTIMORE.
AT
275
of
'Aborigines1 (the originalinhabitants).

had a littleimpediment in his speech,
objected to that,'for,1said he, 'I can't say Abborigdegenerees.' The name
then
of Improved Red
Men'
'Order
was
proposed and adopted. At the
F.
council
fire
next
Weishampel, Sr., proposed to reconsider the former
J.
and
the name,
to place the qualifying
action upon
term
'Improved' upon the
the members, and so suggested the transposition
Order, instead of upon
to
Men'
But
'
adopt
old man,
one
is made,
and
Order,
he
that
initiated.
at that time
T.
Weishampel
names
given on
Logan Tribe.
(We have alreadyreferred to
in the organization,
and shown
than
the
Society of Red Men
which
of
this
was
in
his
himself
146, as
house, and
that
(Weishampel)
also recalls among

page
of the
Tribe, and
Logan
he
quotation
the founder
effected
Sachem
as
Mr.
the
Jones
first Sachem
of service
term
from
organizationwas
the
also
was
William
Mr.
the
that
during his
was
in the document
that
states
"
Men.'
Weishampel,
Mr.
Lucas, who
B.
of Red
Order
Improved
cognomen
Peter
the
members
the
among
bers
mem-
of
While
the
members
been
council
been
have
of that
time.
the
passed
canter"
"de-
done
during the
regular business
all the
these
uses
not
am
prepared to
'
since the
The
palefacesquaws
of
matter
ing
burnhad
the Order
and
say how
and
by
extended
beneficial
our
young
is about
these, when
we
and
Maryland and hold

was
organized
Order
Street,Fell's Point."
in
Territories
of
semi-centennial
the
grand
sun
our
for charitable
paid out
Many
250.
of
years'
dear
great country,
a
secured
are
to
half-hundred
will most
celebration
1834, in
have
us
as
dead, will share",
are
right,all the advantages,rights,and

And
let me
add, that before
organic laws.
rolled round, the Improved Order of Red Men
all the States
society,he
Order, of but three
benefits which
to
is
this address, after
has been
wampum
organizationof
papooses,
St.
on
"
much
of members
was
tions
quota-
fuller reference
which
to
these
delivered
its
have
to
number
which
address
an
1837,
from
concludingportionof
In the
words
significant
purposes
existence.
Weishampel,
12,
the fact that
referringto
the
not
is contained
made,
later.
necessary
back
this
of Mr.
Tammany's Day, May
suns
Societies
may
was
prominent
applicableto the
more
no
kindred
fire,but when
pamphlet
have
them
was
element
concluded.)
In the
"
it
individuals
frequently,yet
too
of the
as
the convivial
grand
likelyhave
and
then
come
in Baltimore, where
wigwam
on
Thames
ORDER
IMPROVED
276
the
No.
I."
and
brotherly love
The
"for
Order
title of this
or
of the
than
Article
shall be
'
to
lished
estab-
of
code
Society,Tribe of Maryland,
religion
By-Laws was, "True
assist the
self
to
the
Tribe
is made
visit and
to
that
stated
benefit."
mutual
Surely no
loftysentiment
Preamble
The
is this
MEN.
keep one's
organizationcould
more
or
purer
reference
these
upon
RED
existence
Men's
Red
"
and
affliction,
world."
the
a
motto
in
fatherless
the
Muirhead,
by William
adopted by
laws
of
evidence
additional
As
OF
foundation
have
declares that
Red
themselves
"the
style
name,
of the
Men
on
in this motto.
united
members
and
unspotted from
is contained
The
widows
Tribe
of
"
Then
follow twenty-two articles,defining
Maryland, No. I.'
out
Withthe Society should be managed.
the machinery by which
giving these articles in detail,we will refer to the points
to take
covered
Meetings were
place every Monday
by them.
in winter
7 o'clock
at
constituted
8 o'clock
and
There
quorum.
were
in
Five
summer.
brothers
five officers,Generalissimo,
Captain-General,Second
Captain-General,Treasurer, and
was
Recording Scribe, and the Generalissimo
given power to
Major-Generals, four aids, three warriors, and a
appoint two
The first Captain-Generalhad power
Grand
Recording Scribe.
aid.
to appoint two
aids, and the Second
Captain-General one
First
The
of office
term
assisted
by
was
months.
three
the two
Generalissimo
The
Captain-Generals.
The
sided,
pre-
duties of the
those usuallyperformed
Recording Scribe and Treasurer were
initiation fee was
one
no
dollar, and
by such officers. The
of age.
The
or
over
21
was
eligibleunder
45 years
person
dues were
bership
Applications for memtwenty-fivecents a month.
were
required to be in writing,countersigned by a
brother, and accompanied by one-half of the initiation fee. The
referred
make
to
committee
to
a
applicationwas
necessary
and at its report a ballot was
had, and one-third of the
inquiries,
ballots being opposed the applicantwas
rejected. The members
became
receive
beneficial
three
was
"
immoral
dollars per
made
ft,however,
in twelve
to
his
the
months,
and
then
were
proper
officer and
seemed
indisposition
laid before
to
cation
provided appliduring disability,
week
to
the Council."
paid.
originatedfrom
his dues
have
conduct, his benefit shall be withheld
investigated and
entitled
were
until his
Provision
was
case
be
made
ORGANIZATION
BALTIMORE.
AT
paying benefits to distant members

physicianor two respectablewitnesses.
for
elective officers had

funeral
the money
to be
fund for this purpose
expenses,
relative.
The
brother
each
to allow
power
forfeited
weeks
thirteen
In
testimony of
paid
defray the
or
nearest
provided by assessing
was
made
was
member
any
his benefits.
to
the widow
to
of death, the
case
twenty dollars
of fines, and
for non-payment
the
on
Provision
twenty-fivecents.
277
Article
in
for suspension
for
arrears
provided that
conduct
being guilty of immoral
whereby the
"any member
be
disgraced,attempting to impose on it, or
Society may
divulgethe secrets of the Order, may be suspended or expelled
the Council
think proper."
as
may
The
were
more
properlyrules of order governing
By-Laws
them
several important general
were
debate, although among
one
regulations. Among other provisionswas
fixinga penalty
introduced
of fiftycents
who
a
or
political
upon
any member
inasmuch
it
as
significant
religiousdispute. Section 18 was
a
Man, applying to become
provided that
every Ancient Red
of this council fire,shall send a written
member
applicationby
the
of a brother
On
death
it was
a
brother, etc."
provided
22
"
"
"
with
badge
of
printed by
about
his funeral
ribbon, with
constitution, from
The
was
red
attend
and
furnish
himself
to
appropriateinscription,
the left breast.
on
wear
should
member
that each
one
year
R.
which
the
J. Matchet,
subsequent
to
above
extracts
Baltimore, in the
the
are
taken,
year
1835,
allegedorganizationof
the
Tribe.
Section
Ancient Red
By-Laws, in its reference to
Men," is cited as a verbal acknowledgment of the existence of
the former
of Red
Men, and
organizationbearing the name
having similar features,and avowing the same
generalprinciples
of which the Tribe of Maryland was
the successor.
Attached
and among
to this constitution
were
printed forty-five
names,
these may
be mentioned
John Buckingham, Stephen Burgess,
T. Jones, Peter B. Lucas,
George Fastaff (Fastie?),William
William
named
Muirhead, and
"
George
John Buckingham,
"
Men
18 of the
in
had
Hospitality,"
Philadelphia.
"
A. Peter.
Two
Gannynipper,"and
been
members
of the
of the members,
William
Society of
head,
MuirRed
278
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
MEN.
RED
Following the organizationof this Tribe, it is claimed on the

authorityof the manuscript records of the Great Council of
of Maryland
Maryland, that earlyin the year 1835, the members
Tribe, No. I., took the necessary
preliminary steps towards
establishinga
"lengthening the chain of friendship,"and
Six delegateswere
chosen
authorityfor the Order.
supreme
for the purpose.
Three
by the Tribe and given ample power
of
these
Past
were
The
The
the
2Oth
Skillman,
of the
Chiefs
others
T.
and
of their
T.
in the
moon
and
appointment, when
called to
Jones, was
to
on
goes
Chief
Peter,
meeting
Seaman's
of
choice
Sachem
;
;
"
"
William
Hospitality,"
True
of Union,"
Edward
Walk,"
Friend,"
of Union,"
of
was
Peter, Grand
also elected
Hair," Charles
Wigwam.
At a meeting
resolution
Skillman,
of the .Grand
Chief
of
be
that
remembered
at
this
Reading was in existence, and continued

that
1850, although it is fair to presume
unable
to
hence
presumed
Tribe
at
good
communication
secure
that
it
with
became
Philadelphia. Otherwise
ground
to
dispute the
May
Guard
so
of
late
the
the
Reading Tribe,
defunct
there
as
Muirhead
Brother
like
would
legitimacy of
who
Tribe
the
the
the
have
Grand
brothers
time
as
1835,
25,
of the
supremacy
providing for the punishment

might attempt to set up an oppositionCouncil.
and
Wampum,
appointed Grand
Council, and
(It must
; "Links
Verdict,"
"True
Council, held
adopted declaringthe
was
Senior
Prophet
Scribe;
was
the
Sagamore
Junior Sagamore ;
Grand
Grand
in
Jones, for Grand
T.
Lucas, Grand
Edward
the
quent
subse-
resulted
Muirhead, Grand
Joseph Branson,
George A.
Lucas,
"Camel's
of
Verdict,"
of the
"Cock
Friend," William
Seaman's
"
held, which
was
in
ance
pursu-
was
election
an
on
1835,"
in
appointed Scribe, and "Cock

At
Walk," Joseph Branson, took the Sagamore's seat.
A.
George
"
assembled
chair; "Links
the
that
state
named
"
were
Lucas.
of Blossoms,
season
Past
Muir-
Edward
Street, Fell's Point,
Thames
on
William
Representatives
Representativesjust
"
tives
Representa-
were
Jones,
the
this is taken
5th
and
wigwam
William
three
William
were
which
from
day
old
"
and
Peter, Captain Joseph Branson,
account
the Past
the
Charles
A.
George
Chiefs
Past
and
head,
Chiefs,
at
year
was
and
mother
been
assumption
280
IMPROVED
Tribe
of
ORDER
Maryland
was
organized March
was
not
1834,
admitted
shown
as
in the
1835
'
its
its
own
old
Tribe
Reading
which
Tribe
to
Society
it
organizationof
The
until
of
copy
May
19,
which
is
claim
G.
its
Red
Men,
changed
to
'The
the
Council
that
C.
U.
S. "was
Order
adopted
appears
is claimed
William
of
T.
Order.
".
on
Red
in the
to
our
was
i,
delphia,
Phila-
at
failure
and
No.
the
of
only
rights
of
its
true
of
the
eign
sover-
Men'
Red
Order,
the
until
the
United
States."
reasons
given, disputes
who
Great
How
of
Incohonee
the
first gave
Order."
that
name
name
preceding chapter.
authority of John
the
Jones
same
brother
Men
the
and
issued, the
was
Improved
Peter, afterwards
the
it
the
over
of the
for the
A.
George
of
from
Tribe
is
priority,
to
since
Maryland
mother
of
has
created
Maryland,
institute
Order
authority
ized
organ-
has
title,by virtue
supreme
Great
of
authority
which
its
by
was
existence
reason
the
land,
Mary-
of Maryland
in
own
the
to
right
to
Maryland
Tribe
Tribe
old
Maryland, by
of
shown
as
Council
its
commission
assert
Tribe
present time, but
the
the
of
Grand
derives
authority,and
same
Improved
that
Tribe
Peter
Street, Fell's Point, May
charter, every
successor
of
exercised
It
A.
George
1836,
12,
by authority of
the
of
legitimate
'
May
Council
to
delegates of
existed
power,
was
1833, but
year
of the
members
the
as
exist down
Council
Grand
the
wigwam
to
the
by
the
said
in Thames
organization, and
which
and
until
'
dispensation,or
through
old
withdrawing
that, inasmuch
ceased
by
'
that
manuscript (a
fourth, that the Grand
at the
and
Booker
organized
not
charter
never
the
by
was
20,
the
the
possession of the editor); third, that Logan Tribe, which
formed
was
by
in
membership
MEN.
in
second,
1834;
12,
to
RED
in existence
not
was
OF
the
founder
and
F.
Weishampel, Sr.,
first Sachem
of
the
CHAPTER
GREAT
WITH
COUNCIL
this
the
last council
An
held
interest
themselves
On
the
1847,
sleep
ist
in the
which
for
with
accordance
Council
of
Sachems
Gustav
Purden,
Otto,
admitted
Booker
; Grand
Charles
Tribe,
of
Uncas,
Grand
Sachem
The
of
Improved
Order
Grand
stated
that
Great
was
body,
and
sleep, 2d
the
of Red
of
Laws
5 ;
Grand
James
sentatives
repre-
No.
L.
John
; Past
William
chosen
was
Great
Past
Sachem
of
Burgess,
Philip, No.
council
suns,
the
3 ;
Logan
penny,
Half-
"
Somerville,
of
8.
Chairman,
of
object
of
the
and
meeting
United
the
Grand
the
was
States
Bonsai, Meiser,
Gorsuch,
and
also
a
procure
fire
Snow
of the
Rules
and
to
appointed
were
Council,
appointed
seven
No.
the
by
of
the
Men.
Halfpenny
Great
the
in
Other
Pocahontas,
of
Council
Constitution, By- Laws,

of
Baltimore,
Sachem
Grand
J. Thomas
Ford,
Fastie
Sachems
Representative
30,
Secretary.
chairman
institution
January
Gorsuch.
5607,"
Meiser,
John
Stephen
Tribe,
Sachem
Booker,
Past
follows
J. Muhlhoffer,
6 ;
associated
present
were
G.
William
H.
to
incidents
moon,
Wigwam,
Bonsai,
Sachems
; William
who
Monday,
to
meeting
Louis
as
Past
down
early
previously adopted
and
Powhattan
No.
Past
the
of Cold
suns
Uncas
at
this
were
of
Council
is written.
individuals
seven
Junior Sagamore
Tydings
No.
5th
Fastie,
George
all
corresponds
At
Maryland.
history
to
the
to
resolution
Great
purpose.
held
was
this
attaches
that
era
meeting
time
the
of the
common
of the
record
preliminary organization
organization, and
together
"
to
up
necessarily
the
attending
the
(1847-1880).
STATES
the
begins
States, from
United
UNITED
OF
chapter
the
VII.
room
form
for
quenched
was
moon.
281
and
Otto
committee
Order
of
the
to
ment
governA
prayer.
meetings
meet
draft
to
for the
on
and
mittee
com-
of
the
the
ist
282
IMPROVED
Pursuant
ORDER
this the Great
to
OF
Council
RED
MEN.
again assembled
Uncas
at
Wigwam.
Representativeof
The
committee
The
that
orders.
the
The
was
considered
and
was
then
for
made
At
moon.
3d
it
and
the
directed
of the
Grand
moon,
3, of the
The
the
deferred
was
notifythe
Tribe
at
Constitution
was
Prayer
until
Great
was
Worm
chiefs for the
The
moon.
fire
of
suns
and
nominate
to
further
council
of the
Order,
was
adjournment
adjournment the
seven
the
were
ing
ensu-
sleep of
ist
of
acting Keeper
Council
of the
trict
Dis-
of the proceedings
Cumberland,
the
on
sleep,3d
ist
Junior Sagamore Z. K. Offutt
seven
Worm
suns,
and
Sachems
Past
Page of the Great Council of the

of Columbia, and James Nokes
of Anacostia
Tribe, No.
District of Columbia, were
admitted
as
Representatives.
and
Y.
P.
of chiefs
election
following choice, being

Council
and
ist
it
Council.
held
Joseph Mundell
District
the
also the
Great
council
the
of
Worm
to
and
the
Council
An
this
remainder
voted
of
suns
of Columbia,
At
sleep of
election
The
was
admitted.
was
its report, which
At
suns.
considered,
ist
made
adopted.
was
seven
then
was
sun.
seven
Records
one
meeting the
By-Laws, Rules
grand
the
part of it
this
adopted.
adopted,
Constitution
on
further
was
until
quenched
4,
the
on
Committee
Constitution
Tribe, No.
meeting place for the Great

Uncas
could be obtained, and
Wigwam
meetings be held at that place until
reported that
voted
Metamora
of the United
then
was
held, which
first chiefs
the
States
in the
resulted
of the
recorded
Great
'
"
"
Grand
Sachem
Grand
Grand
Sagamore
Prophet
Grand
Keeper of Records
Grand
Keeper of Wampum
STEPHEN
BURGESS.
Grand
Tocakon
WILLIAM
H.
Grand
Minewa
They
Past
Grand
those
G.
WILLIAM
Z.
JOHN
J.
duly
Sachem
be
appear,
in
was
raised
up
to
their
OTTO.
K.
OFFUTT.
L.
BOOKER.
FORD.
MUHLHOFFER.
respectivepositionsby
Meiser.
noticed
now
GORSUCH.
GUSTAV
were
It will
from
Incohonee
that
use.
adopted differed
the
titles
The
"grand," as will
changed to "great." We
afterwards
word
slightly
quently
subsehave
WILLIAM
G.
GORSUCH,
FIRST
GREAT
INCOHONEE.
COUNCIL
GREAT
thought
it best
the
of the
date
follow
to
UNITED)STATES.
OF
the
in order
change,
of the
Great
preserve
the
usage
to
283
Council
until
chronology and
nomenclature.
this council
At
funds
for
voted
to
Plant
suns,
council
5
Council
to
the
Great
of
the
again on
met
necessary
Council,
and
to
and
procure
Gorsuch
in the
State
G. C. U.
of three
committee
it
was
seal
ist
Shawnee
This
seven
At
this
Tribe, No.
is the
first
tion
men-
S. records.
appointed
was
the
presided.
from
received
was
sleep of
ist
2), of Winchester, Virginia.
No.
supply the
language
G. S. Incohonee
moon.
of that
A
taken
Council.
communication
(now
work
unwritten
adopt certain
Great
The
were
the
carryingon
Great
for the
measures
to
revise
the work
of the
Order.
Arrangements
Tribe
each
and
through
revenue
The
Flower
suns,
At
held
was
I, of
Washington, D.C.,
District of Columbia, and

Osceola
Tribe, No.
Great
The
to
Council, State
by
this
inserted
in
prepared
to
called
until
the
of that
seven
No.
2,
off from
the
Virginia,
reservation.)
its
asserted
of
of all
obligations
States
revision
on
premacy
su-
Great
the
United
the
committee
Powhattan
Tribe,
name
out
of
4th
State of
States
stricken
for
was
received
from
Osceola, Shawnee,
and
Mohawk
that
permissionbe given and a charter granted to

Council in the State of Virginia,
to be located
Frederick
tioners
County, and the prayer of the peti-
granted.
council
next
suns,
to
No.
Council
the
set
of the
the
provide
from
was
ordering that
printed
like.
Osceola
part
United
the
presiding.
admitted
and
Councils
report.
asking
was
seven
of
lieu thereof
Winchester,
The
the
Maryland, be
body, and Great
organize a Great
at
became
of
extent
of
petitionwas
Tribes
2, then
Council
the
became
the
sleep of
Alexandria
(When
of
to
and
Gorsuch
Representatives were
D.C.
also
and
ist
G. S. Incohonee
moon,
of Alexandria,
the
on
Great
copies
cards
visiting
this council
Tribe, No.
used
Council,
sale of
the
council
next
Great
the
by
supplying State
Representative with
and
issued
matter
for
made
were
of
order
Buck
by
not
was
moon,
G.
S.
held
until the
5607, when
Incohonee
the
ist
sleep of
Great
Gorsuch.
Council
Past
3d
the
was
Sachem
IMPROVED
284
ORDER
present (1892) Great

is
This
of
the
most
now
form
reported a
which
revision
on
of
Pennsylvania.
U.
S. from
beginning of
the
what
Order.
in
appointed
which
C.
the
our
Flower
moon,
ported
re-
adopted. They
was
for State
of charter
of
mitted
ad-
father of the
the
was
G.
marks
branch
numerous
initiatory
ceremony,
an
Fry
reservation
of the
Pennsylvania,and
committee
The
Sachem
MEN.
was
Pennsylvania,
representation in the
first
the
reservation
is
Brother
Representative.
RED
i, of
Tribe, No.
John Fry of Tecumseh

as
OF
Great
Councils
and
also
Tribes,
adopted.
At this council permissionwas
Tribe, No.
given to Tecumseh
of three
initiate palefacesat the rate
i, of Pennsylvania, to
of one
for the space
moon.
fathoms, two
yards of wampum,
This being translated means
$5 each.
held at Metamora
council was
The next
Wigwam on the 4th
sentatives
5607. At this council two RepreMonday of Sturgeon moon,
who
of Virginia were
admitted
afterwards
left the
cil,
imprint of their genius upon the records of their Great Counwas
well
as
States.
as
One
those
on
of these
the other, Past Grand
Great
Council
Sachem
C. A.
the
Past
was
Sachem
of the Great
Incohonee
of
of the
Council
United
B. Coffroth, and
afterwards
Latham,
Hugh
of the
Great
States.
United
to have
higher branch of the Order seems
then been considered
even
by many of the members, because at
this council a petitionwas
presented, which, after considerable
laid on the table,asking the Great Council to establish
debate, was
should be admitted
a higher degree into which
only brothers
who
had received all of the degrees of the Tribe.
The
questionof
This
desire has manifested
succeeding councils
Beneficial
Degree Councils
of it,as
the Order
of the
well
in Tribes
as
done
itself from
G.
C.
and
the
U.
the
time
S.
to
The
establishment
Chieftains'
agitationto
in the Chief's
at various
time
League
all the
have
are
work
of
dications
in-
of
degree.
O
The
records
concluded
was
not
day
sessions
At
was
the
the
indicate
were
at
that the
one
held
subsequent
business
council, and
during that
councils
same
among
of the
seven
suns.
business
adpption of the report of the committee
relation to the ceremonies
of the
Council
only evening but
that not
the
Great
degrees,and
on
form
transacted
revision, in
of
kindling
286
IMPROVED
No.
3, of
ORDER
OF
MEN.
RED
and
Philadelphia,
Kuequenaku, No. 4, of Philadelphia,

Pa., and Delaware, No. i, of Washington, Del.
He reported the Order in Maryland in a prosperous
condition.
made.
for the progress
Virginiawas also commended
Charters
were
granted to the Tribes which had been instituted
during the grand sun.
A committee
was
appointed to procure regaliafor the chiefs.
On
a
ruling of the W. G. S. Incohonee, the Great Council
refused
the
that
receive
to
communication
should
same
Council
Great
declined
to
from
which
provide that
or
seaman,
vessel
A
up
as
enlist
voluntarily
committee
for the
G. C. U.
Council
Great
appointed to
was
of chiefs for the

The
as
Council
of the
Great
of
ensuing grand
membership,
to
soldier,or
enter
went
sun,
the
G.
S. Incohonee,
HUGH
W.
G.
Sagamore,
E.
W.
G.
Prophet,
JAMES
W.
G.
Keeper of Records,
JOHN
W.
Q. Keeper of Wampum,
W.
G.
Tocakon,
ROBERT
W.
G.
Minewa,
WM.
form
prepare
and
should
board
on
lose his
for the
any
bership."
mem-
Raising
S.
then
W.
Council.
standing army,
mariner, he shall thenceforth
or
seaman
soldier
"no
ground
on
provisionin a code
2, of Pennsylvania,
Tribe, No.
admitted
be
State
approve
Metamora
mariner, shall
member
any
to
Great
the
the
Tribe,
of the
power
of laws submitted
sought
from
through
come
establishingthe
State, thus
The
into
result
being
THOMAS,
P.
L.' BOOKER,
S.,
G.
P.
HAMILTON,
ENTWISLE,
P.
"
Alexandria, Va.
Baltimore.
Md.
.Md.
S.,
S.,
P.
P.
Cumberland,
S.,
BURGESS,
B.
follows
as
S.,
P. G.
PURDEN,
STEPHEN
G.
P.
LATHAM,
L.
election of great chiefs
an
S.,
S.,
"
"
"
unanimously resolved that the future councils be held

in the cityof Baltimore.
The Committee
on
adopted,
Regalia made a report which was
of the G. C. U. S. be a scarlet
that the
regaliafor members
with gold cord,
with gold lace, and fixed thereto
collar trimmed
States Great
the letters
U. S. G. C." meaning the United
It
was
"
Council.
The
grand
raised up
to
Appended
chiefs
their
to
whose
election
was
recorded
above
were
respectivepositions.
the
records
is the
first report of
the
Grand
COUNCIL
GREAT
Order.
STATES.
UNITED
287
Records, giving statistical information
of
Keeper
OF
this report there
By
Councils
of
for
the
the
bia,
Maryland, District of Columand four Tribes
in Pennsylvania,and
and Virginia,
in
one
The
of members
in good standingwas
number
Delaware.
1 168.
admitted, 66 rejected,
During the grand sun
344 had been
77
suspended, 13 admitted by card, 10 withdrawn
by card, and 16
G. C. U.
S. the Great
under
were
concerningthe
of the
jurisdiction
died.
had
The
expended
amount
5 inches, and
7 feet and
fathoms
orphans, 1539
fathoms
of
orphans, 17 fathoms.
by
Tribes
inches.
relief of
for the
feet and
sun
5 inches.
present fathom, equal to
The
the
For
and
education
reported received
fathoms
5396
was
1705
was
relief of widows
total amount
The
during the grand
brothers
5 feet and
dollar,is here
one
meant.
1849.
council
The
kindled
was
G. S.
at the
5609, W.
W.
The
Great
fire of the
of the Great
wigwam
G. S. Incohonee
G. S. Incohonee
Council
of
the
Council
United
States
in Plant
moon,
Latham
presiding.
elaborate and interesting
an
of affairs under his charge
Hugh
submitted
longtalk,covering the administration

He
reported the Order in a prosperous
during the grand sun.
and respectability.
condition,and graduallyincreasingin numbers
He reported that dispensationshad been granted to organize
York
and two
in Pennsylvania.
four Tribes in the State of New
and
Oneactah,
3, of
some
Order
of the
before
In
Oneida, No.
were
Tribes
These
York
Osceola, No.
i,
City,and
instituted
were
2,
No.
Metamora,
the W.
G. S.
he found
that
by
in person.
reported that on his

of the petitioners
had
He
"
York
4, all of New
No.
Brooklyn.
Incohonee
the
in New
Tribes
The
of Red
Men
Improved Order
"
arrival in New
been
associated
without
of Red
making applicationto the

view of their manly course
was
under
being aware
until
Men
G. C. U.
in
at
of the Improved Order, he

supremacy
of a Great Council
charter without
which
York
the
of the
name
of
existence
very short period

S. for dispensations.
once
acknowledging
the
recommended
the
subsequentlyendorsed
usual
fee ;
by the
the
ing
grantmendation
recom-
G. C. U.
S,
288
IMPROVED
also
He
ORDER
OF
reported the institution
MEN.
RED
of Pocahontas
Tribe, No.
5,
Mohegan Tribe, No. 6, at Waynesboro, Pa.

for a Great Council
the receiptof an application
He mentioned
also
for Pennsylvania,to be located in Philadelphia. He
he had
received
that
stated
Orleans,
inquiriesfrom New
and
Philadelphia,
at
Louisiana, and
with
concluded
rendered
by
Pa., relative
Columbia,
grateful acknowledgment
Keeper of Records Booker
Grand
of
and
Order,
the
to
the
assistance
during the grand
sun.
the
propositionwas
presented and referred to
Petitions
of a
proposing the establishment
on
Order
be
to
be
to
was
known
restricted
subordinate
Mountain.
of the
of
the
Membership
of the Order, and
members
to
branch
it
be
to
was
regulationsof the Great Council of

United
States.
The propositionwas
rejected. Permission
given to Kuequenaku Tribe, No. 4, of Pennsylvania, to
the
was
to the
Chiefs
as
Committee
change its
Upon
name.
favorable
voted
was
rules and
to
report of the
grant
charter
of
Council
Pennsylvania.
for a charter
petitioners
the
the
was
Incohonee
Great
A
of the
Sachem
very
Great
the
for the
It is
Order, and
vote
flattering
of mention
Great
the
that
of
Council
Great
among
vania
Pennsyl-
Beesley Davis, afterwards Great

John Fry, father of the present
Council
G.
W.
to
the
thanks
of
Latham
for
the
adopted extending
was
S.
Incohonee
charged
he has dis-
in which
impartial manner
his
will
of
of that reservation.
"very distinguishedand
which
Petitions,it
on
institution
worthy
for the
of William
name
Committee
duty, his gentlemanlydeportment

be appreciatedby the brothers
ever
and
competency,
composing
this
body."
The
chiefs for the
ensuing grand sun were

respectivepositionsas follows :
up
to their
W.
G.
S. Incohonee,
JOHN
W.
G.
WM.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Prophet,
W.
G.
Keeper of Records, JOHN
W.
G.
W.
G.
W.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
Tocakon,
Minewa,
B.
STEPHEN
JOHN
R. A.
and
raised
"
Virginia.
S., Pennsylvania.
DAVIS,
Maryland.
FERGUSON, P. S.,
F.
SMITH,
P. G.
BEESLEY
W.
elected
L. BOOKER,
P. G.
BURGESS,
McCAULEY,
MCALLISTER,
S.,
P.
P. G.
P.
"
S.,
S.,
S.,
P. S-,
"
District of Columbia.
Maryland.
COUNCIL
GREAT
It
Incohonee
that
by
travellingexpenses
of the W.
of the G. C. U.
councils
Burgess having
Sachem
Keeper of Wampum,
Sachem
reports
District
Maryland,
G.
S. be
S.
paid
of
by
Columbia
and
he had
of the work
members,
resignation
justbeen
raised,
elected
the
Great
to
Councils
fill
of the
grand
sun
214.6; adopted, 663;
of
from
Virginia,and
of the G.
jurisdiction
immediate
collated
are
Number
his
up.
submitted
of
the
under
statistics
to which
duly raised
and
the
From
tendered
Jesse H. Magruder, of Maryland,was
the vacancy
Tribes
289
STATES.
body.
Grand
Past
the
attendingthe
in
Grand
Past
as
that
decided
was
UNITED
OF
C.
the
U.
S.,
follows
as
rejected, 62;
admitted
by card, 48; withdrawn, by card, 149; died, 23;

suspended, 121 ; expelled,45 ; paid for relief of brothers, 3123
fathoms
and orphans,
2 feet 5 inches
; paid for relief of widows
fathoms
of orphans,.
46
5 feet ; paid for the education
2404
I foot.
fathoms; total receiptsof Tribes, 11,752 fathoms
The business of the Great Council
having been concluded the
council
fire was
at Baltimore, in
quenched, to be rekindled
Plant
G. S.
moon,
5610.
1850.
The
Council
Great
Baltimore, in Plant
F. Smith
G. S.
moon,
the Great
at
5610, W.
Council
wigwam,
G. S. Incohonee
John
presiding.
Among
Sachem
assembled
admitted
those
Sullivan,
Robert
this
at
council
afterwards
who
Grand
Past
was
became
Great
Incohonee.
At
this time
the G. C. U.
representation,a
At
this council
Bernhard
by
No.
In
i, of
his
his
the
not
custom
New
now
who
had
the
first time
appeared
assumed
since
the
and healthy condition

prosperous
this he stated that thanks
should
be
eye
represented,
was
for Arreseoh
Tribe,
N.J.
more
Spirit"whose
permitted proxy
in vogue.
longtalkthe Worthy Grand

heartfelt congratulations
upon
Order
have
to
seems
Jerseyfor
McCormack,
Newark,
S.
never
slumbers
nor
Sachem
the
last
than
Incohonee
dered
ten-
tion
strength and posicouncil, being in a
ever
returned
before.
to
that
sleeps."He
For
Great
reported
IMPROVED
290
ORDER
the institution of the Great

of Flower
G. S.
moon,
RED
OF
Council
of
Pennsylvania,on the 23d

cityof Philadelphia.He also
5609, in the
reported the institution of the Great
made
that it had
of
jurisdiction
connection
on
by
pleased Metamora
existed
Sachem
New
York.
of
between
Albert
He
Tribe
not
"
an
knowing
the
that
the
cause
case
was
4, late under
to
and
the
sever
the
Council, by surrenderingtheir charter, books, etc., and

themselves
also
Baltimore, he
Maryland,
said
He
Newark,
I, at
Tribe, No.
Council
York.
Past
visit to
recent
the Great
which
Tribe, No.
J. S. of the G. C. of
report, that,
informed
the
G.
of New
Council
reportedthe organizationof Arreseoh

N.J. ; the work
having been done
Fisher, Jr., W.
MEN.
Great
ing
declar-
and
of Red
Men,"
Independent Order
which
mended
prompted said action, he recomof Metamora
Tribe be taken under special
advisement.
affair thus
The
referred
to
that
matter
the
Maryland, and
Council.
and
it
there had
From
pursued
was
be
to
the withdrawal
proper
with
received
course
in
Council
the Great
of
the part of said Great
on
it
was
diffidence,inasmuch
some
action
no
Incohonee
subsequently reported
of
jurisdiction
been
information
legal and
the
under
was
Great
which
considered
was
the
by
specialcommittee
the Tribe
as
mentioned
appeared that said Tribe

surrenderingits charter,
regrettedthat circumstances
should
have
caused
portion of our Order at a time when the

so
flattering.The committee, while refraining
prospects were
from
(forevery Tribe or brother
condemning the withdrawal
had a perfectright to withdraw
or
remain), expressed its most
of the action of the former brothers in
emphatic condemnation
of the Order
in the establishment
assuming a part of the name
of another
recommended
to the
organization. The committee
entire
with
of any
brotherhood
the
brothers
to
as
abstain
resolutions
which
adopted, as follows
"Resolved,
or
under
shall
be
no
expressingthe
brother
Resolved, That
will of the Great
the
Council,
the Order
known
as
pendent
the Inde-
Men.
any brothers
Independent Order of
recommended
(under this immediate jurisdiction,

holding a charter from this body),
of a Great Council
jurisdiction
permitted to hold membership with
of Red
whatever
intercourse
"
of this Order
the
Order
"
That
any
institution, and
an
adoption of
were
from
Red
Men
themselves
in associating
persisting
be expelledforthwith."
with the
COUNCIL
GREAT
committee
from
admitted
draft
appointed to
was
council
this
At
UNITED
OF
for
the
Great
the
STATES.
time
first
Councils
of
of Dedication.
Form
291
Pennsylvaniaand
New
York.
complete revision of the Constitution was adopted.

New
charters in place of those formerlyheld were
granted to
of Maryland and the District of Columbia.
the Great Councils
The
time of kindlingand quenching the council fire of the
G. C. U. S. was
and
to Corn
changed from Plant moon
moon,
A
it
decided
was
that
until the
serve
The
regularcouncil
Constitution
Tocakon
Grand
The
chiefs
follows
as
them
and
being
elected
5611.
Minewa.
raised
and
G. S.
should
providedfor several
Junior Sagamore, a
have
Grand
this council
at
moon,
to
seems
Grand
elected
in Corn
adopted
chiefs, among
new
chiefs
the
up
for the
ensuing term
were
"
W.
G.
S. Incohonee,
WILLIAM
W.
G.
Senior
ROBERT
W.
G.
Junior Sagamore,
JOHN WITHERELL,
New
W.
G.
G.
JOHN CARTER,
JOHN L. BOOKER,
W.
G.
Prophet,
Keeper of Records,
Keeper of Wampum,
W.
The
W.
W.
the
Committee
the
probable
Committee
for
The
Council
"
The
the Great
The
of the
revised
G. Minewa.
directed
was
council
in the
ritual and
specialcouncil
at
report is
as
on
W.
Pennsylvania,
of Cards
be located
as
Council
Tucker, of D. of C.,
suitable
of the
at
this council
We
follows
cation
appli-
N.J.
regaliawas
new
was
important enough
the
in the
action
of the
historyof
the
"
States,Impd.
O. R.
M.
report, that the certificate from
2, of Lancaster, Pa., in favor
an
moon.
submit
alone
it stands
Credentials
proposed
of card
form
cityof Camden,
in Corn
length.
United
furnish
to
platethereof.
Revision
reportedfavorablyupon
in full
Committee
Tribe, No.
cost
York.
Maryland.
Maryland.
appointedWilliam
its next
here
Maryland.
FERGUSON,
Gibbs, of
considered
matter
Order.
To
W.
at
to
until the
be mentioned
Great
"
of
SULLIVAN,
Design
on
Tribe
matter
over
One
A.
on
Council
The
laid
and
Great
with
B.
G. S. Incohonee
G. Tocakon,
The
to
Sagamore,
DAVIS, Pennsylvania.
BEESLEY
of Bro.
Wm.
B.
Metamoru
Fahnestock, is in
IMPROVED
292
from
form, but
that
Council
that
Council
of
information
Pennsylvania,in
of this Great
Incohonee
Council
Great
never
may
constrained
reluctantly
"Resolved, That
Council, but that
Resolved,
make
this
G.
of Bro.
New
of
Wm.
also
was
the
at
hope
we
Fahnestock
B.
are
be permitted
would
offer
in this Great
seat
adopted :
G.
"
WM.
"
HUGH
"
HENRY
GORSUCH,
LATHAM,
CRYSS."
"
showed
that
Columbia,
ing
recommend-
Council
does
not
body."
the
given by
as
to
vote.
future action for this
Order
allowed
question,nor
any
Fahnestock, this Great
B.
any
of
allowed
of the report of the committee
Records
District
be
permittedto vote on
unless by a unanimous
Wm.
precedent for
Maryland,
that Bro.
in the passage
Keeper
which
one
on
circumstances, the committee
Fahnestock
B.
statistics of the
The
W.
Wm.
Council
the admission
be present
Bro.
That
Sachem
desirable
was
should
case, and
novel
it
reasons,
by
but
the Great
the Great
during the present session,and
followingresolution
The
"
Council
he is not
this Great
address
certain
this Great
of Sachem,
seat
degree,conferred
permissionfrom
of all the
view
recommend
to
visit this Great
followingresolution
the
is
inform
to
the
Fahnestock
Bro.
This
In
again.
with
For
MEN.
in
served
Sachem's
Council.
Tribe,that
RED
compelled
are
never
accordance
this session.
occur
to
has
possessionof the Past
the part of Metamora
OF
received,
Fahnestock
Bro.
he is in
ORDER
the
of the
report
Order
existed
in
Virginia,Pennsylvania,and
York.
The
of Tribes
number
initiations,139
suspensions,and
of members
expended
45, in which
was
at
for the
relief of widows,
the
fathoms
In addition
of
been
There
report, 3175.
relief of brothers, 4015
2358 fathoms.
had
expulsions,leavingthe
of the
time
expended for the education
were
27
there
to
and
1255
ber
numwere
for the
this 103 fathoms
orphans.
explanationseems
appropriateconcerning the reasons
caused
the separationfrom the Order
which
of Metamora
Tribe,
No. 4, of Maryland, and
the subsequent organizationof the
rival to the
as
a
Independent Order of Red Men
Improved
Further
"
"
Order
So
that
of Red
many
full
Men."
great
suns
have
need
particulars
The
with
"
calmness
opinion between
and
the
passed since
not
facts
be
Tribe
that
the
and
in
judgment,
and
was
taken,
constructi
suppressed through fear of mis-
will show
good
this action
the
G. C. U.
G. C. U.
the
S.
S. acted
difference
of
simply upheld
IMPROVED
294
ORDER
specialcouncil of the
wigwam, Baltimore, Md., on
In
the
of W.
absence
G.
OF
G.
C. U.
MEN.
RED
S.
kindled
was
loth of Corn
the
S. Incohonee
Uncas
at
G. S.
moon,
Davis, the
5610.
council
by W. G. Senior Sagamore, Robert Sullivan.

peculiarpositionof Brother William B. Fahnestock,
fire
kindled
was
The
had
whom
conferred
been
recorded, again
request from
Brother
Committee
of
set
new
with
G. C. U.
resolutions
Fahnestock
seat
as
the
G.
Sachem
C.
as
viously
pre-
S. upon
U.
of
Pennsylvania, that
rights and privilegesof a
2,
S.
submitted
were
had
of
the
the
of Past
the
which
written, and
Work
Tribe, and
of
presented
the
declared
Representative
recited the
from
Order,
that
entire
an
he
the
to
be
mitted
per-
Tribe,
Metamora
all the
of a Past Sachem, in the G. C. U. S.

The
privileges
Fahnestock
was
disposed of by allowing to Brother
accorded
of the
at the last council
as
were
privileges
matter
the
the
degrees for
take
to
Tribe, No.
Revision
on
before
be accorded
Representativein
A preamble and
Brother
degree
came
Metamora
Fahnestock
fact that
the
upon
same
G. C. U.
The
Order
S.
report of the Committee
considered, and
was
on
Revision
the Great
Council
of the
of the Work
adopted
ritual
as
Fahnestock, and forms for instituting

presentedby Past Sachem
into the G. C. U. S., for raising
a Tribe, for introducingmembers
up chiefs of the G. C. U. S., for introducing Past Sachems
and
Representatives in State Great Councils, for a funeral
and for dedication
of wigwams.
ceremony,
of the time of
The
subject of regaliaoccupied considerable
the Great Council.
The
adopted :
followingstylewas finally
"
shall be a sash with a pouch attached,

regaliafor the P. G. Incohonee
composed of scarlet and purple silk velvet,running from end to end with a
small band of gold cord over
the seam, a gold jewel suspending an eagle with
of lower edge.
in its talons depending from the centre
a tomahawk
The
Belt.
"
Four
inches
wide, color of the sash, with
the
letters
P. G.
I.
broidered
em-
thereon.
Sash as above, with the exceptionof the emblems.
Regalia of P. G. Sachem.
with
A
half skirt of purple silk velvet trimmed
Aprons.
gold bullion
of the State embroidered
fringe,an eaglebearing in his beak a scroll with the name
"
"
in front.
Regalia of a P. Sachem.
gold bullion fringe,with the
"
Sash
emblems
as
above
of the
of scarlet velvet,trimmed
degrees embroidered
with
thereon.
COUNCIL
OF
scarlet velvet,with
the
GREAT
Aprons.
wreath
Of
"
embroidered
UNITED
gold
encompassed by
fringe.
bullion
Degree
Regalia for Initiatory
"
Green
Aprons.
thereon.
Brave's
Orange
"
"
Warrior's
"
Blue
"
"
Chiefs
"
Scarlet
"
Color of the
"
Trimmed
funeral
with
regaliato
Permission
was
degree,with
the emblems
silver bullion
fringe.
of the
with
be left discretionary
denied
Tribe, No.
Delaware
to
have
degree embroidered
the State
Great
Councils.
i, of
Wilmington,
although permission
processionin costume,
granted to have a procession.
regalia was
presented to retiringW.
Delaware,
was
sash.
"
"
with silver lace.
Trimmed
The
295
of the State
name
with
thereon, trimmed
STATES.
G.
S.
Incohonee
Latham.
1851.
The
Great
assembled
Council
Md., in Corn
G. S.
moon,
at
5611, W.
Osceola
G. S.
wigwam, Baltimore,
Incohonee
W. Beesley
Davis
presiding.
this council
the Representativesadmitted
at
was
Among
Richard
Great
became
Marley of Maryland, who afterwards
Incohonee
of the Order.
For the first time a Representative
received from the reservation of New
was
Jersey,in the person
of
Selden
Dickinson,
from
Arreseoh
Tribe, No.
i, of
ark,
New-
NJ.
The
ritual
prepared by Brother Fahnestock, adopted at the

to have been
too elaborate
specialcouncil previouslyheld, seems
for proper
delineation ; and
resolution
a
was
adopted to the
effect that a committee
be appointed to inquireinto the expediency
of remodellingthe entire work
of the Order.
This committee
later in the council reported that the necessity
for remodellingthe entire work
of the Order was
imperative,and
that
recommended
committee
of five be appointed to make
a
such alterations in the work
shall meet
the wants
and capacias
ties
of the brotherhood.
At
Leni
this council
petitionwas
received
Bird,
Lenape, No. 2, and Red
asking for a Great Council for the State
petitionwas subsequentlygranted.
from
No.
Arreseoh,
3, of
of New
New
No.
i,
Jersey,
Jersey,and
the
ORDER
IMPROVED
296
The
G.
W.
S.
reservation
difficulties in the
referred
Committee
the
to
in
Incohonee
subsequentlyreportedthat
defunct, and but
that
chief
the
Tribe
this Great
2,
chiefs elected
grand
sun
to the
i,
An
ROBERT
W.
G.
Senior
WILLIAM
W.
G.
G.
JuniorSagamore,
Prophet,
JNO.
W.
W.
G.
Chief of Records,
JNO.
W.
G.
to
Manhattan
the
grand
for
sun
Tecumseh
for
application
W.
it
and
Tribe
voted
was
at
that
G. S. Incohonee.
up
for the
ing
ensu-
Maryland.
TUCKER,
Delaware.
WILLARD,
CHAMBERS,
L.
BOOKER,
B. W.
W.
Keeper of Wampum,
G. Tocakon,
W.
G. Minewa,
J.T.BRADLEY,
FERGUSON,
SELDEN
DICKINSON,
Virginia.
Maryland.
Maryland.
New
Jersey.
plan for
so-called
higher degree
Representativesfrom the Great Council

of Maryland, which was
indefinitely
postponed.
It was
voted that a committee
of three be appointed to procure
and present to the next council of the G. C. U. S. a design
for a charter plate,
with an estimate of the probable cost.
It will be seen
work
that the principal
engaging the attention
was
submitted
York
"
DANIEL
elaborate
mended
recom-
Cincinnati,and
SULLIVAN,
A.
was
adopted.
appointed and raised

:
They
attach
to
report was
incoming
Incohonee,
an
and
was
York
New
to
to
Order, which
of New
sent
at the council
G.
this council
of the
granted during
W.
At
be
body
The
follows
Sagamore,
matter
in existence.
Tribe, No.
and
as
were
The
remained
been
be referred
referred
Council
received
was
had
the Great
Ohio.
Springfield,
Ironton, Ohio,
The
York.
State
the
Council.
the institution of Miami
the matter
of New
of this
Dispensationshad
Tribe, No.
longtalk
property of the Order,
reclaim
to
Tribe
one
his
on
MEN.
RED
OF
by
of the G. C. U. S.
the
the
at
this council
styleof regaliato
Brother
Fahnestock
be
was
adopted.
of
ritual of the
While
the
Order
ritual
and
prepared
of merit
as
a
by
high
not
production, experience proved that it was
literary
adapted
for generaluse
the members
of the Order, most
of whom
among
could not
be expected to have that specialtrainingnecessary
for the proper renderingof the work.
The
settled to the satisfaction
subjectof regaliawas
finally
of all,and the regalia
adopted at this council continued in use
considered
great suns, and was
many
very neat and appropriate.
was
order
GREAT
the statistical records
From
the
of
following summary
Buck
ending
ist
reports
from
Great
statistics from
this time
of
the
statistics
169;
admitted
of
fathoms
of the
4709
5 feet
feet
inches
to
Order
of Tribes
number
The
21.
Number
the
of
totals
Tribes, 59
expulsions,74; rejections,
deaths,
by card, no;
withdrawn
57;
members,
contains
of
growth
increased
suspensions,259;
record
moons
therefore
that the
had
18
gives the
Columbia, Virginia,and
of
follows
as
and
submit
we
for the
The
5611.
29?
Councils
done
only,
reservation
brothers, 6590 fathoms

2734
S.
be observed
by card,
43 ; number
work
indication
were
initiations,2131;
Great
District
Maryland,
in that
the
Councils
Pennsylvania. As an
in Pennsylvania,it may
at
from
G.
moon,
STATES.
UNITED
Of
COUNCIL
expended
relief of
the
for relief of widows,
expended
for
expended
for
of
education
orphans, 138 fathoms.

1852.
The
council
fire of the
Baltimore,
wigwam,
Incohonee
Robert
U.
Corn
S.
kindled
was
G.
moon,
S.
Osceola
at
G.
5612, W.
Sullivan
Thomas
A.
of whom
subsequentlybecame
Brother
Pyle is the present
of
in
Md.,
C.
presiding.
Representatives admitted
the
Among
G.
Bosley,of Ohio,
and
at
this
council
were
Joseph Pyle,of Delaware, each
Great
honorable
Incohonee
and
of the G. C. U. S.
honored
Great
Keeper
Wampum
of the United
The
admitted
at this
Representativeswere
Maryland, Virginia,Pennsylvania,Ohio, Delaware,
States
council
were
from
States.
which
and
W.
G.
the Great
that had
At
from
presented his longtalk which
Incohonee
been
Council
the
success
flattering
experiencedduring the grand sun.
the council held
on
upon
the
",thsun
an
invitation
and
was
lated
congratuprogress
accepted
tendered
through
P. G. I. William
of the
G. Gorsuch, to partake of the hospitality
Tribe at a reception and banquet to be given on
that sleep.
The occasion is worthy of mention
as
being the first time upon
which
such formal hospitality
tendered
was
to, and acceptedby,
Pocahontas,
the G. C. U.
The
chiefs
No.
3,
Baltimore,
Md.,
appointed
and
S.
elected
and
raised
up
to
their
298
IMPROVED
ORDER
for
respective positions
follows
OF
the
RED
MEN.
ensuing grand
sun
were
as
"
W.
G.
Incohonee,
WM.
W.
G.
Senior
Louis
BONSAL,
W.
G.
T.
DISNEY,
W.
G.
W.
G. Chief
W.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
B.
W.
G.
Tocakon,
GEORGE
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
B.
JOSEPH
of Records,
JOHN
J.
Minewa,
this council
TUCKER,
S.,
P. G.
S.,
L.
Maryland.
Ohio.
New
MYERS,
W.
W.
G.
P.
Jersey.
Maryland.
Maryland.
Virginia.
BOOKER,
FERGUSON,
PERCY,
Delaware.
PATTERSON,
presented from several Tribes

petitionwas
the cityof Philadelphia,
located in and near
Pa., asking that the
Great Council of that body be located in the cityof Philadelphia
the kindlingof its council fire in Lancaster, Coinasmuch
lumbia,
as
and Harrisburg,compelled a long journey on
the part
of Tribes, in order to attend the
of a majority of the members
At
of the Great
councils
grant
the
prayer
of the
Committee
The
Councils.
Revision
the last council, reported that

entrusted
the work
it,and
to
Great
Council
declined
to
petitioners.
the
on
The
of the Ritual,
it had
at
been
unable
this council
many
adoption of
appointed at
to
attend
to
propositions
method
some
having in view the
ritual could be adopted. Many of the
by which a satisfactory
propositionsappeared in the work as revised, and others never
serving
is dethese matters, one
again saw the light of day. Among
of mention, being a propositionsubmitted
tative
by Represenbe appointed
George Percy, of Virginia,that a committee
shall be referred the expediency and proprietyof establishing
to which
a Pocahontas
degree,to be conferred upon the wives
tee
of such brothers as may
apply for the same
; and such commitis requiredto report at the next
council.
submitted
were
the
of
report and recommendation
of the Order, the action of the W.
the
Upon
State
approved
Council
relation
in
of the
the Great
to
the
W.
G.
petitionfor
Favorable
State
Councils
Committee
on
G. Incohonee
was
organizingand reorganizingthe Great

of New
granted
Jersey,and charters were
of New
The action of
Jersey and Ohio.
Incohonee
a
the
to
was
Tribe
at
action
was
also
approved
in
to
the
share
the
relation
Ironton, Ohio.
taken
upon
the
propositionto
COUNCIL
GREAT
of
expense
UNITED
OF
maintaining
for
office
an
STATES.
the
299
G.
W.
Chief
of
Records.
of
of
Records
G.
the
Councils
of Great
statistical report
The
C.
information.
interesting
S.
U.
furnished
whole
The
the
to
the
Great
followingvery
of Tribes
number
Chief
attached
Maryland, Virginia,Ohio, District of

tion
68, and in addiColumbia, New
Jersey,and Pennsylvania was
and two
in Kentucky.
Tribes in Delaware
there were
two
Initiations, 1004 ; suspensions,324 ; expulsions,88 ; rejected,
by card, 68 ; withdrawn
by card, 74 ; deaths, 34 ;
92 ; admitted
of members,
number
4276 ; expended for relief of brothers,
6163 fathoms ; expended for relief of widows, 2957 fathoms ;
of orphans, 136 fathoms
5 feet.
expended for the education
the
one
Maryland still retained her positionas number
among
in Tribes and membership, Pennsylvania
Great Councils, both
being second.
the
to
Councils
Great
of
I853The
council
fire of
wigwam, Baltimore, Md.,

G. S.
G.
the
C.
loth
the
at
S.
U.
of the
run
William
G. Incohonee
5613, W.
kindled
was
in Osceola
I3th
sun,
Corn
Tucker
presiding.
Maryland, Virginia,
Pennsylvania,New
Jersey,Delaware, Ohio, Kentucky, and the
Past
Great
of Columbia.
District
were
Among the number
Sachems
George A. Peter, representingthe Great Council of
Council
of
R. Burns, representingthe Great
Ohio, and William
moon,
from
admitted
Jersey,each
New
of the
G. C. U.
By the
place the
the
revisions
The
make
of the
title "Grand"
to
"
Great
laws
had
that
been
up
to
Incohonee
this time
changed
the title of "Incohonee"
prefix Worthy
of the G. C. U.
Great
became
S.
prefix"Sachem"
but
afterwards
of whom
"
retained
was
had
"Great."
to
had
been
for all the
taken
The
dropped,
great chiefs
S.
Incohonee
the
presented
his
longtalk,of
which
we
:
followingsummary
He
Tribe, No. I, at
reported the organizationof Osceola
G. S.
N.C., on the 9th sleep of Travelling moon,
Fayetteville,
the first of several attempts
5613 (October 9, 1853). This was
to
establish
"
the
Order
in that
reservation.
Each
successive
IMPROVED
300
with
met
attempt
ORDER
failure and
it
until many
not
was
MEN.
RED
OF
great
suns
organizationwas perfected,resultingin the Tribes

now
existingin that reservation.
The
the Tribes
in Philadelphiaand
those
rivalrybetween
outside had culminated
in the holding of a council by one
tion
facand another at Columbia, and the suspension
at Philadelphia
after that
of three
an
of the
conflict
as
of
the attention
Keokuk
whether
In relation to the condition
the last council
in
New
been
York
amounting
expenses
the defunct
Great
Tribes, and
immediate
referred
had
$6.66.
to
retained
been
City, upon
Council
of New
became
the
ist
of
by
York
York, which
in the hands
of
the
C.
the
U.
S.
Leni
of
defunct
Tribe,
reclaimed.
Council
Great
for
books
This
was
of
left,under
only one
its work
Travellingmoon.
claim
of several
York, and
reported the organizationof the
Jersey on
in New
payment
defunct, and
S.
U.
also information
was
also obtained
He
the
him, he reported that he
to
Tribe,
placed Manhattan
of the G.
jurisdiction
shortlyafter,also
He
had
to
Delaware,
in New
of the Order
the work, which
secured
brother
the
3, of
Tribe, No.
Joseph Pyle, was

reported,as
an
attempt to reorganize the Order
sanctioned
by the G. C. U. S. or not."
of
had
of the G. C.
Sachem"
"Past
at
referred
G. Incohonee
the W.
needing
matter
institution
The
"
Tribes, and
Lenape
of New
Tribe, of
having been notified,the organizationwas effected

with the understanding that if not entirelysatisfactory,
sequent
suba
All difficulties were
reorganizationwould be made.
ber
(Decemamicablyadjusted,and on the 26th of Hunting moon
Brother
Mcmade
with
26, 1851),the reorganizationwas
Camden,
Cormick
He
not
as
Great
referred
Sachem.
to
the
organization of Osceola
Tribe, No.
Delaware
City,Delaware, Algonquin, No. 3, of Columbus,

Chickasaw
Tribe, No.
I, of Newport, Kentucky, and
Hawk
The date
Tribe, No. 2, of Covington, Kentucky.
of the Order
introduction
into Kentucky was
2Qth Hot
G. S. 5612 (June 29, 1852). The first Prophet of Black
Tribe, No.
Incohonee
He
Ohio
also
2,
was
A.
J. Francis, afterwards
of the G. C. U.
recorded
at Cincinnati
the
on
the
2,
Ohio,
Black
of the
moon,
Hawk
sixteenth
Great
S.
institution
of
the
/th sleep of Plant
Great
Council
moon,
G. S.
of
5612,
IMPROVED
302
of the
condition
ORDER
Order
RED
OF
publishedfor
throughout the United

the action proposed by
the
States
MEN,
of the
use
of
members
rejected.
Had
Brother
Percy, having in view
the collection of facts in relation to the originand historyof the
Order, been adopted,the task of the compilers of this history
All
much
easier and
would
have been
possiblyunnecessary.
disputed points could have been decided by the testimony of
those who organizedthe Improved Order of Red
Men, and who
if not members
with, the societies of
of, were
fullyconversant
that existed, down
Red
Men
to a short time at least,previousto
wards
afterthen in existence were
1834. Many important documents
since been
found, their mysterious
lost,and have never
disappearanceindicatingdesign rather than accident on the part
of those responsibletherefor.
the Order
who
duly
were
were
proceeded
follows
as
and
elected
elected
The
sun
Council
Great
The
and
:
P. G.
GEORGE
W.
G.
Senior
WILLIAM
W.
G.
W.
W.
A.
JOHN
G.
G.
Chief
JOHN
W.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
WILLIAM
W.
G.
Tocakon,
JOSEPH
W.
G. Minewa,
of Records,
H.
BURNS,
P.
G.
L.
S.,
BARLOW,
BOOKER,
G. GORSUCH,
Constitution, By-laws,and
Rules
Jersey.
Kentucky.
Pennsylvania.
Maryland.
I., Maryland.
Virginia.
SIEGLE,
of five
P. G.
New
Delaware.
PYLE,
the Constitution
committee
Ohio.
S.,
J. EDWARDS,
DAVID
to
PETER,
R.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
and
respectivepositions.
the ensuing grand
"
Incohonee,
sun,
chiefs,
their
to
for
G.
grand
up
appointed chiefs
W.
All amendments
of great
the election
to
raised
was
was
postponed for
appointed to revise
were
one
the
of Order.
vexing questionof a proper ceremonial for the Order was

factory
disposed of by the offer of a premium for a satistemporarily
of the
ritual, to be competed for only by members
The
Order.
presented and
followingpreamble and resolutions were
and indicate a desire, even
adopted. They are self-explanatory
head all bodies of Red
fortygreat suns
ago, to unite under one
The
in the United
Men
"
certain
received, it appears that there are
of the Ancient Order of Red Men, located in the city
of Reading, Pa.,
Whereas, From
Tribes
States.
information
COUNCIL
GREAT
who
but who
Men,
of
desirous
are
under
they at present
their wampum
are
them
to
and
confer
the
in
degrees
the
G.
the
of Pa.
C.
C. of Pa.
G.
be
and
is
their connection
degrees upon
own
body, on
with
at
are
authorized
make
to
grant them
to
in
present
the
Charter,
possessionof
the
the payment
of
same
and
have
been
fee."
his former
unsuccessful
degree for
again submitted
He
303
Order.
our
applicationfor the
RepresentativeGeorge Percy seems

adopt
hereby
be authorized
all who
their
the Charter
by
STATES.
with
the Improved Order
of Red
becoming connected
laws
disabled
from
inasmuch
are
so
as
existing
doing,
at present in
compelled to pay percentage on all money
looking to
Resolved, That
"
UNITED
belt,therefore,
"Resolved, That
overtures
OF
the
listen to
to
the
induce
to
attempt
undismayed
the G. C. U.
relatives of brothers
female
the
to
laid his
brother, and
of the Order.
Great
but the
proposition;
S. to
Council
motion
fused
re-
the
upon
table.
The
above
desire
establish
to
admitted
until
not
female
33
great
and
take
the
committee
at
report
and
later
the
design on
size,and printa
into which
could
friends
of members.
It
the
that
law
be
was
adopted that
recognizedas a very
now
was
to
design for
procure
the
card
travelling
and
sufficient number
of
charter
decided
council, it being afterwards
next
the
of
Order.
appointed
was
intimation
or
Order
of Pocahontas,
Degree
adjunct to our
valuable
A
relatives
suns
mention
of the
branch
the
established
is the second
motion
to
able
enlarge it to a suitcopies to supplythe
Order.
A
-committee
appointed
was
Legislatureof Maryland
G. C. U.
for
make
to
of
act
an
application to
incorporationfor
the
the
S.
1854.
The
council
fire of the

G. S.
moon,
Among
first time
W.
5614, W.
the
were
at
G. C. U.
the
loth
G. Incohonee
S.
kindled
was
run
of the
George
A.
at
I2th
Peter
sun,
afterwards
Corn
presiding.
Representativesadmitted at this council

Andrew
J. Baker, of Pennsylvania,and
Carter, of Delaware, each of whom
Osceola
became
for the
Daniel
Great
Incohonee.
The
Committee
from
the Great
on
Credentials
Councils
of
reported Representativespresent
Maryland, District
of Columbia,
ORDER
IMPROVED
304
OF
RED
MEN.
Ohio, Virginia,Kentucky, Pennsylvania,and
longtalk of
the
From
Jersey,and
in Delaware.
Tribes
from
New
Great
the
Incohonee,
the
present
we
:
followingsummary
increase
He congratulatedthe Great Council on the continued
It had reached
the banks
of the
and prosperityof the Order.
towards
the Pacific coast.
and
was
speeding on
Mississippi,
Great
Council
had
Eight Tribes, one Degree Council, and one
Three
additional
States
been organizedduring the grand sun.
included among
the Tribes referred to, namely, Indiana by
were
"
Seneca, No.
(February
1st
No.
Camanche,
Snow
sun
G.
moon,
S.
5614
1854) ; Illinois by Pocahontas, No. i, at Paris,

G. S. 5614 (March I, 1854); Iowa
moon,
by
3,
Worm
sun,
3d
Metamora,
I, at
Dubuque, 5th
I,
Hot
sun
G.
moon,
S.
5614
(June 5, 1854).
Great
Kentucky was instituted at Newport on

G. S. 5614 (August 9, 1854).
the Qth sleep of Sturgeon moon,
Sachem
Great
George W. Ford, elected at this time, afterwards
The
Council
ninth
became
had
He
Great
of
,ofthe G. C. U. S.
Incohonee
appointed
Past
of California,with
Sachem
to
power
A.
Curry
establish
Vice
Great
Tribes
two
honee
Inco-
; but
the
the
to forward
project had fallen through because of inability
supplies.
necessary
mentioned
the receiptof an
He
from Lafayette,
application
Oregon, for a Tribe at that place; but the organizationhad not
for want
of a competent
been perfected,
brother in that locality
do
the work.
He
referred
to
York
New
by
another
to
attempt
the institution
establish
to
of Metamora
Tribe
the
at
Order
New
in
York
City.
The
Osceola
The
longtalk also expressed regret

I, of North
Tribe, No.
question of
branches
of the
action of the W.
respectiveTribes
Carolina, had become
and
now
in
G. Incohonee
use
for
fire of
extinct.
platefor Great Councils, and

settled at this
Order, was finally
reported in his longtalk was

the
council
the
charter
by the adoption of the design

suitablyenlarged and filled.
The
that
dinate
subor-
council
cards,
travelling
Tribes
establishing
approved,and charters granted
to the
Great
in
Council
of
Kentucky.
as
to
GREAT
COUNCIL
form
committee
of chiefs
raisingup
G.
G.
G.
W.
was
of chiefs for State
raisingup
presented and adopted.

elected and appointed and
W.
305
of three
for
form
W.
STATES.
the present council.
at
W.
UNITED
adopted.
of forming
was
appointed for the purpose
general recognitionsign for this Order and report, if possible,
of
OF
Incohonee,
The
WM.
Senior
chiefs for the
raised up
R.
BRADLEY,
follows
New
S.,
P. G.
was
ensuing grand
as
P. G.
BURNS,
T.
JOHN
were
Councils
Great
"
Jersey.
S., District of Columbia.
J. EDWARDS,
Pennsylvania.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
JOSEPH
Delaware.
W.
G.
Chief
JOHN
L.
W.
G.
Keeper
WM.
G.
W.
G.
Tocakon,
C.
C.
W.
G.
Minewa,
C.
S. SMINCK,
of Records,
of Wampum,
Arrangements
for the chiefs and
emblems
P. G.
GORSUCH,
Maryland.
I.,Maryland.
MILLS,
for
made
were
PYLE,
BOOKER,
York.
New
providing suitable regaliaand

of the G. C. U. S., and
members
printingand issuingproper forms for reports from

Councils
the immediate
and Tribes working under
of the G. C. U. S., and of the form for raisingup
State
Great
State
for
Great
jurisdiction
of chiefs
of
Councils.
the statistical reports from
From
sun
Tribes
Great
and
Councils,
gather the
presented by the Great Chief of Records, we
followinginformation, the reports from the Great Councils of
in Illinois not
the District of Columbia, Ohio, and from Tribes
as
being
included
through informality.
find, that the
we
of Tribes
number
the
From
94;
was
made
returns
initiations,1767;
drawn
65 ; withexpulsions,
deaths, 51 ; members, 6251 ; expended for
by card, no;
relief of brothers, 9798 fathoms
; expended for relief of widows,
of orphans,
4661 fathoms
5 feet ; expended for the education
admitted
434
by card,
102
suspensions,480
5 feet.
fathoms
1855The
council

moon,
The
G. S.
5615, W.
Committee
present from
the
at
the
loth
G. Incohonee,
on
Great
S.
G. C. U.
fire of the
Credentials
Councils
was
kindled
of the
run
William
Osceola
sun,
Corn
presiding.
representation
R. Burns
reported
of
nth
at
Virginia,Pennsylvania,
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
York, Maryland, Ohio, District
New
and
the
Among
council
this
Coats
council, we
each
of whom
Edinburg,
the
G.
G. S.
had
of
W.
George
at
sylvania,
Pennof
Ford
Great
became
Incohonee
presented
this
at
"
of
Cherokee
Council
5615 (May
Tribe, No.
at
4,
Franklin, Indiana, and
at
5,
of Indiana,
the
on
of
nth
1855).
u,
been
Seneca
granted to
hunting grounds of the
change the
first time
Gorham
H.
Incohonee
Tribe, No.
of the Great
the institution
Permission
for the
and
afterwards
institution
Miami
and
moon,
Kentucky,
York.
Morris
Ohio,
and
S.
recorded
Flower
of
MEN.
Columbia,
New
mentioned
longtalk of the W.
find the following:
the
He
be
may
C. U.
of the G.
and
of
Representativesadmitted
Paxon
Kentucky,
In
in Delaware
Tribes
from
RED
Tribe, No.
Tribe
from
to
i,
Metamora
to
Brookville, Indiana.
Tribe, No.
Camanche
its books
work, and
G. C. U.
He
expressed hope
States
establish
to
bothered
have
which
was
for
Provision
of the
The
W.
W.
W-
the
and
to
the
was
made
great chiefs
G.
Senior
be
find that
we
still to
seems
the
committee
made
report
the table.
of the
Committee
on
Credentials,
W.
Lindsay, of Maryland, was
mitted
ad-
He
afterwards
cohonee.
In-
became
Great
for
the proceedprintingand distributing

ings
S. from its organization.
elected and
for the ensuing grand sun
were
raised up
Incohonee,
Order
previous council
laid upon
first time.
G. C. U.
corresponded,would
had
S., for
at
the
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
G. Prophet,
G- Chief of Records,
G.
he
ritual for the
proper
G. C. U.
received
appointed and
W.
surrendered
to
in their section.
Past
been
ceased
revival of business, friends in
whom
supplementary report
Great
Sachem
George
By
W.
with
subject selected
that
on
that with
the Order
questionof
The
property had
and
had
Dubuque, Iowa,
S.
the Eastern
able
I, of
as
follows
W.
GEORGE
JOSEPH
C.
J.
S.
W.
JOHN
"
FORD,
BARTON,
P.
P.
G.
G.
S., Kentucky.
S.,
Pennsylvania.
York.
SMIXCK,
New
McNELL,
Virginia.
Maryland.
L. BOOKER,
COUNCIL
GREAT
W.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
WILLIAM
W.
G.
Tocakon,
PAXON
W.
G.
Minewa,
J.
charter
institution
whose
Incohonee.
appointed
revised
the
at
P.
A.
P.G.
I., Maryland.
Ohio.
Virginia.
Great
Council
of
in the
longtalkof
submitted
by the
to
Constitution
council
previous
GORSUCH,
307
ENTLER,
the
referred
was
G.
STATES.
COATS,
for
granted
was
UNITED
OF
was
Indiana,
the W.
G.
committee
laid
finally
upon
Councils,
presented
the
table.
From
Great
by
Chiefs
of Records,
Great
learn
we
there
as
102
were
-Tribes
admitted
by card, 461; suspensions,457;

expulsions,159; withdrawn
by card, 84; deaths, 87; number
of members,
Maryland stillheld the lead, with 20 Tribes
7220.
initiations, 1539;
and
with
2635 members,
Tribes
and
brothers
The
1676 members.
11,318 fathoms
was
orphans, 302 fathoms
close
second, with
feet; expended
inches
8 feet
24
expended for relief of
amount
3 feet 6
widows, 3360 fathoms

of
Pennsylvaniaa
expended
for
relief of
for the education
inches.
1856.
council
The
fire
kindled
was
Men's
Red
at
Hall, Baltimore,
G. S. 5616, P. G. I.
9th sun, Corn moon,
Hugh Latham
presidingin the temporary absence of the W. G.
Incohonee, George W. Ford, who entered immediatelyafter the
kindlingof the council fire.
At this council Missouri
was
represented for the first time,
Tribe, No. i, St. Louis.
by James O. Alter, of Hiawatha
The
W.
G. Incohonee
submitted
his longtalk,which
among
other things mentioned
the following:
The past grand sun
of peace and quiet,of plenty
had been one
and
tended,
prosperity. Our hunting grounds had been largely exthey now
reaching far into the Sunny South, and the
Missouri
in the West
mighty West drawing nearer
every sun.
Md.,
at
the
loth
run,
"
and
Louisiana
Red
Men
institution
of the
G. S.
Great
of
in the South
the
forest.
of Cherokee
Council
5616 (December
V.
Tribe,
I.
G.
No.
of Delaware
19,
numbered
now
were
1856).
on
the
the chosen
Pyle reported the

Wilmington, Del., and
igth of Hunting moon,
Joseph
4, of
with
In
Orleans, La.,
(November
Mo.,
nth
the
on
1855), and Hiawatha
12,
MEN.
Osyka Tribe, No.

sleep of Beaver
moon,
I2th
the
on
RED
instituted
had
he
person
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
308
sleep of
Tribe, No.
Worm
G.
at
New
S.
5615
St. Louis,
i, at
G. S.
moon,
i,
5616 (March
u,
1856).
He
referred
growth, and
to
of
the cost
to
institutingTribes
recommended
action
that
being
as
would
remove
Kansas
and
bar
the
obstacle.
had
He
about
resolution
State
changes
should
Committee
the past
A
in the work
grand
regaliaof
the various
and
sun
was
the
it
granted
were
committee
The
reported that
adopted, made
Charters
of the
Order, if the
the various
the Great
Tribes
Council
and
grave
proposition
define
organizedduring
of Delaware.
revise the
appointed to
Order, and
important
inexpedient.
to
to
the
laws
regulatingthe
clearlythe
more
emblems
of
chiefs.
committee
subsequentlymade a report recommending

with distinguishing
jewels,and in the five
apron,
sash, belt,and
colors,
"
rank.
The
purple,scarlet,blue, orange,
The
adopted.
report was
Great
Council
the ceremonies
Custom
Chiefs
elected
G.
C.
U.
appointed and
raised up
G.
Incohonee,
Louis
G.
Senior
DANIEL
W.
G.
W.
BONSAL,
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
JOHN
W.
W.
G.
Chief
JOHN
L.
W.
G.
Keeper of
W.
G.
Tocakon,
A.
W.
G.
Minewa,
JAMES
Committee
CHRIS.
of Records,
Wampum,
constitution
W.
WM.
P.
follows
G.
CARTER,
G.
and
S.,
P. G.
GORSUCH,
P.
G.
G.
S.,
I.,
Council
adopted.
S.,
Delaware.
Pennsylvania.
Virginia.
Maryland.
Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
Missouri.
ALTER,
Great
were
Maryland.
S.,
P.
sun
"
McNELL,
P.
of the
corner-stone
BRITTON,
for the
of the Whole
as
BOOKER,
O.
participatein
to
Va.).
ensuing grand
WEISTENBERG,
G.
according to
green,
invitation
an
S. for the
W.
new
and
attending the laying of the

House, Wheeling, Va. (now W.
of the
and
accepted
W.
yet resulted therefrom.
had
on
presented and referred to the Committee
Order, suggestinga card for the wives of Red
necessary
be
Tribe
no
Texas
was
of the
The
Men.
new
correspondence from
the Order, but
A
the
received
was
considered
in
IMPROVED
310
Order
The
had
ORDER
become
OF
MEN.
RED
extinct in Iowa
in the
precedinggrand
sun.
The
committee
The
chiefs elected
the
subject of ritual, appointed at the

previous council, reported,but presented nothing definite,and
was
discharged.
grand
sun
upon
were
and
as
ing
appointed and raised up for the follow-
follows
W.
G.
Incohonee,
DANIEL
Senior
J.
JOHN
W.
G.
W.
G.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
W.
G.
Chief
W.
G.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
Tocakon,
W.
W.
W.
G.
Minewa,
JNO.
The
Great
G. S.
CARTER,
W.
H.
G.
P.
S., Delaware.
TATSAPAUGH,
Virginia.
Pennsylvania.
Kentucky.
Maryland.
Maryland.
Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
J. EDWARDS,
J.
A.
of Records,
to be
"
L.
G.
G.
S.,
G.
P.
BOOKER,
G.
P.
GORSUCH,
S.,
I.,
S. WALTON,
A.
Council
P.
FRANCIS.
voted
F.
METZ,
to
in
participate
held at Lancaster, Pa.,on
body in the procession

Travellingmoon,
the 2ist
5617 (October 21, 1857).

committee
Another
ritual
on
appointed
was
to
report
the
at
council.
next
The
from
for this
record
the
grand
contains
sun
statistical reports
no
Councils.
respectiveGreat
1858.
The
council
fire of the G. C. U.
Hall, Baltimore, Md.,

moon,
G. S.
5618,
P. G.
of
absence
the
the
at
I.
loth
kindled
was
run
of the
Latham
Hugh
W.
S.
G.
at
I4th
Red
sun,
presidingin
Incohonee.
W.
G.
Men's
Corn
the temporary
Incohonee
his position.
subsequentlyentered and assumed
the Representativesadmitted
at this council for the
Among
B.
first time, were
George B. Colflesh of Maryland, William
Eckert, of Pennsylvania,and Joshua Maris, of Delaware, each
Carter
of whom
The
afterwards
Great
became
great chiefs elected and
ensuing grand
sun
were
W.
G.
Incohonee,
PAXON
W.
G.
Senior
JOSEPH
W.
G.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
A.
appointed and
follows
as
Incohonee
COATS,
R.
raised
P.
G.
S.,
COFFROTH,
Ohio.
Delaware.
PYLE,
New
P. G.
S.
up for the
"
S. WHITE,
GEO.
of the G. C. U.
Jersey.
S., Virginia.
GREAT
Chief
COUNCIL
OF
of Records,
W.
G.
W.
G.
Keeper
W.
G.
Tocakon,
GEORGE
W.
G.
Minevva,
J.
The
and
growth
made
to
the
Order
and
Tribe
had
reported
been
as
in
1857
He
had
in North
condition
efforts
the Order
and
the
ful,
unsuccess-
followed.
Louisiana
ficulties
dif-
keep
to
again been
there had
efforts
continued
Carolina, and
in
affectingthe
as
the
The
York
Carolina.
mentioned
in Indiana, and
of the Tribes
instituted
good
of
of Columbia.
the extinction
Maryland.
I.,Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
longtalk.
Order.
of New
311
North
his
panic
the
Order
alive in the State
S.,
P. G.
RADCLIFFE,
financial
in the District
G.
P.
OLIVER,
submitted
the
STATES.
G. GORSUCH,
P.
D.
prosperityof
revive
to
BOOKER,
WILLIAM
Wampum,
referred
L.
JOHN
G. Incohonee
W.
He
of
UNITED
new
was
Missouri,
an
for a charter for a Great

Council
in the latter State
application
the probabilities
future.
of the near
being among
He reported the organizationof the first Tribe ever
organized
in the New
ford,
England States, Narragansett Tribe, No. i, at Hartinstituted by great Chief
of Records
was
Conn., which
G. S. 5617
John L. Booker, on the igth sleep of Buck
moon,
(July 19, 1857).
He
called attention
Ritual
had
G. C. U.
to
the
to
prepared, and which
short time, and
The
ever-present
attention
was
the Committee
ready for
the
on
of the
action
S.
Narragansett Tribe, No.

in the longtalkof the W.
for
which
work
new
of
the
then
G. Incohonee,
its council
question
G. C. U.
committee
Hartford, Conn., above
I, of
of
the
had
fire became
referred
fitful existence
extinct.
ritual
again engaged the

report of the special
S.
Upon the
previouscouncil, that
but one
work
appointed at the
had been received by the committee
for consideration, and they
felt constrained
voted
to
report against its adoption,it was
ritual.
again to offer a premium for a satisfactory
Southerland's
Manual
was
mentary
adopted as a standard of parlialaw for the
From
Tribes,
105;
the
use
of the G. C. U.
statistical reports
from
S.
State
Great
Councils
and
Number
of Tribes,
glean the followinginformation:
initiations,
pulsions,
rejections,136; suspensions, 520; ex1437;
138; reinstated,18 ; admitted by card, 424 withdrawn
we
by card, 68; died, 71
; number
of members,
7742;
amount
ex-
IMPROVED
312
for relief of
pended
expended
During
and
for education,
the
grand
reservation
of
grand
sun,
this
time
at
the
fathoms
had
latter
inches;
25
fathoms
been
pended
ex-
inches
75
and
instituted,
19
in
the
number,
which
1 1
were
unfortunate
some
sions
dissen-
left this baneful
imprint upon the prosperity

the
to
Appended
proceedings
in that State.
is
MEN.
50 inches.
13 Tribes
Of
that
of the Order
for this
863 fathoms
Pennsylvania,in
arisen
had
RED
orphans, 5640
sun,
defunct.
become
OF
brothers, 13,503
widows
for
had
ORDER
in
list of the
complete
the
States
105 Tribes
in existence
of
Kentucky, Virginia,Ohio, New

Missouri, Mississippi,
Connecticut,
Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Jersey, Delaware, Louisiana,
and
North
in
Carolina,and
1859.
The
council
Men's
fire of
the
G.
Corn
G.
moon,
S.
C.
the
at
5619, W.
U.
G.
S.
9th
at
Red
I4th
sun,
kindled
was
of
run
Incohonee
the
Coats
Paxon
siding.
pre-
Representativeswere
present from Maryland,Pennsylvania,
Virginia,Ohio, New Jersey,Delaware, and Kentucky.
A Committee
Ceremonial
on
was
appointed to consider a new
ritual that had been received by the Great Chief of Records.
The
W. G. Incohonee
presented his longtalk,which, among
other things,referred to the following:
"
He
stated
the condition
of the
Pennsylvania standing at
five Tribes
and
the
Council
Great
by
1008
He
reported the
in
Incohonee
G.
S.
5618 (December
with
in
instituted
made
head, with
G.
Indiana, Cherokee
effects
of Missouri
the
the V.
moon,
Tribe
members.
the
at
of
Camanche
He
Tribe, No.
official-report of the
of Natchez,
Miss., and
had
received
i,
had
Natchez
Tribe, No.
ing
Hunt-
been
7, had
Iowa.
of
State
the charter
Dubuque,
of
the
success.
Tribe, No.
institution
of Minnehaha
future
ner
man-
i8th
In
Edinburg,
for
State, Camanche
Dearborn.
the
on
of
institution of
informal
18, 1858).
4, of
bright prospects
same
State,
tions,
reserva-
increase
an
somewhat
of that
Tribe, No.
in the various
Order
and
He
suscitated
renew
been
other
also
Tribe, No.
2, of St.
I,
Louis,
COUNCIL
GREAT
which
had
G. C. U.
been
not
OF
UNITED
of three
specialcommittee
of a series
"provisions
committee
of three
session:
council
in
of
the
of the
special
the
present
Constitution
and
of the
hunting grounds
palefaces. 2d.
Council
statistics of the Order
other
effect that
Institution
date of the Institution of the Great
3d. Such
the
to
the
out
carry
appointed to report during
date
the
appointed to
was
of resolutions
be
The
ist.
the Order
of the United
the
as
of
The
States.
committee
may
pertinent.
In
this
connection, later in the
same
Committee
authorized
was
the
Mifflin ; and
such
and
historythereof
as
be
placed in
purchase
to
of the founders
names
Fort
to
previous
313
S.
deem
the
reported at
STATES.
other
they
the
of the
deem
of Red
relative
Council
taining
con-
Men
at
the
origin
preservation,
to
of
worthy
of the Great
the archives
Special
Roll,"
Muster
"
Order
documents
may
council, the
of the
United
States.
chiefs elected
The
grand
sun
were
and
as
follows
W.
G.
Incohonee,
ANDREW
W.
G.
Senior
G.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
JAMES
W.
E.
N.
L.
W.
G.
Chief of
G.
Keeper of
W.
G. Tocakon,
W.
W.
G.
WILLIAM
The
ritual
of
Minewa,
WM.
F.
G.
P.
M.
REUTER,
L.
BOOKER,
G.
G.
P.
S.,
TYRACK,
LUNSFORD,
JOHN
JOHN
for the
up
ing
ensu-
"
J. BAKER,
W.
Records,
Wampum,
raised
appointed and
GORSUCH,
S.,
Pennsylvania.
Kentucky.
Virginia.
Missouri.
P.
G.
P. G.
S.,
I.,
Maryland.
Maryland.
Delaware.
WEHL,
New
KINER,
Jersey.
Ceremonial
on
SpecialCommittee
reported in favor of a
which
had been presented by Brother
John Esten Cook,
Richmond, Va.
The
adopted, and it was

ritual go into operation on
the ist sun
5620 (Januaryi, 1860). Arrangements
and
report
was
the
distributing
From
Tribes
the
new
ordered
of
were
Cold
made
that
the
G.
moon,
for
new
S.
printing
ritual.
statistical reports from
State
Great
Councils
and
followinginformation :
Number
of Tribes, 115;
initiations, 1822; rejections,124;
drawn
withsuspensions, 831 ; reinstated, 55 ; admitted
by card, no;
of memby card, 78; expulsions,381 ; died, 71 ; number
to
the G. C. U.
S., we
obtain
the
314
IMPROVED
bers, 9266
and
orphans,
fathoms
education, 419
fathoms
3373
defunct, 6
; Tribes
instituted, 7
inches
25
amount
expended for
fathoms;
for relief of brothers, 13,311
expended
widows
Tribes
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
expended
for
5 feet.
1860.
council
The

G. S.
at the
S.
kindled
was
of the
gth run
ith
Red
Men's
Corn
moon,
at
sun,
J. Baker
presiding.
The
Committee
Credentials
on
reported Representatives
present from
Maryland, Pennsylvania,Virginia, Ohio, New
Jersey,Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and the District of
5620, W.
Andrew
G. Incohonee
Columbia.
The
longtalksubmitted
the
presiding chief
and
detailed
the
into
the
Among
upon
ture
literaresults
the
be mentioned
may
"
reported
in Louisiana
5,
organizationfor
preliminary
the
on
5th
of Snow
sun
Great
G. S.
moon,
Council
5620 (February
1860).
Arrangements
work.
had
been
of the Tribes
private work
Illinois had
organizationof
detailed
in North
been
Tribe
at
several visitations
for
made
the
collecting
that the
new
brought
into line
hoped for, but

preferredto the
of
still
old
not
by
one.
met
He
Delaware.
with
the
revise
He
He
of
ported
re-
general approbation
the members
the
the
the
reservations
recommended
to
ceased
more
largemajority of
committee
competent
the
made
had
and
by
County.
once
Nashville,Washington
ritual had
charters
Carolina, which
by him in
Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia,Maryland, and
was
and
and
symmetry,
given by
complete
work
bring the
touched
matters
been
It gave
much
:
following
He
to
harmonious
was
hitherto
Council.
Great
of his efforts to
account
of the Order
secured.
of the
had
than
comprehensive document
more
G. Incohonee
the W.
by
whole
ment
appointritual of
the Order.
The
Great
Chief
the routine
sun.
Great
of Records
of work
Accompanying
Councils
missing.
From
and
this
submitted
of his
was
these
reports,
written
chieftaincyduring
the
Tribes, the
statistical report
reports of three
we
glean
the
tailing
report dethe
of
Tribes
following:
grand
State
being
Num-
ANDREW
GEORGE
J.
W.
BAKER.
JOSEPH
LINDSAY.
PAST
ADAM
-GREAT
INCOHONEES.
PYLE.
SMITH.
ORDER
IMPROVED
316
G.
moon,
S.
the
Among
council
were
each
the G. C. U.
5621, W.
G.
RED
OF
MEN.
Richard
Incohonee
Representativesadmitted for
and
William
Angus Cameron
of whom
S.
afterwards
became
the firsttime
B. Eckert
Great
admitted
Marley
at
of
this
sylvania,
Penn-
Incohonee
from
siding.
pre-
of
the Great
souri,
Maryland, Pennsylvania,Ohio, New
Jersey, MisKentucky, and Delaware.
referred to
The
longtalk submitted
by the W. G. Incohonee
the disturbed
condition
of the country at this time,
political
which
but in a tone
proved that the spiritof fraternityrose
sectional
above
strife,and that, though divided politically
by
of that unfortunate
the events
period in the history of our
Councils
of
country, the
hearts
of all true
regard to locality.
The
longtalk of the W.
in establishingthe
acts
gathering in of the books
had
become
extinct
G.
Order
and
in various
Red
Men
Incohonee
were
gave
Richmond,
at
other
united
without
report of his
the
Ind., and
property of Tribes
reservations.
It also gave
that
the
returns
ceived
recomplained of the meagre
the V. G. Incohonees
from
tion
owing to the troubled condiof the country.
Concerning the only Tribe in New
England, he said that understanding that the Great Chief of
of the Eastern
Records
to visit one
States, he requested
was
his journey to Hartford, Conn., for the purpose
him to extend
He
of obtainingthe Work, etc., of Narragansett Tribe, No. i.
in obtaining the Work
of the Order, but in consucceeded
sequence
of the Tribe
of the late Chief of Records
removing
he could not obtain the Ledger and Journal
to Massachusetts
decisions
rendered.
He
of the Tribe.
The
Great
Chief
of Records
gave
an
account
of his stewardship
during the grand sun, and of his compliance as far as

possiblewith the instructions given him at the last council.
Among other things he had procured the photographs of P. G.
Incohonees
Hugh Latham, of Virginia; George A. Peter, of
P. Burns, of New
Ohio ; William
Jersey; George W. Ford, of
Kentucky ; Paxon Coats, of Ohio ; Louis Bonsai, of Maryland,
would
and Andrew
remainder
J. Baker, of Pennsylvania. "The
difhave been procured had it not been that through political
COUNCIL
GREAT
faculties,the
artist
thought
Chief
of Records
STATES.
OF
UNITED
it
prudent
to
317
from
remove
the
State."
Great
The
unsettled
condition
the Great
Councils
further
said,that owing
had
been
not
the
statistical reports from
affairs,the usual
of
to
prepared
and
therefore
could
it had
been
be submitted.
not
several
For
that
necessary
kindled
great
under
suns
council
the
fire of
Constitution
the
C.
G.
this council
At
Baltimore, Md.
at
the
S. should
U.
amendment
an
adopted permitting the kindlingat such place as may

by the Great Council.
chiefs elected
The
and
appointed and raised up
follows :
as
ensuing grand sun were
be
was
be
fixed
for
the
"
W.
G.
Incohonee,
JOSEPH
W.
G.
Senior
W.
G.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
L.
W.
G.
Chief
W.
G.
Keeper
W.
G.
Tocakon,
CHAS.
W.
G.
Minewa,
EDWARD
The
C.
MORRIS
Delaware.
S.,
Ohio.
PIERCE,
BOOKER,
G.
WM.
GORSUCH,
F.
G.
P.
GORHAM,
H.
L.
JOHN
of Wampum,
G.
SCHLOSS,
LEWIS
of Records,
P.
Pennsylvania.
G. S., Pennsylvania.
S.,
Maryland.
I.,
Maryland.
New
Jersey.
Maryland.
S.,
P.
P. G.
G.
P.
WILLITS,
R.
McCAiN,
Ritual reportedprogress.
on
SpecialCommittee
specialcommittee
appointed at the previous council to
of incorporationfor the G. C. U. S. was
act
an
tinued
con-
The
procure
with
A
PYLE,
form
the addition
of two
members.
adopted for kindling and quenching the council

fire of a Beneficial Degree Council.
A report having been
called for from the Committee
the
on
of PennsylOrigin of the Order, etc., Representative Gorham
vania,
for delay in making the
of the Committee, stated cause
was
report, and
it
grand
and
sun,
Chairman
that
voted
was
that
the Committee
RepresentativeGorham
be
continued
be
substituted
one
as
of the Committee.
1862.
No
The
minds
council
war
of
between
of all the
of affairs in
the G. C. U.
the
North
people
the
S.
and
of the
cityof
was
held
in G. S.
the South
country.
Baltimore
made
occupying the
was
The
5622 (1862).
disturbed
it
tion
condi-
imprudent to
318
ORDER
IMPROVED
kindle
been
fixed upon
it could
the
at
be
kindled
best to omit
deemed
MEN.
fire in that
council
the
RED
OF
the
city,and no other place having

tion
preceding council, under the ConstituIt was
therefore
only at Baltimore.
council for this grand sun.
1863.
council
The

G. S.
5623, Great
Committee
The
from
the
at
the
Great
Credentials
Councils
and
Jersey, Ohio, Kentucky,
kindled
was
at
Red
Qth run of the 8th sun, Corn

Joseph Pyle presiding.
Incohonee
on
S.
Men's
moon,
reported Representatives present
of
Pennsylvania,Maryland, New
Delaware,
and
the
of
District
Columbia.
Great
The
submitted
Incohonee
his
longtalk,covering the
during the last two grand suns.

chieftaincy
the Order that, notwithstandingthe disturbed
He congratulated
condition
of affairs in the country at large,the Order
had not
lost ground, but was
steadilyand surelyadvancing. He viewed
which
had engaged his attention,
in detail the various matters
and the efforts made
by him to gather in the work from defunct
administration
Tribes,
to
of his
establish
Tribes, and
new
those that
encourage
work, and explained the
to
falteringin the good

for not kindlingthe preceding grand sun
council fire.
cause
The
western
part of Virginia having been set off as a separate
West
he
had
known
as
State,
Virginia,
placed Logan Tribe,
of G. C.
No. 21, of Wheeling, under the immediate
jurisdiction
that no
U. S., for the reason
Great Council
could legallyexercise
in two
States.
jurisdiction
seemed
The
to
Committee
a
The
be
thorough
The
New
of
the
Ritual
made
report and
sented
pre-
revision.
Whole
and
accepted and
was
finallyadopted,
considered
thus
in
giving to
attractive ceremonial
and
complete, symmetrical,
of great suns.
stood the test of experiencefor a number
chiefs elected and appointed and raised up for the ensuing
follows :
as
grand sun were
Order
which
the
report of the committee
Committee
the
on
"
W.
G.
Incohonee,
A.
W.
G.
Senior
CHRIS.
Sagamore,
J. FRANCIS,
P.
G.
WEISTEXBERG,
S.,
P. G.
Kentucky.
S., Pennsylvania.
GREAT
COUNCIL
OF
W.
UNITED
W.
G.
W.
G.
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
JOSHUA
W.
G.
Chief
JOHN
L.
BOOKER,
WM.
G.
GORSUCH,
WM.
CHIDSEY,
W.
Keeper of Wampum,
Tocakon,
G.
W.
G.
W.
G.
of Records,
Minewa,
of the
Origin
that
it
voted
prepared
that the committee
The
balance
routine
of
unwritten
to
the
work
Jersey.
Maryland.
I., Maryland.
Ohio.
COOPER,
A.
for from
the Committee
of that
committee
for
grand
one
in
consumed
was
on
the
stated
this council, and
at
report
council
on
S.,
P. G.
319
Delaware.
S.,
P. G.
be continued
the
work, action
the
MARIS,
called
been
New
G.
P.
Order, the Chairman
not
was
LIMEBURNER,
JAMES
having
report
STATES.
it
was
sun.
the
ordinary
reports of committees,
and
in perfecting
to
the
revised
necessary
accompany
ritual.
From
the
Records,
statistical report
find that
we
the
presented by
the
of Tribes
was
number
Great
81 ;
Chief
of
initiated,
763; rejected,52; suspended, 1060; expelled,283; reinstated,

admitted
9;
number
by card,
of
members,
returns
of the
widows
and
grand
resolution
sun
6156.
and
was
council
There
by card, 58; died, 146;

to
seems
have
been
expended for the relief of brothers
amount
orphans
withdrawn
42;
in
no
and
for education.
adopted providing for holding the next

the hunting grounds of Philadelphia,
Pa.
1864.
council
The
fire of the
G. C. U.
S.
was
kindled
at
Pocahontas
G. S. 5624, W.
G.
Pa., in Corn moon,
wigwam, Philadelphia,
Incohonee
A. J. Francis presiding.
The
Committee
Credentials reportedRepresentativespreson
ent
from
Maryland, Ohio, New
Jersey, Delaware, Kentucky,
West
Virginia,Missouri, and the District of Columbia.
his longtalk,and
in
The
submitted
Great
Incohonee
gave
detail the matters
which
had engaged his attention during the
the institution of California
precedinggrand sun.
Among these1 was
Tribe, No.
The
Great
Chief
i, at
San
Francisco.
of Records
submitted
report of his actions
taken by him for printing

grand sun and the measures
and distributing
ritual adopted, and other supplies
the new
furnished through his office. He also referred to a Degree Work
during
the
IMPROVED
320
received
no
P.
MEN.
I.
do.
to
so
power
G.
RED
OF
George A. Peter, of Cincinnati, Ohio,

entitled "Degree of the Daughters of Powhatan,"
with a request
that same
be printed and
laid before the G. C. U. S. at
this council.
He had not complied with the request because
he
had
from
ORDER
The
following preamble and resolutions

Representative Morris H. Gorham, and are
initiative of
the
here
historical
of
movement
presented by
were
ing
mark-
given as
interest
in the
Order.
"
Whereas, The
Improved Order of
traditions,being based
and
origin,ritual,
the Aborigines of this continent
forms an epoch alike grand in the
it therefore
dates in
"
suggests itself as the

this Order ; therefore,
Resolved, That
the
is
in its
purely American
of
the customs
and antiquities
upon
the
of
America
discovery
; and, whereas,
and
of
Paleface
the Red
the
Man,
history
appropriateperiod from which to compute
computation of
Red
time
Men
in
now
use
ished
be, and is hereby abol-
in this Order.
"
Resolved, That
of the
Discovery)
"Resolved,That
of this Order
all documents
discoveryof America
the
by Columbus,
be dated
styleto be G.
from
S. D.
the year of the
(or
Grand
Sun
the Grand
Sun
shall
commence
the first sun
on
of the Corn
moon."
resolutions
The
of
the
they
Order, which
be laid
chiefs
grand
afterwards
until the next
over
to
the Committee
elected
sun
were
W.
G.
Incohonee,
W.
G.
Senior
W.
G.
W.
and
appointed and
follows
as
ANGUS
CAMERON,
MOSES
L.
P. G.
G.
W.
G.
Chief
JOHN
L.
BOOKER,
W.
G.
Keeper
WM.
G.
GORSUCH,
W.
G.
W.
G.
Tocakon,
Minewa,
Past
Great
new
A.
A.
of Records,
of
Wampum,
Incohonee
Past
Great
been
MERRILL,
for the
ing
ensu-
S., Pennsylvania.
G. S.. District of Columbia.

West
ROETTGER,
CHAS.
HEBEL,
JAMES
G.
P. G.
S., Maryland.
P.G.I., Maryland.
Kentucky.
KING,
P.
G.
S.,
New
Jersey.
J. Baker, Past Great
Incohonee, Morris
committee
prepared,
Virginia.
Ohio.
DIBOLL,
Andrew
F. Haas, the
ritual had
C.
raised up
"
AUGUST
Sachem
the State
reported recommending that

mendation
grand sun council, which recom-
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
afterwards
on
adopted.
was
The
referred
were
were
under
H.
Gorham,
and
direction
whose
appointed
Sachem,
Past
the
specialcom-
COUNCIL
GREAT
inittee
them
to
the
to
Sachem's
prepare
this council
At
the .proper
from
UNITED
and
STATES.
321
Prophet'sdegree,and report
Council.
Great
next
OF
action
further
authorityan
taken
was
of
act
towards
procuring
incorporationfor
G. C.
the
S.
U.
statistical summary
No
for this
grand
published with
was
the
proceedings
sun.
1865.
council
The

G. S.
moon,
5625, Great
Committee
The
the
at
S.
Qth
of
run
Incohonee
the
at
Men's
Red
I2th
Cameron
Angus
Credentials
on
kindled
was
Corn
sun,
presiding.
Jersey,
present from Maryland, Pennsylvania,Delaware, New
West
and
the
District
of
Ohio, Kentucky,
Virginia,Louisiana,
Columbia.
those
Among
Past
Great
The
Hugh
Latham
at
this council
of New
Parsons
for the
first time
Jersey,who
was
afterwards
Incohonee.
referred to the fact that Past
committee
the
to
James A.
Sachem
became
present
and
G. C. U.
two
S. from
other
the
Great
Incohonee
Representativesappeared accredited
of Virginia,
their creGreat Council
dentials
being without the seal of said Great Council, said seal

having been destroyed by fire,and the Representativeswere
admitted
by a vote of the Great Council.
Thus
after the four years of weary waiting,of hardship and
and fraternal strife,the country at large
struggle,of civil war
was
once
the
Order
existed
fire of the
The
united
more
G. C. U.
Great
detail his acts

a
new
were
and
all sections
of the
country in which
Incohonee
submitted
during the grand

Tribe, Cornstalk,
his
longtalk,reporting in
among
sun,
No.
2, at
which
District
of
Columbia,
and
several
No.
Tribes
be
may
Wheeling,
Tribe, Tecumseh,
reorganizationof a new
Rouge, La. ; the issuing of charters for the
the
council
S.
the
of
the
again represented around
tioned
men-
W.
Va. ;
4, of Baton
Great
voted
Council
at
the
of the Great
Council
precedingcouncil, and the reorganization
of Virginiaon
G. S. 5625 (August
the I5th of Sturgeon moon,
15,
1865).
IMPROVED
322
The
inclination
resolutions
it
which
adopt
to
Order
of the
of
ORDER
decided
chiefs elected
The
grand
and
were
sun
be
inexpedientto
:
G.
Incohonee,
THOS.
W.
G.
Senior
ALFRED
W.
G.
W.
G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
W.
G.
Chief
W.
G.
Keeper of Wampum,
WM.
W.
G.
W.
G.
Tocakon,
Minewa,
R.
A.
F.
of
E. F. Stewart
The
The
and
from
amended
"the
the
G.
S.,
G.
P.
Maryland.
Maryland.
Kentucky.
Virginia.
I.,
SHANER,
B.
Ritual
submitted
from
ordered
to
report of
continued
committee
the
Order
the
of Past
the
of Brother
Sachem
Great
prepare
ress,
prog-
and
form
new
for
S.
considered
was
submitted
the
of the
in Committee
be considered
1492
374,
after
so
that
the
Also
subtracting 1491.
of
the word
the
year
the
taken
were
the
discovery,"
"
be
may
time
I, and
year
word
in relation to
last council
the
at
Jewish calculation
by adding
year
year
MCFARLANE,
P.
Jersey.
Delaware.
adopted.
changing
and
GORSUCH,
R.
by the appointment
Pennsylvania.
resolutions
The
New
G.
Constitution
revised
Whole
MOORE,
C. McCRACKEN,
was
ing
ensu-
Louisiana.
BOOKER,
D.
chiefs of the G. C. U.
raisingup
legislate.
SHAW,
withdrawal
committee
same
upon
Ohio.
filled
Haas,
Columbia,
BOSLEY, P. G. S.,
L.
on
the
by
submission
for the
JOHN
adopted,
caused
of
the
up
JOHN
SpecialCommittee
vacancy
A.
JOHN
was
by
bers
mem-
"
WILLIAM
of Records,
which
relatives of
appointed and raised
W.
The
female
District
the
follows
as
MEN.
its appearance
from
to
RED
degree for
again made
therefor
was
OF
the
always
'Corn'
up
words
1865
year
as
ascertained
erased
by
'Cold'
and
inserted."
The
for
of
legislation
Committee
submitted
Councils
on
of
21
died, 91
of the
Tribes
G. C. U. S., from
Number
Returns
summary
and
which
; admitted
of
Council
and
seems
Reports, and
to
have
provided
this committee
reports presented by State
Great
of the
jurisdiction
we
gather the followinginformation :
pulsions,
initiations,1246; suspensions,330; exby card, 36;
by card, 49; withdrawn
members,
7835 ; amount
expended for
under
Tribes, 85
number
Great
the
relief of brothers, 12,811
the
fathoms
immediate
97
inches; expended
for
re-
IMPROVED
324
at
ORDER
; Leni
St. Louis, Mo.
OF
No.
Tribe, No.
2,
San
MEN.
No.
Lenape Tribe,
Eagle Tribe,
Jersey; Swamp
RED
Camden,
2, at
tan
Manhat-
Marshall, Texas;
I,
Francisco, Cal.
New
Tippecanoe Tribe,
No.
8, Patriot, Ind.
The
Council
Great
of Missouri
24th sleep of Snow

Great
The
Chief
of his
work
Great
Chief
of Records
Council
withdrew
from
his
of
Gorham,
of Records
name
as
to
candidate
love
various
Tribes
for
became
Great
for
Order
the
tabulated
who
had
the
to
served
has
time,
Morris
elected
was
and
Incohonee,
the
present
re-election.
who
of
statement
H.
to
the
ceed
suc-
imprint
left in indelible
been
laws.
granted
were
brother
report of the routine
organizationdown
its ritual and
upon
the
submitted
Pennsylvania,the
of his zeal and
Charters
375
John L. Booker,
its
him, afterwards
marks
been
chieftaincy,
togetherwith
and receipts.
membership
Great
G. S. D.
moon,
reorganizedon the
(February 24, 1866).
had
Great
the
to
Council
in the
enumerated
of Missouri, and
longtalk of
Great
the
Incohonee.
resolution
was
belonging
to
adopted
this
Great
Council,
and
Maryland, held jointly,
Chief
Great
to
of Records
and
examine,
This
action
documents
earlyhistoryof
Great
Chief
of
and
The
which
to
present
funeral
The
at
would
have
the
Order
were
the
been
on
Revision
of the
Sachem's
committee
of
Council
possession of
a
erty
prop-
be
P. M.
W.
appointed
the fact that
lightupon the
possession of the retiring
Booker.
found.
and
loss is
Their
and
appeared
dis-
documents
These
of Ritual
work,
important
originand
many
irreparable.
submitted
promised
at
report
next
Prophet's degrees, with
council
a
new
ceremony.
ceremonial
was
never
shed
in
Records, Brother
revision
in Committee
It
that
have
being
same."
from
significance
Committee
was
Jno. L. Booker,
there
the Great
and
in the
now
divide the
has
the effect "that
to
voted
presented by
of the Whole
that
the
and
next
the
committee
was
considered
unanimously adopted.
council
of the G.
C. U.
S. be
held
Pa.
Philadelphia,
Great
Chief
of Records
of the Institution
of
the
Gorham,
Order
from
in the
the
Committee
Hunting
Grounds
on
of
date
the
GREAT
COUNCIL
Palefaces, stated
to
the
get
it ;
to
that
had
prepared
other
STATES.
UNITED
members
report, but
members
be
added
the
to
325
unable
was
of the committee
Representative Cameron
whereupon
additional
he
of the
names
OF
moved
committee,
affixed
that
in
four
order
to
majority report, which was

agreed to. The M. W.
Great Incohonee
appointed on the committee, Representatives
ginia
Cameron, of Pennsylvania; Ford, of Maryland ; Ditman, of Vir-
obtain
; and
McFarlane,
of Delaware.
unanimously
adopted,and
instructed
have
to
the
report above
world
M.
report
Great
W.
printed with
same
of the G. C. U.
The
the
The
Chief
the
then
was
read,
of Records
forthcoming
ceedings
pro-
S.
referred
to
is the first attempt to
give to
the
historyof the originof the Improved Order of Red Men.

After detailingthe legislation
preceding the selection of the
has been covered
Committee, all of which
by the matter
given
a
chapter, the report proceeds as follows
in this
shall consider
We
the first inquiry,under

of the
what
"
shall term
we
historyof
THE
TIONAL
TRADI-
affiliation; and
waving
generic term Order, will,for the sake of greater accuracy,
extant.
the term
use
now
Society,as appliedto it in the earlier documents
in
tions,
of
the
first
the resoluthe
consideration
inquirypropounded
Passing to
have to deplore the loss of the originalrecord of their transactions
we
have settled beyond dispute the date of
and other earlypapers, which would
in
the
the institution of the Society
hunting grounds of the palefaces.
As earlyas 1821, we
find the loss of these documents
plained
regrettedand comquire
of.
In November
of that year a Committee
was
appointed to "inhad
into whose
possession the papers appertainingto the Red Men
that
fallen. The said committee
of
the
1822,
Qth
reportedon
August,
"by a
train of unfortunate
events, following each other in rapid succession, the
in possession of white men."
had come
Men
papers belongingfo the Red
"
dwell
the
cause
not
were
They
leading thereto, the
disposed to
upon
individual l most
implicatedhaving passed the dark river,which lies at the
for the
PERIOD
UNCERTAIN
OR
time
our
the
"
"
foot
of the
hill of life."
Red
"A
portion of them,"
and
the winds
of misfortune
had
exists
recollection
There
day
present
on
an
the Delaware
in the
wafted
Francis
The
expense
direction
of
of the
some
older
members
of the
once
popular which pointsto Fort Mifflin,
earlytradition
the
River,as
birthplaceof the Society,and that sometime
"
"
kindlingof
and
the remainder.
between
during the period intervening
of the
trouble
impossibleto tell in what
it was
recovered
"with
had
Man"
'"
its first Council
the
years
1812
and
1814
was
the time
fire.2
Shallus, first Generalissimo.
Preamble
to the
Constitution
and
By-Laws
names
the year
1813.
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
-"26
MEN.
RED
this tradition
which
circumstance
The
its first organization,

grew
the
between
out
partiesduring
anti-war
and
war
of
assignsas the stimulatingcause
which
has
been
animosity
dered
engen-
bitter
of the
those
eventful
in
years
history.
the feelingof the
of hatred, strife and distrust which embittered
The
spirit
not
factions,was
long confined to the civil community outside,
conflicting
and
unseen
but passing as it were
by the sentinels,it made its appearance
of
the
soldiers
the
influence
its demoralizing
garrison.
disseminated
among
l within
of
volunteers
the Fort,
the
and
influential
of the more
patriotic
Some
of the
viewing with apprehension and fear the threatening consequence
American
work
at
powers
risingabove
them
among
their country
and
its free institutions,

and
the
true
level of
of party to
the machinations
effected among
and
to
the
soldiers
the
organizationof
patriotism,proposed
Secret
Society,
to dispel
by signs,grips and passwords, the object of which was
told,
were
and
discord
disseminate
friendship. Their efforts,as we are
time
after
their
short
with
the
for
in
attended
a
happiestresults ;
very
and
visible in the tone
completed a marked
organizationwas
change was
been
of the garrison. Where
before had
distrust,hatred and the
temper
of angry
manifestations
now
kindness, good fellowship, and
passion,was
and
prevailingin
unity of purpose
brotherly regard amity of sentiment
every heart,as the soldiers of Fort Mifflin emerged from the council of Red
and fraternity.
to patriotism
Men, where they had pledged themselves
their Council
fire was
At the close of the war
quenched, the
necessarily
fortified
"
and
garrisondisbanded,
of the past, the charms

and
purpose,
mantle
dark
the
natural
had
which
desire
of
to
returned
the volunteers
of
been
productive of
adversityhung
perpetuate
association
an
and
like
extend
so
lections
recol-
to
their homes.
But
so
in its
patriotic
originand
much
in the past, when
good
the
pall upon
country, with
the
revive
the
the incentives
it,were
to
of the newspapers
Society.2 Accordingly,a call was inserted in one or more
Red
for
of
council
the
in the organizawhich
resulted
a
Men,
Philadelphia
tion
of what
of the
the
Tribe of Columbia
as
was
subsequently known
3
Societyof Red Men of Pennsylvania."
the traditional historyof the origin of our
Such, in brief,is substantially
venerable
as
affiliation,
preserved (among others)in the recollection of our
brother and
mitted
adcolleague,P. G. I. Marley. Brother Richard Marley was
and adopted by the Societyon
the evening of the Qth of September,
of
"
1824, and
received
the
Moose
name
Deer's
Brother,
therefore
and
was
of the principalmembers,
the
familiar with
and
acquainted with many
and
internal
ascribe to it. Besides, there is
origin
history they would
evidence
found
in the militarycharacter of the organization,
will appear
as
of
Captain James
the
Fort, and
Philadelphia.The
defence
of Fort
Erie
N.
August
Preamble
Manuscript Record.
to
Barker,
and
Lieut.
Williams.
The
former
was
subsequently(in the year 1819) was

Mayor of
of
latter,having attained the rank
Captain, was
Constitution
14,
1814.
and
"
(Preamble
By-Laws.
to
Constitution
and
Commandant
the
slain
city
in
of
the
By-Laws.)
COUNCIL
GREAT
UNITED
OF
part of this report, which
in another
STATES.
it to
proves
have
327
been
the
of
work
militarymen.1
Societyis fortunate in the possession of the tradition,preserved
in part at least by brother
extent
Marley, and verified to some
by
authentic
Committee
not
are
documentary evidence, your
prepared to limit
its originto as late a date as the war
of 1812-15. Indeed, there is in the records
of the Societypresumptive as well as contemporaneous
external evidence
that it originatedat a much
earlier day ; and it is as probable that it took its
rise during the RevolutionaryWar
as
during that of 1812-15,and the origin
attributed to the Societyat Fort Mifflin may have been but the reorganization
But
whilst the
of pre-existingfraternal elements by the volunteers for kindred purposes.

DRAKE, in his "History and Biography of the North American
Indians,"
of
fame
of
The
this
extended
:
man
even
speaking
Tammany, says
great
the whites, who
fabricated numerous
legends concerning him.
among
"
In the
he
his enthusiastic
War
Revolutionary
was
established
America.
His
celebrated
under
was
name
the
the
name
inserted
in
of May
in
dubbed
him
the
Tammany,
Saint, and
of the calendars, and
some
Saint
patron
of
his festival
that
On
day a numerous
togetherin processionthrough the streets of
with buck-tails,
t
heir
hats
decorated
and proceeded to a handsome
Philadelphia,
rural place out of town, which
they called the Wigwam, where, after a
longtalkor Indian speech had been delivered,and the calumet of peace and
and
mirth.
friendshiphad been duly smoked, they spent the day in festivity
After dinner, Indian dances were
performed on the green in front of the Wigwam,
the calumet was
again smoked, and the company
separated."
There were
two
days in the calendar of our earlyRed Men which were
Of the first it
held sacred
the 22d of February and the 12th day of May.
is unnecessary,
Of the
for the purpose
of this report,to say anything further.
on
firstday
admirers
of Saint
every
year.
Societyof his votaries walked
"
latter,we
remark
in
that
this
documentaryevidence
it
invariablyobserved
By-Laws of 1817
feast. [It is
worthy
birthdayof
Captain Williams, who fell in defence of Fort Erie on the I4th of August,
1814, as the day for holding the "anniversary meetings of the Society.'1]
The
particularday, however, is left blank in those laws, and subsequent
may
of note
was
place that
shows
the
been
their feasts to have
as
fixes the
observed
the
on
\-zth
morning of the I2th of May,

the Red
Men's
a
designated place, usually at the
the badges and insigniaof their
house of a member,
with
decorated
and,
of stirringmusic
took up their
and to the sound
rank, with banners flying,
line of march
previous
through the streets of the city,and proceeded to some
where
the
secured rural spot, within convenient
distance,
day was
spent in
fact of their having
the manner
The
described in the quotationjust cited.
day of May,
Saint
Tammany's day.
at
Societyassembled
On
the
"
"
celebrated
invariably
publicmanner
1
of
Since
copy
the
feast of
Saint
Tammany
justdescribed, will easilyaccount
writingthe Report,the
of the Preamble, and
tradition referred to.
some
Chairman
of
the
in
for their
of the Committee
old
the
Laws, which
ostentatious
having
has
come
verifythe
been
in
and
known
possession
truth
of the
ORDER
IMPROVED
328
OF
MEN.
RED
TAMMANY
SOCIETY.
Public notice
community outside as the SAINT
that
occasion
in
the newspapers
of the day,
of their assembling on
was
given
in
Red
worded
the
Handbills,
and
peculiarphraseology of the
by quaint
posted on the street corners, in publichouses, and other
Society,which were
have
made, from Drake's
History and
public places. The quotationwe
fixes
the
Saint
the
feast
of
but
firstof May as
Tammany;
Biography,"
upon
in the possession of the Chairman
documents
of your Committee,
the original
and
which will be considered
at length in their proper
more
place in this
12th
the
observed
have
been
of May.
the
to
day
report, incontestably
prove
author
refers to as the placeof holding the feast,
The Wigwam, which
our
located on Bush
and
Hill, then out of the city,
was
was
kept by a gentleman
to
the
"
of the
of Clements,1
name
brother
Society
largeas Harmony
as
of the
Bush
it
Hall,which
Hill
Band
called
was
who
The
name
also among
known
house
was
it
given to
was
Musicians, of which
of
the
known
was
Grove.
Pine
"
from
Wigwam,"
he
the
of the
the members
the
to
community
in
by the proprietor
was
the
leader.
fact that the Red
at
honor
quently
Subsehad
Men
in the old Stone

Building,which they made their permalargeroom
nent
with appropriatescenic
place of meeting,having fitted it up beautifully
and
effects necessary
for the celebration
of their quaint and
decorations
rites.2 Prior to their occupation of this Wigwam,
romantic
they had no
the old
as
place of assembling,but kindled their council fires
permanent
secured
"
manuscript
records
of another.
Nor
show
first at the house
"
it their uniform
was
of
brother, and
one
practiceto
celebrate
the
then
that
at
feast of their
the
venient
conWigwam, as intimated by our author, but wherever
became
their
or
fancy might dictate. Long before the Wigwam
natal
in
celebrated
the
of
their
Saint
the
abode, they
Aboriginal
day
groves
ware
of New
Jersey, or other rustic localities on the Pennsylvania side of the Dela-
tutelar
Saint at
River.
from
considerations,your
these
From
that the
"
Saint
Drake's
identical with
Tammany
"
History and
the Red
Committee
cannot
resist the
conclusion
referred to in the quotations we

Society,"
Biography
Men,
is
"
one
stillanother
of the North
and
the
fact.
same
There
American
Society
"
have
made
were
Indians,'1
and
is associated
sion
this concluwith
the name
strengthenedby
of the Saint Tammany
characteristic,which is also attached
Societya political
Men.
It is true, indeed, that there is
recollection of the early Red
to the
still preserved a sentiment
which was
mission
enjoined on the candidate at his adthat
Men
"Red
administered
to
no
oaths, binding
any
or
political
religiouscreed : they bind neither your hands nor your feet ; as
their Wigwam, so you depart
a free man."
you enter
in understanding and construingthis preliminaryinjunction,
But
must
we
national
basis ; that whether
that the Society rested upon
bear in mind
we
a
the volunteers
of Fort Mifflin in
adopt the theory that it originatedamong
it
of
the
stillearlier
successor
a
Society existingamong
1812-15,or regard as
the Soldiers
of the Revolution, national politicsformed a conspicuous feature
"
...
"
Familiarly known
The
Tribe
at
as
this time
Father
was
Clements.
largelycomposed
of
and
musicians,literati,
actors.
COUNCIL
GREAT
of the
organization. Down
clearlyvisible in it.
late
as
character,and
of uniform
and
STATES.
1817, and
in
even
329
1827, this feature is
Committee, appointed to inquireinto
applicantfor membership,
an
followingemphatic words:
in the
UNITED
as
old report of
An
principlesof
and
the character
OF
"That
he is
settles this question
citizen; of good
and
political
principles,
correct
moral
is well entitled
in the
Wigwam."
manuscript records of the 6th of July, 1822, we find a motion
of twelve
be appointed as an advance
a
adopted, "That
Standing Committee
the
election
of
brother
flinty Warrior? and to report if
post, to superintend
unfavorable
should
be
circulated
againsthim."
anything
to
seat
the
In
On
of the Committee
On
95,
page
find it resolved,That
94, manuscript records, 1823, we
page
of Vigilancebe
date,
same
of tickets
by
publisheduntil
not
find that houses
we
the Red
Men
the
had
the
after their next
been
secured
day of election.
names
meeting.
for the distribution
Again,
96, we
find that the Committee
appointed to procure suitable houses
issuing
of tickets in support of our brother Flinty Warrior, be indefinitely
postponed.2
In an
old copy of By-Laws,3 preserved in the archives of the Great Council
of the United
thus
bias
indicated
States,the complexion of the political
in
the Order
is clearlyshown
by a provision disqualifyingpersons
early
owned
held
either
who were
who
not
or
or
slaves,from becoming
citizens,
on
on
page
for the
"
"
members.
Societywas no doubt political takingits rise among military

with American
sentiments
were
men,
thoroughlyimbued
; and priorto the
which at
development of the intenselybitter animosity and local prejudices,
it was
of the slaveryquestion,
considered
a latter day grew
out of the agitation
in
national without being political any partisan sense
hence
the injunc: and
tion
Ritual.
from
the
alreadyquoted
early
and presumptive evidence
in our
We
have thus presented all the positive
possession,or accessible to us at this time, which can shed any lightupon the
inquiry as to the date of the institution of the Society into the hunting
of the first
grounds of the palefaces; and as the second and third inquiries
far the
Thus
"
who
resolution
will
be
give them
to
Muster
Roll,'and
There
"Muster
Mir'rlin,or
the
such
to
appears
Society,from
in
incidentally
this report,
and
to
specialconsideration,
in
contained
'
answered
second
other documents
have
existed
copy
of the
same,
John Douglass,magistrate.
The
name
was
as
among
may
older
the
that
Generalissimo, Black
delivered
election of young
Men's
the
sition
propo-
members
of the
an
of the
Red
sary
unneces-
purchase of the
worthy of preservation."
"The
be deemed
of
some
examine
it
originalinstrument, called the

of the founders of the Societyat Fort
in existence in the cityof Baltimore, and
earlyday, a tradition
Roll," containingthe names
an
the
proceed
resolution,namely:
deem
we
had
Wampum,
the
further
to
Society
longtalkagainstusing
and inexperienced
brothers.
3
III.
Article II.
No
person
None
but
owning
or
citizens of the
United
holding slaves
can
States
become
can
become
members.
"
members.
(Old Laws.)
Art.
IMPROVED
330
in
was
possessionof
of your
ORDER
the late
Logan Tribe,
MEN.
RED
OF
No.
Shortlyafter
the present Chairman, in company
Committee,
Booker, visited Fell's Point, for the
the
with
G.
ment
appointC. of R.
of
making inquiryconcerning it,

fruitless ; and
from
possibleto purchase it. Their visit,however, was
which
believe any such
light
they have since received, they cannot
and
purpose
if
new
document
existed
ever
originof
in Baltimore.
Committee
The
have
that
shown
the
Societymay have been anterior to the war of 1812-15,and they

have also shown, by documentary evidence, that most
of the earlier papers,
which would
have thrown
of
the
the
lost as
lightupon
Society,were
history
The
oldest manuscript document
in existence,so far as we
earlyas 1821.
are
the
is
aware,
accounts
Account
an
of these accounts
Most
March
of
Book, quarto post, containing96 pages, and the

seventy-sixmembers, with their Indian or characteristic titles.
of
3, 1818.
The
of
composed
document
next
denominate
convenience,
the 24th of
on
open
the
number
of
of
members.
have
we
"
January, 1817, and

notice
to
shall,for the sake
we
This
Roll."
Muster
until
continue
"
Roll
Muster
"
is
list of the
pass-books,I2mo, containinga
given or
It is incomplete,without
date, running
series of years, and
a
perhaps over
containing,at a rough estimate, five
thousand
names.
are
wholly obliterated,others partly
Many of the names
whilst
still
others
be
can
deciphered by the aid of a magnifyingonly
so,
glass.
It was
of these earlyRed
the custom
member,
Men, when adopting a new
Indian
after the
with
and
names
of the
manner
new
one,
in all
the
by
Indians, to take away
which
he
identifythe
to
however, the
Occasionally,
be
found
we
find the
"
entered
is
who
tied between
the
on
upon
the
the
old
next
paper
of
covers
and
name
known
invest
the rank
too
of
of Third
our
as
the
This
to
distinct.
it
members.
few others
Major General,
document,
Chairman,
obliterated
is yet bold and
hence
brother, may
book, bearing an
I2mo
much
of
Among
Incohonee.
hands
old
an
enrolled
were
him
books,
the
upon
full name
pages.
Great
the
marks,
(1812),which
of Matthew
musty
Past
into
came
who
the
even
and
Marley, with
outside, in heavy ink
name
The
it
leather
excepting the date

the
these
present venerable
our
individuals
and
initials,
of Richard
name
Roll," when
Muster
his old
afterwards
ever
councils,assemblages or gatheringsof the fraternity

; and
is difficult at times
and
was
be
On
was
or
closely
inscription
deciphered,
the inside is
Zahm, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
claiming our
Generalissimo1
from
1820.
Stratton's
is the
"
Orders," issued
General
Hotel, Philadelphia,and
bears
by
date
promulgates and defines the badges'2

be worn
the several ranking
by, as well as fullyenumerates
officers. From
it we
learn there were
of
mencing
comranking officers,
twenty grades
with the Lieutenant, and
Generalissimo.
the
to
ascending upward
officers were
These
for the government
of the external or general operations
of the Society; whilst for local and ceremonial
arranged
they were
purposes
September 15,
and insigniato
Francis
This
attention
Shallus.
brightred ribbon, with
according
to
document
the
rank
of
wearer.
emblem
of
rank
embroidered
in
gold,silver,or blue,
ORDER
IMPROVED
332
OF
different sections
of the country, North
introduction
some
whilst
into
its
localities
in
existence
we
other
and
RED
places
Of
South.
able
are
MEN.
the
time of its
exact
with
speak only
probability,
positive
documentary
upon
to
rests
evidence.
by Ironstone, Fifth Major-General,or Minowakaton,

whose
correct
was
name
John M. Burns, we learn that as earlyas 1818 he
Chief of the Southern
Tribes.
was
appointed,by Francis Shallus,General
From
And
letter written
the fact that
from
Shallus
in
died
the further fact that Ironstone
1821, and
declares,in the letter referred to, that since the death

counsellor
good
that
conclude
Tribes
indeed,
letter
continued
and
which
established
were
that
in existence
decimated
in
have
may
Tribe
with
communication
no
of them
some
learn
we
he has held
established
was
until
Tribes, we
the Northern
South
the
existed
of that great and
after his appointment,
soon
it.
prior to
the
From
in Charleston, South
1820, when, owing
to
same
Carolina,
local disease,
some
their ranks, they ceased
operations.
evidence
taneously
we
have, that simulhighlyprobable,from the concurrent
with the organizationof the Tribe in Charleston, it was
introduced
into Baltimore,Maryland. In an address delivered by P. G. I. Hugh Latham,
the 2ist of October, 1857, it is stated,speakat Lancaster, Pennsylvania,on
ing
of brother Richard
Baltimore, he was
to
Marley, that, having removed
appointed Chief of the State of Maryland, with the title of Split Log, and
agreeable to instructions, caused a council fire to be kindled in June, 1820."
have
that by reference
Committee
to remark, first,
Upon these statements
your
Roll
of Richard
Muster
to the
alreadyreferred to, we find the name
of
entered
Third
with
the
title
as
Major-General,
SplitLog's Brother.
Marley
It is
"
"
"
Second,
"i
on
209
page
of the
4th of the gth Moon,
Red
Minute
Men's
Book,
1824, the followingwhite
men
this record
find
we
proposed;
were
and
tiated
inigoing through
necessary forms, were
Richard
:
given
Marley, cordwainer, proposed by Hospitality name
Moose
Deer's
Brother.'1'' Brother
ber
Marley must, therefore,have been a memconsiderable
time to have reached the rank of Third Major-General,
some
the
-alter
usual
received
and
and
"
and
could
by no
1820, seeing he
have
possibility
not
was
kindled
admitted
Committee, therefore,from
Your
letter, from
the fact that
"
the
to
what
council fire in Baltimore
in June,
membership until September 14, 1824.

has alreadybeen stated in Ironstone's
and
titles,
names,
of brothers
of rank
marks
the " Muster

on
Roll," and from the
frequentoccurrence
of any
absence
minutes
of the organizationof the Society in that place
in the Record
between
the years 1821 and
Book,
1831 are of the opinion
1818
to
that the Society was
established
in that city as early at least as
in Baltimore
of
are
"
1820.1
the
On
from
the
"kindle
but
That
the
rank
a
necessary
24th of August, 1822, Wetehoopeta,or

of
council
Brigadierto
fire in New
Orleans,
and
instructions,"
he
Brother
kindle
Marley did
Societyseveral
of
that
times ceased
to
Cat, was
to
Red
make
council
"
Men,
and
report from
city,and
was
give them
time
is not
fire in Baltimore
exist in that
brevetted
commissioned
Major-General,and
required to
was
Yellow
as
often
to time
to
all
to
questioned;
revived.
COUNCIL
GREAT
the Red
of
Men
OF
Pennsylvania the
UNITED
condition
STATES.
of the nations
333
over
which
he
the
State
was
appointed Sachem."
About
the year
for
Delaware,
Chief
we
of the
1820
find
1821, the Societywas
or
on
Delaware
55 of the
page
Tribe
established
manuscript record
reports, that
since
he
had
in
this minute:
received
of
"The
power
to
initiate brethren, that
eighty-sixpersons had been adopted in the Tribe, and

find anywhere in the records,
received the appropriatesigns." But we
cannot
from that date back to the opening of the book on the 25th of June, 1825,any
of the commission
mention
our
clusion,
conauthorizingits organization
; and hence
that it must
have taken placeabout the time named, and during that
period of
which
the records
are
lost.
Never
Fear's
originalmanuscriptpetitionof Tall Birch Tree,
Son
under Split Log^\ for recognition
[who was made a Red Man
by the
Tribe"
in Philadelphia,
and bearing date the I2th Moon,
"Mother
1825,we
of Nassau," in the villageof Brooklyn,
Benevolent
Tribe
learn that the
Island of Nassau, and
State of New
York, had been previouslyorganized.
and
received a grant of power
from the
asked
be
to
It, however,
recognized,
Tribe of Columbia, at Philadelphia.
in the subject-matter
connection
of this portionof
For the sake of proper
from
it
is
should
our
diverge
regularchronologicalorder,
report,
necessary we
and refer to the printedProceedingsof the present Great Council of the U. S.
On p. 3, vol. i,session 5609,G. Incohonee
Latham, speaking of Tribes in New
had
been
received,says : On my arrival in New
York, from which petitions
of the petitioners
had been associated togetherunder
York, I found that some
of the existence of
the name
of the
Order of Red Men,1 without being aware
until
of Red
the Improved Order
short period previous to making
a
Men,
their application
Council for dispensations." From
this portion
to this Great
the
From
"
"
"
"
'
of the
Red
report
of New
Men
children
"
the Great
to
York
Council
regarded as mere
unknown,
paternitywas
whose
the
origin of
report of your
source
flowed
at
from
from
the
Red
committee
which
the
same
Men
may
States,we
waifs upon
were
and, indeed, a similar condition

to
of the United
either
to
of facts will be found
infer that these
the tide of
themselves
to
have
or
existed relative
in
Maryland. We trust, however,

demonstrative
of
sufficiently
that they
and conclusivelyprove
be found
they sprung,
originalfountain head,
viz.
"
The
Society
others ;
Tribe
that this,
the
have
true
all
of Columbia,"
Philadelphia.
We
find
I3th of June, 1826, page 341, that Brigadier-Gener

Northern
Warrior
was
appointed " Chief of the Albany Tribe,
and in due form, in open
handed
to him, permittedand
council,by a warrant
in the cityof Albany, in the State of New
empowered to open a Wigwam
of The Albany Tribe of Red Men.'
York, under the titleand name
We
unable to indicate the precisedate of the institution of the Society
are
in New
of it upon
the
Jersey; and from the fact that there is no mention
record, we
infer it to have been prior to the 25th of June, 1822.
On
the
Muster
Roll
find
the
that
Seventh
was
we
Strong Water,
Major-General,
the Commander
in that jurisdiction.
upon
the record
of the
"
'
"
'"
There
are
numerous
strong indications
that the
Societyof
Red
Men
had
IMPROVED
334
diffused
been
but
much
over
indications
these
as
ORDER
wider
are
OF
RED
of country than
extent
in themselves
not
MEN.
have
we
conclusive
mentioned
that
upon
point,
we
presentingthem.
Returning to Pennsylvania,where at this day it is remembered
traditionally
outside
Saint
find
it radiating
community as
by the
Tammany's Society,we
from Philadelphiato Germantown,
isted
Lancaster, and Reading. Indeed, it exin the latter place until a comparativelylate date.
We
find on p. 8,
of Pennsylvol. i,session of 5609,printedProceedings of the Great Council
vania,
and
union
with
the
Ancient
to
resolutions
a
a preamble
sundry
looking
Order of Red Men," located in the borough of Reading, Pennsylvania,with
the present Improved Order.
Committee
have
the Societyto have been
taken to
Your
alreadyshown
with
but
it
existed
there
Baltimore
at
as
as
least,
1820;
early,
only
alternating
forbear
""
and
success,
for
and
successfully
time, when
Tribe
of the
granted by
under
the
appear
to
of that year William
Certain
in that
cityuntil
Muirhead,
of the
been
Red
introduced, but which
of the
Societyin
it is unnecessary
is,that
the year
not
was
On
1834.
active member
old and
an
it
authorityof a commission
George Knorr, reorganized it
which
causes
Maryland. From
of
Tribe
Men's
the bane
it
the
Philadelphia,acting
Generalissimo
or
Wampum,
Black
name
exist.
under
at
have
to
permanently established
1 2th of March
the
it ceased
all sections
where
for present purposes
it had
been
enlargeupon,
to
the part of a
length a determination
upon
to
not
existingabuses was
only developed,but
carried out.
Accordingly,a meeting of the Past Chiefs and Representatives,
selected for that purpose,
convened
Thames
at the old Wigwam,
Street,
on
of the
Fell's Point, Baltimore, on
the 2Oth
day of May, 1835. The names
brethren
this
Seamen's
convention
T.
William
at
:
were
present
Jones, or
Muirhead, or Hospitality; Charles Skillman, or Camel" s Hair.
Friend; Wm.
Chiefs.
Past
These
The
were
Representativespresent were : George A.
Link
of the Order, and resides in
Peter, or
of Union, who is still a member
the State of Ohio; Captain Joseph Branson, or Cock of the Walk, who still
this Tribe
languished,until
also
few of the
members
resides in Baltimore, and

the
At
United
announced
and
Edward
meeting justreferred
to
the world
the
By subsequent legislation
adherence
had
As
to
the
the
correctly
more
another
Lucas,
to,
less
as
the Grand
Council
the
the IMPROVED
Grand,
word
pretentiousbut
idea intended
organization claiming
to
to
be
Verdict.
True
or
completelyorganized,and
States,was
Men"
at
reform
ORDER
wherever
Maryland and of the

Society of Red
"
RED
OF
it occurs,
was
word
equallysignificant
be conveyed
RED
of
hitherto
MEN
by
the
MEX.-
abandoned,
Great, as
aboriginalRed
pressing
ex-
Men.
is in existence,it is proper
to
occurred
between
Metamora
Tribe, No. 4,
5609 a difficulty
which
in
of that
determinated
the
severance
Maryland,
title of
Tribe
the
The
the
from
Tribe
Improved Order.
thereupon assumed
of
Red
Men."
occurred
Order
similar
difficulty
Independent
Subsequently,5612, a
in Pennsylvania,with
the
with
like result.
latter connected
themselves
These
a
These
disaffected
the
Tribes
entire
so-called Independent
indeed,
Independents.
note
that
and
the
in
Grand
Great
Sun
Council
of
"
"
Order
"
are
German.
exclusively
COUNCIL
GREAT
first chiefs
The
Seamen''
Chief
by
Grand
Senior
of Wampum,
True
Verdict;
here that
be noticed
It may
and
Grand
STATES.
Council
were
335
Grand
of Records, Link
Grand
Grand
the Walk.
of
effected in
change was
militarysuccession and
marked
organization.
Junior
of Union;
Prophet, Cock
and
Sachem,
Grand
Sagamore, Hospitality]
material
of the
interior arrangement
the
UNITED
Chief
Verdict; Grand
True
Sagamore,
the
chosen
Friend;
OF
The
The
organization
readopted in their stead.
effected without regard to, or apparent knowledge
were
elsewhere.
of,the existence of the fraternity
We
have shown
already in this report, by the record of the Great Council
Men's
York
of the United
Society" existed in New
States, that the "Red
have shown
down
to 5609 ; and we
by the Proceedingsof the Great Council
of Pennsylvania that it continued
in that jurisdiction
late as the same
as
date,
of
the
the
Tribe
in
to
act
that
had
there
been
a
so
do,
so
land,
Marydisposition
and
changing the organization,might well
assuming supreme power
been
have
questioned. These
acts, however, passed unchallenged ; the
absorbed
the
Order
York, whilst its authorityhas
Society in New
Improved
be disbeen
established
in Pennsylvania, and
the succession
cannot
puted.
now
titles
abandoned,
and
change
were
ones
new
Maryland and vicinityhaving increased, it became

necessary
to organize a National
Body, independent of and superior to local or State
accomplished on the first sleep,third seven
suns,
jurisdiction.This was
The
Order
in
"
5607.
Moon,
have
We
would
thus endeavored
to
exhibited
delay and
of the
almost
entered
difficulties
to
in oblivion,and
the
tomb
of information
by
lapse of
the
in order
compare
to
documents, which
the grave
and
relieved
invaluable
have
view
meed
Had
minds
These
unknown
they
present
we
from
to
the
buried
of the
we
us,
have
its
but
If
been
has
on
we
have
account
Its
of their existence
vague,
and
When
unknown.
was
knowledge
were
open
encounter.
to
period
we
early
had
preceded us.
The
uncertain
tradictory
con-
and
more
interpolatedand rendered
have
had
to
we
analyze,weigh and
value.
Many of the more
important
have
we
historyof
exhumed,
our
report
it were,
as
for the
buried
been
last
from
thirty-five
Order
in
at
earlier session, and
an
consideration, those
they contain, would
new
documents,
in all human
and
with
more
the
probability
in oblivion.
importance of
of praise should
towards
had
are
them.
generation that
presented our
historical information
remained
In
the
must
our
us
become
time.
past, where
they
important light.
years,
the
to
had
the
ascertain their exact
were
of the
with
known
traditions,which
uncertain
in
tardiness
buried
it were,
sources
enough to examine
making this report, it
curious
subject
our
the earliest
records, which
task, the history of the Order
our
were
passed, as
be
may
insurmountable
upon
documents
best
all who
of
nature
affiliationfrom
our
to the date of its authentic
down
accessible
historyof
of the
allow,a summary
of its existence
sketch, as rapidlyas the
to
be
their recovery.
these
awarded
recovered
to
each
documents, it is but justthat

person
who
may
have
tributed
con-
IMPROVED
336
RED
OF
ORDER
MEN.
of Chattahoochee
April last,Charles Sweed, a member
in confriend
who was
to
meet
a
versation
Philadelphia,
happening
with
old gentleman sixty-five
of
the
conversation
an
age,
years
turned upon
Societies,and finally
J. LoudenRedmanship. Mr. Thomas
upon
stated
that
of
he
the oldest
the old gentleman)
he thought
was
slager(name
the Grand
Man
in Philadelphia; that he was
Red
Recording Scribe of the
Societywhen it ceased operation,late in 1831, or the beginning of 1832;
authorized
that he was
to, and did collect what remaining books, papers and
he
which
he had preserved since that time in the orjginal
documents
could,
brother
Sweed
at
once
case
belonging to the Society. This information
of
of your Committee
communicated
to the Chairman
(who is also a member
in purchasingfrom
After several visits he succeeded
Chattahooche
Tribe)
the
In
of
month
17, of
Tribe, No.
the
Loudenslager
Mr.
United
States,at
Another
This
1818.
of
document
report of the
obtained
up
valuable
of Columbia"
in
the
communicated
that
He
city.
of that
Smith, of
B.
to
8, of
No.
Chairman
our
familiar
was
his statements
help
with
to
fill
in its
left much, very
have
William
Mr.
to
information
Tribe,
Shawnee
Tribe, and
documentary history.
this
drawing
lengthy report to a close, it is
blank
In
of
member
indebtedness
our
members
of the former
many
of
dollars.
fifty
former,
Body, and a
Pennsylvania.
We
also acknowledge
for much
Philadelphia,
concerning the "Tribe
Council
Great
importance, referred to in this report, is the

the charter and principles
of Calvin Berden, in
on
from Mr.
Abram
Britain,formerlya Representative
this
to
for the
documents
some
Committee
was
of
cost
net
and
case
should
we
say that
placingall the facts

of our
before the members
in a more
comprehensive and popular
fraternity
in
Chairman
is
now
form, our
engaged
preparinga full and complete history
will be presented for your approval in due time.
of the Order, which
of the resolutions
under
Having, as we believe,complied with the terms
the
of
labors
in
result
which we
our
were
place
appointed,we now
your hands,
we
and
much, untold.
proper
With
view
of
ask to be
discharged.
Respectfully submitted,
in
the
bonds
of
Friendship
Freedom,
and
Charity.
H.
MORRIS
WM.
G.
ANGUS
GORSUCH,
CAMERON,
CHARLES
BALTIMORE,
By
its action
declared
The
term
Corn
Moon,
the
upon
against
as
follows
and
;
"
DITMAN,
WM.
R.
MCFARLANE,
WM.
H.
FORD.
375.
report of
non-beneficial
"
chiefs elected
were
G. S. D.
GORHAM,
committee
a
"
the Great
cil
Coun-
membership.
appointedand
raised up for the
ensuing
COUNCIL
GREAT
M.
W.
G.
Incohonee,
M.
W.
G.
Senior
M.
W.
G.
M.
W.
G.
M.
W.
G.
OF
JOSHUA
337
Delaware.
S.,
G.
MOORE,
S.,
Sagamore, JOHN
Jersey.
B.
SHANER,
JOHN
Junior Sagamore,
Virginia.
WILLIAM
R. MCFARLANE,
Delaware.
Prophet,
H. GORHAM, P. G. S.,Pennsylvania.
Chief of Records, MORRIS
W.
G.
Tocakon,
THOMAS
M.
W.
G.
Minewa,
GEO.
resolution
of
P.
WILLIAM
M.
The
STATES.
G.
P.
MARTS,
D.
Keeper of Wampum,
M.W.G.
UNITED
BENSON,
P.
New
G.
S., Maryland.
RICH,
W.
District Columbia.
LINDSAY,
former
P. G.
S., Maryland.
council,by which
Southerland's
adopted as the parliamentarylaw of the G. C. U. S.,

substituted.
was
was
rescinded, and Cushing's Manual
but not used by the G. C. U. S.
The office furniture owned
Council of Maryland.
donated
to the Great
was
Chief of Records
As a mark
of respect to the retiringGreat
the Great
Council
and Great
Keeper of Wampum,
adopted a
Resolutions.
series of very flattering
Manual
It
was
the
to
was
voted, That
technical
Council
this Great
phraseologyof
direct
strict adherence
Order, in the transaction
our
of
all business.
From
under
Great
of
jurisdiction
the immediate
the
Councils
G. C. U.
and
Tribes
S., we
extract
of Tribes, 1 1 1 ; adopted,
followinginformation : Number
rejected,174; suspended, 313; admitted
by card, 123;
2394;
withdrawn
of members,
10,238;
by card, 99; died, 88; number
the
pended
expended for relief of brothers, 14,322 fathoms 25 inches ; exfor relief of widows, 2118 fathoms
75 inches; expended
for
education, 301 fathoms
25 inches.
1867.
The
council
Hall, Philadelphia,
Pa., on
376, M. W.
Great
the
loth
S.
sun
was
kindled
of Corn
at
moon,
Red
Men's
G. S. D.
Joshua Maris presiding.

The
Committee
Credentials
on
reportedRepresentativespresent
from Maryland, Pennsylvania,
New
isiana,
Jersey,Kentucky, LouIndiana, Missouri, Delaware, Ohio, Virginia,and the
Incohonee
The
was
longtalkof the Great Incohonee
touching upon many important matters,
important recommendations,
an
and
elaborate
making
ment,
documany
338
IMPROVED
He
hontas
; Cherokee
Tribe, No.
Nashville, Tenn.
La. ; and
The
Chief
of the
voted
was
the
recover
of the
Orleans,
"
was
report of his
taken
measures
from
Baltimore
stricken
from
Council
the Order
that
as
the Great
to
remove
delphia.
Phila-
to
titles of
the
of
I2th
the
of Flower
sun
holiday.
Chiefs
originalbook
decided
be
authorized
records
other
and
proceed
to
papers
of
the
to
former
difficulty
attendingthe
transfer
of
Great
Chief
of
Records
already
as
this
whereby
present
kindle
to
the
council
next
fire in the
hunting
of Cincinnati, Ohio.
grounds
council
the
form,
From
the
Tribes
under
inch,
statistical
the
of
manner
which
under
an
old
computing wampum,
represented $1.50, was
changed to the
fathom
cents, and
10
2,
to.
was
At
by
the
property from
It
5, New
written
Tammany's Day,
reference
has
alluded
Tribe, No.
Council."
this Great
This
"
No.
; Poca-
Council.
that
be observed
; Alknooma
submitted
Worthy
Great
resolved
was
Great
Most
"
term
Chiefs
and
of Records
the
Atlanta, Ga.
i, of
9, Brookville, Ind.
during the interim, and
The
It
No.
Tribe, No.
i,
Narragansett Tribe,
property of
moon
Tribe, No.
Detroit, Mich.
i,
IroquoisTribe,
Great
actions
It
MEN.
RED
OF
reported the organizationof Tecumseh
Nashville, Tenn.
the
ORDER
fathom
represents $1.00,
foot,
cent.
reports
immediate
of
State
Councils, and
Great
of
jurisdiction
G. C. U.
the
S., we
of Tribes, 128; adopted, 3080;

gather the following:Number
rejected,193; suspended, 624; expelled, 208; reinstated, 50;
admitted
by card, 161 ; died, 138 ; Past
Great
17;
Sachems,
Tribes
81
Past
extinot, 4;
Sachems,
number
expended
for
relief of
expended
for
relief of widows,
fathoms
of
members,
instituted,
Tribes
12,160;
brothers, 16,496 fathoms
for education, 258
Tribes, 74,320
1333
8291 fathoms
fathoms
30 inches
35
55
amount
inches
inches;
; total
pended
ex-
receiptsof
56 inches.
1868.
The
council
fire of the G. C. U. S.
was
kindled
at
Red
Men's
IMPROVED
340
the
Order
Improved
of the Order.
and
is
and
so
It
of California,
and
Men
professesto be the organ
membership has
regarded as both
far to the
deserves
and
encouragement,
MEN.
is devoted
of the
the interests
to
Order
of Red
Improved
Men,
managed and ably conducted,
proved intenselyinteresting. In short, it
credit.
justlyentitled to such
safelybe
may
of Red
RED
OF
ORDER
It is well
honor
an
should
and
benefit
receive
the
to
the
Order.
of
patronage
the
It
entire
Brotherhood.1'
Chief
Great
The
detailingthe
Order,
Council
Great
taken
Petitions
written
report
the
distributingsupplies
of the
for carrying out the votes
printingand securing proper quarters
measures
in relation to
received
were
and
Great
and
Tennessee.
Councils
for
to
councils
several
this council
States
S. had
due
mileage
granted for,Tribes
of Indiana, Texas, California,
the G. C. U.
of
the
charters
and
from,
in the
the arrearages
At
presented
office of the G. C. of R.
for the
For
Records
measures
other
and
of
been
former
to
unable
date
liqui-
to
Representatives.
rants
satisfactorily
adjusted,and warfor the full amount,
drawn
thus placing the G. C. U. S.
debt in this particular.
free from
The
for the election of great chiefs having arrived, the
run
Incohonee
decided
that Past Sachems
Great
were
eligibleto
the positionof presiding chief of the G. C. U. S.
An
appeal
reversed
having been taken from this decision, it was
by the
Great Council, thereby establishing
but a Past
the law that none
is eligible
to the position of Great
Great Sachem
Incohonee.
The
chiefs
grand
matter
elected
sun
were
and
was
appointed and
follows
as
Great
Incohonee,
JAMES
Great
Senior
GEORGE
ADAM
Great
Prophet,
JOSEPH
Great
Chief
MORRIS
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
WILLIAM
Great
Tocakon,
JOHN
W.
Great
Minewa,
JOHN
G.
The
laws
of Records,
Great
Council
giving the
rank
srrand
suns.
ing
ensu-
P.
PYLE,
G.
Delaware.
P.
P.
G.
G.
S.,
S.,
G.
P.
adopt
Pennsylvania.
Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
HERBERT,
of
Jersey.
S., Maryland.
S.,
GORHAM,
SNYDER,
to
New
California.
BENSON,
honors
This
S.,
P. G.
LINDSAY,
H.
serving in the capacityof Chief

successive
G.
P.
SMITH,
refused
and
PARSONS,
W.
Great
for the
"
A.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
raised up
an
Past
of Records
is mentioned
S.,
Ohio.
amendment
Sachem
to
to
a
of his Tribe
as
the
brother
for five
being: the
first
COUNCIL
GREAT
Council
Great
The
"
STATES,
341
which
legislation
towards
finally
was
refused
strike
to
the
out
word
proved
Im-
"
the title of the Order.
from
P. G.
"that
voted
was
UNITED
of the Order.
in the laws
embodied
It
direction
in that
attempt
OF
S. Morris
H.
Gorham
be
permitted
disposeof Diplomas publishedby him until this Great Council

and that Great Councils
see
proper to supersede the same,
may
this jurisdiction
authorize
the
Tribes
or
working under
may
fixingof their respectiveseals to such Diplomas."
of the late
adopted in memory
Appropriate resolutions were
Great Senior Sagamore John D. Moore.
to
issue
to
Chief
Great
The
charter
new
replace that
"
of the G. C. U.
of Records
lost
or
Great
for the
Council
with
made
way
Ritual
submitted
S.
the
by
of
ordered
was
Maryland
late G.
C. of
to
R.
John L. Booker."
Committee
The
on
in secret
It
voted
was
in
with
Tribe
regaliaof
the
sidered
con-
and
the
should
was
presumably adopted.
riors
distinctive regaliaof the appointed War-
session
that
report which
be
the
blue sash
of uniform
chiefs, with
other
size and
club
as
shape
the emblem.
be of orange
color, the deer's antlers
the emblem, and aprons of the color of the degree to which
as
the wearer
has attained.
That
of the Braves
It
ordered
was
should
that the
hunting grounds of St. Louis,

Upon the recommendations
voted
that
Council
words
all Tribes
shall have
"great
be
fire be
kindled
in the
Mo.
of
hereafter
for their
sun"
council
next
Great
the
chartered
titles Indian
substituted
by
Incohonee
this
names,
or
it
any
and
"grand
the
title of the
Great
that
the
in
the
sun"
for
was
calendar.
The
committee
chief of the
"
to
the
Great
G.
recommended
C. U.
S. be
but
Tododaho,"
that
changed
from
Great
the
"
Council
Great
presiding
Incohonee
refused
to
"
adopt
suggested change.
The
titles of
strikingout
From
:
the
the
the
Great
Chiefs
suspended, 787
further
simplifiedby
prefix M. W."
statistical reports
Number
were
"
of Tribes,
;
we
168 ;
expelled,240
tion
followinginformaadopted, 4366 ; rejected,279 ;
admitted
by card, 274,; withextract
the
IMPROVED
342
drawn
by card,
Sachems,
Past
fathoms
inches
fathoms
13
inches
6386 fathoms
fathoms
493
The
Order.
the
in
Great
relief of
expended
Sachems,
receipts of Tribes, 112,901

brothers, 20,661
expended for relief of widows
just closed
membership
sun
Its
States.
covering 15
instituted, 38; Tribes
and
for education
orphans,
of
orphans,
3 inches.
and
great
MEN.
19,491 ; Past
for
expended
RED
Tribes
total
1826;
inches
99
OF
died, 117;
of members,
272;
number
extinct, 19;
104;
ORDER
The
had
brought marked
had
prosperityto
nearly 20,000,
reached
now
financial affairs of the
Great
Council
gratifyingcondition, and everything pointed to

future.
and prosperous
satisfactory
growth in the immediate
were
1869.
council
The
Hall, St. Louis, Mo.,

Incohonee
378, Great
the
on
James
S.
I4th
A.
kindled
was
of Corn
sun
Red
at
Men's
G. S. D.
moon,
Parsons
presiding.
Credentials
Committee
The
on
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Delaware, New
present from
Jersey,Virginia,Kentucky, California, Michigan, Missouri, and
Texas.
Great
The
submitted
Incohonee
glean the following:

He
reported the Order
condition.
During his term
his
longtalk,from
which
we
"
and
in Indiana, Tennessee,
I9th
Council
Great
The
of Hot
sun
Great
The
in
moon,
longtalk of
the
Vice
of Texas
Council
Great
had
Incohonee
been
generallyprosperous
Councils
had
been
instituted
whom
at
Patriot
on
the
on
the
378 (June 19, 1869).
was
Council
Great
instituted
was
G. S. D.
by
instituted
at
Marshall
378 (Jan. 5, 1869).

of
Tennessee
Incohonee,
the
as
Great
are
the
not
given
report of
Council
was
the
tuted
insti-
mislaid.
Tribes
reportedthe organizationof new
Virginia,Michigan, Louisiana, Illinois,and Winnebago
Great
The
in West
Tribe,
the
in
Texas.
G. S. D.
chiefs of the Great
The
Great
of Indiana
moon,
5th sleep of Cold
being
as
No.
The
referred
I, at
death
to
Incohonee
in
of
Athens,
Past
Ala.
Great
Incohonee
appropriate language.
Richard
Marley
was
COUNCIL
GREAT
Charters
Petitions
of the
It
hunting grounds
Order
the
matter
so
Committee
the Great
in time
would
action
Great
degree
this
The
Great
rituals and
the
No.
A
the
Chief
resolution
to
also
such
by
of the
doubtless
and
from
admitted
the
pendent
Inde-
reunion
the
with
time
for
the
of
adoption
wives, mothers,
Chief's
The
Degree.
reported favorablyupon
Great
favor
to
the
of the
Order
the
urged
Council
it, and
of
the
the
United
report of
the
the table.
submitted
taken
him
by
the
in
his
longtalk,which
printing and issuing
great
He
sun.
Chief
Great
also
tioned
men-
of Records
Street, Philadelphia.
adopted abolishingthe
was
The
union
desired,and
first
be
during
Seventh
of
name
future.
the
overtures
of the office of the
removal
Great
come.
of Records
constitutions
56 North
apron
as
part of
regaliaof the Order.
The
on
laid upon
was
in detail the action
gave
to
; but
arisen,
the
of the
of
State of the Order.
to
favorable
of the
prepared
not
was
Committee
yet
had
from
be desirable
that
be
of Red
propositions submitted
would
could
the State
on
in the
confusion
Order
the
on
of California
which
recommendation
States
union
daughters of brothers
sisters,and
Committee
not
Council
into
prayers
Order
in the
in relation
indications
evidentlyhad
The
Selma,
at
the
some
confusion
the two
on
Order, would
Improved
cils
Coun-
kindled
Independent
Independent
effected, but
be
Order, and
the
the
of California
such
that
fire be
California,and
was
reported
Council
Orders,
two
the
referred to the Committee
was
This
Virginia,and
council
prevent such
to
as
in West
located
be
to
by resolutions presented
modification
urging some
of California
Council
Tribe
next
and
manifested
was
Great
and
sun.
into which
Order
Improved
which
the
carried
been
Tribes
343
of Baltimore, Md.
the States
had
Men
STATES.
granted.
that
ordered
Among
great
Council
Great
were
petitioners
was
the
the
presented for
were
for
Ala., and
during
UNITED
the various
granted to
were
instituted
OF
following resolution
the
State
of
the
report, and
rules
"
Order,
the
was
referred
which
resolution
to
the
subsequently
was
laid
over
Committee
made
under
vorable
fathe
IMPROVED
344
"
Past
Resolved, That
Sachem's
ORDER
Degree
under
Tribes
the
glean
the
421;
died, 159;
hereby authorized
are
in that
great suns
immediate
to
confer
of any Tribe, who
the
shall have
position."
statistical reports
the
From
Councils
MEN.
RED
the Chief of Records
upon
five consecutive
served
Great
State
OF
of
State
Great
of
jurisdiction
Councils
the G. C. U.
and
S., we
Number
of Tribes, 213;
following information:
adopted, 5160; rejected,309; suspended, 1219; expelled,108 ;
reinstated, 78 ; admitted
by card,
Sachems,
Tribes
74;
Past
extinct,
10;
30,785 fathoms
and
receiptsof Tribes,
Tribes
Tribe
No.
Tribe
for education,
Ohio, Tribe
44;
No.
28 ;
No.
265
fathoms
82
inches.
fathoms
152,201
15 ;
reached
No.
District
Tribe
9, and
No.
12
of
Maryland,
10;
Virginia,Tribe
Kentucky,
No.
the
No.
8941
inches; total
55
and
Tribe
47;
Tribe
Tennessee,
States
17
brothers,
for relief of widows,
expended
Pennsylvaniahad
Jersey,Tribe
New
4 feet ;
instituted, 41;
for relief of
expended
Great
Past
19,571;
Tribes
1945;
reported from
were
Columbia.
members,
Sachems,
amount
expended
fathoms;
of
number
No.
33;
California,
Indiana, Tribe
No.
13-
1870.
council
The
the
6th
S.
was
of Corn
on
379, Great
James A. Parsons
Incohonee
kindled
sun
at
moon,
Red
Men's
G. S. D.
presiding.
The
Committee
Credentials
on
present from
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Delaware, New
Jersey, California, Michigan, Missouri, West Virginia,Indiana,
Tennessee, and
Great
The
for
the
past
information
"
The
the
Incohonee
submitted
great
from
sun,
longtalk of
the
which
we
extract
the
his
doings
following
"
of
during the past great sun has been unparalleled

In some
of the older jurisdictions
the increase can
existence.
in
be numbered
the
whilst
new
thousands,
by
hunting grounds our
many
council fires have been lightedand bid fair to burn brightlyas beacons
to
of the palefacenations
that they may
clearlysee the trail that leads
many
them
of
a
nd
the
brother
whose
to the
our
Light
councils,'
path may lead
will be cheered
him
to the settingsun
by the
by their lightand welcomed
progress
our
Order
during its whole
'
'
'sound
of the tomahawk1
on
his way
'across
the continent,' whilst
towards
COUNCIL
GREAT
the
Sunny
South
with
those
whose
brother
way
trail of the
the
burning
"
The
"
27,
Red
been
the
and
be
that
and
country,
our
across
Man
kindled
will vie in
in
also
trackless
once
the
greetedby
345
the
ness
bright-
North
the
may
find
snow,
brightlightof
the
Brand.1
introduced
been
Tribes
our
on
into four
the Great
Council
2/th of Cold
the
and
jurisdictions,
new
brightlyburning in twenty-one
are
his direction
instituted
been
may
has
Order
Under
him
lead
Improved
Council
fires of
council
parts of
other
STATES,
UNITED
fires have
council
new
in
OF
of West
G. S. D.
moon,
the
States."
Virginiahad
379 (January
1870).
his direction,also, new
Under
Alabama,
Tribes
had
been
organized in
Louisiana, and
Mississippi.
had also been planted in Oregon by the institution
Order
The
of Oregonian-Pocahontas Tribe, No. i, which
was
organized at
G. S. D. 379
Jacksonville,Ore., on the i6th of Plant moon,
(April 1 6, 1870). This Tribe was
quickly followed by La Lake
Tribe, No.
2, at
and
Tribes
Tribe, No.
Multnomah
it is considered
When
these
Ashland,
that
brother
the
3,
who
at
land.
Port-
instituted
compelled to travel over

1500 miles, mostly
a
by stage, and over
rough country, with heavy expense and
spiritthat resulted in their
very great labor, the indomitable
was
institution may. well be commended.

He
also
Carson
City,Nevada,
on
the
of
Piute
of Buck
i8th
Tribe, No.
I, at
G. S. D.
moon,
379
(July 1 8, 1870).
great chiefs elected and
The
ensuing term
were
as
follows
Incohonee,
WILLIAM
Great
Senior
ADAM
B.
P. G.
SMITH,
JOSEPH
PYLE,
Great
Chief
JOSHUA
MARIS,
Great
Keeper
Great
Tocakon,
Great
Minewa,
Past
of Records,
of
Wampum,
"
Great
a
Sachem
P.
SHANLEY,
GREGORY
B.
of the
P.
Ohio.
Delaware.
G.
I.,
P.
G.
Delaware.
S.,
Maryland.
Virginia.
Kentucky.
West
Committee
on
admitted
Virginia. He
S.
S.,
I.,
KITELY,
Riely was
G. C. U.
California.
G.
P.
G.
BENSON,
James
of the
P.
S., Pennsylvania.
S.,
BETTS,
BERNARD
Representativefrom
Incohonee
S.
WILLIAM
supplementary report
time, as
Great
CHARLES
P. G.
ECKERT,
Great
for the
"
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
By
up
"
Great
Great
raised
appointed and
Credentials,
for the
afterwards
first
became
IMPROVED
346
desire
The
Red
Men
which
The
Council
of the
for
referred
of
fornia,
Cali-
looking
adopt legislation
to
Order
of Red
time
The
could
be
Men
with
ripe for
not
was
Committee
The
its desire
the
wives
and
communication
State
the
on
known
admitted
of the Order.
members
the
to
of
Orders
two
reservation
Jacksonville,Ore., made
at
degree into which
daughters of
the
nothing resulted.
Tribe
side
Men.
MEN.
the
Independent
of Red
and
new
unite
the Great
urged
this movement
to
from
Improved Order
the
RED
communication
union
the
to
OF
again manifested
was
by
ORDER
of
the
was
Order, which
with a resolution directingthat

subsequentlyreportedfavorably,
such a degree be prepared for wives and daughters. The report
of the Committee
amended
was
ters."
daughby strikingout "and
the subjectwas
laid upon
Pending further amendments,
the table until the next

The
of Past
name
for the
great
first time
Great
Sachem
subsequent session, Brother

and
(1890),he
399
voted
was
that
Totem,
or
instituted
on
adopted, which
it unwise
deemed
various
the
make
its
the
councils
the
Great
apron
time,
Tribes
Chief's
stated
detrimental
but
Council, by
as
very
a
that
had
been
of
Order
of the
business
the
Red
decided
was
Degree,
that
the
to
work.
has been
of the G. C. U.
formerly used
Great
tee
Commit-
reported a resolution,which
proposed change in the
quietusfor
The
in the
substance
and
Past
sun.
of the Order
in
sentative,
Repre-
appointedto present
appropriateBadge, Mark
and
the
to
transacted
the State
of three be
the Independent
propositionto merge
Men
the
of
with
Red
Men
Improved Order
adversely.
that all of the
Upon a propositionsubmitted
be
At
of the Order.
since the last great
should
as
of
honors
The
Tribe
appears
Council.
admitted
was
and
suitable
granted
were
Conley
service.
for the members
Charters
rank
committee
design or designs for
C.
S.
held at Boston, Mass., in G. S. D.
the
given
was
Conley
council
for meritorious
Incohonee
It
the
at
Charles
of this Great
the record
upon
of the G. C. U.
council
sun
the
The
considered
Council
Great
good of
the
matter
at
was
Order
to
given
was
various
sequent
sub-
S.
decisive
part of the
vote, refused
regaliaof
the
to
restore
Order.
IMPROVED
348
Order
City,the
time
and
upon
Great
from
.basis,as
that time
to
of Records
Chief
transactions
the
OF
again planted in
was
permanent
flourished
The
ORDER
RED
MEN.
reservation
that
Order
the
there
and
has
this
existed
the present.
submitted
complete report
of
ing
chieftaincyduring the great sun, touchwhich
he had performed and
the routine work
the
he had adopted to carry out
the instructions
of the
upon
measures
of his
Council.
Great
the
From
statistical
portion of
his
report
the
extract
we
of
Tribes, 348 ; adopted,
following information : Number
stated,
rein6630; rejected,367; suspended, 2607; expelled,320;
187; admitted
by card, 466;
died, 238
108 ; Past
of members,
; number
Sachems,
26,945
Tribes
2534;
Great
; Past
Sachems,
; Tribes
instituted,51
extinct,
expended for relief of brothers, 51,321 fathoms

31
and
orphans, 12,500
inches; expended for relief of widows
80 inches ; expended for education, 478 fathoms
fathoms
5 feet ;
62 inches.
total receiptsof Tribes, 213,723 fathoms
The place used for the temporary wigwam of the G. C. U. S.
been
obtained
to have
inconvenient, as another place was
seems
13 ; amount
and
the
hontas
further
of the
councils
wigwam,
northwest
body
of
corner
continued
were
Walnut
and
Fourth
Poca-
at
Streets.
The
committee
chosen
at
badge, or
the
previous council
for the
totem,
Order, made
designsubmitted
Pa., which
adopted.
committee
Order
that
should
the
to
procure
of the Great
was
chiefs
"for
of
the
the
new
cil
Coun-
good
Great
becoming appearance
all publicoccasions."
to palefaceson
that
showed
Great
Keeper of Wampum
Council
the
regaliafor the chiefs

the ground that it
of the
fac simile of the
adopted providingfor the
were
appointment of
on
Philadelphia,
presented.
is here
Resolutions
longtalk of
Isaac Bedichimer
Brother
45, of
set of
of
report recommending the
Tribe, No.
was
prepare
of members
use
of Miantonomo
badge
The
by
to
the total receipts of the
Great
present
Council
for the
great
sun
hac}
GREAT
been
COUNCIL
5378 fathoms
fathoms
3313
was
2064 fathoms
OF
and
and
inches, and
26
30 inches,
96 inches.
and
also
He
mileage,for the payment

had provided,had been adjusted.
An
amendment
of importance
Great
to reduce
adopted was
change in the ratio for
Great
The
The
on
Committee
the
expended
amount
balance
hand
on
reported that the
of which
the
ages
arrear-
Great
Council
affectingthe
one
was
of
sentation
repreeffect of the amendment
The
representationvery materiallyby
each
strike out
to
Council.
Great
refused
the word
of the
of the Order
the State
on
ritualistic work
Committee
"
"Improved
which
Whole, but
was
no
submitted
report
in
subsequently considered
material
change in the ritual
made.
was
The
Committee
that
"
349
title of the Order.
the
from
Council
Council.
the
the
leaving a
of
in the
STATES.
UNITED
the
adopted
as
recommendation
The
Diploma submitted
Diploma published by
the authorized
Diploma
on
pleasingcondition that permitted an

after paying all indebtedness
of the
'iribe
Great
of the
recommendation
the
degree of
Morris
of
H.
the
or
S. had
investment
Great
Great
Sachem
Past
its institution
at
ing
report, recommendGorham
Order,"
be
which
adopted.
was
financial affairs of the G. C. U.
The
the very
of
fathoms
500
Council.
Incohonee
the
upon
reached
relatingto
first
organizationwas
ferring
con-
Prophet of
endorsed
by
the
Council.
The
feated,
depassword was
propositionin relation to a uniform
but again presented in the form of an amendment
to the
laws to be acted upon
council.
at the succeeding great sun
A propositionto permit Past Sachems, not Representatives,
visit the G. C. U. S. during its council was
to
rejectedas
detrimental
with the
to the interests and materially
interfering
transaction
of business
Notwithstandingthat
of the Great
the Order
Council.
was
founded
upon
the
ners,
man-
of the Aborigines of the American

and customs
traditions,
mittee
Continent, the Great Council adopted a report of the Comon
laws
as
the State
they
then
of the
Order
existed, North
to membership.
eligible
to
the
effect that
American
Indians
under
the
were
not
IMPROVED
350
the
Among
located
be
to
next
great
The
Moines,
Des
great
Tribe,
No.
2,
selected
the
as
for
place
kindling
fire.
council
sun
MEN.
for Saux
one
was
Regalia
on
RED
la.
was
council
sun
Committee
next
granted
Nashville
cityof
The
the
charters
at
OF
ORDER
directed
was
suitable
to
standard
at
report
flag for
or
the
the
Order.
1872.
council
The
William
Incohonee
Committee
The
from
and
first time
and
in Suwanee
G. S. D.
moon,
381, Great
presiding.
reportedRepresentativespresent
the
S.
Past
was
of Columbia.
District
Nevada,
represented for
were
Sachem
the
first
Representativesadmitted
the
Among
Jersey,subsequently Great
The
kindled
was
Credentials
Massachusetts
G. C. U.
in the
for the
States
16
Wisconsin,
B. Eckert
on
S.
in Corn
Nashville, Tenn.,
wigwam,
time
J. Francis
Thomas
of the G. C. U.
Incohonee
of New
S.
committee
appointed for that purpose

reported having
purchased regalias for the chiefs of the Great Council at an
of 208
expense
The
great
He
in the
G. S.
submitted
Incohonee
Great
his
longtalkfor
the
previous
sun.
hunting grounds of Detroit

D. 381 (May 10, 1872).
Also
York,
fathoms.
Great
the
the
on
Council
of
the
on
New
igth of Sturgeon
Council
G.
Michigan
roth of Flower
York,
moon,
of
moon,
city of New
381 (August 19,
in the
S. D.
1872).
Also
the Great
on
20,
of
dence,
Island, in the cityof Provi-
of Rhode
the
2Oth
the
interim, he
Sturgeon
G.
moon,
381 (August
S. D.
1872).
During
seven
Council
new
Tribes
in New
had
York,
also
five
issued
dispensationsfor
in Rhode
Island,
in Nevada, and one

in Michigan. He
two
Mississippi,
the Order
issued dispensationsby which
introduced
was
first time
Tribe, No.
into the
I, Salt
Scott, Kansas
respective reservations
Lake
Chemakum
City,Utah
Tribe,
named
I,
Port
had
also
for the
for Washakie
Osage Tribe,
No.
in
one
No.
I, Fort
Townsend,
GREAT
COUNCIL
Territory,and
Washington
UNITED
OF
Manataug
STATES.
351
Tribe, No.
i, Marble-
head, Mass.
Great
The
Incohonee
renewed
also
and
the recommendation
recommended
for
versal
uni-
that
only Past Great

Incohonees
be eligible
to fillthe positionof Great
Prophet,and
Tribes be revised and approved.
that the form for instituting
password,
Great
The
told of the
his
Council
carried
relation
the
that the
thereon
dating adopted by the

approved and
Order.
great
the
and
instructions
the
He
Council,
so
system of
new
recommendation
The
badge
like.
the
the Great
with
and
sun,
advertising the
to
conform
the
out
of
should
report in detail of
printed matter,
alteringof the Seal of
recommended
date
he had
in
distribution
adopted,
submitted
chieftaincyduring
in which
manner
Great
the
of Records
of
transactions
the
of
Chief
sequently
sub-
was
the necessary
authoritygiven.
statistical abstract accompanying his report furnishes
The
the followinginformation
of Tribes, 422 ; adopted,
Number
:
stated,
rein8654; rejected,499; suspended, 2603; expelled,103;
admitted
by card, 525;
227;
died, 246;
Past
119;
of members,
number
Sachems,
3160; Tribes
Great
Past
31,540;
instituted, 72;
Sachems,
funct,
de-
Tribes
expended for relief of brothers, 58,502

and orphans,
fathoms
1 3 incrfes ; expended for relief of widows
oms
13,853 fathoms
30 inches; expended for education, 401 fath68
38 inches; total receipts of Tribes, 236,900 fathoms
1 1
amount
inches.
Great
The
Council
accepted
representingthe Great
State CapitolBuilding,and
K.
from
invitation,
an
of Tennessee,
Council
tee
the committo
visit the
of Ex-President
also the tomb
James
Polk.
The
chiefs elected
term
were
as
follows
raised
appointed and
and
:
Incohonee,
JAMES
Great
Senior
RIELY,
P.
G.
P.
CHARLES
S.
BETTS,
WILLIAM
F.
MEACHAM,
Great
Great
Chief of Records,
JOSHUA
PAXON
Keeper of Wampum,
Tocakon,
WILLIAM
Great
Great
Minewa,
FRANK
JOSHUA
COATS,
ing
ensu-
W.
P. G.
S.,
Virginia.
Ohio.
Tennessee.
Ohio.
I.,
P.
G.
I.,
BENSON,
P.
G.
MARIS,
D.
S.,
P. G.
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
Great
for the
"
Great
Great
up
Delaware.
S.,
Maryland.
BAKER,
Pennsylvania.
ANDERTON,
Ohio.
IMPROVED
352
ORDER
SpecialCommittee
The
council,
MEN.
Regalia,appointed
on
continued
was
RED
OF
and
instructed
to
the
at
at
report
ing
precedthe
next
council.
The
"
report of the
Council
of Sachems,"
council.
secret
of
adoption
deemed
than
The
Special Committee
of
substance
resolution
presented, which
was
The
effect that
the
to
inexpedient at present
those now
incorporatedin the
Great Council
again refused
report of the
gratifyingcondition
Committee
of the
considered
was
action
the
it
The
Ritual, creating a
on
taken
other
adopt any
to
the
was
Great
the
in
Council
degrees
ritual.
adopt
to
universal
Finance
on
belt
wampum
of
showed
the
word.
pass-
G.
very
C. U.
S.
of 2064 fathoms
Including the balance from the last great sun
and 96 inches, the total receiptshad been
11,598 fathoms and
62 inches, of which
there had been
paid out 4085 fathoms and
invested according to the
26 inches, including the 50x3 fathoms
instruction of the last council of the G. C. U. S., leavinga balance
of 7513
fathoms
36 inches.
recommended,
were
to the
and
including 5"x"
alreadyinvested,of 6655
amount
fathoms
leaving 847
and
this amount,
From
inches
62
fathoms
fathoms
for
and
propriati
ap-
to add
74 inches,
ordinary contingent
expenses.
Charters
Tribes
and
It
instituted
elected
the
to
the
points of
election
brother
received
which
receive
the
serve
taken
was
which
are
brother
one
At
14 votes.
and
of
Sachem
to
majorityof
first ballot
these
Great
received
an
elected
the votes, and
was
Great
the
by
election
new
followed, the brother

a
tive
Representa-
ber
appoint a qualifiedmemduring the succeeding council
against the validityof
sustained
was
at
at which
offered
was
Council.
Important action
case,
to
Councils
sun.
Council, the Great
empowered
Council
Great
of
inability
of the
this Great
shall be
of his Great
for the
issued
during the great
attend
reservation
of this Great
be
to
that in the event
voted
was
ordered
were
elected.
15
Council
upon
Council
held
votes
and
a
an
another
adjourned council, a protest

the
ordered.
at
the protest
election,and
the
In
the
first council
his unsuccessful
From
this
action
election
failed
to
competitor
the
first
COUNCIL
GREAT
appealed.
appeal should
the
a
which
resolution
in
settingaside
the
first-named
further
election
brother
chieftaincyto which
Wilmington, Del., was
council
sun
Senior
Great
for
of thanks
the
he had
said
adopted
Council
that
and
illegal,
The
Great
cil
Coun-
be raised up to
brother
elected.
been
selected
reported that
Council
and
legallyelected.
that
353
of the Great
incorrect
was
was
recommended
great
Grievances
on
that the action
declared
the
next
STATES.
dismissed, but the Great
be
the
UNITED
Committee
The
brother
OF
the
as
place for kindlingthe
fire.
honored
Smith
was
Sagamore Adam
by a
his good work
in establishingthe Order
on
vote
the
Pacific Coast.
I873council
The
Temple, Wilmington, Del.,

G. S. D.
The
382, Great
Committee
Great
He
the
from
Incohonee
submitted
the
Great
23d of Buck
the
great
Council
of
of
G. S.
moon,
moon,
longtalk.
Great
Council
of Nevada
382 (January 6, 1873).
Tribes
new
had
in
Illinois,one
in
two
in
the
of Columbia.
instituted
Oregon, which was
D. 382 (July23, 1873).
additional
sun,
Massachusetts, two
Corn
the District
and
his
G. S. D.
moon,
Dispensations for
in
States
21
Also
of
sun
Masonic
James P. Rielypresiding.
Credentials
reported credentials for Representat
on
the 6th of Cold
on
gth
at the
Incohonee
received
The
the
on
kindled
was
Alabama,
ing
durin
two
Carolina, and
in North
Georgia, one
issued
been
on
four
Mississippi.
Official report
Tribe, No.
G. S. D.
The
i, at
of the institution
also made
was
Lincoln, Neb.,
the 3ist of
on
of Sho-sho-nee
Travellingmoon,
381 (October 31, 1872).
Great
statingthe
Chief
action
the instructions
of the
Tribal
of Records
taken
by
and
the
property, and
by
of 57 in the number
him
S.
amount
showing
of Tribes
interim
to
to
carry out
tion
the condi-
of the Tribes, membership,
expended
that there
and
interesting
report
referred
He
rapid increase
the
an
during the
him
of the G. C. U.
Order
figuresreceived
submitted
4708
had
for relief,the
been
an
in the number
increase
of
mem-
IMPROVED
354
bers.
There
83 inches
had
also been
in the
in the
inches
ORDER
receiptsof Tribes,
MEN.
RED
increase
an
of
62,960 fathoms
25,295 fathoms
and
and
and
52
expended for relief.
amount
statistical abstract
The
OF
his
report furnished
accompanying

stated,
9395 5 rejected, 588 ; suspended, 3300 ; expelled,223 ; reinby card, 359; withdrawn
by card, 589;
271 ; admitted
the
Past
125;
of members,
number
died, 324;
expended
expended
8 ; amount
87 inches
and
19,815 fathoms
fathoms
and
fathoms
A
committee
inches
institution
for
Tribes
instituted, 77;
widows
relief of
funct,
de-
fathoms
and
orphans,
expended for education, 419

receipts of Tribes, 299,861
total
inches.
of three
and
Sachems,
inches;
of chiefs,and
of same,
the
and
48
and
raisingup
up
3810; Tribes
Sachems,
Great
36,248; Past
appointed
was
also to prepare
for the
institution of
of Great
revise
to
form
for
form
the
publicraising
also for
Tribes, and
new
of
Councils.
The
questionof unitingthe several Orders of Red Men again

engaged the attention of the Great Council by the presentation
of
communication
Order
of Red
in the matter
by
The
Great
"
The
some
from
Men
from
; but
the Great
of consolidation
State
Council
Tribe
Independent
decided
Council
to
not
subjectshould
organization.
until the
National
or
again refused
to
strike
out
act
be
the word
sented
pre-
proved
Im-
"
the title of the Order.
Special Committee
report which
Arkansas
the
under
Regalia
on
the
laws
was
laid
and
Jewels submitted
for action
over
at
the
it was
council, when
succeeding great sun
adopted. By this
were
report the regaliaand jewels of the Order
brought into
the other, and
to
symmetrical proportions and relations one
have been changed but slightly
since.
It was
voted
inexpedientto establish a head-dress to be worn
of the Order
on
by members
publicoccasions.
The
selected as the place for
cityof Indianapolis,
Ind., was
kindlingthe next great sun council fire of the G. C. U. S.
The
by
had
arrangements
the
been
Great
made
Council
experienced
for
entertainingthe
of Delaware
up
to
were
this time.
more
Great
Council
elaborate
Resolutions
than
of thanks
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
356
RED
MEN.
of Tribes, 560 ;
adopted, 779; rejected,553; suspended, 3642; expelled, 214;
admitted
reinstated, 312;
by card,
the
glean
Sachems,
Past
129;
extinct,
Tribes
1 1
75,817 fathoms
and
and
members,
Sachems,
for
instituted, 94;
relief of
brothers,
67 inches; expended for
and
inches; total
52
Great
for relief of widows
inches; expended
fathoms
and
Tribes
4363;
Past
39,953;
expended
amount
99
orphans, 20,593
663 fathoms
308,838 fathoms
of
number
died, 318;
706;
cation,
edu-
receipts of Tribes,
96 inches.
and
Secretary of the
Monument
Society,asking the aid of
Washington National
the G. C. U. S. in soliciting.
subscriptionsfrom the Tribes in
monument
the Order
the completion of the unfinished
towards
to
Washington at the National Capitol. The communication
which
referred to a committee
ommending
was
subsequently reported, reccommunication
the
Tribes
for such
the
received
was
the
favorable
voluntarycontributions
communication
to
matter
from
received
was
as
they
felt able
the
Great
from
California,urging the necessityand expediency of

of
Orders
Red
referred
to
voted
adhere
to
whenever
to
came
committee,
the
in the
Men
United
and
on
States.
The
its report the
to
the
make.
Council
of the
union
matter
Great
of
was
Council
its
in effect that
previous action, which was
propositionpresenting a definite plan of action
G. C. U. S. from
any organizationhaving due
to
authority,the G. C. U. S. would act thereon.

The propositionto transact
all the business
Chief's
of
consideration
Degree
renewed, and
was
the usual
met
in the
fate of defeat.
degree for ladies was received

Council
of Michigan, and referred to a special
from the Great
The
committee
committee.
subsequentlyreported inexpedient
and the report was
to legislate,
adopted.
The
Great Council
again refused to adopt the universal password.
propositionto
Announcement
nee
A.
and
was
Curry,of
energy
and
institute
of Tribes
made
Carson
zeal the
side
of the death
City, Nev.,
Order
appropriateresolutions
his services.
were
was
of Vice
Great
brother, by
introduced
adopted
into
Incoho-
whose
that
in commemoration
ing
untir-
State,
of
COUNCIL
GREAT
chiefs elected
The
and
follows
Of
were
Great
Incohonee,
GEORGE
W.
Great
Senior
MORRIS
H.
STATES.
357
raised up for the
appointed and
term
as
UNITED
ensuing
"
LINDSAY, P. G. S., Maryland.
GORHAM,
P.
G.
S.,
J.
Great
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
Great
Chief
JOSHUA
MARIS,
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
JOSEPH
PYLE,
Great
Tocakon,
JOHN DUMBELL,
Pennsylvania.
Great
Minewa,
CHRISTIAN
SEIBKE,
West
the Great
Council
Great
H.
of Records,
the
uniform, for
WENTWORTH,
COATS,
PAXON
propositionfrom
a
P.
P. G.
P. G.
I.,
G.
P.
Ohio.
Delaware.
I.,
G. I.,
P.
Delaware.
of Tennessee
of members,
use
Pennsylvania.
S., California.
Virginia.
lish
estab-
to
considered
was
and
rejected.
Since
Francisco
under
there
the
had
the Order.
At
this
Great
Past
now
the
to
the favorable
A
G. C. U.
commenced
the
under
Brand,
report which
in the
interest
given that
was
The
of the
funct,
de-
the
paper
of brother,
matter
ferred
re-
was
Order, which
sequently
subit to
adopted, commending
was
of
of the brotherhood.
consideration
chosen
was
become
management
the State
on
had
San
at
Easton, Pa., of
at
Sachem, T. D. Tanner.
committee
Calumet
publicationissued
no
Committee
made
the
council,however, notice
been
Council
the
the interest of the Order
of
name
been
publicationhad
called
publishedin
the paper
to
revise the laws of the
compileand
S.
The
on
Regalia and Jewels, submitted
the last great sun
taken up and adopted.
council, was
at
The
Committee
shown
was
Great
of
fathoms
1888
of
amount
fathoms
52
and
amounting
inches,leavinga balance
1000
and
5858 fathoms
recommended
were
to
balance
that, including the
Council
an
submitted
Finance
on
of
to
134 fathoms
invested
in the
its report,
on
55 inches.
5723
and
Utah
per
This
one
diem
was
for
of
Among the recommendations

an
appropriationof 3500 fathoms
the Representativesin attendance
amended
to
make
the amount
4500
the
was
it
last
able
avail-
tions
Appropria-
fathoms
58
which
from
inches, there
Baltimore,Md.
was
hand
by
inches
Savings
and
97
in addition
of
Bank
of the Committee
for
at
mileage
and
this council.
fathoms.
IMPROVED
358
It
that
voted
was
ORDER
the
OF
next
great
RED
MEN.
council
sun
fire be kindled
hunting grounds of Richmond, Va.

We
have
the action of the G.
alreadymentioned
denied
previouscouncil by which membership was
of the Indian race, notwithstanding the fact the
in the
Order
is founded
the American
Aborigines of
by the
council
Committee
No.
Opekasset Tribe,
two
on
one
two
referred
persons
and
traditions,
Continent.
involvingthe
applicantswho were
was
to
the manners,
on
122,
to, and
C. U.
ritual
the
of
Pennsylvania, had
by
direction
of the
of the
of the
cases
Appeals and Grievances

question of permitting
of the
members
to
customs
Among
descendants
S. at
sidered
con-
this
at
ship
member-
Indian
race.
adopted
Great
the
Council
of
afterwards
Pennsylvania the persons were
expelled. The
Tribe
on
appealed to the G. C. U. S., and the Committee
sustained
the appeal,and directed the
Appeals and Grievances
Great Council
of Pennsylvania to re-admit the two
persons.
In secret
council forms for instituting
and for
Great Councils
raisingup of chiefs of Tribes were
adopted. In regularcouncil
it was
voted that with the approval of the Great Incohonee
or
Great
in public
Sachem, permission be granted Tribes to use
form for raisingup of chiefs.
the new
Action
taken
was
at
this
Great
Council
which
was
very
far
reaching in its effect,and had influence upon the Order during

the
not
succeeding six great suns
contemplated by those
said action
Committee
votes
on
by whose
prevailed. The
Finance
had
recommended
an
appropriationof 3500 fathoms
for mileage and per diem.
left
In addition to this there were
could have
fathoms
which
on
1000
depositin the Savings Bank
of the Order, and the
been
used judiciously
for the extension
payment
of necessary
expenses
; but
the Great
Council
voted
to
apply this also to the payment of mileage and per diem, and
thus
for propadeprived the incoming great chiefs of all means
gating
and strengthening the Order.
As
a
result, the efforts
of the great chiefs were
nearlyparalyzed,and the growth of the
Order
It will be noticed by the statistical
completely checked.
had been
that a steady growth for many
abstracts
great suns
recorded, until
The
39,953.
to
did
not
at
the
council
full effect of the
begin
to
be
in
1874 the
unwise
felt until after
number
had
here
legislation
the
report
was
reached
referred
made
for
the
council
OF
COUNCIL
GREAT
in
held
At
1875.
STATES.
UNITED
this latter council
359
the
highest
history of the Order

up to this
From
time was
reached, the membership then being 40,504.
with each
this point it receded
succeeding great sun, until
it had fallen off to 27,214.
G. S. D. 388 (December, 1879),when
the funds at the disposal
By this time, with stringenteconomy,
of the chiefs of the G. C. U. S. had begun again to accumulate.
for legitimateexpenses,
There
and for use
was
more
wampum
in propagating the principles
of the Order.
The increase begun
until the membership has finallybeen
in 1879, nas
continued
brought to the magnificent proportions of the present time,
when, according to the latest reports received
by, the Great
in
the
point
in
Chief
of Records, it is about
membership
140,000.
1875.
The
council
of Pocahontas
Corn
G. S. D.
moon,
No.
Tribe,
kindled
was
Richmond,
14, at
384, Great
in the
Va.,
I4th of
the
on
George
Incohonee
wigwam
W.
Lindsay
fire,on
behalf
presiding.
Previous
of the
Great
made
by
The
Council
address
an
been
the formal
to
Great
received
great
of welcome,
Incohonee
Committee
The
of
which
council
I.
a
James
P.
livered
Riely de-
fittingresponse
was
Lindsay.
23 States
and
reported that credentials

the District
submitted
Incohonee
Great
to
Credentials
on
from
kindlingof the
Virginia,P. G.
his
had
of Columbia.
longtalk for
the
past
sun.
reported the organizationof additional Tribes in Alabama,

and the rekindling
Carolina, and Mississippi,
Illinois,
Wisconsin, North
He
of the
The
Order
council
had
fire of Cherokee
been
introduced
Tribe, No.
into
Hampshire by the institution of Paugus

lingsford,and into the State of Minnesota
Minnehaha
The
of the
The
Order
had
council
reason
at the
Tribe, No.
time
become
fire of
i, at
defunct
Sho-Sho-nee
organization.
State
the
of
Tribe, No.
by
Georgia.
I, at
New
Rol-
the institution of
St. Paul.
for this extinction

of
I, of
was
in Nebraska
by
Tribe, No.
the extinction
i, of
given as improper
Lincoln.
instruction
IMPROVED
360
Tribes
The
Louisiana
Tribe
the
of
State
Texas
had
through the ravages of the yellow fever, one

chiefs had
Shreveport reportingthat five of the seven
at
with
disease.
the
This
is also
reported
work
in reclaimingthe
difficulty
considerable
have
to
caused
books
and
of the
Tribes.
extinct
longtalk of
The
contained
which
the
Chief
Great
of the
brief summary
Records
of
submitted,
was
condition
of
selected
as
the Order
reservation.
in each
By unanimous
for kindlingthe
to
Philadelphiawas
vote,
next
great
council
sun
of
Council
ritual for "a
in
and
MEN.
extinct
become
died
in
RED
OF
ORDER
place
fire.
Squaws"
presented and
was
Council
Great
but the
committee,
the
ready to
not
was
ferred
re-
defeated.
adopt the innovation and the propositionwas
The
question of a suitable uniform for public parade was
by the Representatives from Massachusetts, but
not
Great Council
was
yet ready to approve, and therefore
adopted the
matter
regaliaof
present
relation to
be
to
the
the
similar
by
worn
Order.
members
laws
Revision
on
the
After
adopted.
revise
to
next
great
The
and
was
which
compile
the
the
The
of
form
2d.
Flag or Standard, of
oblong square or
an
It shall consist
shall be
the four
3d.
uniform
head-dress
on
Committee
same
Digest,and report
at
upon
this
of the Order
the
Improved Order
parallelogram,in
four
of
rected
di-
was
thereon
as
council
at
follows
of Red
the
the
was
:
"
Men, shall be in
proportion of
seven
color
of
white
field,five wide
bars,
of
equal
and
seven
width, the
high, attached
aggregate width
height of the field.

shall be green, orange,
the bars respectively
blue
and
above
the
the
others
bottom,
placed
being at
being equal to
The
horizontal
to
of
the
scarlet, the green bar

the order above
enumerated.
4th.
in
taken
was
five wide.
long to
which
the
than
council.
sun
acted
important matter
adoption of the flagor standard
1st.
the
this time
other
action
same
sequently
sub-
publicoccasions.
and Compilation of the Laws
considered, and a complete code
An
the
uniform
the
which
to
injudiciousat
of any
of the Order
presented its report, which

of
be
proposition to adopt
Committee
The
adoption
committee
the
referred, that it would
was
recommend
to
of
report
troduced
in-
purple stripe,of one-half the width
of
one
and
it in
of the bars,shall enclose
COUNCIL
GREAT
the entire circumference
OF
UNITED
361
STATES.
of the
flag,the outer edge of the purple stripe(except

shall be trimmed
of
where
attached to the staff)
with fringecomposed
colors in the flag.
the emblematic
5th. Upon the base or lower edge of the white field shall be delineated the
and
section of the globe,showing portionsof the eastern
western
tinents,
conupper
G.
S.
D.
the date
the globe on
the
I appearing immediately above
a
nd
the
date
of
of
field
the
the
the
next
era
staff,
common
edge
appearing in
and positionon the oppositeedge of the field.
like manner
of the field shall appear
6th.
Above
the globe and in the centre
the American
in
emblems
of
the
in
Order
his
and
his
beak a
our
talons,
eagle,bearing
of our
scroll or ribbon
containing the legend or motto
Order,
Freedom,
Friendshipand Charity,"and upon his breast the shield or escutcheon, with
the four emblematic
bars, and a field upon which shall appear the four mystic
"
characters,T. O.
7th. Above
may
of
8th.
The
name
State
E.
eagle shall
the
the
appear
Council
T.
of the
thirteen
appear
Great
of the Tribe
Council
stars
of
the
the horizontal
; upon
United
to be
bars
States,the Great
it.
designatedby
by the eagle of the Order, and shall be
with cord and tassels displaying
colors of the Order.
decorated
the emblematic
That
the foregoing described
Resolved,
flagbe, and it is hereby declared,
of the Improved Order of Red
the flagor standard
Men.
The
or
staff shall be surmounted
followingis
an
engraving of
the
flagabove
described
"
'
amiiuitiiu"uimnimuiH"uimuimvMiu^
rULOW
The
expenses
report
of
for the
the
Committee
precedinggreat
BLUE
on
sun
#19
Finance
had
showed
exceeded
the
that
the
receipts
362
in the
sum
IMPROVED
ORDER
of 14 fathoms
and
bills of the
and
of
one
was
past fiscal great

of Great
per diem
and
45
This
sun.
Chiefs
present council
at the
70 inches.
fathoms
1835
RED
OF
MEN.
the
Among
inches
appropriations
unpaid
for the
for mileage
left available
Representativesin
and
ance
attend-
fathoms.
only 2700
sations
granted to the various Tribes for which dispenhad been issued during the great sun.
From
the statistical abstract presentedby the Great Chief of
of
Records
we
present the following information : Number
Great Councils, 19; Number
of jurisdictions
having Tribes but
Great
no
Council, 16 ; total number
mitted
6643; rejected,393; suspended, 5460; reinstated, 385; adber
by card, 550 ; died, 344; numby card, 375 ; withdrawn
Charters
of
were
members,
Sachems,
4935
40,504
Tribes
expended
amount
and
and
95
24
inches;
Great
Past
instituted, 58
Sachems,
145 ;
Past
Tribes
extinct,
22

for
inches; expended
fathoms
inches
total
relief of
widows
fathoms
and
and
77
orphans, 20,167
expended for education, 463 fathoms

receiptsof Tribes, 315,245 fathoms and
;
30 inches.
1876.
The
council
of the
the
on
Chattahoochee
1
2th
Tribe, Girard
of Corn
moon,
G.
S.
kindled
in the
wigwam
Pa.,
Avenue, Philadelphia,
was
D.
385, Great
Incohonee
George W.
Lindsay presiding.
Previous to the kindling of the council fire the Great Council
welcomed
to the hunting grounds of Pennsylvaniaby Past
was
Incohonee
A. J. Baker, in an
Great
interestinglongtalk,to
which
made
Incohonee
was
appropriate response
by Great
Lindsay.
The Great Chief of Records
behalf of Great
on
Junior Sagamore
Wentworth
presented
which
tomahawk,
was
to
accepted
the
in
G.
C.
U.
fittingterms
S.
by
beautiful
the
Great
Incohonee.
The
been
The
He
Committee
received
Great
had
from
on
Credentials
had
32 reservations.
Incohonee
submitted
given dispensations for
his
longtalk.
additional
Tribes
in
Missis-
IMPROVED
364
Chief
Great
ORDER
of Records,
of
JOSHUA
Keeper
Great
Tocakon,
JAMES
Great
Minewa,
CHARLES
of three
committee
of funeral
council
P.
JOSEPH PYLE,
G.
G.
Delaware.
I.,
Delaware.
I.,
G.
P.
Moss,
MEN.
S.,
S. BETTS, P. G.
appointed to
was
and
ceremony,
A.
RED
P.
MARTS,
Great
Wampum,
OF
report the
Pennsylvania.
form
new
prepare
at the
same
Ohio.
S.,
next
great
sun
in
printedform.
At this council provisionwas
for translating
made
the ritual
into the French
language.
At this council, also, a proposition
offered having in view
was
the
establishment
and
laid
of
for
ceremony
Permanent
for the
Fund
the rules until the next
under
over
laying
great
C.
U.
S.,
council.
sun
of
corner-stones
G.
wigwams
was
adopted.
1877.
council
The
Ohio,
to
S.
kindled
was
moon,
G. S. D.
presiding.
formal
kindling of
the
to
of Corn
sun
Smith
Previous
to
nth
the
on
Adam
honee
the
Columbus,
at
Inco-
386, Great
council
fire, Representative
the Great Council

Joseph Dowdall, of Ohio, welcomed
the hunting grounds of Columbus, in an appropriatelongtalk,
which
Smith
Great Incohonee
responded.
Committee
Credentials
submitted
its report, by which
The
on
learned
it was
and
that credentials
District
the
of Columbia.
for the
Conley,
Great
of
first time
at
who
received
those
was
service, and
afterwards
23 States
from
admitted
this council
afterwards
for meritorious
of Tennessee,
been
Among
Pennsylvania, who
Incohonee
ronemus,
had
became
resentati
Rep-
as
Charles
were
declared
William
Great
C.
Past
H.
Hy-
Incohonee
of the G. C. U. S.
The
gave
was
longtalk of
presented,which
that had
of the matters
his jurisunder
account
an
come
diction
other things mentioned
during the great sun.
Among
the introduction
of the Order
at the Hawaiian
Islands, by
the institution
be
few
here
of
mentioned
great
suns
its members
the
the
Island.
Great
Hawaiian
in
Incohonee
Tribe, No.
was
i, at
Honolulu.
It may
passing,that this Tribe flourished for a

extinct.
but finally
became
It included
among
and some
of the leading people of
King Kalakaua
COUNCIL
GREAT
365
STATES.
UNITED
reported the institution of three additional Tribes
He
in Kansas, and
one
Angus
honee
State
reservation
made
the
The
Great
of the
time
the
at
of
Chief
of Records
and
States
the
recommended
earnestly
of the Order.
in
council
is
and
resentati
rep-
charge
of
instituted,be
Council, with
Great
also
He
taxation
Incohonee
new
submitted
Records
The
He
Inco-
Great
title
the
Sachem.
Great
Chief
of Past
subject of
Great
of said
comprehensive report
and
death
of the ritualistic work
Prophet
of Past
Great
of the
that the Vice
and
in Illinois,
Georgia.
Pennsylvania.
consideration
recommended
rank
of
Cameron,
revision
in
one
mention
formal
made
He
and
OF
of
his usual
coming
matters
that there
District
of Columbia
Great
were
; Tribes
S. in
of
jurisdiction
the G. C. U.
; total number
of Tribes, 557 ;
diction.
juris-
of the Great
Councils
under
States
14
his
under
accompanying the report
showed
elaborate
in
the
and
18
diate
immetories
Terri-
adopted,4288 ; reinstated,
by card, 326; rejected,233; suspended, 6431;
313; admitted
of
expelled,184; withdrawn
by card, 410; died, 381 ; number
members,
36,422 ; Past
Great
Sachems,
166 ; Past
Sachems,
expended for relief of brothers, 85,751 fathoms

and
and 44 inches ; expended for relief of widows
orphans,
88
and
inches; expended for education, 317
33,640 fathoms
of Tribes, 300,680 fathoms
fathoms
and 96 inches ; total receipts
amount
5124;
and
inches; Tribes
57
provisionsof
The
entertainment
of the
instituted,18; Tribes
the
local committee
G. C. U.
S.
were
extinct,12.
of Columbus
very
for the
elaborate,and
the
will long be remembered

hospitality
by those present.
the Order
The
trial through which
dicated
was
passing is also inwho
by the report of the Great Keeper of Wampum,
had fallen
deploredthe fact that the receiptsfor the great sun
much
below the estimated
income, owing, no doubt, to the great
depression of business
State
by
not
lack
Great
the
Councils
Finance
all
have
Committee.
over
not
the land, and

ordered
The
that the Tribes
suppliesas
progress
of the
and
anticipated
Order
was
only seriously
retarded, but absolutelyprevented, through
of necessary
of the chiefs
in the hands
wampum
G. C. U. S., to properlyextend it through the land.
of the
IMPROVED
366
ORDER
this council
At
uniformed
side
OF
degree for the Order
(1776) Soldiers' uniform

of said
emblem
this council
At
a
a
The
degree.
proposition.
the
deceased
the
should
be
the
law
in
afterward
this
than
more
adopted.
legislation
The
Representativefrom
Nebraska,
adoption
of
expected that
paid
the
to
then
ficiaries
bene-
fers
adopted dif-
deem
operation,we
passing allusion to
in
or
endorse
to
the
tinental
Con-
the
use
refused
would
As
adopt
to
distinguishingbadge
Council
Great
fathoms
that
make
to
unnecessary
which
as
member.
materiallyfrom
Indiana
departurewas made in
whose
provisionsit was
new
law, under
beneficiary
not
sum
exceeding 2000
of
from
propositioncame
MEN.
RED
it
the
eloquent longtalk,
presented various articles used by the aboriginalpeople of this
were
accepted with the gratefulthanks of the
country, which
Chief
Great Council, and the articles deposited with the Great
of Records, to await
is the first attempt
to
make
the
by
collection
article laid
The
the future
G. C. U.
of the
This
S.
United
States
relics.
from
Permanent
of the
Council
Great
of Indian
over
action
an
the
for
Fund
last great
sun
Order,
was
the
lishing
council, estabtaken
and
up
adopted.
Resolutions
Cameron
The
of
respect
adopted.
specialcommittee
of
memory
P.
I.
G.
Angus
were
that
on
funeral
The
ceremony.
referred to the next
finally
a
the
to
matter
great
subject submitted
considered
was
form
for
and
briefly,
council.
sun
1878.
The
council
fire of the

Great
Incohonee
Previous
of welcome
by
on
Adam
to
the
to
the
Great
G. C. U.
S.
the
of Corn
roth
was
kindled
at
Red
Men's
G. S. D.
moon,
387,
Smith
presiding.
formal
kindlingof the council fire,an address
livered
devisitingChiefs and Representativeswas
Sachem
John H. Bennett,
to
which
Great
honee
Inco-
Smith
The
been
appropriatelyresponded.
Committee
Credentials
on
reported that
received
from
22
States.
credentials
had
GREAT
COUNCIL
OF
UNITED
STATES.
367
was
submitted, in which
longtalkof the Great Incohonee
he congratulatedthe Great Council
that, although the great sun
neither had
justpassed had not been one of marked
prosperity,
it been
altogetherone of clouds and darkness.
He reportedthe institution of the Great Council of Illinois at
The
Pekin
I3th of
the
on
Hot
G. S. D.
moon,
387 (June 13, 1878).
dispensationshad been granted by him

for additional Tribes in Illinois and Georgia.
which
he earnestlyrecommended
to the
Among the matters
consideration
of the Great Council was
the importance of making
chief into the several portions
provisionsto send a qualified
the
During
of the
Great
Tribes
; for
; for
Law
great
Reservation
union
between
for the
Councils.
of the United
revision of the
Men, and
sun
ritual ;
the
to
changesîn
branches
of the
reduction
States
instruct
the
of the
Beneficiary
of Red
Order
fee of
charter
weak
State
Great
He
reported that the applicationsfor membership

in the BeneficiaryAssociation, adopted at the previous council,
had been desired and anticipated.
had not been as numerous
as
submitted
The Great Chief of Records
a longtalkof the transactions
which
chieftaincy,
of his
the statistical abstract
From
Records,
glean
we
reservations
19;
complete.
presented by the Great
following information
the
without
; Tribes
Tribes, 525
full and
was
Councils, 17;
Great
; Tribes
instituted,9
Great
total
Chief
of
Councils,
number
reorganized,5
of
; Tribes
by card,
adopted, 2575 ; reinstated, 414 ; admitted
108 ; suspended,6266 ; expelled,
367; rejected,
97; withdrawn
by
extinct,46
card, 496; died, 303
4622
and
expended
; expended
; amount
35 inches
fathoms
; Past
inches
Sachems,
Great
172 ; Past
Sachems,

for
burial
and
fathoms
orphans, 3358
of
dead, 22,205
expended
fathoms
and
and 4 inches ; expended for education, 224 fathoms
and
21
48 inches; total receiptsof Tribes, 257,427 fathoms
and
invested
inches; amount
by Tribes, 195,820 fathoms
97
inches
and
in Tribal
; amount
belts, 49,737
wampum
fathoms
and
83 inches.
A
lengthy
Council
Order
referred
to
was
submitted
California,
urging a union
of
and
communication
the
a
Improved Order
committee
which
between
of Red
Men.
from
the
The
the
Great
Independent
matter
subsequentlyreportedin
was
favor of
IMPROVED
368
referringthe
the
during
OF
ORDER
to
matter
MEN.
with
specialcommittee
consult
and
recess,
RED
with
such
authorityto
similar
committee
sit
as
submit
be appointed by the Independent Order, and
to
a
may
full report at the next
council, together with such
great sun
law for the union
detailed
Orders
of the two
as
be
may
should an agreement be
jointcommittee
At this council the propositionwas
again submitted
preparationof a degree for the wives, daughters,and
by
upon
such
who
brothers
such
had
had
action
yellow fever
of
and
it
epidemic,said
sisters of
time
The
Degree.
the Great
for
Council
called to the
was
epidemic
of the Southern
some
States,
that
by each Representativepresent, and

appeal be issued to the Order requesting
an
liberal contribution
for the
made
was
also voted
was
Council
prevailingin
then
contribution
reached.
inexpedientto legislate.
was
of the Great
attention
Chief's
the
yet arrived, however, and
not
that it
again voted
The
attained
agreed
be
to
sums
for the
of sufferers from
benefit
forwarded
directed
as
by
the
the
Great
Incohonee.
The
Council
Great
inexpedientto adopt
again adopted
a
dress
uniform
resolution
that
it
was
for funerals, parades, balls,
etc.
recommendation
The
arranging for
of
visits to isolated
resolution
of the Great
custom
that
such
encourage
which
has
the
Various
to
the
to
Incohonee,
used
be
for
the
for the expense
and
appointed by him to visit,

Tribes.
By this action was begun
with
doubtless
adversityinto
G. C. U.
fathoms
be
continued
present time, and which

the tide of
may
in relation to
Incohonee,
Tribes, bore fruit in the adoption
appropriating200
contingentexpenses
of qualifiedchiefs
instruct,and
of the Great
marked
benefit down
to
the
eventuallyin turning
resulted
prosperitythat
afterwards
came
to
S.
changes
perfectit, and
were
make
made
it
in the
BeneficiaryLaw
attractive
more
tending
members
to
of the
Order.
A
Committee
on
Revision
attempting to again open a

quietusfor several great suns.
It
was
voted
that
the
hunting grounds of New
next
of the Ritual
question which
great
York,
N.Y,
sun
appointed,thus
was
had
council
be
received
held
its
in the
MORRIS
H.
GORHAM.
CHARLES
GEORGE
B.
COLFLESH.
WILLIAM
PAST
GREAT
INCOHONEES.
H.
H.
LITCHMAN.
HYRONEMUS.
IMPROVED
370
The
ORDER
longtalkof
the
Great
OF
Incohonee
present date.
"ED
MEN.
Gorham
In
is of
est
peculiarinter-
comparatively short time

after his services as Great
Incohonee, the brother was
suddenly
called to the hunting grounds above ; but the imprint that his
zeal and love for the Order
left upon
and
its legislation
istic
ritualwork
cannot
easilybe effaced,and will remain as long as
at
even
of the Order
the members
Great
The
Chief
the ancient
preserve
of Records
submitted
landmarks.
his
longtalk for
the
thingshe stated that he had

carried out the will of the Great Council in communicating with
of the Independent Order
the Gross
Stamm
of Red
Men
at its
session at Trenton, N.J., and received
annual
a
reply that the
body had adjourned before the propositionhad been received,
and
consequently no action had been taken thereon.
precedinggreat
submitted
He
list of the members
themselves
attached
detailed
the
Order
that
BeneficiaryAssociation,and
operations of that adjunct to the
during the preceding great
card,
of the
Great
Chief
of
Order
Records
the
died, 84;
210;
Great
; Past
28,075
instituted,8
of Tribes, 505
number
79,811 fathoms
and
and
and
fathoms
and
and
inches
66
inches
In the
of the
detail the
Tribe
total amount
very
few
names
among
was
those
5035
; burial
inches
Tribal
; Tribes
for
of the
disbursements,
belts, 59,63 1 fathoms
Keeper of Wampum
of each
for the
individual
States that made
841 fathoms
afflicted were
Yellow
and
and
a
105,840
fathoms
and
97
46 inches.
report
Fever
was
Fund,
subscriber, and
contribution.
28 inches.
members
dead,
education, 152
receiptsof Tribes, 234,049

by Tribes, 75,228 fathoms
contributed
in the United
raised
39
; other
the Great
amount
by
members,
; total
wampum
longtalkof
giving in
each
inches
; invested
; in Tribal
and
inches; expended
74
55 inches
fathoms
stated,
rein-
relief of widows
for
76 inches; expended
and
10
176; Past Sachems,
ervations
res-
reorganized,7 ; Tribes extinct, 37 ; total

expended for relief of brothers,
; amount
15,811 fathoms
made
Sachems,
of
number
suspended, 5263;
Tribes
gave
following information : Great Councils, 20

having no Great Council, 12; adopted, 3017;
69; withdrawn
482 ; admitted by card, 157; expelled,
glean
we
had
sun.
the
of
the
to
of the
statement
From
other
Among
sun.
of
The
Fortunately
of the Order, and
COUNCIL
GREAT
demand
consequently the
and
fathoms
54 inches,
inches.
This
G. C. U.
S., as
the
balance
UNITED
the
upon
STATES.
Fund
be
to
drawn
fathoms
61
to
and
74
of the
belt
the chiefs
by
judgment a
in their
whenever
371
limited
was
leavinga balance of 779

was
placed in the wampum
relief fund
Council
Great
OF
upon
of
meritorious
for relief is
presented.
submitted
An
elaborate
plan was
Maryland, providing for two classes
case
Order
active."
The
Council
Men
of Red
matter
declined
referred
was
to
be
to
enter
which
Chiefs
business
the
changes
the
adopt
Tribes
to
necessary
proposed change
should
be
in
done
the
Degree.
like manner,
In
the
to
"Non-
and
committee, but the Great
the radical
upon
of
of
Representative from
proved
membership in the Ima
styled"Active"
to
carry out the objectsproposed.

The Great Council again refused
by
by
the wise
suggestion of
in relation to the establishment
members,
received
the State
of the
Order, which
were
granted to
during the
of
adverse
an
the Great
for
fund
report from
report
Incohonee,
the
Committee
adopted by
was
infirm
and
aged
on
the
Great
Council.
Charters
had
It
been
ordered
that
voted
was
hunting grounds
of
Tribes
the
for which
dispensations
interim.
the next
great
sun
council
held
be
in the
of Boston, Mass.
ternal
pleasing features of this council was" a fracellor
visit made
B. Woodruff, Supreme Chanto it by David
the
of the Knights of Pythias. He
welcomed
to
was
fraternal greetingsof the Great Council by Great Prophet Hugh
of greeting thus
Latham
of Virginia,and to the fraternal words
One
the most
extended
to
him
visitor
the
responded
in
felicitous
very
manner.
agitationof
The
universal
council
The
States
with
several
great
rewarded
password, finallywas
by
the
or
the
Council
Territories
consent
of
themselves
to
States
Territories
and
the
for
the
with
adoption
at
success
of
this
proposed amendment.
endorsed
a
proposition permitting in
Council
Great
where
existed, by and
no
adoption of
Great
suns,
the
nearest
the
Great
Great
contain
Incohonee,
Council
Tribes
until such
sufficient Tribes
to
attach
to
time
form
as
a
said
Great
IMPROVED
372
said Tribes
While
Council.
OF
ORDER
thus
are
MEN.
RED
attached, they shall be
of such Great Council.

subjectto the laws and regulations
of Past Great Incohonee
Appropriate resolutions in memory
also
Coats
Paxon
were
adopted. Similar resolutions were
adopted in relation to other Great Chiefs and Representatives
reported to the Great
departure had been
whose
Council.
1880.
council
The
Mass.,
on
the
.honee
Morris
The
Great
S.
I4th of Corn
G. S. D.
H.
Gorham
Council
eloquent talk by
received
been
which
no
great
sun,
Great
such
Great
the
reportedthat
the
as
be
providedfor aged
He
at
on
the 6th
important
during the
Great
Incohonees,
routine work.
He
ommended
rec-
to itself the exclusive
with
the
with certified
universal
password.
of the
that the business
Degree, and also that
fund
infirm members.
reported the institution of
Atlanta
and
several reservations
in the Chief's
and
in
password, the decisions
reserve
his recommendation
be transacted
Vice
other
receipts to be used in connection

Tribes
reservations
information
universal
Council
right to printand supply the

also renewed
seven
had
Incohonee, like that of the preceding
and
sun,
that the Great
He
and
appointment of
during the great
fitting
credentials
in detail his official acts
gave
an
Gorham.
full of valuable
was
sun,
Inco-
Cityin
and
Pitman, and
Incohonee
official promulgation of the

made
Nicholas
19 Great Councils
Council existed.
suggestions. He
great
Sachem
from
Great
389, Great
to the State
Credentials
on
longtalkof
The
welcomed
was
by
Boston,
at
presiding.
Great
made
response was
The
Committee
moon,
kindled
was
of
the
Hunting
Great
moon,
Council
G. S. D.
of
Georgia
ber
388 (Decem-
6, 1879).
He
also
additional
Florida.
had
reportedthat dispensations
Also
In
the
the
Colorado, and
introduction
of
one
the
institution of
issued
each
in Texas
Order
Maricopa Tribe,
Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona.
Territoryby
located at
in
Tribes
been
announcing
the
death
of Past Great
for two
and
into
Arizona
No.
I, to
Incohonee
George
be
A.
COUNCIL
GREAT
OF
Peter, of Ohio, he gave

of the
Red
Men
that
Maryland,
Red
the
Order
introduced
was
into
land,
Mary-
out
the
Men.
The
Chief
Great
usual
as
373
the societyof
connecting link between
existed in Pennsylvania,and the organizations
in
the present Improved Order
of which
came
of
showed
and
STATES.
intenselyinterestinginformation
some
in which
manner
UNITED
great
covered
and
sun,
system of
Records
detailed
the
resolutions
various
of
taken
instruction
recommended
accounts
his
longtalk which
work
during the
of his
statement
measures
of
submitted
by
him
of the
by
to
G.
the Committee
the
out
carry
C. U. S.
new
Finance
on
council
had been
previous great sun
adopted, and the
clear and
was
report as rendered by the Great Chief of Records
explicit,
covering every item of receiptand expenditure.
From
the statistical abstract presented by the Great Chief of
Records, we obtain the followinginformation : Great Councils,
at
the
21
; reservations
18; Tribes
of
without
Tribes
reorganized,2;
Tribes
Council, 12; Tribes
Great
instituted,
total
extinct, 30;
number
in
existence, 491; adopted, 3679; reinstated,477;

drawn
admitted
by card, 273; suspended, 4139; expelled,72; withof members,
27,214;
by card, 347; died, 282; number
Past
Great
Sachems,
for relief of
expended
168
; Past
Sachems,
brothers, 71,237
and
amount
5250;
and
fathoms
orphans, 8694
pended
ex-
84 inches;
fathoms
and
expended for burial of the dead, 18,072 fathoms and

of orphans, 255 fathoms
64 inches; expended for education
and
22
102,481
inches; expended for other Tribal purposes,
of Tribes, 244,276 fathoms
fathoms
and 85 inches ; total receipts
and
16
and
22
inches; invested by Tribes, 117,511 fathoms
67 inches
belts, 69,142 fathoms
inches; in Tribal wampum

The
Records
383.
of
number
was
This
of .the
the
smallest
period may
Order.
this
From
and
by
energy
Radical
which
among
changes
the number
the
time
the
tide
the members
made
were
of
G. C. U.
at
to
began
S., and
of
in G. S. D.
in the affairs
turned, and
have
'
inches.
Chief
Great
tide"
"low
legislation
began
affairs of the
the
the decrease
since
be termed
prudent, and economical

in the financial
reported by
members
and
wise,
its effect both
in the
discipline
large.
in the laws
of the Great
Representativeswas
Council,
largelydecreased,
IMPROVED
374
and
which
by
ORDER
OF
representation
RED
MEN.
restricted
was
Great
entirelyto
Councils.
The
propositionto
of the
Order
for
infirm
and
aged
members
of
State
the
on
in the
specialcommittee
to
the
to
at the
report
special committee
respect
for
it was
matter
a
opinion of the committee
legislation.The
subject was
finallyreferred to
local
fund
approved by the Committee
was
the Order, but
create
the
on
of
memory
next
great
council.
sun
subjectsubmitted
Past
of
resolutions
Great
Incohonee
and
raised up
A.
George
Peter, of Ohio.
The
chiefs elected
great
sun
were
and
appointed
follows
as
for the
ing
ensu-
"
Great
Incohonee,
CHARLES
Great
Senior
GEORGE
H.
Massachusetts.
LITCHMAN,
B.
COLFLESH,
WILLIAM
Great
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
Great
Chief
JOSHUA
MARIS,
Delaware.
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
JOSEPH
PYLE,
Delaware.
Great
Tocakon,
JOSEPH
W.
Great
Minewa,
RALPH
S. GREGORY,
Great
It is
HUGH
of Records,
worthy
of remark
Maryland.
HYRONEMUS,
Tennessee.
LATHAM,
Virginia.
CLYMER,
this time
Pennsylvania.
Indiana.
the
that
brother
elected
important positionof Great Incohonee

the first in the historyof the G. C. U. S. to pass succeswas
sively
through the chieftaincies of Great Junior Sagamore,
Great
Senior
Other
chiefs
Sagamore, and Great Incohonee.
at
were
this council
at
H.
elected
of the
other
as
Great
Whatever
Incohonee
chieftaincies,but
the first to pass

thus
the
to
who
Great
from
successively
is
contest
times
at
to
the
down
to
good-naturedlymade,
filled both
Litchman
Incohonee
one
continued
adopted has been
had
other.
the
occurs
was
The
tom
cus-
present time.
in
kind
and
chieftaincyof Great
that the
It is assumed, and perhaps rightly,
brother elected for that chieftaincy
is qualifiedto advance
step
of
the
in
with the highest honors
by step, until crowned
power
fraternal
spiritover
Junior Sagamore.
the G. C. U.
It is also
of
to
the
S. to bestow.
worthy
re-elected
Latham,
election
the
as
of remark
Great
Virginia.
council, Brother
Latham
that
Prophet
For
had
three
been
the
Past
Great
Great
great
able
suns
to
Council
mously
unani-
Incohonee
Hugh
preceding this
attend
the
G.
C.
GREAT
his determination
live.
the few
No
influence
until,in but
how
relations
that
might
he
than
one
that
375
will that
the
arose
perior
su-
truth to
council
have
say that
Boston
sened
les-
at
been
prevailupon
sacrifice made
the
expected to
him
remain
to
hardly realized
the sad tidingswas
moon,
the Great
Spirithad called
was
of
placed in
was
Great
Past
in
commenced
of
'
will
which
which
for the
States
had
of Massachusetts,
Island, and
of the Great
the Great
being the
sudden
Council
with
It
were
make
whose
was
he
of
Councils
was
the
work
placed
in
his feebleness
which
all
the occasion
Committee
on
the arrangements
of
fathoms
100
at
arose
the
United
authorized
was
to
sent
pre-
contributed
for
Massachusetts
accepted with
the
that
of
this record
sad event
and
thanks
Incohonee
occurred,
Gorham,
adopted expressing the sympathy

BeneficiaryLaw
applicableto the needs
in the
made
the
of the
great chief.
the bereaved
membership
voted
assembled,
was
of the wife of Great
it further
hunting grounds
With
Council
were
Amendments
those
of
that
Council
that
donation
the
death
resolutions
it,and
tham
La-
Council.
While
Great
Great
the
by
stated
"
shadow
of the
"
first
solemnityto
present.]
Great
frustrated, and
been
purpose
Rhode
and
the
of
he
the
and
forgottenby those
Sagamore, on behalf
the G. C. U. S. the fund
to
that
him, added
entertainment
said,
Massachusetts,'
from
manifest,
upon
Senior
Entertainment
Incohonee
brother
he
to
was
be
never
Great
The
"
little chick
then
even
was
the
complete," as
Philadelphiain 1876 when
the
body,
when
and
Latham,
Boston
at
nomination
Great
Past
intimate
Incohonee
council
the
and
personal friendship,and nearer

brothers in our
than even
son
grand fraternity.
for each successive chieftaincy
nomination
by
of father and
that
him
pardoned this digression,
be
historymay
between
those
were
felt
the
at
Order
of this
editor
the
He
It is within
present
more
the
STATES.
indomitable
an
sufficient to
was
great
to
UNITED
home.
[The
for
suns
little
communicated
him
be
to
even
home, and
at
OF
only by the exercise of

to
bodily infirmities.
S.
U.
COUNCIL
to
and
strengthen
wishes
of
solicited.
was
next
great
sun
council
be
held
in the
Annapolis, Md.
of the
year
1880, ends
the
first section
of
376
the
IMPROVED
Council
of
the
from
down
in
the
of
History
the
the
Council
great
better,
that
fire
1880.
the
members
refer,
we
of
pleasure
began
the
remember
with
legislation
of
in
which
immediately
States,
the
anxiety
hailed
was
at
the
the
wise
and
the
Order
during
the
quenching
run
omy
econ-
had
to
be
laid
corded.
re-
deliberations
the
felt
Great
had
hereafter
success
participated
United
of
membership
the
finances
gratifying
who
of
will
the
MEN.
jurisdiction
While
prudent
27,214,
RED
the
under
management
Great
of
to
for
OF
States.
United
foundation
-which
Order
the
40,504
The
the
ORDER
at
the
period
that
time,
change
of
of
the
for
to
and
the
council
IMPROVED
378
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
its branches
were
respective localities where
From
and
unknown,
being comparatively obscure
advanced
and
in the
the
to
front
rank
passed
infrequently
not
rivalryfor publicfavor
With
the
increase
in
increase
in
income
the
States, and
means
and
of
the
fraternal
in
Order
the
tions,
organiza-
reservations,
some
support.
and
membership
Great
Council
for
of
came
the
an
United
propagation of the
hunting grounds and insuring
supplied
were
them
Tribes
Order, thus extending it into

its
similar
among
established.
new
the
stability
everywhere.
The
continued
States, which
of the United
result
from
extracts
of the Great
the records
follow, indicate
this
how
Council
pleasant
achieved.
was
1881.
council
The
the
House
the
of
Delegates at
3th of Corn
State
G. S. D.
moon,
kindled
was
House, Annapolis, Md.,

Incohonee
390, Great
After
in the Hall
presiding.
submitted
credentials
had
from
its report, from
been
to
the
received
other
preceding great sun

The
longtalk of
referred
the
of
on
Charles
kindling of the
council fire a recess
was
taken, until the settingof the sun, in
order
to
take part in the exercises which
had been arranged by
the Committee
on
Reception representingthe Great Council of
Maryland and Chesapeake Tribe, No. 32, of Annapolis. These
of prayer
exercises consisted
S. Southby the Rev. William
of
welcome
James T. Brisby the Hon.
gate ; addresses
Thomas
E.
Martin, Mayor,
Secretary of State, Hon.
coe,
and
William
Brother
T. Iglehart; a "Welcome
Ode"; music
by Past Great Sachem
by the Naval Academy Band ; a poem
William
Louis
ceremonies
The
Schley, and a benediction.
in the State House
attended
were
grounds, and were
by a large
Incohonee
of the citizens of Annapolis. The
number
Great
responded for the Great Council.
dentials
CreOn
on
again assembling in council, the Committee
H.
Litchman
the
S.
turn
from
Great
formal
it
which
ten
Great
Councils
held
learned
was
Councils.
over
that
sentatives
Reprefrom
the
council.
the
Great
in the
Incohonee
tide in the
presented. He
history of the Order
was
GREAT
of
record
gave
COUNCIL
Order,
and
the
and
liberal
for
STATES.
the
during
of documents
use
of
appointment
material
compile
UNITED
decisions
his
the
recommended
OF
great
for
sun
and
propagating the
special committee
full and
379
gather
to
complete history of
the
Order.
minimum
He
suggested that the

paleface might be reduced
reported the
He
Hampshire
without
institution
Manchester
at
(April 13, 1881).

He
spoke of the limited
detriment
of
the
on
for the
age
the
admission
the Order.
to
Great
of
Council
I3th of Plant
of
New
G. S. D.
moon,
390
make,
to
in response
even
Tribes, and
that if
urged
visitations
could
of visits he
number
urgent invitations
to
provisionto
be made,
had
the
meet
been
from
able
distant
of such
expense
be for the benefit of
the result would
the Order.
He
the
spoke
renewed
of
name
He
for
the
be
BeneficiaryPlan,
lend
to
recommendation
Order
and
of the
statement
of the limited
"
of the
routine
receiptsand
which
death
Latham,
submitted
of Records
success
of
his
of his
work
of Past
the
proved."
Im-
Great
Virginia.
longtalk,giving
and
chieftaincy,
expenditures.
yet ha'd attended
as
agement.
encour-
predecessor,that
by dropping the word
amended
of the
account
urged
of his
Prophet Hugh
Chief
Great
detailed
Great
and
it their support and
official announcement
made
The
the
Incohonee
word
Representativespresent
He
kind
He
also
the
Beneficiary
spoke
Plan.
As
least
at
in
Ford.
From
of
two
livingand
and
of historical,
interest he contributed
matter
the
good standing in
The
former
was
an
chiefs
Order,
the
this
of
attendant
body
Brothers
"
yet
were
Gorsuch
at this Council.
the statistical abstract,accompanying the report of the
Great
Chief
Great
Councils,
Tribes
instituted,12
of Records,
total number
461
53
first great
the fact,that
22
; reservations
; withdrawn
following information
the
without
Great
6;
reorganized,
; Tribes
of Tribes
; admitted
glean
we
in existence, 470 ;
by card, 254
by card, 203
Councils,
Tribes
adopted, 4390
total number
14 ;
extinct, 37;
suspended, 3651
died, 295
stated,
; rein-
expelled,
of
mem-
bers, 28,366; Past

inches
expended
Past
council
placed in
of
fathoms
and
181
orphans,
94,835 fathoms
sundry
relics which
Indian
time,
indicated
as
Finance, and
of 600
fathoms
to
Committee
by
resolution
36
57 inches
; in Tribal
accepted and
were
S.
of the G. C. U.
the archives
and
38 inches.
Smith, of California,presented
of the
improved financial condition
The
The
and
purposes,
Incohonee, Adam
Great
the
loo
fathoms
and
wampum
10
of dead, 20,310
receiptsof Tribes, 248,796 fathoms and

and
93 inches
by Tribes, 1 26,936 fathoms
invested
and
and
; total
inches
on
for other
; disbursed
30 inches
to
expended for burial

expended for education
79 inches
inches
42
Sachems, 3535;
67,802 fathoms
expended for relief of members,
amount
and
187; Past
Sachems,
Great
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
380
G. C. U.
submitted
by
the
S., at this
Committee
adopted by the Great Council, led to the appropriating

fathoms, instead of the usual appropriationof
be added
also
to
the Permanent
of the
Fund
Order.
honee
suggestionof the Great Incofor the contingentexpenses
fathoms
the
adopted
by appropriating200
of that great chief.
A
favorable
relation
report
the
Order, but
laid
over
for
The
the State
asking the
to
the
The
than
The
upon
various
to
title of
the
that
effect
was
favorable
of the Order, and

State
Great
work
report from
resolution
Councils
to
in the
of Tribes
the
adopted
was
an
express
mittee
Com-
opinion
of the proposed change.

advisability
Great
Council
again refused
to
adopt any other
uniform
the
regaliathen used.
on
Special Committee
the idea of establishing
a
and
requested
The
report.
Elaborate
resolutions
gratitudeof
which
the
of
to
the
fund
be continued
subject reported favorably

for aged and infirm members,
for
of the
Men
laws
from
in
sun.
degree also received

on
"
Improved
of the
amendment
great
"
JudiciaryCommittee
the
propositionfor transactingthe
Chief's
as
one
the
by
the word
strikingout
to
made
was
members
Annapolis.
the
of thanks
Great
thereof
were
Council
had
been
one
was
great
sun
for final
adopted.
adopted
for the
expression
with
hospitality
as
entertained
an
by
the
Red
GREAT
COUNCIL
Arrangements
OF
for
made
were
STATES.
issuinga
charter
381
the
to
Great
of Louisiana.
Council
Appropriate resolutions
of Past
Incohonee
Great
and
selected
Easton, Pa., was

council
sun
Past
Great
Prophet Hugh
the
on
sun
use
authorized
subject was
and
recess
to
circular
prepare
palefaces;
among
of
Latham,
to collect
and
Order.
the
as
place for kindlingthe
next
fire.
Morris
Incohonee
Great
adopted concerning the death
were
Virginia.
The
Special Committee
continue
during the great
of the Order for
descriptive
material for a historyof the
great
UNITED
H.
of
Gorham,
Pennsylvania,
unanimously elected Great Prophet to fill the vacancy

caused by the death of Past Great Incohonee
Hugh Latham, of
Virginia.
The Committee
cil
counappointed at the preceding great sun
ritual for Degree Councils,
to consider the questionof a new
was
at its
was
request continued
for another
great
sun.
1882.
council
The
Pa., on
the
Charles
H.
fire of the
I2th
of Corn
G. C. U.
S.
kindled
was
G. S. D. 391, Great
moon,
at
Easton,
Incohonee
Litchman
presiding.
Previous to the formal kindlingof the council fire,an address
delivered by Past Sachem
of welcome
Thomas
D. Tanner
was
behalf of the two Tribes of that city,
to which
on
an
appropriate
Litchman.
made
by Great Incohonee
response was
After the kindlingof the council fire,the Committee
dentials
Creon
reported that credentials had been received from 17
reservations.
Great
The
that
the
Incohonee
during the
year
submitted
he
had
made
his
an
the Order, and

Continent, visiting
thirteen
He
be made
end
of the term
the
title of the
; and
Sachems,
stated
extensive
journeyacross
received
being royally
in
great reservations.
that the first Great
recommended
Councils
longtalk,which
Past Great
; that
the word
Order;
that the
that
Sachem
"
the
Prophetsof
Prophet of State Great

by dispensationat the
Improved
"
be
stricken
charter
fee of Tribes
Tribes
be
elected
from
from
be
creased
in-
Past
IMPROVED
382
He
reported the
Louisiana, and
instituted
be
of
the
feeble
i, of
Council
soon
Florida.
and
of Rhode
Council
would
Colorado
of
of
Council
Island
was
ported
re-
condition.
Biddeford, Me.,
Council
Great
the
Great
States
hand, the Great

a
again,of
that
probability
MEN.
RED
dispensationgranted by him, by
One
No.
the
be in
to
OF
institution
in each
the 'other
On
ORDER
attached
was
which
Squantum Tribe,
of the
jurisdiction
the
to
Hampshire, was the first consolidation of

in accordance
this kind in the history of the Order, and
was
with a vote
adopted by the Great Council but a few great suns
before.
has been subsequently
The precedent thus established
Great
in other
followed
spoke
of the
of
probabilities
that
there
great
have
Chief
Great
had
set
been
revival
submitted
larger increase
Order
of the
in Nebraska,
that
his
longtalk,reporting
reported at the last
to
prosperityseemed
than
tide of
the
in.
Great
Chief
Great
Councils,
number
admitted
of
Records,
22;
of
the
glean
we
Reservations
followinginformation
without
Great
Tribes, 465; adopted, 4148;
by card,
by card,
99 ;
173;
suspended, 2604
died, 276;
total
Council,
expended
43 inches
expended
expelled,47
of
number
drawn
; with-
members,
; amount
inches
and
99,248 fathoms
purposes,
fathoms
receipts,
270,551
by Tribes, 148,760
belts,45,920
12;
and
orphans, 16,654 fathoms
expended for education, 132 fathoms and 76 inches;
for other
total Tribal
reinstated, 444;
29,965 ; Past Great Sachems, 178 ; Past Sachems, 5620

and
22
expended for relief of members, 81,200 fathoms
He
lated
iso-
the statistical abstract, accompanying the report of the
From
total
the
to
Utah.
of Records
council, and
sun
benefit
marked
attached.
Connecticut, and
The
with
reservations
thus
Tribes
He
of New
fathoms
fathoms
and
and
73
and
inches
43
and
68
inches
inches; invested
; in
Tribal
wampum
55 inches.
reported quite a handsome
increase
in the
membership
of
BeneficiaryAssociation, there having been an addition of 241

to its list,the membership at the time of the report being 473.
the subject of establishing
The
on
a fund
Special Committee
submitted
for aged and infirm members
a
report, which, at the
laid over
until the succeeding
request of the Committee, was
the
COUNCIL
GREAT
great
council.
sun
The
committee
plan for
suns,
whose
fund
for
under
whom
to
continued
Tribes
the sole
taken
The
and
up,
and
beg
substance
follows
as
of
membership by brothers
and for
extinct,
leave to report the
of
"
arranging and devising

the age of fiftygreat
over
the creation
of
aged brothers, have
shall hereafter
which
the
was
the matter
benefit of such
383
STATES.
report
referred
was
and
use
Tribe
any
UNITED
shall become
consideration
That
then
was
the laws.
incorporatedin
it
It
OF
charitable
had
the
same
:
following
become
extinct
for any
ever,
what-
cause
containingwithin its membership at the time of its extinction a member

in good standing and
members
card
or
severallyentitled to a withdrawal
of
the
laws
and
the Order,
who shall,within the three
therefrom, according to
after the extinction of such Tribe, make
next
moons
applicationfor and
receive
withdrawal
such
card, shall, within
procurement of such withdrawal

to
the law
Tribe
such
to
of the
be refused
shall
in that
then, and
worthy,
Order, to
under
three
after the
next
moons
card, make
for membership,
application
the proper
Tribe, and
in
Tribe
ing
accord-
such
case
application
infirmityof such applicant,
such brother,if otherwise
of age or
shall receive
account
on
said
case,
the
the
regulationshereafter provided.
If such
brother, upon his applicationto such Tribe, shall be rejectedon
of his age and infirmityas aforesaid,and shall otherwise
be found
account
and
come
worthy
accepted by such Tribe, he shall then and thereafter be and beof said Tribe, subject to all the rightsand privileges
a member
thereof,
except said Tribe
shall not
follow the hunt, and
to
for the members
Tribe, and
Such
the
by
as
beginning of each
fee and
sun
Tribe
wherein
such
jurisdiction
what
from
source
report stating
collected.
Wampum
receive
The
as
specialfund
benefits and
upon
is located.
the
But
such
applicationin
recommendation
The
the wampum
the
Keeper
to
be
so
made
Tribe
with
at
the
of Wampum
Keeper
which
shall
was
purpose said wampum
held by the Great
Keeper of
when
funds
subjectin
the
seal
the
of
said
to
such
follow
the
wherein
jurisdiction
assistance
receive such
Keeper
shall
brother
unable
of Wampum,
paid
Such
brother.
shall not
behalf,of
Great
so
that
brother
of his Tribe, under
Keeper of Wampum.
shall send
his
on
together
sum,
the Great
shall be
said
from
assistance
hereinafter
of every
member
quired
re-
collected,shall be remitted
so
for the relief of such
hunt, according to the law in force

his Tribe
to
as
are
fees
and
for what
and
collected
so
wampum
keep
expended
upon
of such
members
dues
is located,accompanying
Tribe
of the
be
when
brother
of each
all such
each
brother
of Wampum
other
as
unable
provisionsmade
Such
Keeper
inches,which
two
of such
the Keeper of Wampum
be
collected from
and
great
dues
the
his dues
to
and
brother.
shall
separate fund
shall be assessed
admission
to
of Wampum
Keeper
paid by
and provided.
There
shall pay
for benefits when
donations
such
regularlythereafter,pay
brother
such
Tribe
brother
and
expenses
other than
Tribe
into such
shall
do.
to
funeral
of such
received
being so
be liable to such
and
of Wampum
Tribe,
upon
brother
to
to
the
such
the
cept
ex-
the
Great
tion,
applica-
Keeper
of
384
IMPROVED
ORDER
of his Tribe,who
Wampum
therefor.
receipt
Such
Keeper of Wampum
Tribe
the State Great
to
same
at
shall appear
wherein
each
fathoms
from
seven
time
time
to
circular
interest
Council
and
such
and
each
the
report
of the United
seven
in
no
Great
States
to
each
disposed
or
brother
herein
as
in
use
report which
erned
govthree
shall determine
paid
circular to
be
exceed
Councils
suns
times
case
shall be
aims
forth the
all
shall at
fund
said
per
this Great
ing
spreadadopted.
was
objectsof the Order,

guide palefaceswho desired
and
to form
of the
Council
Order
in the interests of the

Charles
H.
Tribes.
new
recommends
for the
Belt,
Wampum
of Red
Order
Improved
able
favor-
the
to
everywhere, The
Litchman,
elected
chiefs
The
of Marblehead,
Mass.
ensuing great
sun
Men,
by
as
lows
fol-
were
"
Great
Incohonee,
GEORGE
Great
Senior
Great
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
WM.
Great
Chief
JOSHUA
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
home
the illness of
to
laws
by
him
GREGORY,
P.
MARIS,
up
G.
P.
SMITH,
the Great
the
his stump,
upon
S.
P.
G.
G.
P.
G.
G.
S.,
S.,
Indiana.
Delaware.
I.,
Delaware.
I.,
respectivestumps,
Incohonee, who
was
detained
at
of his
one
Incohonee-elect,
Great
could
Great
Maryland.
Tennessee.
California.
I.,
their
to
S.,
P.
family.
as
J. Baker, acting temporarily
P. G. I. Andrew
that
HYRONEMOUS,
raised
were
P. G.
COLFLESH,
JOSEPH PYLE,
exceptionof
ruled
H.
RALPH
with the
by
B.
ADAM
of Records,
chiefs-elect
The
the
with
his
"
Brother
raised
brothers
of the several
manner
fathoms
set
briefly
consideration
Great
brothers
belt,but shall
each
in what
three
Resolved, That
take
applicantfor favor,in the shape of a publicationin the

its appearance,
of the Order, having made
the Great
adopted the following;
new
issued
and
account
an
Council
the Great
to
to
necessary
wished
to Tribes, or who
gave
admission
A
of all such
names
and
brother
said fund, keep
information
and
such
to
same
to prepare
specialcommittee
Order among
palefacesmade
the
The
the
provided for
suns,
of,not exceeding
provided.
The
to
in the wampum
the amount
per
shall,as
Council
herein
wampum
by
the
thereof.
council
The
will pay
MEN.
RED
OF
not
having
Tocakon
honee,
Incobeen
conferred
the powers
the
and that therefore
exercise
Incohonee,
for Great
not
Great
and
Great
Minewa,
by
pointees
ap-
could
IMPROVED
386
ORDER
OF
longtalkof the Great Chief

which
had been
received
satisfactory
He reporteda substantial increase
The
of members
the number
874, and the
3186 fathoms
the
was
most
for many
great suns.
in the Beneficiary
tion,
Associaof the fiscal
end
being
sun
of deceased
members,
53 inches.
and
Number
MEN.
Records
beneficiaries
to
the statistical abstract
From
:
paid
amount
of
the
at
RED
of
glean
we
Councils, 23
Great
Council, 14; total number

reinstated, 814; admitted
by
reservations
of Tribes,
Great
tion
followinginforma-
the
without
462; adopted, 9106;
card, 352;
suspended, 3404;
expelled,66 ; withdrawn
by card, 250 ; died, 398 ; total number
Past Sachems, 5439;
Past Great Sachems,
of members,
35,217;
181 ; amount
expended for
inches ; expended
relief of members,
and
for
82
and
fathoms
9151
32,164 fathoms
1
and
59,068
25 inches
and
fathoms
and
and
40
Tribes, 374,443
fathoms
and
46
and
belts,62,598 fathoms
Great
been
esteem
Incohonee
announced
from
State
Morris
by
for other
expended
inches
inches;
inches
total
amount
in
this council
was
of
testimonials
numerous
Great
H.
Councils
Gorham,
the Great
the
Committee
on
had
the
the situation,as
under
been
State
Tribal
wampum
presentation
of
of affection
of Past
in memory
whose
sudden
death
had
Incohonee.
that for many

great suns
the outside organizations
of consolidating
of Red
Order
of
receiptsof
invested
by
Tribal
Improved
orphans,
67 inches.
interestingfeature of
placingupon the records
and
26
fathoms
and
and
inches; expended for education
22
Tribes, 402,312
An
widows
63 inches; expended for burial of the dead,

purposes,
relief of
112,380 fathoms
brought
the
it then
upon
question
with
the
report of
the
Men
The
up.
Order
the
this
plained
subject ex-
and favored
existed, fully,
solidation
con-
certain
regulations. The report was adopted,

the Great Council thereby placingitself on record as willingto
them
all to membership, allowing them
welcome
individually
relative honors in this Order
to hold the same
they had earned
in the others.
The
members
of the
Great
Council
were
the
recipientsot
of New
Jersey,
the part of the brothers

on
unremittingattention
resolutions.
and their gratitudefound expression in appropriate
COUNCIL
GREAT
OP
387
STATES.
UNITED
of three was
appointed to search
specialcommittee
might be
proper Indian word signifying"brother," which
for
used
the Order.
by
report of
The
and
Committee
of the Order
Laws
amended
next
great
and
death
the
upon
a
page
ered
consid-
was
after
and
being considerably
postponed until the
was
council.
sun
specialcommittee
The
tion
Constitu-
of the
its report, which
consideration
further
the
made
of the Whole,
in Committee
Revision
the
on
of
of the
that
on
Past
subject presented
Incohonee
Great
Morris
of this Great
Record
Council
H.
report
Gorham,
dedicated
was
his memory.
to
selected
111.,was
Springfield,
next
great
council
sun
as
the
place
for
kindling the
fire.
1884.
The
council
of the
fire of the
G. C. U.
S.
kindled
was
in the
Hall
Representatives,in the Capitol Building at

G. S. D. 393, Great
the Qth of Corn
on
111.,
moon,
Springfield,
Incohonee
George B. Colflesh presiding.
Previous to the kindlingof the council fire,an
eloquent longSachem
Owen
talk was
delivered by Past Great
nois,
Scott, of Illithe G. C. U. S. to the hunting
in which
he welcomed
of Illinois. A fittingand
grounds and hearts of the Red Men
Chas.
made
was
appropriateresponse
by Past Great Incohonee
of
H. Litchman, who spoke for the Great Council in the absence
of temporary illness.
the Great Incohonee
by reason
The Committee
Credentials
on
reported that credentials had
been received from
18 Great
Councils, besides 4 holding over
from the previous great sun
council.
those admitted
Among
of
House
for the firsttime at this council, was

E.
Peckinpaugh, of Ohio,
United
The
great
the
Great
present Great
Sachem
Incohonee
Thomas
of the
States.
Great
presented his longtalkfor
Incohonee
of the
He
gave official announcement

Council
the
of Florida, on
sun.
Great
G. S. D.
He
the
Past
393
also
I3th of
the
previous
institution
Snow
of
moon,
(February13, 1884).
reported that
of the Great
dispensationhad
Council
of Colorado.
been
issued
stitutio
for in-
IMPROVED
388
also
He
fit to
again seen
Council
chief of the Great
Records, and
from
remove
Past
official mention
made
Daniel
of the Great
Records
Incohonee
of
Carter, who,
W.
the
of the United
Great
the
of the G. C. U.
and
Kansas,
of his death,
Tribes
new
S. in Florida, South
the introduction
and
of
also
Maris, and
Great
Past
Chief
Incohonee
Chief
was
of
of Delaware.
reported the organizationof
He
of
time
Council
States, Great
Joshua
death
the
at
MEN.
had
Spiritin His wisdom
hunting grounds of earth a
Great
reported that the
RED
OF
ORDER
the
diction
juris-
orado,
Carolina, Iowa, Col-
again of
of Mineola
Arkansas, by the institution
under
Order
the
Tribe, No.
into
Hot
i, at
Springs.
The
Chief
Great
of Records, pro
tern.,
Joseph
A.
of
Bond,
Delaware, presented his longtalk.

the statistical abstract, accompanying the report
From
Chief
Great
of
information
Council
9067
Records,
Great
total
of members,
102,051
and
by card, 332
30 inches;
dead, 27,920
fathoms
education
orphans, 194
fathoms
disbursements, 138,808 fathoms

Tribes, 363,951 fathoms
458,574 fathoms
fathoms
He
the
and
sun
4726 fathoms
been
29
and
28
the
for
inches; other Tribal
inches; total receiptsof
31
inches; invested
70
; in Tribal
by Tribes,
belts, 146,743
wampum
addition
an
there
and
and
of five
the conflict of
Past
expended for
inches ; expended
;
50
had
of 754
been
paid
to
names
out
during
inches, to beneficiaries
of
members.
specialcommittee
earlyhistoryof
council.
inches.
BeneficiaryAssociation,
deceased
and
and
reported that there had been
the great
22
suspended, 3091
inches
14
and
and
4 inches
and
for relief of members,
expended
and
burial of the
of
Great
no
Tribes, 528; adopted,
expended
and
where
card, 275 ; died, 340 ; total number
amount
41,497;
fathoms
by
of
number
; admitted
expelled,47 ; withdrawn
following interesting
24 ; reservations
Councils,
existed, 13;
reinstated, 534
the
glean
we
of the
the
appointed,to
opinionallegedto exist
Order, and report
at work
Incohonee
at the
at the
take
as
to
next
into
the
sideration
con-
origin
great
sun
historyupon which
Morris
of Pennsylvania had
H. Gorham
time of his sudden
death, was
presented to
In this connection
Great
was
copy
of the
COUNCIL
GREAT
the
Council, received
Great
SpecialCommittee
Laws
resumed
was
General
Laws
Charters
the
on
by
amended
ordered
were
of
found
They
but
the
of
alluded
to.
and
Constitution
and
promulgated.
for the Great
of
Councils
for the various
Tribes
Kansas.
appropriateIndian
reported the
result
of
their
general fraternal
specificmeaning, and therefore
terms
many
the
to
Constitution
and
adopted
were
selectingsome
on
desired
of the
none
here
Carolina, Iowa, and
signifying"brother,"
word
the Order
Kansas, and
Florida, South
SpecialCommittee
The
referred
Revised
to be issued
Iowa, Colorado, Florida, and

in Arkansas,
the
body, and
this council, and
at
then
as
that
389
STATES.
UNITED
Historyof
consideration
further
The
OF
searches.
re-
sense,
made
recommendation.
no
SpecialCommittee
The
Chief
Great
of Records,
report, which
resolutions
Carter, which
the death
aside for each
term
were
and
follows
as
Incohonee,
WM.
Great
Senior
memorial
presented
Daniel
Incohonee
page
W.
set
was
RALPH
H.
Great
Great
Chief
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
Great
Tocakon,
LUKE
Minewa,
ADDISON
P. G.
HYRONEMUS,
S.
Louis
of Records,
raised
for the
up
ing
ensu-
"
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
Great
Great
appointed and
Great
Great
I., submitted
committee
same
adopted.
of the late
of the chiefs named.
chiefs elected
The
The
of Past
also
were
in memory
Joshua Maris, P. G.
adopted.
was
upon
Resolutions
on
GREGORY,
P.
BECKHARDT,
CHARLES
H.
CHARLES
C. CONLEY,
JOSEPH
G.
P.
P.
G.
Indiana.
S.,
New
S.,
LITCHMAN,
PYLE,
Tennessee.
S.,
G. I., Massachusetts.
P.
P. G.
Pennsylvania.
S.,
Delaware.
I.,
S. ROSENCRANCE,
York.
P.
G.
S.,
P. G.
KNICKERBOCKER,
New
York.
S.,Illinois.
given to translate the Ritual of the Order

into the Danish
language,provided that no expense was thereby
incurred,and provided further, that the translation should be
Permission
was
the property of the G. C. U.

Numerous
changes
were
S.
made
in the laws
governing the
eficiary
Ben-
Association.
From
this council
Committee
on
of the council
the
books
and
dates
the custom
Finance, which
now
meets
accounts,
and
for
the
in vogue
of
previous to
ing
stand-
the
S., for the examination

purpose
of
making
dling
kinof
such
IMPROVED
396
recommendations
the
to
ORDER
o"
G. C. U.
S.
RED
MEN.
exigenciesof
the
as
require.
selected
The
hunting grounds of Elmira, N.Y., were
place for kindlingthe next great sun council fire.
Order
the
to
seem
the
as
1885.
Tribe, No.
of Massasoit
of
Corn
The
from
the
on
8th
H.
23d
his
submitted
credentials
had
longtalk.
of the Great
institution
Sturgeon
of
sun
reported that
Councils.
Great
21
Incohonee
Great
the
on
wam
wig-
William
Incohonee
Great
394,
in the
Elmira, N.Y.,
14, at
Credentials
on
reportedthe
He
D.
kindled
was
presiding.
Committee
received
been
S.
G.
moon,
Hyronemus
The
S.
council
The
S. D.
G.
moon,
Council
of Colorado
(August
393
23,
1884).
in the
(December
393
He
also
(December
393
Texas, and
had
the Order
Southern
States,
had
aged
made
and
hold
the
report of the Great
Chief
Councils
existed, 9
; total
was
of the
and
by
of
we
him
since
where
the
full and
last great
accompanying
no
that
suns.
learn that the
of Tribes, 543 ;
by card, 298
home
their widows, and
statistical abstract,
of Records,
Among
country.
every two great

Chief of Records
was
done
the
guest of the
establishment
25 ; reservations
number
344 ; admitted
Men
into Wisconsin
through
the
was
the
I, at Oshkosh.
him
its councils
From
of Great
he
by
City,and
by
of
reservation
into Montana
made
the
were
longtalk of the Great

of the work
statement
explicit
council.
G. S. D.
moon,
the
Tribe, No.
occasion
indigentRed
in
I, Butte
in that section
The
sun
Hunting
introduced
pleasanttour
which
on
Council
Great
been
Tribe, No.
recommendations
for the
the
to
of the Order
members
of
institution of Oshkosh
also referred
He
the
the
i8th
instituted
been
institution of Silver Bow
by
the
on
of Iowa
Council
18, 1884).
Tribe
Another
G. S. D.
1884).
17,
cityof Oskaloosa,
in the
of Kansas,
reportedthe institution of the Great Council

cityof Parsons, on the i/th of Hunting moon,
also
He
number
Councils
Great
adopted, 6633
suspended, 4465
the
stated,
; rein-
expelled,
76
GREAT
COUNCIL
; withdrawn
by card,
43,619; Past
and
679 fathoms
and
inches
He
of
63 inches
109,476 fathoms
widows
and
; in Tribal
wampum
by Tribes, 495,966
orphans, 3473
fathoms
great fallingoff in the
and
disbursements, 160,814
total receipts
of Tribes,360,163 fathoms
inches;
reported
6668;
Tribal
86 inches; other
invested
13
relief
Sachems,
; Past
215
bers,
mem-
expended for burial of the dead, 29,788

of orphans,
; expended for education
inches
61
and
and
fathoms
for
95 inches
and
fathoms
Sachems,
of
; total number
died, 403
STATES.
relief of members,
expended for
inches ; expended
fathoms
355
Great
amount
20
UNITED
OF
and
and
58
15 inches.
of
membership
the
BeneficiaryAssociation.
improved condition of the financial affairs of the G. C. U. S.
The
from
be learned
may
the statement
Keeper of Wampum,
including balance
and
fathoms
We
total
hand
on
longtalkof the Great

receiptsfor the great sun,
settlement,
last
at
already referred
attempts had been
degree into
made
which
to
the
induce
fact
that
be admitted
from
At
and
that
of laws
code
propositionwas
referred
adopted,and
in the
of the
(JanuaryI, 1886).
will be made
Up
to
this
the present
time
had
council
should
The
of the
Under
to
Incohonee
this
the
effect after the
into
go
not
munication
com-
of Massachusetts,
degree
been
submitted
could
to which
be admitted,
further
regulationsfor
rules and
thus
first of the
The
moon,
the
G.
quently
subse-
report
report later
established, the
Cold
female
and
adopted governing the same.

which
to a specialcommittee
This
of the proposed action.
of Pocahontas
Degree
for
of the Order
the committee
council, with
adopt
be
reported in favor
was
times
this council
Council
asking that permissionbe granted

relatives of the members
S. to
the wives
Great
the
various
at
G. C. U.
the
of the Order.
received
was
to
could
relatives of the members
female
10,814
were
36 inches.
have
side
the
that
in the
ment
governsame
to
S. D.
395
sion
appropriatechapter,further alluimportant action of the G. C. U. S.
the regaliaand jewel for a Past Great
the
defined
resolution
with
sufficient clearness,and
adopted describing what
was
at
they
be.
question of
uniform
G. C. U. S.,and
degree again claimed
the matter
was
referred
the attention
to the
Committee
IMPROVED
ORDEJl
the State of the
Order, which
392
on
laws
governing a
adopted,with
a
with
Tammany,"
of
uniform
the
provisothat
badge
been
be
to
RED
MEN.
subsequentlyreported general
known
the
as
Knights
was
appropriate. The matter
rank
to be
uniform
ritual therefor had
OF
"
part of it should
no
be used
until
approved by the G. C. U. S.
funerals
at
worn
in
lieu
of
regaliawas
adopted.
It
voted
was
kindle
to
the
next
great
hunting grounds of Detroit, Mich.

The Great Council again refused
the business
of the Tribes
fire in the
that
adopt the proposition
to
should
council
sun
be
transacted
Degree.
of
address
A pleasingfeature of this council was
an
behalf of the cityof Elmira by His ExcellencyDavid
on
then
Chief's
in the
welcome
B. Hill,
of the State.
Governor
1886.
council
The
Hall, Detroit, Mich.,

Great
Previous
made
from
to which
the
of nearly8000
great sun
Massachusetts, New
the
Council
Great
only one
Tribe
was
Rhode
of the
in
one
done
there received.
reported that credentials had
Order
had
members.
opened
a
gain during
complimented
especially
made
He
and
Pennsylvania,
York,
reservations.
He
New
reported
Kentucky in a crippledcondition, with

dations
good working order. Among his recommen-
that the Tribes
of the
Southern
appropriateresponse
of
Council
BeesleyDavis.
and Great
Hyronemus.
in those
Island,and Vermont
Great
an
Herz
M.
John
which
presented his longtalk,
that
congratulations
the work
G. S. D. 395,
moon,
reservations.
22
Jersey for
the
Past Sachem
Credentials
Incohonee
Great
in Harmonic
Hyronemus presiding.
kindling of the council fire,addresses
Incohonee
on
kindled
H.
Tanner,
Great
received
The
the
by
by
W.
Committee
The
with
made
were
William
Sachem
been
formal
to the
of welcome
was
William
Incohonee
was
I4th of Corn
the
on
S.
He
in the
be
placedunder
of Massachusetts.
death
of
also made
States, and
the
Past
ticut,
of Connec-
reservations
Great
He
the
made
jurisdiction
official announcement
Incohonee
report of his visitations

with
hospitality
which
William
through
he
was
COUNCIL
GREAT
Great
The
Chief
From
Chief
Council,
reinstated, 612;
of members,
and
50
5412
fathoms
37,150
admitted
50,263 ;
and
fathoms
and
48
fathoms
inches
and
60
79
the
sun.
longtalk of
relief of
for
; total
inches
; Tribal
79 inches; in Tribal
and
for burial
other
inches;
136,144 fathoms
widows
expended
pelled,
ex-
died, 489; total number

Sachems, 223 ; Past Sachems,
inches
and
longtalk
300;
Great
Past
164,444 fathoms
and
extended
an
by card, 328; suspended, 5587;
expended
80
24
by card,
expended
inches
393
glean the followinginformation :

having no Great
; reservations
Tribes, 591;
adopted, 12,506;
of
number
withdrawn
55;
; amount
presented
we
Councils,
total
12;
7115
STATES.
during the great

chieftaincy
of Records,
of Great
Number
UNITED
statistical abstract, accompanying
the
the Great
of Records
of his
of the transaction
OF
Tribal
Tribal
orphans,
of the
dead,
disbursements,
receipts,450,469
596,271 fathoms
investments,
wampum
and
86 inches.
report of the
His
showed
that the
BeneficiaryAssociation
membership was
graduallyfallingoff,and that it had not met
with the success
its friends fondlyhoped.
in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Rhode
He
reported the Order
Island
in feeble condition, if not
as
report in the longtalkof the Great
The
showed
of
Keeper
the financial affairs of the G. C. U. S. to be
condition, with ample wampum
to
meet
current
Wampum
in a healthy
expenses.
granted to the Great Council of Virginia,

lost or destroyed during the war.
replacethe original,
The
Committee
on
History of the Order, previouslyappointed,
further
which
and
time,
reported progress,
requested
A
to
defunct.
charter
new
was
granted.
was
The
chiefs elected
great
sun
were
as
and
appointed and
follows
Great
Incohonee,
RALPH
Great
Senior
S. GREGORY,
P.
G.
THOMAS
J. FRANCIS,
P.
G.
THOMAS
K.
Great
GEORGE
B.
Great
Chief of Records,
CHARLES
Great
of Wampum,
Keeper
Great
Tocakon,
THOS.
Great
Minewa,
A.
JOSEPH
C.
the
COLFLESH,
P. G.
P.
S.,
Indiana.
S.,
New
G.
G.
G.
ing
ensu-
Jersey.
S., Pennsylvania.
I.,
S.,
Maryland.
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
I.,
PECKINPAUGH,
ANDREWS,
P.
P.
CONLEY,
S.,
P.
DONNALLEY,
PYLE,
E.
for
up
"
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
Great
raised
P.
G.
S., Ohio.
California.
IMPROVED
The
ORDER
recommendation
under
under
reservations
time
the States
as
maintain
Various
State
amendments
to
be kindled
in the
Council
in condition
be
was
bama
Ala-
and
until such
to
and
erect
and
BeneficiaryAssociation
adopted.
fire of
the
of
hunting grounds
of the important actions
One
Georgia
Law
the
that the council
voted
was
of
Council.
Great
presented,considered,
It
of Massachusetts,
Carolina
said Great
should
named
mont
Island, and Ver-
Council
South
of
approved,
was
Council
Great
of
jurisdiction
the
Incohonee
the Great
request of the
granted, placing the
MEN.
RED
Connecticut, Rhode
of
of
jurisdiction
the
the
and
of the Great
reservations
placingthe
OF
next
great
sun
the
was
cil
coun-
Del.
Wilmington,
of this council
were
adoption
degree for the Order, to be

Chieftains' League," and the cereknown
the
mony
therein to be that alreadyadopted for Benefito be used
cial
Degree Councils, with slightalteration. This action was
the completion of that begun at the preceding great
practically
many,"
title being in place of
sun
council, the new
Knights of Tamof
uniformed
rules
governing a
by the title of
"
"
accepted
A
memorial
At
of
of Past Great
adopted.
was
appointed to
was
committee
erection
the death
upon
BeesleyDavis
time.
at that
of five
home
for Red
this council
William
Incohonee
prepare
plan for
the
Men.
Ritual
for the
Degree
of Pocahontas
was

As
indication
an
.charitable
may
be
operations solelyto
mentioned
fathoms
the Great
that
was
Council
the
in aid
of the
its
confine
not
of the
members
that at this council
made
did
Order, it
appropriationof 100
by the earthquake in
an
sufferers
Charleston, S.C.
1887.
The
council
fire of
the
G.
C.
Fellow's
Hall, Wilmington, Del.,
G. S. D.
396, Great
Previous
Council
Great
was
to
the
Incohonee
formal
welcomed
Incohonee
to
U.
the
on
S.
Ralph
kindlingof
the
S.
kindled
I3th of Corn
was
in Odd
moon,
Gregory presiding.
the council
reservation
Joseph Pyle, who
was
fire,the Great
of Delaware
followed
by
by John
Past
M.
COUNCIL
GREAT
OF
UNITED
of
Master
Whitford, Deputy Grand
Odd
Fellows, who for the Order
Council
Great
made
was
Committee
The
received
been
The
the
he
had
be
issued
and
U.
Rhode
that
S., he
had
Island, and
Council
of
Carolina
and
Council
A
in
placed
the
under
the
outside
reported
Connecticut
(August
of
the
Connecticut,
of
jurisdiction
reservations
jurisdictionof
i,
of the limits of the United

the
the
on
been
organization of
of
ist
Sturgeon
the Great
of
South
the
Great
also announced
various
the
given in full.
The
longtalk of
interestingdocument.
showed
From
the Great
Number
Council,
instituted
of
this
on
States.
the
Great
G.
moon,
Council
S.
of
D.
396
organizationof a Chieftains' League

in New
Jersey.
him
parts of the great reservation
sun
institution
1887).
Pennsylvaniaand another
The
correspondence between
great
action
of
granted for the

Toronto, Can., being the first Tribe
Continent
He
and
396 (January
of
in
He
the
396
of Pocahontas.
the
reservations
under
Massachusetts,
Alabama
the
G. S. D.
moon,
Degree
with
would
League
G. S. D.
moon,
accordance
Vermont
proclamation in which
of Cold
of the
of Cold
sun
Georgia.
dispensation had
Tribe
in
I5th
and
1887),
C.
G.
after the
of the Chieftains'
the work
1887), and
i,
had
longtalk.
issued
after the first sun
and
on
his
had
he
sun
that the work
declared
(January
15,
great
submitted
Incohonee
of
Councils.
Great
24
Order
Independent
he
Credentials
on
from
Great
During
on
Incohonee
Great
by
the
395
the
representedwelcomed
A fitting
and appropriateresponse
Gregory.
State.
to the
STATES.
an
being
the
12;
Great
He
increase
about
Chief
Chiefs, in
the
of the United
of
Records
reported that
in membership,
the
States,was
was
very
almost
every
the net
gain for
vation
reser-
the
13,000.
accompanying the longtalk of

glean the followinginformation :
Chief
of
the
and
of Records,
Great
we
Councils, 24;
reservations
without
adopted, 18,411; reinstated, 575;
admitted
Great
by
card, 564; suspended, 5749; expelled,79; withdrawn

by card,
of members,
63,200; Past
512; died, 476; total number
IMPROVED
396
Sachems,
Great
ORDER
Past
242;

widows
for relief of
OF
Sachems,
8120;
fathoms
143,445
and
expended
amount
3 inches
and
for burial of the dead, 35,541
expended
MEN.
RED
fathoms
expended
and
88
and
48 inches;
inches;
disbursements, 210,075 fathoms and 10 inches ; total

vestment
and 57 inches ; Tribal inreceipts of Tribes, 560,582 fathoms
other Tribal
fathoms
573,312

report of the
His
its condition
to
as
Charters
Fund
Beneficiary
or
not
was
encouraging
very
hope for the future.
granted for the
were
wampum
97 inches.
and
Minneapolis, Minn.,
and
65 inches; in Tribal
and
and
new
Tribes
for
the
Toronto, Can.,
at
Council
Great
of
Connecticut.
reservation
The
of the Great
to
as
Council
was
placed
the
under
tion
jurisdic-
of Illinois.
amended
were
governing the Degree of Pocahontas
permit membership to members
Men
of the Chief's Degree in good standing in their
rules
The
so
of Wisconsin
of Red
Tribes, and
18 years of age of good moral

over
any women
Also
that past officers of organizations
in
that were
to
character.
existence
priorto the promulgationof the Degree

bodies
having accepted the provisionsof
of Pocahontas,
said
the
declared
be
to
entitled
and
Great
Councils
the
Great
Chief
great
their
to
the
rank
and
make
required to
were
of the
of Records
of the Councils
honors
out
G. C. U.
S.
law,
of Past
and
a
were
Chiefs,
present
to
report every
under
Degree of Pocahontas
stricted
jurisdictions.Previouslythe membership had been reof the Order
to members
of the Chief's Degree and
sun
their immediate
of the
relatives.
The
on
Special Committee
majorityand minority reports
History
as
MAJORITY
GREAT
referred
CHIEFS
the
AND
BROTHERS
follows
of the Order
:
submitted
"
REPORT.
Your
Committee
to whom
was
known
originand earlyhistoryof our organization,
submit
to-dayas the Improved Order of Red Men, respectfully
the followingreport as the result of our
: During
investigation
Worm
G. S. D. 395, they met
according to appointment
moon,
GREAT
in the
cityof
COUNCIL
OF
Baltimore
with
UNITED
STATES.
all -members
of
397
the
Committee
it was
duly organized by the selection of A. S.
present, when
Williams, of Tennessee, as Chairman, and G. C. of R. Charles
Conley, of Pennsylvania,as Secretary.

Brothers
P. G. I. George W. Lindsayand P. S.
the
Gorham
lis,representingrespectively
and
C.
"
"
of the Order
authorities
of which
for the
the Committee
to
pertaining
the
be of themselves
for which
their
Your
tories
His-
manuscripts and
of their different
clear
sufficiently
theories, all
explainingany
documents
that might
to
the minds
Committee
your
of
of the Committee,
edge
acknowlgratefully
obligation.
Committee
American
for the purpose
manuscript and
assistance
submitted, that
of
"
Lindsay
"
placed in the hands of your Committee

cheerfully
Hollis
scrutinyand investigation
; Bros. Lindsay and
remaining with
-not
establishment
all their
G. Hol-
were
for their
matter
present with
were
William
find from
there
the various
existed
during
societies of
country many
documents
the
proofs
early historyof
formed
men
and
our
for the purpose
of
attaininga higher degree
social,and political
religious,
accessible
of
freedom, than was
through the ordinaryavenues
civil life as tolerated by the authority
emanating from the throne
of royalrulers ; the guiding principles
and leading features of
which
in
were
derived
and
traditions
It
American
great
of the
characteristics
Indian
they soon
worthy
of the emulation
seemed
Among
the
to
nature
meet
the
of the
manifest
an
of all true
most
of the
heartier
forest ;
much
upon
lovers of
so
from
the
mendable
com-
North
that
so
for many
of his
their banners
as
home,
liberty,
characteristics
American
response
the
of the
prominent
North
of
tinent.
Conthat
extant
many
admiration
toms,
cus-
American
the nature
them
inscribe
to
of the
with
marked
Man
to
character,and
friends.
by
Red
or
commenced
traits of
that
the manners,
the evidence
from
early imbued
palefacewas
American
Aborigines
conclusive
seems
from
measure
Indian, and
of the
the bosom
and
ited
exhibwhich
tive
primi-
American
his love of freedom, devotion

to
was
paleface,
Kishe Manifriends,and implicitfaith and confidence in the
he claimed
all power
to
in whose
hands
tou,"the Great Spirit,
"
exist.
were
Hence
at
the
we
need
time, and
not
had
marvel
been
that
our
for many
earlyancestors,
great
suns
who
previous,
IMPROVED
398
writhing under
readilylearn to
ORDER
the
OF
of
gallingyoke
admire
RED
British
partake of
and
MEN.
tyranny, should so
principlethat sought
to alleviate their
and
establish an
intercourse among
suffering,
them
that might ultimatelydestroyoppressionand bring relief
in its happiest and
most
acceptable form ; hence the Boston
Sons of Liberty,"
with bucktails and other marks
Boys as the
of the aboriginal
of the forest,are found assertingin a
Red
Man
inculcated by such precepts, in making
practicalway the principle
Boston
harbor the receptacle
for high taxed British tea.
Again
found the Tammany
Societies or Columbian
are
Order, organized
as
earlyas 1771, and existingin several States, with rituals and
from
the
guide book composed almost entirelyof ideas drawn
Continent.
These
several
originalinhabitants of the American
"
and
to
different
far
societies,so
ascertain, existed
as
individuals
as
of
higherauthorityof the
words, each adopted such rules
wise
as
they deemed
government
with the objectsand purposes
of
source
societies continued
and
title from
periodsand
idea
great
rolled
on
demonstrated
as
making
to
sun
establishment
their
form
down
These
to
name
the several
ering
gath-
government,
Red
American
true
Man
own
consistent
as
through
if any, towards
their
societies.
of the
more
; in other
another
or
American
and
allegianceto
concerned
their several
able
of the
forest,
consolidation,or
the
they could have

of action, until after the war
of 1812, when
a concert
a society
known
Red
was
as
Men,
organized in the cityof Philadelphia,
some
chiefs
time
of
and
sun
has been
regulationsfor
expedient,and
the untutored
littleprogress,
very
as
was
and
our
more
by
Order
one
of
far
so
great
trying changes
time
as
exist in
to
Committee
your
between
head
by
Red
what
Men
and
1815 and
officers clothed
or
from
create
was
with
through
1817
A.D.,
power
and
known
wherever
as
in the
which
which
invested
the Mother
forest
created
with
Tribe,
of life
to
line of
a
a
mission
com-
make
or
opportunitywas
perfectdescriptionof the Order and its

modus
operandi,see Gorham's
History of the Improved Order
of Red
Men."
While
this societywas
of later birth than the
others mentioned, it seemed
to be controlled
by the same
many
that actuated
those before it.
spirit
that
Social and political
features. But while the facts were
offered.
For
more
"
"
way, many
virtues and
benevolent
ideas
seemed
to make
way
IMPROVED
400
ORDER
You,r Committee
and
written
of Red
Order
Morris
H.
also
have
the
upon
Men
by
authentic
Order.
of the
from
error,
the facts and

and
where
and
when
the
most
the
Lindsay
the
to
the
to
MifHin
as
and
mation
infor-
complete
of the
are
work
of Red
Order
as
opinion
presented to
the place,and
Improved
of
it bears,
name
adduced, that the

authorities
Order
Improved
desire
establishes
Men
correct
early history of our

in cheerfullycommending
justified
proposed History of the
societies of Red
were
the
by
it fixes Fort
of
the
author, they
when
P. G. I. George W.
there
may
circumstances
originated.
The
manuscript
pared
pre-
Improved
knowledge
as
a work
organization,
who
sustained
not
time
the
and
History
credit to its lamented
Committee,
as
source
subjectof our
respects and justlyentitled
in many
as
contained
feel
the
upon
well
all others
and
Men,
two
Committee
your
the works
historyof the
origin and
P. G. I. Gorham's
Red
examined
carefully
of the
account
While
MEN.
worthy and faithful brothers, P. G. I.'s

mining
George W. Lindsay, with a view of deter-
if possible which
and
RED
our
and
Gorham
OF
is in
your
1813
Men
Order
by
the fact
formed
that
conclusively
social and political
for
ued
by palefacesas far back as 1771, which societies continand multiplyin one
form and another until October
to grow
the Improved Order
of Red
Men
was
organized
14, 1833, when
and given to the world
institution
endowed
benevolent
an
as
which stands to-dayas a witness thereof.
purposes
Respectfullysubmitted, in
F. F. "
ALBERT
C,
S. WILLIAMS,
JOSEPH PYLE,
CHAS.
C. CONLEY,
J. H. BENNETT.
MINORITY
While
there
Committee
the
briefly
my
to
is much
which
I do
why
reasons
colleagues.
In my
opinion the
under
three
heads
in
"
not
REPORT.
the
report of the
object,I
I cannot
information
feel it my
in
concur
at
majorityof
hand
the
may
duty
to
conclusions
be
the
give
of
considered
COUNCIL
GREAT
1.
Tradition.
2.
Supposition.
OF
UNITED
STATES.
401
3. Fact.
When
birth
deal with
we
the American
to
of various
masks
actions.
made
decided
whether
motives
of
for
This
called Orders
way connected
With
the
It
alluded
heroes
their
ures
; if fail-
arbitrament
of, war
hung, they from

identityby the fictitious
or
The
to.
nomenclature
and
will
explain why
partook so largelyof
evidence
of Red
our
them
crowned
the
were
concealed
days
until the
gave
societies
These
made
their
of the Indian
I fail to find any
what
be
existence
names.
admirablyadapted
was
societies
of the ceremonies
that
should
societies
purpose.
nearlyall these
claim
Hence,
period which
in
those
if successful
they
Tribes
find
we
of
men
traitors.
in the
of that
various
prudence concealed
used
that
the
actions
them
Indian
holding
which
These
the
Republic,
kinds, and
behind
names
the traditions
of
naturallyapplied
the
ceremonies
of
characteristics
the
Race.
societies
that these
in any
known
were
or
could
justifythe
of Red
Men
present Improved Order
with them, or is the lineal descendant
is in any
Men
that
sense
thereof.
Fort
at
Mifflin, commences
organizationformed
I call the era of suppositionin the historyof our
Order.
is possible,
those who
and
perhaps probable,that among
formed
this
of
the
period. No
produced.
societyof
earlier
evidence
Red
Men
Tammany
were
those
Societies
of this fact has
who
of
to
had
been
bers
mem-
the
my
Revolutionary
knowledge been
clear and unbroken

several years the record is sufficiently
the inspiration,
the claim that from them
to substantiate
came
For
the very perand titles,and indeed

suggestion,the names
sonality
organized,which in the city
by which the Tribes were
of Baltimore
Men.
formed
the Improved Order of Red
This brings us to the era of fact and to the date from which
the historical record is complete.
I could sustain what
from
is here stated by copious extracts
the
the documents
to
weary
you.
the
I submit
i.
The
very
submitted
to
followingas
your
my
but
Committee,
conclusions
able, instructive,and
I do
not
care
"
of
interestingcompilation
IMPROVED
402
Great
Past
the
to
Incohonee
Lindsay, while a
legendarylore concerning the
priorto 1812, does not

The
2.
History of
during the
Past
of
in the
of
the
tion
contribuvery valuable
societies which existed
originof
Gorham
Society of
Red
existence
It also
does
Men
down
proves,
at
clusively
con-
Fort
stantial
strong circum-
Improved Order
of the
Order.
our
It also furnishes
1833.
year
MEN.
Incohonee
of
continuity
of the formation
Baltimore
Great
of 1812.
war
evidence
the time
them
prove
the existence
prove
Mifflin
RED
OF
ORDER
to
very
of Red
Men
the
and
near
at
proof is
in existence, that members

of the
strengthened by documents
quently
organizationwhich grew out of that at Fort Mifflin, subsein the organizationof Tribes
that formed
participated
the Improved Order
of Red
Men, the officers by which some
of these Tribes
ity
(ifnot all)were
organizedacting under authorconferred
active in the Tribes
by those who were
existing
from
1813
If you
1830.
to
wish
to find
origin
an
of the
years
launch
to
i8th
upon
for our
the unknown
sea
of fanciful tradition
will go
Order, you
find it there.
century and
the
to
If you
closing
wish
to
originwith at least a plausiblefoundation, I think you

in claiminga beginning at Fort Mifflin in 1813.
will be justified
to
If you wish
be exactlyand
correct, truth will
historically
of
compel you to halt at the formation
in 1834, and declare that the true origin
Red
at Baltimore
Men
have
of
an
Order.
our
While
I may
not
be able to be present
this report, I ask for it your

I offer the
followingfor
Resolved, That
nothing has been

would
requireany
United
in
the
added
kind
submit
consideration.
your action :
facts presented to
"
Committee
your
knowledge alreadygained which

of the
action by the Great Council
the
to
additional
States.
Yours
fraternally,
CHAS.
The
and
personally
Council, after considerable
Great
the report of the

foundation
the societies
H.
deliberation, adopted
majority,thus declaringthat
for the
claim, that
existingfrom
the time
our
Committee.
LITCHMAN,
Order
there
has
justprior to
was
its
the
able
reason-
originin
American
COUNCIL
GREAT
OF
STATES.
UNITED
403
by this action of the Great Council of the

United
sions
States, this History has been prepared, and its concluand deductions, as far as sustained
ments
by evidence and docuobtainable, have been recorded, by the compilers.
An
for the contingent
made
appropriationof 500 fathoms was
of the Great
Incohonee, Great Senior Sagamore, and
expenses
Great Junior Sagamore during the ensuing great sun.
Revolution.
It
Guided
that the next
voted
was
great
council
sun
hunting grounds of Chicago, 111.

Among the resolutions of thanks adopted
fire be kindled
in
the
Committee
B.
Governor
his
eloquent and
Rhoads,
of the
hearty
Council
State
whose
had
beautiful
entertained
been
his
to
cellency
Ex-
of Delaware,
welcome, his
cityof Wilmington,
Joseph Pyle,at
Great
the
of
address
extended
one
was
Biggs, of
T.
of the
mayor
Incohonee
of the Order
State
on
report of the
upon
and
home
C. B.
Honor
to
Past
the
during the
for
Great
members
council.
An
appropriationof 200 fathoms was made, to be used by the

of the BeneficiaryFund
for the extension
and building
trustees
up of the membership thereof.
At this council a specialcommittee
was
appointed to have
prepared a certificate of membership to be issued under the
direction
and
the G. C. U.
of
authority
S.
1888.
The
council
House,
Great
Previous
Sachem
to
Scott,
the Great
Incohonee
been
The
kindled
of Corn
nth
at the
Palmer
G. S. D.
moon,
Gregory presiding.
kindlingof the council fire,Past
of the Great
behalf
on
Council
of Illinois,and
was
397,
S.
formal
the
Owen
welcomed
The
the
Chicago, 111.,on
Incohonee
Ralph
S.
Council
of the United
proper
response
States
to
made
was
Great
of Illinois,
the
by
vation
reser-
Great
Gregory.
Committee
received
Great
on
from
Credentials
23 Great
Incohonee
the
Order
great
and
that
sun,
had
credentials
had
Councils.
submitted
by congratulatingthe
strength of
reported that
Great
increased
his
longtalk,which
Council
menced
com-
that the numerical
18,000 during the preceding
all differences, dissensions, factions, and
ORDER
IMPROVED
404
OF
submitted
gracefully
Friendship,and Charity.
discords
had
reported
He
He
Rhode
during
the
Degree
of
as
the
The
great
sun.
Chief
Great
of Records
congratulatedthe
the
He
great
Council
his
longtalk,which
the progress
on
Incohonee
of the G. C. U.
the attention
William
Incohonee
Great
Great
submitted
made
ing
dur-
sun.
brought to
Past
Gorsuch,
G.
P.
James
S. the
deaths
of
Maryland,
Virginia. Brother
Riely,of
and
of
Past
Gorsuch
of the Order.
Incohonee
the first Great
was
and
League
prosperingand increasingrapidly.
Council
of
also reported the institution of the Great
Island, and presented in detail the historyof the Order
Pocahontas
also
of Freedom,
principles
to the
Chieftains'
the
MEN.
RED
of two additional Tribes in

reportedthe organization
of Osceola
Tribe,
Washington Territoryand the reorganization
also
He
No.
Carolina.
i, in North
correspondence
The
would
Councils
be
soon
reportedthat
very popular.
also
become
by him
organizedin the
indicated
that
the
of Pocahontas
Degree
Councils
York,
Hampshire, New
and West
Virginia.
Virginia,
had
been
Ohio,
New
the
the
Chief
Great
:
Councils,
4;
card, 2310;
withdrawn
of Records
had
instituted
Nevada,
the
the
; reservations
without
Great
adopted, 22,813; reinstated,611; admitted

by
616
suspended, 6546; rejected,
; expelled,103;
by card, 2477
Great
78,781 ;
Past
number
of Tribes,
159,449
fathoms
died, 674
Sachems,
896
and
; amount
16 inches
667,643 fathoms
fathoms
and
and
53
and
and
and
and
11
inches;
91 inches.
Sachems, 9062; total
expended
; amount
30x3,278fathoms
receipts,682,414 fathoms
of members,
expended for relief of members,
and
disbursements,
; total number
262 ; Past

burial of the dead, 46,443 fathoms
243,712
in California,
longtalkof
tion
followinginforma-
with
glean
we
already
Oregon, Pennsylvania,
submitted
Councils, 25
of Great
Number
widows
of Alabama
reservations
Connecticut, Illinois,Indiana, Massachusetts,
From
Great
Maine.
and
He
received
65 inches
3
expended for
inches ; other Tribal
96 inches
inches; Tribal
in
for relief of
Tribal
; total
Tribal
investments,
wampum
belts,
COUNCIL
GREAT
further
No
progress
increased
to
could
although
Fund,
OF
the
fathoms
790
be
UNITED
405
ficiary
reported concerning the Bene-
balance
and
STATES.
in
the
fund
reserve
had
48 inches.
growth of the Order was made manifest in the increased

received
receiptsof the G. C. U. S., the amount
during the
being 12,428 fathoms and 27 inches.
great sun
submitted
in behalf of Brother
A
Lee
C.
propositionwas
Hascall
for a publicationof a history of the Order, and
the
The
matter
referred
was
Order.
Committee
the
the report of that
Upon
submitted
to
in substance
was
the
on
committee
adopted, and
the
State
the
propositionas
committee
of
of three
It may
be stated
appointed to prepare the necessary material.
in passing that it is under
the authorityherein mentioned
that
the present History was
prepared and published.
The chiefs elected and appointed and raised up for the ensuing
term
were
follows
as
"
Great
Incohonee,
THOMAS
Great
Senior
THOS.
K.
THOS.
E.
Great
Great
Chief
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
Tocakon,
JOSEPH PYLE,
Minewa,
R.
Great
Great
Great
of Records,
RALPH
C.
P. G.
PATON,
P.
DANIEL,
G.
P.
CONLEY,
H.
ANDREW
T.
P. G.
PECKINPAUGH,
S. GREGORY,
CHARLES
S.,
P. G.
DONNALLEY,
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
G.
P.
J. FRANCIS,
S., Ohio.
I.,
Indiana.
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
I.,
P.
Jersey.
S., Pennsylvania.
G. S.,
P.
New
G.
S.,
S.,
Massachusetts.
Georgia.
appointed at the previous great sun council

of
to prepare
a
Diploma of membership reportedthat the owner
the Diploma originatedby the late Past Great Incohonee
Morris
with
the
H.
an
was
Gorham,
willing to make
agreement
belt 15 inches as a royalty
G. C. U. S. to pay into the wampum
The
for each
the
the
sun
certificate issued.
committee
The
This
propositionbe accepted.
recommended
the Great
Council
that
refused
to
of three.
specialcommittee
committee
tion
subsequently reported a review of the legislaof the G. C. U. S. under which
the original
publicationof
Gorham
was
mended
Diploma by Brother
permitted, and recom-
do, and
This
committee
referred
the
that
committee
the
council, in
might
Charters
order
matter
that
be ascertained
were
granted
to
be
the
and
for
continued
exact
until the
rights of all
next
cerned
partiescon-
Council.
reported to the Great

the
Great
Councils
great
of
Rhode
ORDER
IMPROVED
406
Alabama
Island, Maine, and
Washington,
the
for Tribes
and
in the reservation
of
jurisdiction
The
the Great
Chiefs
Great
MEN.
in North
Carolina,
Oregon.
and
Tribes
The
RED
OF
of
Kentucky
of Ohio.
Council
authorized
were
placed under
were
to
for
design
prepare
of the Order
flag that may be used by members
mariners, it being suggested that the signal combine
who
signalor
are
four colors of the Order, green,

It
that the
voted
was
next
hunting grounds
The SpecialCommittee
made
G. Gorsuch
Two
hundred
yellow fever
for funds
Past
fire be
kindled
Past Great
to
Incohonee
Great
Incohonee
James
P.
Riely
adopted.
was
of wampum
fathoms
appropriatedfor the
appeal to the Order
were
of Florida, and
sufferers
red.
council
sun
Memorials
on
and
report, which
great
the
of Baltimore, Mel.
in the
William
and
blue, orange,
an
authorized.
was
granted to the Great Council of Illinois to

replace the originallost or destroyed.
adopted at this council perfectingthe rules
Legislationwas
governing the Degree of Pocahontas.
A
charter
was
1889.
The
council

Great
Incohonee
Previous
Sachem
to
Thomas
H.
of welcome
the
were
on
G.
at
Men's
Red
G. S. D.
moon,
398,
presiding.
the
behalf
C.
kindled
was
of Corn
kindlingof
Bennett
welcomed
loth
J. Francis
the formal
John
Maryland
the
on
S.
U.
council
of the
S.
to
fire Past
Great
Council
Baltimore.
fittingly
responded to by
Great
The
of
marks
re-
nee
Incoho-
Great
Francis.
The
received
been
The
and
He
Maine
Committee
Great
from
on
Credentials
26 Great
Incohonee
had
authorized
in the
the
credentials
had
Councils.
submitted
complete record of the

reported that
his
business
institution
which
longtalk,
coming under
of
the
Great
was
full
his supervision
Council
of
hunting grounds of Bath on the 25th sleep of

G. S. D. 397 (October 25, 1888).
Travellingmoon,
IMPROVED
408
ORDER
MEN.
RED
OF
tary subscriptionfrom various Tribes being 1693 fathoms

fathoms
from
of 250
85 inches, including a donation
C. U.
G.
total
S., the
of
of Records
Chief
sufferers
by
the
the
amount
Great
the
among
the flood.
called
He
having been paid to

Pennsylvania to be disbursed
and
attention
introduction
of
the
to
Chieftains'
the
which
success
had
the
and
League
attended
the
of
Degree
Pocahontas.
statistical abstract, accompanying his
the
From
gleanthe followinginformation
without
reservations
reinstated, 236
by card,
rejected,857; expelled,116;
697
; total
expended for
expended for
amount
inches
67 inches
and
and
68
and
10
inches
inches
Tribal
; total
wampum
been
reserve
The
the

of the
BeneficiaryFund
by
The
the
reservation
The
the
70
the
made
and
State
Great
reservation
had
and
been
total
of
the
46 inches.
of Iowa,
might
had
There
placed under
was
with
the
hope
be resuscitated.
Digest made
on
interest in
the
the
of Nebraska
Council
report in which
and
935 fathoms
and
inches
14
desired.
membership,
was
fathoms
85 inches.
and
success
fathoms
report, and
prepared, which
mitted
sub-
accepted
was
Council.
on
Finance
received
amount
submitted
during
the
report which
great
sun
was
stated
15,360
78 inches.
SpecialCommittee
report which
by
the
in that
Committee
and
in
of the
Special Committee
the Digest which
total
fathoms
with
slightdecrease
and generalfund
the Great
and
257,424
that the efforts to increase
met
of
jurisdiction
The
disbursements,
investments, 727,008 fathoms
not
that the Order
and
receiptsof Tribes, 654,074
they expressed regret

had
149,648 fathoms
fathoms
in Tribal
Fund
Tribes, 976;
; Tribal
the
of
fathoms
; other
Trustees
Sachems,
Great
orphans, 4590
60 inches
The
relief of widows
'""
88,442 ; Past
relief of members,
28 ;
suspended, 9808 ;
by card, 2196; died,
2025
10,360; total number
Sachems,
Past
261;
Councils,
adopted, 18,779
3 ;
withdrawn
of members,
number
of Great
Number
Council,
Great
admitted
longtalk,we
on
Diploma
detailed the exact
G. C. U.
S.
to
the
matter.
submitted
situation
The
and
an
exhaustive
the relation borne
report concluded
with
GREAT
COUNCIL
recommendation
Official
The
It
Council
voted
and
that
sell
Diplomas
The
Great
the
Manataug Tribe, No.

No.
2, of
The
charter
because
said
an
members.
to
Diploma,
and
design.
Council
issue
all members
to
Official
an
council
next
great sun
in the hunting grounds of Boston, Mass.
was
favor
409
and
adopt
no
issue
to
STATES.
should
field and
decided
for
UNITED
Order
give fair
or
premium
the
manufacture
to
Great
offer
to
that
Diploma,
wished
who
OF
voted
i, of
Seattle,Wash.,
unanimously to
fire be kindled
charters
grant
Marblehead, Mass., and
to
Seattle Tribe,
replaceoriginalsdestroyed by fire.
of Manataug Tribe was
granted by the G. C. U. S.,
originalcharter of said Tribe had been granted by
the
to
body.
At
this
of amendments
were
large number
sented
prethe
laws
amend
to
containing propositions
governing
Chieftains' Leagues, and suggesting uniforms
and other matters
of interest to the League.
After
consuming a great deal of
time upon
of these various propositions,
the consideration
the
Great Council adopted a resolution givingthe Chieftains' League
that none
an
independent organization,with the qualification
but Red
in good standing should
be admitted
Men
thereto or
continue
The
Chief
be
set
the
council
as
thereof.
members
Great
adopted the
Council
of Records
apart
as
the
that
a
balance
Benevolence
great chiefs,and
be
to
of the Great
recommendation
of the Yellow
Fund
used
be
to
in
at
the
Fever
Fund
disposalof
of great emergency
cases
for the benefit of the Order.

The
Great
Council
of
the admission
refused
amendment
adopt an
to
palefacesunder
21
great
suns
permitting
of age.
1890.
The
council
Hall, No.
9th of Corn
Francis
724
moon,
Washington
G. S. D.
S.
kindled
was
at
ment
Encamp-
Street, Boston, Mass.,
399, Great
Incohonee
on
the
Thomas
J.
presiding.
Previous
Sachem
to
Charles
the
H.
Massachusetts, and
kindling of
Symonds, on behalf
formal
the
Order
in that
the
council
of the Great
fire,Great
Council
State, heartilywelcomed
of
IMPROVED
410
of the G. C. U.
the members
reservation.
the
in
in
ORDER
The
Committee
The
received
been
The
transactions
of welcome
submitted
his
preceding great
of the
statement
the Order
responded
was
to
had
longtalk,covering the
It embraced
sun.
decisions
various
with
correspondence had
of
hospitality
Councils.
27 Great
of the
detailed
and
address
Incohonee
Great
S. to the
MEN.
Prophet Ralph S. Gregory.

Credentials
on
from
RED
Great
by
manner
fitting
OF
full
made
by him, and the

out
great chiefs through-
chiefs and
the Order.
He
in
reportedthat
the Order by
North
the
Dispensationshad
Carolina
had
Tribes
institution of three
also been
issued
est
its inter-
again renewed
for another
in that
Tribe
vation.
reser-
in Oregon,
Portland.
at
During the great sun he had made official visitations in New

Virginia,Michigan, Pennsylvania, Connecticut,
Jersey, West
New
York, Maine, and Virginia.
called
He
adoption for
mock
believed
such
take.
infraction
Among
a
was
who
had
in the form
the
also
He
the
of the Great
failed because
from
to
of what
to
as
the
introduce
the Great
connection, and
because
Men."
interests
Council
and
He
of the
fit
saw
lotteries
as
an
Council.
touched
upon
the Order
of its isolation from
of keeping
difficulty
be
purported to
best
of his Vice
one
evil which
an
of Red
giftconcerts
interestingmatters
endeavored
consequent
action
condemned
of the laws
S. to
Improved Order
detrimental
matter
report received
had
of the G. C. U.
called for such
Order, and
to
attention
crept into the Order
had
"a
the
the
in the
Great
longtalk
Incohonees
into Denmark,
the parent
necessary
body, and
close
and
of the fact that the Order
wholly American, the patrioticsentiment

of its strength at home
would
element
which
be
but
is
stant
con-
being
much
so
the
an
entirelylacking in
Denmark.
The
great
esting,
was
longtalkof the Great Chief of Records
very intershowing the transactions of his chieftaincyduring the
sun.
by the
accordingto
The
success
fact that
of the
there
were
11,302
the latest reports received.
members
was
in the
cated
indi-
degree,
GREAT
He
notices
had
The
had
OF
been
There
had
the
From
the
to
had
of
been
fathoms
44,944
reduced
1078
and
low
so
that
thereof
requesting an
of winding up the
advisability
62
of
answers,
which
16
46 against continuance.
statistical abstract, accompanying the
of Tribes,
411
BeneficiaryFund, and
beneficiaries during the
members
glean the followinginformation:

number
STATES.
sum
received
been
for continuance, and
were
the
the
to
sent
the
paid to
existed
expressionof opinion as
concern.
of the
membership
been
UNITED
statement
it had
suns
inches.
20
there
that
six great
detailed
gave
showed
COUNCIL
Number
; reservations
of Great
without
longtalk,we
Councils,28;
Great
Council,
adopted, 19,978 ; reinstated, 1003 ; admitted

by card, 891 ;
suspended, 9983; rejected,816; expelled,128; withdrawn
by
3 ;
card, 1236;
and
fathoms
and
fathoms
and
for
inches; expended
fathoms
total
number
of
expended
amount
died, 784;
71 inches
relief of
members,
97,164;
233,069 fathoms
widows
and
and
orphans, 9655

56 inches ; other Tribal disbursements, 337,458
;
oms
inches; total receiptsof Tribes, 925,731 fathand
and
92 inches; Tribal investments, 803,813 fathoms
and
inch; in Tribal wampum
91
50
inches.
the first time
For
Chief
Great
included
was
in the
longtalk of
the
of the condition of Councils

summary
of Pocahontas.
The
statistical abstract showed
of Records
of the
that
there
Degree
the degree had
established
been
in
18
States; total
ber
num-
of Councils, 145;
adopted, 5015; reinstated, 25; admitted

drawn
suspended, 896; rejected,136; expelled,
4; with-
by card, 109;
by card, 344
Past
Chiefs, 328;
died, 61
; total number
of members,
1,302 ;
expended
2169
fathoms
and
and
18 inches; expended for relief of widows
phans,
orand
225 fathoms
99 inches ; expended for burial of the
dead, 666 fathoms and 16 inches ; expended for other Council
20,285 fathoms and 22 inches ; total Council receipts,
purposes,
oms
and 69 inches ; Council
36,509 fathoms
investments, 9174 fath53
amount
inches; in Council
wampum
and
4 inches.
The
Trustees
had
of the
dwindled
BeneficiaryFund
to
97, and
that
the
showed
that
total balance
the
on
bership
mem-
hand
ORDER
IMPROVED
412
in the
fund
reserve
and
OF
MEN.
RED
general fund
1046 fathoms
was
and
55
inches.
chiefs elected
The
term
were
and
follows
as
Incohonee,
THOS.
K.
Great
Senior
THOS.
E.
THOMAS
Great
Chief
CHARLES
C.
Great
Keeper of Wampum,
JOSEPH
PYLE,
Great
Tocakon,
GEORGE
Great
Minewa,
JAMES
one
nominated
was
Action
was
in
precedent
Past
to
H.
Great
PATON,
J. FRANCIS,
G.
P.
S., Ohio.
G.
S.,
Massachusetts.
P.
G.
I.,
New
P. G.
Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
I.,
Delaware.
I.,
P.
GREEN,
G.
S.,
Colorado.
in the
Sachem
and
honors
of Past
Chief
Great
held
been
acquiescencein
with
Brother
Incohonee
Great
Charles
of Records
Conley, of Pennsylvania,for meritorious service.

The
Committee
on
History of the Order reported
had
York.
New
S.,
P.
JOHNSON,
Pennsylvania.
P.
CONLEY,
E.
vote, of the title and
unanimous
ing
ensu-
history of the Great Council there

nominee
for each
and
each
brother
chieftaincy,
unanimously elected.
taken
by the G. C. U. S. at this council without
the history of that body. It was
the grant by
the first time

but
was
ANDREW
G. S.,
P. G.
PECKINPAUGH,
Great
For
P.
DONNALLEY,
Sagamore,
Junior Sagamore,
Prophet,
of Records,
for the
up
"
Great
Great
raised
appointed and
Hascall, who
that
had
C.
ference
con-
signified
the terms
suggested by the Great Council,

who
further desired that the History should
include the
and
Committee
The
Digest of the Order.
thought this could not
without
be done
permission from the G. C. U. S., which said
committee
recommended
should be granted. The report of the
committee
was
adopted and the requisite
permissiongiven.
for
Council
A charter was
the Great
of South
lina.
Carogranted
his
The
Council
of the Order
State
and
Great
other
burlesque ceremonies
the Order, in the
Similar
similar
Order,
report of the
in relation to "a
ceremonies
Improved
the
adopted
detract
from
estimation
Order
of Red
action
was
and
effect that
dignityof,and
of those
Men,
taken
the
the
not
should
in connection
enterprises given under
the
name
on
adoption ceremony"
mock
to
Committee
"such
tend
connected
to
lesque
burlower
with
the
be condemned."
with
and
giftconcerts
auspices of
and
the
GREAT
COUNCIL
Cleveland, Ohio,
great
council
sun
design for
A
an
selected
was
the
as
on
Diploma made
Official
Diploma, which
of three
committee
Constitution
UNITED
STATES.
413
placeof kindlingthe
next
fire.
Committee
The
OF
presented
adopted.
was
codifythe
S., including the laws
appointed
was
revise and
to
of the G. C. U.
Laws
and
report and
governing the BeneficiaryFund.

A
at
feature
this council
various
of
Council
Great
the United
States
members
of
the various
Mechanics'
at
with
The
work
the
the
and
members
the work
of the
direction
of the
Council
Great
in the presence
and
specialguests
as
was
of
of 5000
finelyrendered,
very
Tribes
following
the
"
55, of
Lynn, Adoption Degree.

TRIBE, No.
Degree.
Warrior's
No.
of
TRIBE,
Boston,
65,
Degree.
Chiefs Degree.
TRIBE, No. 5, of Tapleyville,
No.
TRIBE,
58, of Natick, Hunter's
KENNEPAUKENIT
WAPITI
AGAWAM
The
Council
Great
of thanks
for the
complimentary resolutions
of the
extended
by the members
adopted
courtesies
very
in Massachusetts.
laws
The
that
under
degreesbeing exemplifiedby
WINNEPURKET
Order
Hall
Massachusetts,
Order.
the
chiefs
the
of
grand exemplification
was
degrees
of
entertainment
of the
the
governing
the
Great
and
one
Chief
of Records
member
of the G. C. U.
BeneficiaryFund
and
changed so
pum
Keeper of Wamwere
Great
of the
Fund, who
S., should
constitute
shall also be
the Board
ber
mem-
of Trustees.
'
1891.
The
Ohio,
council
the 8th of Corn
on
Thomas
mayor
K.
of
members
remarks
the
city,in
and
their
Incohonee
Charles
Cheney, Great
on
behalf
G. C.
of
council fire was
Sachem
the
to
by
then
H.
Honor
cordial
the
to
the
to
responded
The
His
and
warm
kindled
was
at
S. D. 400, Great
G.
moon,
ladies
of welcome
O. S.
S.
Donnalley presiding.
Past Great
welcome
fire -of the G. C. U.
William
words
Cleveland,
Incohonee
S. Rose,
welcomed
the
city of Cleveland, and the

U. S. were
responded to by
Litchman,
of Massachusetts.
of Ohio, delivered
an
State, which
Order
in the
Great
Incohonee
kindled,
formally
address
was
Donnalley.
of
propriate
ap-
IMPROVED
414
Committee
The
The
Columbus
at
(November
He
17,
also
Nebraska
of the
the
on
his
had
longtalk, in which
Council
Great
i/th of
Beaver
of South
G.
moon,
he
Carolina
S.
D.
399
1890).
reported the
Lincoln
at
MEN,
submitted
institution
reported the
RED
Councils.
Great
28
Incohonee
Great
OF
Credentials
on
from
received
been
ORDER
institution
the
on
of
the
of Buck
9th
Council
Great
G.
moon,
of
S. D. 400
(July9, 1891).
had
He
granted dispensations for
Washington,
introduced
and
the Order
of Choctaw
the
reported action
Order, and
had
which
had
Improved Order
Oregon, and had

Indian Territory by
the
Hartshorne,
i, at
in
personally
the
Gaines
tion
institu-
County,
on
(June 9, 1891).
by him concerning a spurious

of the
appropriateda part of the name
started by an
of
been
expelledmember
taken
of Red
Men.
spoke of the rapidgrowth of

During the great sun he had met
He
in
Tribes
in
G. S. D. 400
moon,
organizationwhich
the
into
Tribe, No.
9th of Hot
He
Tribe
another
additional
two
the
Degree
with
of Pocahontas.
of the
members
Order
reservations.
21
expressed regret that the resolution of the Great Council

in G. S. D. 386 (1877),f"r tne collection and preservationof
He
trophiesand
had not
of the Aborigines of America
antiquities
been
more
fullycarried out, and he urged the various State
the spiritof this resolution while
Great Councils
to carry out
could be procured.
yet such trophiesand antiquities
The
of the
Chief
Great
condition
of Records
of the Order
submitted
and
exhaustive
an
the transactions

he said it was
Concerning the BeneficiaryFund
to
dying out, but had honestly filled its obligations
and
report
of his chieftaincy
gradually
the widows
orphans.
From
the
glean the
following
information
Councils, 29; total number

reinstated, 963; admitted
accompanying
:
Total
of Tribes,
by card,
his report,
number
of
we
Great
adopted, 22,954;
suspended, 11,921;
by card, 1403; died,
1244;
901;
rejected,1064; expelled,157; withdrawn

qf members, 107,644;
857 ; total number
Past
Great
Sachems,
Council
ritual,the Great
the
ritual translated
and
French
A
the
adopted
were
Council
the Great
it
towards
present, the
A.
M.
the
and
Marks,
Council
was
his
to
of the G. C. U.
S., of
their efforts
Cleveland.
to
expressiveof the
Chieftains' League
as
German
this council
appreciationof
Great
have
inexpedientto
was
gathering at
of
the
MEN.
at
as
Sachem
tokens
pleasant the visit of
Resolutions
the
RED
of the members
testimonials, as
make
that
than
in other
behalf
child, on
beautiful
to
voted
languages.
very pleasingfeature of
presentationto Past Great
wife and
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
416
sentiment
of
in its present
form.
It
that the next
voted
council
great sun
the hunting grounds of Atlanta, Ga.
was
in
participatein a
delphia,
jubileecelebration to be given in the hunting grounds of Philathe I2th, I3th, and
Pa., on
I4th of Travellingmoon,
G. S. D. 400
(October 12, 13, and 14, 1891),the Great Council
adopted the following:
Council, having been
Great
The
invited
fire be kindled
to
"
of the committee
referred the
to which
was
undersigned, members
of the contemplated JubileeCelebration," in the hunting grounds of
matter
beg leave
Pa., on the i2th,i3th,and i4th of Travellingmoon,
Philadelphia,
The
"
to
as
follows
Great
Sun
of
report
The
"
America, is entitled
upon
the land which

and
ChristopherColumbus
by all who
appropriatecommemoration
Discovery,that
to
he made
known
States will
the various
which
within
the
to
join in
world.
World's
national
The
Fair,
as
of
importance of that great epoch in the historyof

influences on the destinies of mankind.
its far-reaching
When
Columbus
thanks
knelt
issue of his voyage,
"
and
of
has been
by
the
controlled
land.
our
will
race, which
met
was
peaceful,and
race,
owned
They
People
he
Improved
and
the
more
of Red
tion
recogni-
the world, and
land, and
discovered
and
the
turned
re-
successful
known
strange and hitherto unindustrious,contented, and happy.
welcomed
by
manners,
continent, the
tradition,and
only in tradition
then, than an
fitting,
known
What
Order
newly
in their way
this great American
Upon
be
soon
founded.
soil of the
of his faith for safe deliverance
the God
to
the
on
dwell
ment
govern-
proper
of the vast
covered
dis-
Men, of
that
customs
"
Original
of
that
Order
history,our
observance
appropriate
and
great historical
event
which
gave
We
feel and
grandest member?
and
all
credit
believe that the Great
of Pennsylvania is entitled to
Council
honor for its prompt recognitionof the importance of this event, and as the
largestof our great reservations,for its generosityin undertaking the responsible
to
the nations
duty
of
of the earth its greatest and
observing the
Great
Sun
of Discovery 400, in
manner
at
once
COUNCIL
GREAT
and
suitable to the occasion
OF
honorable
the
to
STATES.
Order.
We
417
congratulatethe
the
of that
Tribes
UNITED
jurisdiction
opportunitypresented to them to make in
upon
that cannot
the sightof the palefacesof that reservation a demonstration
fail,
under the prudent and intelligent
selected,to win the favor of
management
and
unbounded
honor
the palefacenation,
and credit to themselves
to gain
also think that the least this Great
and to the Order at large. We
Council
should do is to be representedat the proposed gathering,to the end that the
whole Order may
recognizean event of such great importance. We
officially
therefore present and recommend
the adoption of the following
:
"
Resolved, That
Council
the Great
of the United
fraternal greeting
States sends
its energy and prudent forethought

Pennsylvania,and commends
for
observance
of
Sun
Great
of Discovery
an
arranging
appropriate
will
movement
return
which, successfully
conducted,
great honor to our
in
the Order
to
in
400,
whole
Order.
the great chiefs of the Great
Resolved, That
be and
authorized
hereby
official representatives
of
are
Resolved^ That
fraternally
urged
for the purpose
of
Order, and
that shall redound
one
of Red
Order
Council
to
United
with
the
of the memorable
one
the honor
and
management
prosperityof
the
Improved
enough
the
to
great satisfaction of all who
as
in that
nate
fortu-
were
participate.
ordered
were
been
issued
instituted
to the Great
during the
consideration, a motion
Councils
Tribes
and
interim.
the report of the Committee
under
was
to
held
it.may
be said that the jubileewas
passed off to the great credit of the Order
reservation, and
While
our
Men.
indicated, and
that had
in
events
In this connection
Charters
States,
jubilee as the
the Order at large.
convenient
are
distance,
earnestlyco-operate
this celebration
of the
commemorative
of the Order, within
cordiallyand
making
said
Council, and of
this Great
the members
to
attend
to
on
Revision
made
was
to
of the
Laws
repeal the
cle
arti-
referred
Fund.
The
matter
was
establishinga Permanent
to a specialcommittee
to the
to report a law devoting the fund
In
for widows
and orphans of the Order.
buildingof a home
accordance
with this the law was
reported and unanimously
elsewhere
in the full Constitution
as
adopted, which
appears
of bringing
and for the purpose
printed. In this connection
the
matter
the Great
manner,
Unto
all
in
proper
tribute
Council
it is
men
should
of the Order
the attention
to
to
once
to
commemorate
their memory.
proper
official
and
unanimously adopted the following:
appointed
fittingmanner
in
It seems
die.
the
It is proper
virtues
of the
that
dead
right,therefore, that
the
and
our
"
living
give
Order
41 8
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
MEN.
RED
perform this duty by settingapart
each great sun

one
sun
upon which
may be
the memory
it
of the dead.
For this purpose
be
Resolved, That each State Great Council be, and is hereby urged to set
observed
apart
one
in each
sun
local climate
as
and
other
siderations
con-
Donation
as
Day," upon
suggest,which sun shall be known
of the Order, through their respectiveTribes, either by
the
upon
in such
or
time
members
strewing flowers
sorrow,
such
at
sun,
"
may
the
which
great
other
of
graves
departed brothers, holding
appropriatemanner
shall honor
each
as
Tribe
councils
of
determine,
may
of their dead.
the memory
Resolved, That upon
Day each Tribe be requested to make a

lected
colso
donation, either by appropriationor voluntarycontribution,the sum
of
be
forwarded
the
Chief
Records
of
the
to
Great
State to the
through
States for investment
Great Chief of Records
of the United
the
Trustees
by
of the Permanent
for the Widows'
Fund
and Orphans' Home.
herein mentioned, Tribes are hereby authorized
Resolved, That, for the purpose
from
their
belts.
to make
appropriations
wampum
Resolved, That each Great Council, and in the interval between the adoption
of these
Council
Great
Donation
resolutions
shall have
and
Committee
The
general and
the
adopt and
objectsherein
Great
Chiefs
funds, the
no
of said
needed
promulgate regulations
contemplated.
of the Fund
the amount
in favor
of
hand
in
on
Incohonee
Great
ruled
that
take
the vested rights

away
Associthat the dissolution of the ation
to
power
of the Fund, and
member
had
thereof, the
having reported
Beneficiary
reserve
Council
the Great
of
on
of the
the members
to
distributing
council
authorityto
for the successful conduct
could
themselves.
only be affected by the members
The
tion
a cordial invitaRepresentativesfrom Georgia extended
of the G. C. U. S. to bring with them
to the members
at
the next
council their wives
and daughters,assuring
great sun
them
that the citizens of Atlanta
of Georgia
and the Red
Men
would spare no pains nor
leave anything undone
their
to make
in the beautiful Southland.
one
stay a pleasant and delightful
The
Revision
of the Laws
on
was
Special Committee
given
permissionto revise the Digest.
Probably no council of the Great Council in recent years had
of such great importance to the Order
been
that held at
as
Cleveland.
by
the
In the revision
Great
Council
and
of the laws
then
were
made, yet all inspiredby
best
possiblegood.
great sun
had
The
suppliedthe
submitted
adopted, many
desire to
radical
changes
gain for the Order
rapid growth during

wampum
amended
and
belt of the
the
Great
the
preceding
Council
COUNCIL
GREAT
OF
UNITED
STATES.
419
adequate for all legitimatepurposes of the Order.

in a desire to reduce
manifested
the
was
spiritof economy
of the
of per capitatax ; but after a full consideration
with
funds
The
amount
it
matter
the
G. C. U.
the
S. at
old
that
be
not
the
incorne
of
and
growth
that
retarded, but
for still greater
be made
ample provision may
order
all may
the
continue
to
rate, in
pleasing to
prosperityso
immediate
advisable
deemed
was
prosperityin
the
future.
1892.
The
Council
Great
assembled
in the
Capitolbuilding,Atlanta, Ga.,
State
Senate
of the
I3th of Corn
the
on
Chamber
moon,
G. S. D. 401.
Addresses
R.
T.
Daniel
Education
Y.
of welcome
;
Hon.
F.
Bradwell, State
D.
A.
M.
Past
by
Commissioner
of
Hemphill, Mayor
Sachem
Great
the
of
and
city;
A.
Wright, Great Sachem.

made
Responses were
by
other
Great
The
Chiefs
Great
honees, and
Great
of
and
He
Past
State
15
Representatives,4 Past Great

Great
Sachems, representing 30
be
to
successive
members
Carolina
demonstration
Order
might
Men's
He
reported visits
He
also
become
in
reported the
institution
; 3 in
; I in Utah
Wyoming
a
badge for veteran

held membership
of
the selection
; and
suns
in honor
designatedRed
Oregon.
the adoption of
by those who had
worn
of the
Incohonee
6 in
; and
great
roll-call.
to
the Great
recommended
Men,
S.
of the G. C. U.
Inco-
in North
Washington
Donnalley,and
Chiefs, 93
longtalkof
Tribes
Incohonee
Great
members
Councils, responded
The
Hon.
delivered
were
meet
of
at the
date
World's
Discovery Day
"
on
Red
for
which
21
the
Fair, to make
the
date
be
to
Sun.
reservations
many
appropriationfor his successors.
to
and
suggested
creased
in-
reported that the BeneficiaryFund
reduced
to
72, and
membership had
which would
legislation
recommended
close its affairs.

He
suns
commented
benefit
changes
were
system
the
on
weakness
of the
necessary
to
of the
promised into scientific relation
to
and
seven
suggested that radical

dues charged and benefits
Order, and
bring the
funeral
each
other.
IMPROVED
420
ORDER
also reeommended
He
chiefs to
the
15
for the
Order
of
Chief
of
one
of Records
had
wampum
Permanent
MEN.
BeneficiaryFund
receiptshad
The
expenditures,126 fathoms.
summary
follows
Number
of
Great
Councils,
adopted, 28,619; reinstated, 1125;
that
contributed
been
for the Widows'
Fund
great
more
showed
The
Home.
or
called upon.
when
The'longtalk of the Great

inches
RED
appointment
exemplify the work
fathoms
OF
and
been
by the
Orphans'
150 fathoms;
of statistics
was
Tribes,
30 ;
admitted
349
as
1424 ;
by card,
1202;
expelled,172 ; withdrawn, 1809; died, 1136;

Tribal receipts,
present membership, 122,314;
1,002,972 fathoms
96 inches ; expended for relief of brothers, 298,091 fathoms 23
inches ; relief of widows
and orphans, 14,280 fathoms
19 inches ;
fathoms
burial of dead, 73,073
41 inches ; other expenditures,
492,602 fathoms
59 inches ; total funds of Tribes, invested and
suspended, 13,407
in wampum
belts, 1,220,576 fathoms
Number
221
of
Council
241
ship,
; member-
invested
longtalkof
of
statement
expenses,
Fund, 3237
fathoms
The
; Yellow
committee
the
Order
Great
of the
assets
G. C. U.
S.
Wampum
as
presented a
follows
Fund, 659 fathoms
Fever
such
time
for
Balance
Permanent
fathoms
1260
59 inches.
for the Official
collate the material

to
inches;
33
inches; BeneficiaryFund,
continued
was
of
Keeper
18,479 fathoms
to
54 inches.
belts,42,783 fathoms
the
contingent
inches
oms
89 inches; burial of dead, 1400 fathexpenditures,24,021 fathoms
98 inches;
in wampum
and
for relief
expended
fathoms
8011
inches; other
20
The
68 inches
receipts,45,644 fathoms
of members,
of
of Pocahontas,
Councils, Degree
16,813; adopted, 5040; admitted

by card, 88; reinstated,
suspended, 1952 ; expelled,16; withdrawn, 721 ; died, 119;
34
86 inches.
as
its work
History
should
be
be transacted
in
completed.
The
the Chief's
the
Degree
motion
of age
suns
motion
in Tribal
An
was
ruled out
work
should
of order
as
not
properlybefore
Council.
Great
all Tribal
propositionthat
to
was
to
permit adoption of
under
21
great
defeated.
permit the wearing of
councils
amendment
candidates
was
badge
in lieu of
regalia
defeated.
to the
Constitution
was
adopted whereby
the
COUNCIL
GREAT
Committee
Constitution
on
to
OF
during
act
the
and
Laws
became
Red
Men,
It
council
the
that
Council.
Great
the
exclusive
of
use
the
next
great sun
in Des
Moines,
kindled
fire be
mittee
standing com-
for the
was
voted
was
421
suggested by
as
adopted,and patented
An
the G. C. U. S.
engraving of
badge is herewith presented.
Incohonee,
STATES.
of the Great
recesses
for Veteran
Badge
UNITED
Iowa.
It
to
voted
was
translate
than
impolitic
those
printed.
now
Charters
granted
were
Council
A
to
be instituted
and
in
for
stituted
in-
Great
Oregon.
Council
duplicatecharter was granted to the Great

lost or destroyed.
to replacethe original,
The
Great
Ontario
The
Committee
printeda
Revision
on
new
The
S.
was
the control
to
authorized
to
chiefs ; and
raisingup
ordered
was
complete revision
of Pocahontas, and
of Minnesota,
of the Great
prepare
and
also to issue
date.
to
of members
at funerals
the G. C. U.
for
form
committee
same
reverted
of Illinois
States.
Digest revised
new
had
of the United
Council
have
ruled that the reservations
Incohonee
Wisconsin, and
use
the Tribes
to
the past great sun,
and
rituals in any language

in which
they are
print the
or
other
be unwise
to
of the
to
present
Order.
of the laws, for government
of Tribes" under
for indoor
form
the immediate
of the
Degree
of
jurisdiction
adopted.
was
specialcommittee
appointed to report at the next

council upon
the subject of Dues
and Benefits, and
great sun
to present a plan of operations.
It
was
that if the members
voted
unanimouslyconsent,
funds
The
shall be
Great
was
the
The
Committee
for dedication
on
in the
Revision
of
to
was
wigwams.
will
its reserve
its members.
authorized
was
fiers,"to instruct the Order
Fund
Beneficiary
shall be dissolved,and
same
equitablydistributed
Incohonee
of the
to
appoint
"
Exempli-
ritualistic work.
directed
to
revise
the
mony
cere-
IMPROVED
422
The
and
chiefs
raised
for
the
ensuing
follows
as
up
OF
ORDER
Great
Incohonee,
THOMAS
Senior
ANDREW
E.
Junior Sagamore,
T.
Prophet,
THOMAS
K.
Great
Chief
CHARLES
Great
Keeper
Great
Great
Great
Great
of Records,
E.
the
record
written
thus
be
to
will reach
Council
record
in its
the
G.
for still larger additions
P.
C.
this
was
the
in
future
The
never
the
looks
membership,
Pennsylvania.
Delaware.
Indiana.
Iowa.
G.
S.,
Maryland.
held
S. down
U.
fiscal year
members.
States
I.,
of the council
legitimate uses,
and
history,
prosperity.
the
I., Pennsylvania.
S.,
S.,
FOWLER,
prosperity,with
for
United
for all the
of
G.
Georgia.
I.,
G.
P.
P.
publicationof
the
received
the
T.
presented
fully 140,00x3
of
SUIT,
WILEY,
GEORGE
in the full tide of
reports
D.
G.
P.
Massachusetts.
S.,
G.
P.
CONLEY,
Minewa,
Order
and
C.
JOSEPH
of Forest,
appointed,
S.,Ohio.
S.,
P.
DONNALLEY,
Tocakon,
previous to
wampum
DANIEL,
G.
PYLE,
the
date
G.
P.
C.
Guard
ends
PATON,
P.
JOSEPH
With
ever
of Wampum,
and
P. G.
PECKINPAUGH,
H.
ROBERT
Great
elected
were
"
Great
Sagamore,
term
MEN.
RED
the
probabilitythat
condition
30,
of
the
1893,
Great
ample
is stronger
than
bright
there
the
is
good,
Order
and
latest
It leaves
ending June
as
Atlanta,
the
to
History.
the
at
and
far wider
prosperous
influence
CHAPTER
STATE
GREAT
IX.
COUNCILS
AND
TRIBES.
THE
complete historyof each State reservation, under the

of the Great Council of the United
States, would
jurisdiction
of repetitions
be largelya volume
of experiences; covering,of
periods which vary in length,and results which differ
course,
in measure
istics.
; but nearlyall having the same
general characterThe original
rupted
uninterGreat Councils have made
almost
in social influence,
numerically,financially,
progress
and
and in all that give stability
popularityto the Improved
Order
of
later
have
Red
the
fires
for Great
deals
and
in several
Council
which
onlywith
preceding
fires have
Council
Territories,Tribes
and
from
early applications
are
some
of
charters.
Council
United
of the
States
covers
which
present conditions.
the
I4th
claimed, and,
supreme
the Grand
The
under
as-
the
Council
G.
the
laws
Great
the
S.
Council
Order
was
instituted ; the
(May
it became
as
follows
423
20,
1835).
an
porated
incor-
Maryland, and
of Maryland, exercised,
until the organizationof
States
State
of
in G. S.
in the reservation
Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
5598,
the
of
of the United
the
Council
G. S. 5595
moon,
moon,
authorityover
standingof
moon,
Flower
of Worm
body
the first Great
was
"
Hot
of
have
governed all, and suggests the

all have journeyed. This chapter,therefore,
the brief statistical outlines of State beginnings
Maryland. This
date being 2Oth of
On
States
prospects of
of the Great
record
over
Great
in which
have
the
action
legislative
trail
ashes
few
Some
effort.
the
over
success
continued.
misdirected
or
admitted
those
beginning,30 have at this time Great

burning brightly; dispensationhas been granted
with
flourishing
The
built
since
another; and
them
in vain
of the 33 States
kindled
Council
for
and
majorityof
great
prospered and
time
Out
failure.
The
likewise
struggledfor
begun anew
been
Men.
"
5607 (1847).
on
the
3Oth of
IMPROVED
424
ORDER
of Tribes
Number
OF
54
.....
Membership
4"n"
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
Sachems
Past
Great
Incohonees
Order
Improved
fact of record
that
of
is the
(1839), instituted
7"923
fathoms
78 inches.
67,765
fathoms
79 inches.
of the
in the
Maryland
its life
reservation
was
was
so
The
grand
same
; Leni
being
in
of very
revived on
grand
I,
of
Shippensburg,
is
5602 (1842),and
brief
duration.
the
I4th of Hot
No.
further
inference
the
Order
The
to
G.
moon,
I, at
Tribe, No.
in
S.
it
is
the
5607
Norris-
2, of
caster
Lan-
Kuquenaku Tribe, No. 4,

and
Pocahontas
instituted.
Tribe, No. 5, of Philadelphia,
were
In G.
S. 5609 (1849), Mohegan
Tribe, of Waynesboro, was
instituted.
On the petitionof Tecumseh,
Leni Lenape, Kuquenaku,
and
Pocahontas
Tribes, a charter was
granted by the
Great
and
Council
the
on
23d of Flower
reservation
took
soon
continued
The
of the United
to
standing of
Number
the Tribes
was
of Tribes
Membership
Sachems
Past
Great
Sachems
Past
Great
Incohonees
funds
Council
in numerical
in number
G.
S.
of
vania
Pennsyl-
order.
of members,
and
in the
as
reservation
follows
on
the
"
30.495
4,982
invested
in
belts
5609,
The
has
3Oth of
317
.......
Past
Wampum
Wampum
fourth
moon,
the lead.
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Total
the Great
moon,
first rank
maintain
3,
States, in Plant
instituted,
being the
was
Hot
Lenape Tribe,
no
5599
reference
Tribe, No.
Metamora
sun,
i,
in G.
There
sun.
S.
do
of this Tribe, except
records
next
; it
which
to
Tribe, No.
the institution of Tecumseh
(1847),by
into
introduced
was
authorized
Tammany
existence
record
reservation
John F. Weishampel, of Logan Tribe, No.
Pa., probably in the
town.
57 inches.
second
Men
Red
Baltimore, having been
that
fathoms
75"68g
This
"
of
....
funds
Pennsylvania.
the
25
in belts
Wampum
Total
792
invested
Wampum
MEN.
RED
25
3
....
401,454
fathoms
37,86o fathoms
439"3I5
fathoms
61
inches.
75 inches.
36
inches.
STATE
GREAT
This
Virginia.
"
Order
is
further
no
of it
member
Natchez
the
placed under
of
jurisdiction
which
Columbia,
Winchester,
(1846), and
after
soon
both, by and
Mohawk
the
under
and
of
3 of the
United
States, and
order.
Its first council
(1847).
was
three
The
were
Osceola, No.
The
Great
6,
third
fire
was
Tribes
i
was
the
No.
Shawnee,
Council
whom
to
Great
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
was
as
follows
of Tribes
Number
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
Wampum
invested
Wampum
in belts
that
is
no
records
Mohawk,
and
the
again
G.
No.
3.
U.
S.
C.
reorganized
was
the
on
3Oth of
at
record
96
inches.
fathoms
86
inches.
18,178 fathoms
82
inches.
of the Great
G. S.
Vicksburg,
in which
S.
of
Maryland
of
Miss.
This
the Order
of this Tribe,
until G.
Council
missioned
comWheeling, Va., was
5600 (1840),to institute Natchez
PaileySharp,
the fourth
further
issued
Was
"
I7"111
in Corn* moon,
reservation
5607
moon,
charter
1,066 fathoms
The
Brother
i,
numerical
10
funds
Tribe, No.
in
of the
440
Mississippi.
show
Council
2,678
Sachems
"
of the
47
Membership
Total
5606
Council
during the period 5621 to 5624 inclusive,but

and again admitted
in G. S. 5625 (1865).
The
standing of the Tribes in the reservation
Hot
5,
Nos.
respectively
represented in
not
S.
instituted,
in Buck
kindled
of
Great
Council
Council
Great
the
was
the Great
became
later
and
G.
of
the
institute
Tribe, No.
Virginia. The
first instituted by the Great
the
Virginiawas
Tribes
Council
Great
to
of District
moon,
Tribe, No.
These
fact that
5605 (1845),
sun
Council
Corn
5599.
sun
the
sun
Shawnee
of
jurisdiction
2
in
the
instituted
Virginia,when
kindled.
was
which
Alexandria,
at
of
I,
instituted
was
grand
next
the Great
No.
became
fire of that State
Council
the
instituted
was
2,
425
into
Mississippi. In grand
I,
Tribe, No.
reservation
of this Tribe, except
authorized
was
TRIBES.
Weishampel having
Wheeling, in grand
i, at
record
Tribe, No.
Osceola
of
No.
Tribe,
Pocahontas
AND
third
is the
introduced, Brother
was
There
COUNCILS
5619, at
nor
which
would
was
is the
time
make
that
planted.
There
reservation
tioned
men-
we
learn
that
IMPROVED
426
the
Tribe, of
the
same
preceding grand
S.
D.
Corinth,
the
on
No.
haha,
6, of Kossuth,
Osceola, No.
instituted
No.
10,
S.
D.
in the
instituted
Meeting-House,
great
same
of the
G. C. U.
this great
of
of the
sickness
the
Mohawk
Vice
At
which
This
Order
the
kindle
introduced.
was
with
the council
five
La.
The
to
Mohican
in
time
were
charge,and
since
has
the
been
fifth reservation
into
Mississippi,
5603 (1843),
I, of Bayou Sara,
Council
of Maryland.
G. S.
moon,
the
Great
failed of
have
to
record
to
i, of
Tribe, No.
further
no
Sun
Great
of
it.
In
tinuance,
con-
grand
petitionedfor
Brother
13
Sharp and others

Mohican
Tribe, No. i, of Bayou Sara, Osyka Tribe, No. I, was
instituted at New
Orleans.
During the followinggrand suns,
the Order
prospered, and a preliminaryorganizationof a great
suns
council
civil
formal
the
a
effected
which
the Order
4, of Baton
of
Snow
in
moon,
followed
soon
institution
disbandment
time
No.
war
was
the
being
saw
Chicka-
of circumstances,
Tribe, No.
Tribe, if instituted,appears
there
was
before, commissioned
suns
granted by
was
D.
.Brother PaileySharp, who
fire of Natchez
institute
charter
This
from
grand
the
others, petitionedin Worm
charter
be
to
appears
been, nearly three
had
for
"
n,
and
the
No
disorganizedpoliticalconditions.
attempt
in
made
establish
the
Order
to
Mississippi.
Louisiana.
S.
G.
387, all the Tribes
Incohonee
Great
was
Tribe,
moon,
combination
9,
roth of Snow
Tribe, No.
sun.
S. in G. S. D.
reportedas extinct, because
S. D.
G.
Rienzi, and
Tishomingo,
Choctaw,
extinct
became
Hiawatha
sun,
at
In
the
on
Pittsboro, in Flower
at
instituted
Tribe, No.
fire of
council
The
383.
Coffeeville.
at
Tribes
Council
Hill
kindled
was
and
384;
Chapel
in
7, of
Cloud
Red
Tahle-
5, of luka, Minne-
No.
Chickasaw,
was
not
instituted
381.
luka, No.
"
8, of Burnsville.
at
G.
moon,
instituted
were
ing
dur-
fact had
were
4,
S. D.
G.
the
council.
3,
Tribe, No.
moon,
instituted
sun
No.
Choctaw,
7th of Hot
382, four Tribes
been
previous grand
Tishomingo
379.
had
Natchez, but
at
and
2,
MEN.
RED
number,
sun
the
at
No.
quah Tribe,
G.
and
name
mentioned
been
OF
ORDER
the
seems
Great
of all its Tribes

was
dormant
Rouge,
was
G. S.
5620 (1860).
have
to
Council, and
except
to
Osyka,
in this State.
instituted
prevented
in G.
have
No.
Tecumseh
S.
The
the
caused
i, and
for
Tribe,
5625 (1865),and
STATE
Tribe, No.
Another
in
was
5,
Tribe
was
allowed
to
Osceola
in
Orleans
G. S. D.
out.. Tribes
go
All
Tribe, No. 7,
these
Nos.
Tribe, No. 8, of Shreveport,was
of the
yellow-feverepidemic
Tribe, No.
i, became
of Osceola
Tribe
in G.
instituted
Great
The
On
Tribe, No.
10,
G. S. D.
moon,
standing of
of Hot
the
Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Number
Osyka
council
fire
G. S. D.
moon,
New
at
was
Orleans.
rekindled
the
on
hunting grounds of
of the Great
jurisdiction
the
of this reservation
was
follows
as
Sachems
Past
Great
invested
Wampum
in belt
.....
funds
of Columbia.
this reservation
Great
was
kindled
Louis
Booker, of Maryland.
instituted
and
Osceola
soon
Tribe
of
5605.
1,020
fathoms.
2,303
fathoms
inches.
3"323
fathoms
inches.
first Tribe
in Cold
moon,
Bonsai
and
On
be
to
Tribe, No.
Great
the
instituted
Council
in
i, of
G. S.
Past
Washington.
5605 (1845),by
Sachem
petitionof
these
Alexandria, Va., the Great

was
instituted
John
L.
Tribe, No. 3, of Washington,
Anacostia
after.
This
The
"
Powhatan
was
Sachem
was
"
88
Sachems
fire
3Oth
Wampum
Its council
the
on
417
Past
District
on
was
the
two
Council
4th of Beaver
subordinate
to
Tribes
of the
moon,
the
Great
Maryland, and was required to obtain its permission

Order
institute Tribes
in Virginia. The
grew very rapidly
Council
to
account
Tribe, No. 9,
was
of Tribes
Total
G. S.
380,
The
Membership
Past
On
388, the
instituted
391.
under
are
in G. S. D.
3d of Cold
Louisiana
and
i,
384, all but
Tuscarora
was
instituted
were
instituted.
In G. S. D.
the
its council
Tribe, No.
S. D.
376.
of Louisiana.
Council
The
fire of
Arkansas
and
Texas
390.
Council
3Oth of Cold
G.
rekindled.
was
S. D.
391, Pocahontas
in
extinct.
extinct ; but
Tunica
G. S. D.
377, but
6 and
427
Narragansett
in
Osyka
except
became
soon
TRIBES,
increase.
to
New
at
instituted
378.
AND
began again
instituted
was
S. D.
G.
COUNCILS
in Louisiana
the Order
fire
GREAT
of
in this reservation
was
the Great
an
at
this time, and
earlyresult
Council
the
of its efforts.
fire of the District
of
Great
In
Council
G. S.
of Virginia
5619 (1859),
Columbia, by
reason
of
428
IMPROVED
internal
dissensions
standing of
The
RED
the Tribes
was
follows
as
Sachems
Past
Great
invested
Wampum
No.
3, of
fathoms
55 inches.
1,108 fathoms
54 inches.
fathoms
9 inches.
366
!"475
Delaware
"
the
Tribe, No.
of
1st
2, of
moon,
kindled
on
G. S.
Beaver
It has
Tribe,
the
on
Council
5613
loth
fire
of
was
5616, by Joseph Pyle,
continuous
had
the
on
G. S.
moon,
Great
G. S.
moon,
5607 (1847).
instituted
Wilmington,
stituted
in-
was
(1852) ; Keokuk
5612
4, of
S.
G.
i5th of Beaver
the
Incohonee.
Great
Wilmington,
moon,
5616 (1856). The
iQth of
the
i, of
City,was
S.
G.
No.
Cherokee,
Beaver
Hunting
Delaware
Hunting moon,
Wilmington, on
(1853); and
Vice
10
funds
Tribe, No.
24th of
"
70
Sachems
in belts
on
3Oth of
the
on
date.
Wampum
Osceola
that
in
300
Past
Delaware.
rekindled
was
in the reservation
Membership
Total
it
continuouslyfrom
of Tribes
Number
MEN.
but
extinct,
has burned
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
OF
became
5624 (1864),and
G. S.
Hot
ORDER
and
successful
existence.
standing of
The
Hot
the Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Number
in the reservation
was
follows
as
of Tribes
Sachems
Past
Great
Sachems
Past
Great
Incohonees
invested
WTampum
in belts
council
These
No.
....
in
Sturgeon
fires being kindled
in person.
associated
aware
as
4, of New
were
Tribes
4"755
fathoms
46 inches.
25,477
fathoms
19 inches.
G.
moon,
the
on
of the
City,and
i,
in this reservation
S.
same
of the
"Order
of the
Oneida, No.
York
73 inches.
Tribes
Many
of the existence
Tribes
fathoms
20,721
first four
The
"
Latham
being
20
funds
all instituted
date
442
Wampum
York.
"
2"536
Past
New
3Oth of
28
Membership
Total
the
on
were
5608 (1848),the four
by W. G. S.
were
petitioners
sun
of Red
Improved
Order
Osceola, No.
honee
Incoup
to
Men," without
of Red
2, and
Men.
Oneactah,
Metamora, No. 3, of Brooklyn.
ORDER
IMPROVED
430
OF
RED
that the date of institution of the Great

of
Hunting
G. S.
moon,
in this
reservation, and
reached
2100
members.
advance
has
been
The
Hot
G. S. D. 401,
Number
to-dayNew
rapid,and
was
in the
No.
Great
Sachems
Past
Great
Incohonees
Wampum
invested
Wampum
follows
as
in belts
was
charter
thus
of
included
The
Hot
S.
standing
the
Sachems
Past
Great
inches.
71 inches.
Miami,
were
both
Springfield,
3, of
Council
cil
Coun-
56.12 (1852). Ohio
of the
West, and
the
tions
strong jurisdic-
of
Kentucky
in the
as
reservation
follows
the
on
"
75
5,ll7
793
20
Wampum
invested
30,290
fathoms
51 inches.
Wampum
in belts
17,405
fathoms
82
47"6g6
fathoms
33 inches.
Carolina.
States, kindled
This
only one
the
on
Tribe
(1858),a second Tribe
council
sun.
was
Between
I, of
G.
of
fire of the
Qth of Travellingmoon,
Osceola, No.
was
grand
the
inches.
Chief
John L. Booker, Great
"
in this reservation
(1853).
.....
funds
United
are
3Oth of
Sachems
North
has
reservation.
of the Tribes
was
Great
sun.
hunting grounds
of Tribes
Past
Total
lived
S.
it is among
Membership
of the
2, of
No.
followinggrand
now
The
G. S. D. 401,
Number
70
granted for Ohio, in G.

Council
the pioneer Great
in the Great
moon,
fathoms
inch.
5611 (1851). Algonquin Tribe, No.
Order.
the
Tecumseh,
flourished,until
and
grown
187,920 fathoms
in this reservation
Tribes
instituted
became
3Oth of
"
25"734
first two
G.
was
second
....
Cincinnati, and
Columbus,
the
on
213,654 fathoms
The
in
Jersey is
the
20
funds
instituted
however,
157644
^598
Past
i, of
only
143
Sachems
"
had
suns
reservation
of Tribes
Past
Ohio.
slowly
grew
of members.
Membership
Total
the 26th
on
Order
great
number,
that
From
was
of 30
end
the Tribes
standing of
moon,
the
in number
Councils
Great
among
Council
5610 (1850). The

at
very
MEN.
S.
Records
first Tribe
G. S.
5613
which
Fayetteville,
5613 and
probablyinstituted
and
G. S.
went
5618
out
of
STATE
the Order
existence; because
State
No.
TRIBES.
reported
431
"revived"
as
in that
S.
G.
3, at
The
is
AND
Tribe,
5618 by the institution of Weccamaw
Again, however, the council fires failed
Wilmington.
in
S.
in G.
burn, and
to
COUNCILS
GREAT
Carolina.
in
North
at
Wilmington
Tribe
next
instituted
384, three
the
28th
ist of Flower
tribes
burg, Pocahontas, No. 7,
Pee
382.
Wilmington,
G. S. D. 383.
moon,
"
G. S. D.
5, of
tinct
ex-
tuted
insti-
was
4,
moon,
Tribe, No.
instituted
were
declared
was
Tribe, No.
of Buck
Hawk
Black
Order
the
Wyoming
on
was
the
on
5620 (1860)
In G. S. D.
Dee, No. 6,
Laurin-
at
Brooklyn, and Matchepungo, No. 8,

council fires of all except Wyoming
at Fayetteville.The
Tribe,
No. 4, were
reported quenched in G. S. D. 387.
Wyoming
at
G. S. D.
Tribe
surrendered
in
other
Tribes
instituted
were
of
Sturgeon
Tribe, No.
S. D.
G.
moon,
in that
great
two
sun
Matchepungo, No. 8, revived at

9, of Wilmington. On the 2ist
"
No.
and Cherokee,
Fayetteville,
but
391,
397,
council
the
fire of
Osceola
relightedat Raleigh. Matchepungo Tribe,

No. 8, had, in the meantime,
In the following
again disbanded.
instituted at South
great sun, Chippewa Tribe, No. 2, was
Mills.
Junaluska Tribe, No. 3, of Asheville, and Sapona Tribe,
No.
4, of
was
i,
Greensboro,
Eyota Tribe,
399.
Cold
5, of
No.
S. D.
G.
moon,
instituted
were
Wilmington,
and
401,
in Plant
G. S. D.
moon,
instituted
was
after,the council
soon
in
fire of
Narragansett Tribe, No. 6, was

lighted at Old Trap. The
Tribes
reported in good standing on the 3oth of Hot moon,
G. S. D. 401, were
Chippewa, No. 2, Eyota, No. 5, Narragansett,
No.
6,
and
Kentucky.
Chickasaw
"
No.
Hawk,
of
2,
Covington,
grand
flourished
and
The
sun.
Sturgeon
Great
membership,
in the State
fire had
"
S.
great
many
and
389.
long before
3, of
fire
but
was
not
No.
ceased
the
instituted
in
Newport,
and
in the
Order
finallybegan
represented in
17, of
to
and
lighted on
was
5614 (1854). The

suns,
Newport,
instituted
In G. S. D. 395, but
Miami,
placedunder
Tribe, No.
Council
i, of
both
were
Louisville, were
G.
moon,
after G. S. D.
was
of
4,
9.
Tribe, No.
5612 (1852). Pocahontas

No.
No.
Cherokee,
one
burn.
the
The
interest
S.
reported
was
Great
Council
S.
tucky,
Ken-
G. C. U.
In G. S. D. 397,
of the Great
jurisdiction
G.
following
the 9th of
Kentucky
lose
to
Tribe
Newport.
in
Black
Council
Kentucky
of
Ohio,
IMPROVED
432
and
the
Indiana.
from
The
"
Snow
Snow
G. S.
Terre
Haute,
instituted
the
nth
Between
in this reservation
time
and
Great
; but
moon
the
I,
Flower
Laurel,
at
Council
was
grand
suns
in two
Great
In
Tribe, No.
instituted
were
work, and
to
that
Franklin.
and
of Flower
all ceased
Tribes
furnished
S.
5614, the council fire of Seneca
Edinburg,
reservation.
5614 (1854),to G. S. 5617 (1857).
5615 (1855),f"ur Tribes
on
that
brief existence
Metamora.
at
moon,
had
G. S. D.
moon,
Council, Kentucky
the G. C. U.
to
Hot
for
given
Great
G. S.
G. S.
kindled
the
as
MEN.
RED
3Oth of
the
on
statement
Order
moon,
moon,
was
the
Incohonees
Great
two
in
its existence
During
OF
its Tribes
standing of
is included
401,
ORDER
Council
dered
surren-
citated
resus5619 (1859),the Order was
in the jurisdiction
by the rekindlingof the council fire
of Cherokee
Tribe, No. 4, of Edinburg, and the institution of
Comanche
Tribe, No. 7, of Aurora, and Wyandotte Tribe, No.
In less than
three grand suns, the Order
had
8, of Richmond.
A
third attempt to establish the
again lapsed in Indiana.
in G. S. D. 375, when
Order
in this State was
made
Tippecanoe
its charter.
Tribe, No.
377,
Wabash
No.
n,
No.
of
No.
successful
standing of
on
fire
the
in the reservation
follows
as
Sachems
Past
Great
Past
Great
Sachems
Incohonees
fathoms
20,087 fathoms
funds
the
G. S. D.
3Oth of
on
the
21
inches.
....
in belts
Paris, on
moon,
19
Wampum
Illinois
its third
8.632
635
48,508
"
Order
"
Wampum
Illinois.
into
invested
Total
In G. S. D.
103
Membership
Past
sun,
rekindled.
was
was
the
gave
igth of Hot
of Tribes
Number
great
Brookville.
at
This
the Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
the next
Lafayette, and Kanahwaga,

instituted,and Wyandotte, No. 8, of
start, and
Council
In
of
10,
resuscitated.
was
moon,
instituted
was
Attica, were
378, its Great

Hot
9,
Tribe,
Richmond,
The
instituted.
8, of Patriot, was
IroquoisTribe,
and
In G. S.
The
by
68,595
Improved. Order
the
institution
ist of Worm
moon,
of
of
Red
fathoms
Men
Pocahontas
G. S.
19 inches.
40
was
inches.
introduced
Tribe, No.
5614 (1854). This
I, at
Tribe
GREAT
STATE
ceased
soon
G.
Nashville
Tribe
G. S.-D.
moon,
Effingham
on
Beaver
G.
moon,
G. S. D.
instituted
was
9,
in the
next
G. S. D.
S. D.
; and
Neoga
at
two
great
of Wisconsin
standing of
moon
was
Number
Oakland
7,
Council
Sachems
Great
Tribes
Iowa.
was
buque,
United
No.
stay of the Order
short
duration.
2, of Des
having
as
Moines,
was
Black
Hawk
G. S. D.
381.
i6th
Travelling
of
charter
within
at
During
few
Oskaloosa
the next
Hot
moon,
The
within
hunting
the jurisdiction
on
the
3Oth of
5"7!6 fathoms
97 inches.
5"373
fathoms
73 inches.
11,090
fathoms
70
at
great
great
the
sun
at
the
5th
of
S. D.
22d
Osceola
3,
of
Snow
5614
Saux
of Corn
of the
Tribe,
moon,
on
surrendered
Tribe, No. 4,
G.
moon,
Tribe, No.
S.
instituted
382, but
Iowa
Du-
council
sun
was
i, of
G.
moon,
the 2Oth
on
Tribe, No.
suns.
its first appearance
its charter.
instituted
G.
Hot
grand
next
inches.
Tribe, No.
surrendered
moon,
on
in Iowa
Camanche
the
on
reported
was
States
added
instituted
(1854),and
were
283
'in belts
was
both
Tribe,
44
invested
of very
i3th of
was
2,'i7o
The
"
8,
"
funds
Total
Mattoon.
at
tribes
in this reservation
Sachems
Wampum
Wampum
moon,
of Illinois.
Membership
Past
24th of
Plant
kindled.
are
cil
coun-
Potawatamie
Four
was
of Tribes
Past
the
on
of
at
meantime.
Tribe, No.
the
on
Minnesota
in the
gth
moon,
fire
The
382.
instituted
was
City.
and
suns,
Council
the
the
on
in Flower
follows
as
; and
instituted
was
Quincy
at
385, Chickasaw
and
of the Great
The
at
387, the Great
grounds
383
5,
quenched
instituted
instituted.
was
Chicago, in Hunting
at
G. S. D.
been
Tribe, No.
G.
moon,
instituted
Hot
had
S. D.
384, Pawnee
Snow
No.
Tribe
effort to
no
until G. S. D.
Mason,
Tribe, No.
moon,
until
Nashville.
at
again succeeded
instituted
was
4,
Tribe, No. 6, was
Shawnee
instituted
3, of
433
revived
not
was
disbanded, however, and
381, and Modoc

the 3d of Plant
fire of Seminole
TRIBES.
here
was
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No.
Somonauk
Order
into the State
Seminole
378, when
AND
Tribe
soon
the Order
introduce
In
the
exist,and
to
5620 (1860),when
S.
The
COUNCILS
5,
was
its
tuted
insti-
was
S.
the
D.
392.
instituted
Cleveland,
The
the 28th
on
under
placed
was
directed
standing of
The
Hot
Number
The
Sachems
Past
Great
follows
Wampum
first appearance
The
the
3Oth of
grand
same
of
institution
the
4,
No.
relighted in
was
of
G.
Tribe
in
tuted
insti-
was
quenched
soon
S.
G.
was
i, of St. Louis
Louis,
No.
instituted
was
71
in Missouri
2, of St.
Tribe
sun.
inches.
inches.
16 inches.
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No.
45
fathoms
the order
by
Hiawatha
Minnehaha
Tribe, No.
Cherokee
were
State.
on
560 fathoms
3,689 fathoms
fire, which
record
fires
"
4"25o
during the
No
council
when
5616 (1856),
its council
its well-
by
33
funds
instituted.
was
of
i8th
137
invested
"
and
instituted in that
Sachems
in belt
Missouri.
at
i"48i
Wampum
in G. S.
Tribal
of Tribes
Past
6,
of Nebraska
in this reservation
as
the
on
reservation
Membership
Total
kindled
several
the Tribes
was
No.
Wapello Tribe,
was
Council
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
MEN.
moon.
393.
Great
RED
of Iowa,
jurisdiction
the
kindled, and
soon
of Hot
energeticefforts
and
and
moon,
S. D.
G.
moon,
OF
fire of Iowa
Council
Great
Hunting
Plant
in
Davenport
at
ORDER
IMPROVED
434
5618 (1858).
but
appears,
S.
5618, and
informallyinstituted on the i8th of Hunting

council of the G. C. U. S.
G. S. 5618. At the grand sun
moon,
souri,
succeeding,a charter was
granted for the Great Council of Misnotwithstanding the informalityof its organizationand
institution.
The
afterward ; but in
Great Council lapsed soon
G. S. D. 373 was
reorganized. Again the Great Council of
Council
Great
Missouri
third
disbanded, but
time
Hot
the
on
continued
The
was
to
24th of Snow
date without
standingof
Number
further
the Tribes
G. S. D.
moon,
its council
401, is
as
fire
for
in the reservation
follows
it has
375, and
on
the
3Oth of
"
298
Sachems
74
Past
Great
12
Wampum
invested
9^57
fathoms
8 inches.
Wampum
in belts
l?93l fathoms
76 inches.
n, 088 fathoms
84 inches.
Total
funds
the
disaster.
Past
Sachems
kindled
G. S. D.
moon,
of Tribes
Membership
was
STATE
GREAT
Connecticut.
from
COUNCILS
The
"
AND
TRIBES.
failed of continuance
Order
its first appearance,
which
in this
vation
reser-
the institution of
by
was
435
Narragansett Tribe, No. i, at Hartford, on the iQth of Buck

G. S. 5618 (1858). In G. S. 5621 (1861) this Tribe was
moon,
The
the
of
jurisdiction
of the
of
reservation
The
extinct.
as
introduction
second
395.
S.
G. C. U.
the
reported to
Connecticut
the efforts of its great chiefs
In
395.
few
; and
less than
Haven
for the
enthusiasm
ten
nine
moons,
State, had withdrawn

and
had
standingof
The
Hot
as
Number
had
Order
were
that in
rapidly,
flourishingin the
so
of Connecticut.
in the reservation
follows
as
was
the
on
3Oth of
"
20
2,347
123
Past
Great
Sachems
invested
in belt
funds
Before
"
bers
mem-
Council
Sachems
Virginia.
500
the Great
Past
West
than
S. D.
of Massachusetts,
Membership
Total
G.
was
Council
of Tribes
Wampum
Wampum
moon,
more
spread
I,
the Great
the Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Tribe, No.
of Beaver
large Tribes
from
instituted
been
placed within
Massachusetts; an$ by
of
the Tribe
suns
seven
ist
in G. S. D.
was
been
Hammonassett
the
on
here
had
Council
the Great
instituted at New
Order
the
part of the great reservation
4.207
fathoms
13 inches.
5,066
fathoms
78 inches.
9"273 fathoms
91 inches.
of
war
this
1861
had
been
Virginia; but having been set

apart by the civil government as an independent State, the only
Tribe
existingthere in G. S. 5623 (1863),Logan, No. 21, of
of the G. C. U. S., and
under
the jurisdiction
Wheeling, came
took the number
i of West
Virginia. Cornstalk Tribe, No. 2,
of Wheeling, was
instituted during the G. S. 5625 (1865),
and
Black
the
Hawk
Tribe, No.
followingCouncil
Council
was
Hot
Council
standingof
moon,
Number
on
Membership
the
the Tribes
of Tribes
G.
C.
S.
U.
charter
of Cold
2/th sun
378.
At
for Great
moon,
G. S. D.
instituted.
was
G. S. D. 401,
in G. S. D.
instituted
was
of the
issued, and
379, the Great

The
3,
of
was
in the
as
reservation
follows
"
20
1,115
on
the
3"Dthof
IMPROVED
436
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
158
Wampum
Wampum
in belts
The
"
California
reservation.
doings in
he
had
There
duration.
of short
Tribe, No.
I, of San
of
moon,
Beaver
3,
followed
in
lived
No.
Tribes
has
tradition
If he did, its life was
Red
Men
Adam
in California
Smith,
Manhattan
short
in Corn
4, with
G. S. D.
another
instituted.
the
No.
Great
Qth
I,
Then
376.
fornia,
Caliin the
working
ing
377, six flourish-
Council
largestGreat
2,
Tribe,
members.
In G. S. D.
the
the
on
Hiawatha
charter
400
California
Tribe, No.
time.
moon,
in
and
Lando,
instituted
was
5623.
ôfhis
in California
palefaces,organized
only a
alwaysbeen
official record
Dog.
in existence, and
were
This
is
died, and
soon
i,
language,was
German
S.
G.
Manzanita,
No.
in connection
there
of
instituted
next
was
Order
Francisco, which
quicklyfollowed, but
No.
the
no
Brothers
number
66 inches.
the many
Among
with
who,
Weis,
5"233
be
Red
at
5623 (1863) were
S.
66 inches.
fathoms
to
appears
Tribe
fathoms
Peters in G. S.
by W. G. Incohonee
A. Curry,
appointed Past Sachem
authorityto institute two Tribes in
this connection, but
established
that he
G.
report
Incohonee, with
Great
that
was
5"233
of
first mention
5614 (1854), that

Vice
15
none
funds
California.
MEN.
RED
OF
Sachems
invested
Total
with
ORDER
tuted.
insti-
was
Council
west
of
much
MississippiRiver, and by the efforts of its members
of the preliminarywork
for the planting of the
has been
done
Order in the further western
jurisdictions.
The
standing of the Tribes in the reservation on the 3Oth of
the
Hot
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Number
was
as
follows
of Tribes
Sachems
Past
Great
Past
Great
373
Sachems
18
Incohonee
....
Wampum
invested
71,766 fathoms
Wampum
in belts
5"782 fathoms
Total
Texas.
funds
"
of
375.
"
36
2,636
Membership
Past
Four
The
77
Order
Swamp
Tribes
was
introduced
Eagle Tribe,
were
No.
instituted
50 inches.
2
,548 fathoms
52 inches.
into Texas
i, at
inches.
by
tution
insti-
the
Marshall, in G. S. D.
in G. S. D.
377, and
on
the
IMPROVED
438
Cherokee
Georgia.
"
S.
G.
D.
376,
Then
Modoc
their
after
charters
Order
here.
The
in
S.
378.
G.
D.
379, all of Atlanta.
time,
but
tated.
resusci-
were
Cherokee, No. i,
387, the reports showed
3, Chattahoochie, No. 5, and Choctaw, No. 6, in
No.
The
existence.
C.
G.
Council
Great
3, in G. S. D.
in
G. S. D.
In
of
U.
S., in 388, issued

it
Georgia,and
of that great
Hunting moon
were
placed
instituted
was
Alabama
sun.
charter
for the
the 6th
on
South
and
in G. S. D.
jurisdiction
Georgia instituted eight Tribes
its
under
great chiefs of
and
Tribe, No.
surrendered
Modoc,
Atlanta, instituted
i, of
beginning of the
Nickajack, No. 2, followed
of
All
Tribe, No.
MEN.
RED
the
was
institution
came
OF
ORDER
of
Carolina
395 ; and
in the
the
former
five in the latter State.
The
Hot
standingof
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
in the reservation
the Tribes
was
follows
as
of Tribes
Number
3A"l
Sachems
Past Great
75
Sachems
Wampum
invested
Wampum
in belts
Total
5*765fathoms.
11,541 fathoms
funds
Michigan.
"
41
Membership
Past
3Oth of
the
on
I7"3"6fathoms
Pocahontas
"
Tribe, No.
i,
99 inches.
99 inches.
instituted
was
at
Detroit, in G. S. D. 376.
In five great
the
additions
Red
but
Haven,
loth of the
instituted.
had
The
issued for
Number
the Tribes
of Tribes
Membership
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
Wampum
Wampum
Total
Chippewa,
3,
Tribe
In
Great
increased
No.
Worm
Council
had
moon,
to
No.
4, and
existed
G.
at
S. D.
charter, and
was
in the reservation
as
follows
on
the
on
3Oth of
"
20
i"U3
115
Sachems
12
invested
I?13I fathoms
91 inches.
in belts
2,106fathoms
3?238 fathoms
74 inches.
funds
four,
date.
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
dissolved.
had
Council was
the Great
followingFlower moon,
in
Order
has progressed slowly but steadily
Michigan from that

The standing of
Hot
No.
5, all of Detroit.
381, dispensationwas
the
of Tribes
being, Tecumseh,
Cloud, No.
Grand
the number
suns
65
inches.
STATE
Alabama.
No.
the
No.
3,
of
8th
Sturgeon
instituted
was
G. S. D.
in
S.
G.
D.
dissolved
it
Hot
Number
few
Past
Great
the
Council
388, but
Cherokee
in G. S. D.
at
moons
392, but
follows
as
was
Brownville,
instituted.
was
in this reservation
:
the
on
3Oth of
"
23
1*003
122
590 fathoms.
invested
in belts
funds
Total
"
6, of Hillsboro.
in G. S. D.
of Alabama
Sachems
Wampum
Wampum
kindled
Birmingham, Dolomite,
of Beaver
I9th sun
moon,
Membership
Sachems
382.
Mines,
of Tribes
Past
4,
In
having been placed in

Georgia,in G. S. D. 396, eight
Pratt
G. S. D. 401,
S. D.
were
No.
Elkmont,
of
standing of the Tribes
moon,
Tribe, No.
G.
Tribes
Tribe,
reservation
On
397, the Great
On
380, Cherokee
moon,
at
sun.
reported dissolved.
within
Tuscombia.
Tribe
great
same
Etawa,
at
Council
Montgomery,
Warrior, and
The
This
instituted
were
G. S. D.
also
378.
Seminole
fires of two
was
after.
soon
Anniston,
the
D.
Hampton.
resuscitated
was
charge of the Great

Tribes
in
Courtland, and
391,
Tribe, No. 3,
S.
439
Winnebago,
was
Tribe, of Selma, survived
Powhatan
Only
council
the
5, of
Creek, No.
G.
S. D.
G.
moon,
TRIBES.
Alabama
Clutsville,in Cold
at
383,
in
2, followed
No.
instituted at Fort
was
AND
in
instituted
Athens,
Selma, Powhatan,
Tribe
first
The
"
at
i,
COUNCILS
GREAT
2,273 fathoms
40
inches.
2,863 fathoms
40
inches.
tution
Oregon. The Order began its work in Oregon by the instiof Oregonian-Pocahontas Tribe, No. I, in G. S. D. 379,
tion
was
immediately followed by the instituJacksonville
; which
"
at
of
La
Tribe, No. 3,
was
G. S. D.
In
No.
G.
The
S.
D.
six Tribes
Tribe, No.
400,
2,
in
was
the
Tribe, No.
of Beaver
last report made
4, of
Portland,
G. S. D.
moon,
Council
of
this Great
381, and
Oregon
Council
was
was
in
reported in good standing.

Oregonian-Pocahontas Tribe,
were
however,
records
by
Multnomah
Ashland, and
382, the 'Great
Jacksonville,and
appear
at
2,
Oneonta
i$th
G. S. D.
391, when
i, of
again
the
on
moon,
instituted.
Portland.
at
instituted
in Buck
Tribe, No.
Lake
Williamette, No.
of
the
G. C.
instituted,at Portland, on
6, of
U.
the
S.
6th
Portland,
Minnehaha
of Worm
IMPROVED
440
G. S. D.
moon,
No.
Tribe,
No.
No.
Mohawk,
was
in the
MEN.
following great
Albina.
at
Salem,
Modoc,
Albany,
granted by the
followed
r, of
G.
in
U.
C.
S., at
and
4,
Astoria,
and
Portland,
and
rapid succession,
Atlanta, in Corn
G. S. D. 401, for the institution of the
moon,
No.
7, of
9, of
No.
Himaly
sun,
Winona,
Portland, Concomley, No.
8, of
I
RED
OF
instituted
5, of
No.
Kamiakin,
charter
399 ; and
was
3,
Chinook,
ORDER
Great
of
Council
Oregon.
Nevada.
Nevada,
of the
the
on
i8th of Buck
4, of
Washoe
G. S. D.
381, Shoshone
G. S. D.
fire
kindled
Order
sparsely settled
Elko,
has worked
country, and
has
Tribe,
G. S. D.
moon,
instituted.
6th
under
380, Min-
I5th of Flower
was
the
on
igth
ginia
2, of Vir-
Washoe
the
on
City,
the
G. S. D.
moon,
7th of Buck
5, of
On
379.
instituted.
was
the
on
was
The
382.
in Hot
Carson
at
Tribe, No.
instituted
and
G. S. D.
Pocahontas
City,was
381
instituted
was
moon,
Tribe, No.
Council
Great
i,
3, of Reno,
Tribe, No.
moon,
of
Tribe, No.
succeeding Corn moon,

instituted,and
City was
nehaha
No.
Piute
"
of
the
made
Cold
The
moon,
disadvantages
little gain in
numbers.
standing of
The
Hot
the Tribes
G. S. D.
moon,
401,
was
in this reservation
follows
as
of Tribes
Number
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
44
Sachems
invested
Wampum
in belts
The
i, and
The
moon.
quenched.
Black
Hawk
in G. S. D.
Records
Order
that reservation
74
inches.
fathoms
74
inches.
introduced
was
384.
of Mendota
council
first into
In
fire of
G. S. D.
D.
393, the
State
the
Great
Council
instituted
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No.
reported that the Tribes
Again in G. S.
of
jurisdiction
fathoms
380, by the institution in Cold
Tribe, No.
Flower
845
2?445
in G. S. D.
in
1,600 fathoms.
funds
"
"
156
Wampum
Wisconsin.
3Oth of
Membership
Total
the
on
Oshkosh
3,
the
was
having
been
2, of
Madison,
soon
was
instituted
Great
had
vation
reser-
waukee
of Mil-
moon
latter
387, the
of Wisconsin
this
at
waukee,
Mil-
Chief
of
disbanded.
placed
under
the
of Illinois,
the great chiefs of
Tribe, No.
I, at
Oshkosh,
in
STATE
Worm
GREAT
The
moon.
Black
that
Hawk
COUNCILS
No.
all been
and
Minissine
sun
thereafter.
the
3Oth of Hot
Rickapoo,
Tribes
On
the Great
instituted
was
the
at
of
great
in Wisconsin, on
Warwick.
On
in the
ment
state-
that date.
of
Beaver
moon,
the
No.
I,
in this reservation.
381, Canonicus
igth of
instituted
was
one
King Philip Tribe,
rapid strides
G. S. D.
3,
8th
Centre,
Hiawatha
Only
sun.
Tribes
the
on
made
moon,
Sioux, No.
Richland
of Illinois,
on
institution
Tribe, No.
Miantonomah
great
5, of
Lac, Kishwaukee,
10, of
the
Council
Beginning
of Cold
du
G. S. D. 401, is contained
moon,
"
Passyunk, No.
existence,however, in
standing of
The
380, with
the 22d
441
8, of Madison,
No.
the
in
were
Providence, the Order
at
2,
and
Island.
G. S. D.
6, of Fond
No.
instituted within
given for
Rhode
Waukesha,
Minissine, No.
7, of Milwaukee,
9, of Whitewater,
4, of
No.
Winnebago,
had
TRIBES.
G. S. D. 397, showed
reports for Hot moon,
No. 3, of
Tribe, No. 2, of Beloit, Mohawk,
Janesville,Hiawatha,
Milwaukee,
AND
Tribe, No.
the
same
moon,
Providence.
at
In
instituted
Tribe, No. 4, was
following,Wampanoag
No. 5, at Natick.
On the 2Oth
at Pawtucket, and Narragansett,
of Sturgeon moon,
Council
tuted,
instiG. S. D. 381, the Great
was
being the first in New England. It flourished for a few
interest began to flag,and
members
to fall
great suns, when
until in G. S. D. 391 the Order
was
reportedextinct in
away,
Island having been
Rhode
Island.
In G. S. D. 396, Rhode
placedin charge of the Great Council of Massachusetts, the great
Plant
moon
chiefs
of that
kindled
were
council
than
more
fire was
The
Hot
State
resuscitated
fires of
800
kindled
standing of
new
Red
a
Number
as
follows
of Tribes
Wampum
Wampum
Total
Utah.
Men
to
"
the
moon.
on
the
3Oth of
"
1*272
97
Sachems
invested
6,886 fathoms
85
in belts
3"921 fathoms
61 inches.
10,812 fathoms
46 inches.
funds
The
cil
Coun-
10
Sachems
Past Great
397, there
the Great
in this reservation
Membership
Past
old Tribes, and
in G. S. D.
that
time, in Sturgeon
the Tribes
was
so
of the
in the State, and
Men
second
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
ones,
several
first introduction
reservation
of
of the
Utah,
was
Improved
by
the
inches.
Order
of Red
institution
of
442
IMPROVED
Washakie
Tribe, No.
moon,
No.
381.
The
of Salt
Lake
City,in
was
declared
2,
Tribe
Washakie
plant the
of Worm
moon,
G. S. D.
Tribe,
Salt Lake
at
(The council fire of Washakie

was
relightedon the 8th of

Kansas.
Osage Tribe,
"
G. S. D.
the
on
of Worm
the Great
sun,
three
No.
S. D.
Hot
385.
G. S. D.
moon,
standing of
the Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Number
was
Past
Great
No.
6,
at
Arkansas
at
lighted on
was
follows
the
on
"
1092
"...
107
.-
88 inches.
Wampum
in belts
I?255 fathoms
71 inches.
5,164fathoms
59 inches.
funds
Chemakum
"
in G.
S. D.
Dungeness,
Wa
Sheila
of Plant
and
381; Claim
in G.
4, of
Wa
S. D.
Sheila
3,
Tribes
G. S. D.
397, Seattle Tribe, No.
Kumtux,
No.
3,
was
instituted
was
was
survived
2,
at
In
was
Townsend,
2,
the
instituted
was
391, but
i, of Port
Tribe, No.
383.
Vancouver,
G. S. D.
moon,
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No.
Tribe, No.
Snake
the
3Oth of
3,908 fathoms
New
sons.
Par-
City,
invested
instituted
Claim
Emporia,
at
4,
18
Sachems
Washington.
sun,
institution
Wampum
Total
at
Girard,
at
393.
Membership
Sachems
No.
fire
moon,
of Delaware
392, the
in the reservation
as
City,
following
great
the
instituted
of Tribes
Past
In
Mohawk,
and
Council
Great
moons.
loth of Buck
instituted
was
In G. S. D.
was
the
on
few
only a
institution
reported the
The
393.
7th of Hunting
The
G. S. D.
7,
401.)
the first
Scott, was
being
2,
Tribe, No.
Hiawatha
fires.
I, of Salt Lake
Fort
date
Cherokee,
5, at
later,
suns
made
was
385,
G. S. D.
reported, Neosho,
was
great
lived
Tribe, No.
moon,
Incohonee
Tribes
Tawacanie,
in G.
i, of
3, at Leavenworth.
Tribe, No.
of
Panionkee
381.
ist
No.
in the State, the
instituted
Tribe
moon,
G. S. D.
the institution of Wasatch
Tribe, No.
Buck
Pocatallo,
was
its council
the Tribe
but
City ;
Two
in Utah
by
391,
4th of Worm
In
383.
kindle
to
Order
to
attempt
D.
extinct.
Tribe, also, ceased
second
instituted
S.
G.
the
City,on
Tribe
next
MEN.
RED
OF
Salt Lake
i, at
G. S. D.
Pocatallo
22d
ORDER
followinggreat
on
the
in G. S. D.
instituted
Vancouver.
Ludlow.
Port
instituted
but
instituted
was
at
extinct
was
short
at
time.
I5th
393.
In
Seattle,and
Clallam
Tribe,
No.
instituted
was
4,
COUNCILS
GREAT
STATE
Port
at
same
New
Massachusetts.
of
on
the
of
Manataug
No.
ist
of
2,
The
Order
Sturgeon
i, of
of these
three
the
on
Tribe, No.
the
but
were
had
steady and
second
Great
last report third.
placed under
were
Council
with
in Connecticut
and
800
over
Several
and
The
Hot
within
one
Tribal
Great
council
Council
standing of
Number
the Tribes
was
Great
Sachems
Past
Great
Incohonee
suns.
showed
after,there
suns
point the
Order
result
Great
organized
was
with
two
at
Vermont
that
another
within
and
7 Tribes
great suns.
in Vermont,
kindled
future.
near
the
on
3Oth of
"
1,026
".
16
i
invested
50,202
fathoms
41
in belts
12,204
fathoms
30 inches.
62,406 fathoms
71 inches.
funds
the
being
Council
Island, and
the
follows
the
no
Past
on
members
in this reservation
as
in
on
14,601
Sachems
"
Order
of members,
been
also
tion
peti-
In G. S. D. 400, it stood
is in prospect for the
Past
Nebraska.
this
Island
Membership
Total
great
; and
of Tribes
Wampum
Wampum
Great
Rhode
sun
fires have
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
great
in Rhode
members,
The
nearly1600 members,
and
the
instituted
and
in number
with
jurisdiction
382,
for several great
the
rapidgain.
moon,
S. D.
On
was
382.
389, seven
Connecticut,
9 Tribes
Council
members
State
institution
G.
moon,
Tribes
new
this
of Worm
instituted.
was
S. D.
Councils
its
28th
reported. From
sometimes
among
Piute,
Sagamore Tribe,
Hot
institution
in G. S. D.
members
151
of
Great
G.
moon,
first report after

and
at
good standing
381, by the
the
on
2/th
grew slowly,its gains of

offset by losses of old Tribes and
members,
6,
and
into
Marblehead.
State
the
S. D.
3, of Salem,
Tribes
23d of Hunting
all in
introduced
G.
instituted
was
moon,
in the
No.
Snohomish,
were
was
moon,
Tribe, No.
382 ; and
Naumkeag
221
i8th of Hot
G. S. D. 401.
moon,
"
Lynn,
S. D.
At
443
instituted
at
7,
Tribes
These
of Hot
3Oth
No.
Snohomish,
8, of Vancouver.
the
the
the
Angelus, on
Tribe, No.
Whatcom,
No.
G.
TRIBES.
Snoqualmie
5, was
quicklyfollowed by Lummi,
great sun, and was
G. S. D. 400.
on
AND
Shoshonee
3 ist
of
Tribe, No.
Travelling moon,
i, of
G.
inches.
Lincoln,
S. D.
381
was
tuted
insti-
; but
for
ORDER
IMPROVED
444
surrendered
here
Order
instituted
its charter.
The
in G.
385, Omaha
flagged,and it
attempt to plant the
Tribe, No. 2, being
3d of Plant
moon,
G. C. U.
the
on
Tribes
of Buck
Number
in this reservation
the Tribes
was
follows:
as
of Tribes
Past
Sachems
Past
Great
moons,
Great
Council
3Oth of
the
on
"
838
32
Sachems
Wampum
invested
192
fathoms
50 inches.
Wampum
in belts
937
fathoms
65
i"i3"
fathoms
15 inches.
Total
funds
Carolina.
South
5th of Snow
5th of Cold
G. S. D.
under
which, in
Carolina
393, Zuni
26th
on
of Cold
of
2Qth
moon,
On
4,
the
Flower
remained.
Tribe, No.
vation
reser-
the
tuted
insti-
was
was
G. S. D. 399,
moon,
Chicora, No.
Choctaw,
followingBeaver
2, at
No.
Graniteville,Kiowa,
Clifton, and
Tribe
in this
Columbia,
the
on
inches.
reported extinct the next great sun.

Carolina were
396, the hunting grounds of South
of the Great Council of Georgia,
the jurisdiction
Hot
the
on
Newberry,
385, only Chicora
G. S. D.
moon,
2,
I, of
3, of
Florence, but
at
placed
No.
instituted
were
Catavvba, No.
Chicora, No.
G. S. D.
In
moon.
383
moon,
Tuscarora,
Tribes
Three
"
in G. S. D.
In
G. S. D.
few
3, of
14
Membership
and
within
of
Tecum-
moon,
G. S. D. 400, the
moon,
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
Hot
instituted
placed
Sioux, No.
and
Omaha,
the
chiefs
i, of
Tribe, No.
385,
to
been
of Iowa, the
ending 3Oth
were
S. D.
instituted.
was
standing of
The
having
Council
Shawnee
sun
G.
its reports
Nebraska
2, of
Sis, No.
Dah
gth
of Nebraska
Hot
instituted
other
Five
of
Great
during the great
Lincoln
399.
of the
second
discontinued
later
reservation
Council
Nun
the
suns
charge
Great
S. D.
on
The
S.
seh, Yah
and
great
the
under
Omaha
at
six
which
that
was
of its members
interest
the
lack of instruction
soon
MEN.
RED
OF
6,
No.
at
8,
the
moon,
reported five Tribes

Black
in South
Hawk,
No.
5, at
'Charleston, Cherokee,
No.
7, at
Columbia,
at
Langley.
Great
Council
On
of
the
i/th of the
South
Carolina
instituted.
was
The
Hot
standing of
moon,
G. S. D.
the
Tribes
401,
was
in the reservation
as
follows:
"
on
the
3Oth of
IMPROVED
446
Great
Past
ORDER
Sachems
Wampum
6,844 fathoms
94 inches.
Wampum
in belts
2"253 fathoms
40
9""98 fathoms
34 inches.
Maine.
funds
Order
The
"
the institution
6th of Beaver
G. S. D.
into
one
Nine
form
to
Council
Great
fire
the
On
the
Sachems
Past
Great
401,
was
in the
follows:
as
the
3Oth of
"
21
i"754
117
4
Wampum
SjOQ1 fathoms
68 inches.
Wampum
in belts
2,301 fathoms
72
inches.
7?393 fathoms
40
inches.
funds
Islands.
Islands
Hawaiian
kindled
person,
The
"
Great
by
the
in G.
Honolulu,
council
S. D.
reorganized in
Florida.
"
Wacassassa
Tribe, No.
moon,
G. S. D.
sun.
Three
No.
3, at
No.
4, at
Tribe, No.
Yemassee
Palatka,
Waldo,
and
396, but
i,
2, of
at
on
the
on
the
Bronson,
Lulloosa
Tribes
only a
its charter
the
S.
instituted
was
in G.
in the
G.
moon,
S.
390
in
388.
Flower
great
Seminole,
Yemassee,
moon,
moon,
ing
hunt-
D.
in the next
D.
4th of Sturgeon
on
great
burn.
to
for
continued
in
i, at
ten
fire ceased
23d of Sturgeon
Hawthorne,
about
instituted
was
Buck
instituted
were
the
again quenched.
was
389, but surrendered
tribes
5,
S. D.
fire
Tribe, No.
existed
its council
into
Smith, who,
Hawaiian
time
Starlte, Fla., in
grounds of
Adam
Tribe
Tribe, No.
Osceola
introduced
was
Incohonee
The
its council
when
moons,
G.
Order
fire of
386.
of which
at the end
was
few
the
on
jurisdiction
Sachems
Hawaiian
It
of Maine
invested
Total
suns,
the withdrawal
in
25th of Travelling moon
Membership
Past
in the
when
dispensation,
of Tribes
Number
instituted
were
new
given for
the Tribes
G. S. D.
moon,
attached
lighted.
was
standing of
The
Hot
Council.
Great
Tribes
under
permissionwas
397,
became
Hampshire by the consolidation of

jurisdiction.Soon afterward,however,
hunting grounds of Maine

G. S. D.
Tribe
the
on
of New
its charter.
it surrendered
jurisdiction
Biddeford,
i, at
384. This
inches.
into this
first introduced
was
Squando Tribe, No.
Council
States
the two
of
moon,
the Great
to
MEN.
invested
Total
by
RED
OF
and
Lulloosa
I4th of Travellingmoon.
surrendered
their
charters
in
STATE
S. D.
G.
Miccosookee
392.
instituted
in Beaver
revived.
was
was
jnoon,
Number
as
of
Sachems
Past
Great
D.
on
the
in the reservation
3Oth of
"
6
210
35
Sachems
400
fathoms.
Wampum
415
fathoms
7 inches.
815
fathoms
7 inches.
funds
Rising
"
in G. S. D.
was
instituted
at
No.
3,
was
instituted
at
Tribe, No.
S.
G.
D.
23d of Buck
Number
of the
was
Past
Great
Tribe,
391.
the
26th
fire
No.
Ouray
of
Hot
kindled
was
4,
on
393.
in the
as
reservation
follows
the
on
3Oth
"
23
ijZQi
142
Sachems
Wampum
invested
Wampum
in belts
Total
Tribe,
Arrow
S. D.
on
Council
Membership
Sachems
G.
moon,
of Tribes
Past
Blazing
instituted
Great
Tribes
G. S. D. 401,
moon,
was
G. S. D.
moon,
standing
in Cold
The
393.
City, was
Springs. Arapahoe Tribe,
Idaho
Denver,
Central
389, Rising Sun
Nevadaville, and
instituted
5, of
i, of
In G. S. D.
388.
2,
was
Tribe, No.
Bow
No.
of Caribou,
the
393,
invested
instituted
of Hot
S.
in belts
Colorado.
The
G.
Tribe
Wampum
Total
the
Lulloosa
and
moon,
Membership
moon,
6, of Enterprise, was
of Tribes
Past
447
instituted.
was
follows
TRIBES.
392,
Snow
Tribes
the
S. D.
G.
2d
of Florida
standing of
The
Hot
the
AND
Tribe, No.
moon,
On
Council
Great
COUNCILS
GREAT
16,693fathoms
6,997 fathoms
235691 fathoms
funds
45 inches.
74
inches.
19 inches.
issued in Corn
G. S. D.
moon,
Dispensationwas
388, for the institution of Maricopa Tribe, No. I, at Phoenix;
but the Tribe never
reportedto the Great Council, and its name
soon
disappearedfrom the roll of Tribes.
stituted
inArkansas.
Mineola
Tribe, No. i, of Hot Springs,was
Arizona.
"
"
in G. S. D.
and
in G. S. D.
State
was
Louisiana.
395
393.
was
placed within
It made
no
report after G. S. D. 394,
reportedextinct.
of
the jurisdiction
In
G. S. D.
the Great
396, the
Council
of
448
IMPROVED
Montana.
City, in
ORDER
Silver
"
Beaver
changed
S. D.
G.
Navahoe.
to
RED
Tribe, No.
Bow
moon,
OF
instituted
i, was
Its
392.
The
MEN.
name
council
sation
by dispen-
was
fire
Butte
at
in
was
G.
S.
D.
396 reported quenched.

New
Mexico.
instituted
Montezuma
"
in
G.
D.
S.
Tribe, No.
failed
but
395,
i, of
Las
was
its council
keep
to
Vegas,
fire
burning.
Vermont.
in
G.
S.
State
D.
of
the
included
in
Chief
S.
of
Records
In
moon.
outside
limits
Indian
Territory.
great
sun
Wyoming.
on
"
the
on
are
the
29th of
for
9th
No.
G.
moon,
the
Great
The
D.
therefore,
now,
the
United
The
"
Order
burning brightly.
moon,
fire
been
been
of
New
No.
at
i,
of
ist
by
geon
Stur-
reported
was
fire
G.
No.
2,
G.
i,
G.
moon,
was
S. D.
established
having
i,
moon,
Tribe,
Tribe, No.
Worm
has
of Hot
Beaver
sachusetts
Mas-
kindled
was
council
no
of
burning
States.
Tribe, No.
9th
of
council
is
401,
having
the
on
ford,
Brad-
ing
stand-
Council
fire
Conley,
its
i,
8, of West
Council
Great
its council
399
No.
5, of
S.
of Ontario
the
C.
existing
Ascutney,
Johnsbury.
province
and
D.
Cheyenne
fire of Wahsatch
on
S.
the
Tribes
Mocco,
9, of St.
Charles
Choctaw
"
Hartshorne,
The
396,
of
The
was
Brattleboro, Cascadnac,
Hocco
given
Great
instituted
were
2, of
the
organized Missiosigee Tribe,
is
There
the
D.
G.
quenched.
at
Falls.
jurisdictionof
G.
Tribe
401,
the
Massachusetts,
jurisdictionof
3Oth of Hot
"
chiefs
its great
in
No.
statement
the
reservation
Bennington, Pequiot, No.
the
on
Ontario.
of
under
Toronto,
6, of
of
first
S. D.
Junction,
Algonquin,
the
Province
one
G.
moon,
No.
its Tribes
placed
The
of Bellows
i,
River
and
Randolph,
of
the
this
into
chiefs
Falls, Quonekticut, No.
Mohegan,
Great
under
3Oth of Hot
4, of White
York,
placed
Massachusetts.
of Bellows
No.
great
Tribe, No.
Ascutney
on
been
introduced
was
the
by
395,
having
Council
Order
The
"
S. D.
of
S.
D.
400.
400.
at
Both
but
instituted
Cheyenne,
kindled
401.
been
here
was
The
Laramie
council
stituted
incil
coun-
City,
fires
CHAPTER
X.
BIOGRAPHIES.
the written
As
a
knowledge
any country is
of the individuals through whose
of government
historyof
have
been
fraternal,benevolent,
conducted,
so
social purposes
or
in
incompletewithout
the affairs
agency
organization for
an
the
of
personality
the
individuals
composing it,and under whose control ithas advanced

either to prosperityor adversity,
are
so
closelyinterwoven with
it impossible to correctly
every detail of its historyas to make
give that historywithout givingalso information of its prominent
members.
It
been
to have
seems
the rule that all
organizationsfounded
of a desire to benefit mankind, and for the

inspiration
of the principlesof benevolence
and
have
charity,
the bitin humble
ranks
in life. From
been organizedby men
terness
of their own
to
personalexperience,they have seemed
individual
with
realize how
an
to
as
powerless is man
cope
tend to degrade him in the social scale, and
those forces which
comprehend in its full force the trite saying, In union there is
upon the
diffusion
"
strength." The
founders
of these
men
bring togetherkindred spirits,
motives, and by their united
he alone
what
and
unaided
organizationshave
actuated
by
efforts do
would
be unable
the
same
for the
to
sought
to
fish
unsel-
individual
accomplish.
is no
historyof the Improved Order of Red Men
tion
excepIt will be found that the brothers who,
to the general rule.
with unselfish devotion
to Freedom,
Friendship,and Charity,
in humble
walks
men
were
plantedthe seeds of our fraternity,
The
in
our
life,whose
not
country'shistory,but who,
hearts
blazoned
modest
full of the desire to benefit
together in
and
are
names
their
an
organizationwhich
successors
the
good
it was
449
upon
and
the
pages
of
unassuming, with
humanity, joined themselves

should
accomplish for them
their ambition
to
secure.
IMPROVED
450
These
short
the Order
in
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
the
that
biographiesare given so
the present generation may
members
of
learn
cerning
something conof the Order, and, by reading of their
the founders
and
be inspired with
to
devotion
self-sacrifice,
equal fidelity
of our
the principles
fraternity.
With
these preliminaryand introductoryremarks, we
present
Incohonees
the biographiesof the followingPast Great
:
"
such
in
born
was
William
Incohonee
Great
Past
adopted in Pocahontas
one
of the six Past
organizedthe
1847, and
30,
of which
he
September
and
For
elected
was
continued
was
number
Council
of
of
the
in
that
he
terms
United
was
time
before
his
death,
visited him
and
future
and
made
Order
and
the
hands
of
cheeks
at
his furrowed
be
soon
I have
am
It
Past
his visitors,and
the
past
States,
of kindness
acts
as
honees
Inco-
United
of the
the
love
he
parting he
tears
is all
three
years.
I have
right. Good-by, and
the
always
warmly
coursed
the
room
as
short
Great
of
spoke feelingly
principles. At
Great
Wampum
"
in this
right.
of
1887.
7,
associate
many
suns.
down
would
Order
home.
murmured.
not
God
may
bless
"
He
to
been
is all
you
on.
October
him, and
towards
its
Keeper
Council
the
to
Great
pum,
Wam-
of his service
thought that the friendlytie

said :
My work is done, but the
to take me
waiting for the boatman
severed, he
still moves
It
manifested
for the
pressed
He
of the Great
prospects
had
his
his home.
at
gratefulreference
members
had
of
two
States,
Great
States, the last time
being 1875. He also served as

Maryland for 17 years.
He died in the city of Baltimore,
was
January
met
Keeper of
chieftaincy12 great
Representative to the
such
of
He
and
Incohonee.
elected
was
city.
of the United
Council
Great
G. Gor-
June, 1804,
who
Maryland
the first Great
1869, he
13,
of
Sachems
Great
in
3, of that
No.
Tribe,
William
"
County, Md.,
Baltimore
was
Gorsuch.
G.
live
in the Great
was
long enough
members.
revered
He
and
friend, and
was
to
Council
see
kind
at
it have
and
in which
an
honored
he lived.
and
under
genial in
respected by all who

as
its birth, and
knew
honorable
its
permitted
65,000
jurisdiction
his
him,
was
nature,
as
member
and
brother
of the
was
and
munity
com-
BIOGRAPHIES.
Past
in
born
to
Incohonee
Great
worked
Baltimore
south
Adams
for
the
became
member
was
members
who
and
No.
he
of the
organizationof
he
elected
was
the
joined
the
that
United
in
Grand
States
the
member
in the
of Columbia,
of
of the
it
as
He
admitted
was
1847, and
at
to
He
I, of
then
of the
Tribe,
Virginia,
the
Upon
of
Columbia
called.
When
withdrew,
Great
took
once
city.
Osceola
Tribe.
the
first
one
was
formed, he
Virginia was
the
1845, when
year
District
was
the
of Powhatan
No.
now
of that
Council
Sachem,
in
that
organizationof
first Sachem
Great
body.
in
into Alexandria, Va., he
the
Council
Great
and
for
also
was
he
late in
; but
first agent
and
charter
as
of Columbia;
District
the
the
Potomac,
Order
assisted
chosen
was
the
introduced
2, of the
shoemaking
became
early life
In
young.
of
was
his parents moved
Express Company
I, District
No.
the Order
then
of
very
trade
1846, he
Sun
agent
was
the
at
in
early
or
he
Latham
Hugh
"
Washington, D.C., April,1812', but
learned, and
Tribe,
Latham.
Hugh
Alexandria, Va., while
1845,
451
the
and
Council
rank
of
in that
abilityand commanding talents entitled

him.
At the time of his entry into that body, some
opposition
itself to the claim of supreme
had begun to manifest
authority
made
and
exercised
Council
of Maryland. His
by the Grand
wisdom, skill,prudence, and abilityprevailedwith the Representatives
which
and shaped the legislation
finallygave to the
body
Council
Great
Council
exclusive
of
election
Incohonee
the
United
helped to
frame
in
again
deliberations
equalsand
no
twice
1890.
of
the
own
power
its
it
now
on
second
its most
the
Great
marked
was
of the
At
with
until his death,

Great
Council
important
mittees,
com-
and
unwritten
work.
legislation
be to reproduce the history of
the
It is the
the
his admission
from
elected
supreme
reservation.
administration
would
superiorsas
supreme
elected
was
served
of
important legislation
was
he
His
He
his labor
He
its
influential member
States.
enumerate
States.
and
1848,
Order.
the
time, retainingfor each State Great
same
over
jurisdiction
leading and
and
To
States
and, indeed,
ability,
a
of the
United
chiefs, in
of the
zeal and
was
of the
while, at the
possesses,
he
his great
which
to
Great
Great
exact
Council
of the
United
Prophet ; first,in 1888,

truth
to
say
that
in the
body of the Order he had few

debater.
sound, eloquent,and logical
He
of invective
master
was
were
rebuke
to
necessary
noxious
a
ORDER
IMPROVED
452
Of
measure.
he
man
gentleman
firm
and
him
with
antagonistor
truth
it has
foe ;
qualities
defeat
to
been
said,
"as
type of the
true
generous
these
when
sarcasm
courteous,
and
MEN.
RED
unwise
an
genialand
was
OF
keen
Virginia
partee,
ready in re-
and
of sham
unsparing in his unscathing denunciation
and
pretence." In civil life he was
by
repeatedlyhonored
election to the City Council of Alexandria, and he was
the first
He
died October
Mayor of that cityafter the late Civil War.
and
25,
1880, and
Great
Incohonee
Great
Chiefs
Tribe, No.
Council
Great
honors
Council
of the
Incohonee
i, of
of the
that
State.
United
Incohonee
He
council.
Incohonee,
duties
of Great
He
being
Incohonee
and
we
those
who
far
as
his
were
Council
Great
are
of the
charged
dis-
in
that
manner
G. C. U.
S.
His
decisions, while
his
met
ner
man-
Great
clearness
and
possessed qualitiesof mind
occasion
the
on
possessed
death, and
great fairness
his associates
to
elected
was
efficient chief,and
of the
with
Great
the
to
meagre,
or
was
Algonquin
information
an
genial,and
of
1849, and
4,
Incohonee
have
must
him
commended
G. C. U.
Past
F. Smith
admitted
The
was
members
rendered
were
judgment.
that
rank
the exalted
receive
to
into
of his first admission
of
of
the
S.
Past
Great
Beesley
Davis
He
learn that he
approbation of the
was
pleasant and
Great
and
States
member
was
States, April
that
at
States,we.
the
the
Chiefs
John
"
us
United
Order, the
the
United
concerning Brother Smith is very

unable to give the date either of his birth
know
he may
be now
as
we
living. From
associates during his connection
with the
by
of
of the Great
John F. Smith.
a
Middlebury, Va., and was
in
born
the
other
many
of the Great
Great
Past
and
with
his funeral.
at
present
buried
was
Incohonee
born
was
first became
Tribe, No.
quenaku
5608, and
while
Sachem
of
States.
He
in
4, at
Salem,
of the
member
of
Pennsylvania,and
Black
instituting
Hawk
Order
took
that
Great
an
"
N.J., December
its institution
member
afterwards
Beesley Davis.
William
by adoption
in
Tribe
Plant
was
Incohonee
active
part in
William
2,
1820.
in
Kue-
moon,
elected
of the
G. S.
Great
United
organizing and
Tribe, No. 26, of Philadelphia,to which
IMPROVED
454
sufficient
with
his
the Order
to
costia Tribe, No.

a
October
his Tribe,
Council
that
of
same
the
The
year.
in
and
built up
was
We
ceased,
authoritygives the
At
Men.
Red
G. S. D.
there
only a
of Miami
G. S.
council
held
in
Incohonee.
showed
i, at
Great
and
1853.
He
the
the
At
was
and
mained
re-
his
A.
Peter
one
was
He
of the
other
An-
Men.
as
Chief
of Records.
secured
the
the
Qth of
Tribe
he
Council
which
tion
organiza-
Corn
moon,
remained
of
Ohio
a
was
him
to
States, and
his
entitled
Representatives admitted
of
mained
re-
Cincinnati,
to
went
of the United
the Council
was
February i, 1808.
of the Society of Red
Council
of Maryland,
then
Great
Sachem,
Council
among
he
St. Louis, Mo., but
to
Cincinnati, on
When
became
is recorded
name
removed
moons,
into the Great
admission
whom
Tribe, No.
not
maker,
while
of Red
Grand
permanently.
until he died.
organized,he
was
Grand
"
5611 (September 9, 1851),of which
member
Great
few
located
he
Ohio, where
(1840),he
349
he
date when
He
Order
chosen
was
block
the
1809.
14,
of the branches
he
Men,"
in
Incohonee
G.
George
"
date of his birth
one
body, but
Order
give
to
Improved
the institution of the
Society of
In
of
member
was
S. do
cityof Washington
Peter.
Baltimore, Md., February

of the
Great
chartered
and
in the
the
of his death.
A.
George
the
to
W.
pump
in the
the date
or
historical characters
He
unable
are
Incohonee
Great
in
born
of
of
one
was
1851, and
as
Maryland,
of the G. C. U.
active worker
an
member.
membership
Past
the trade
large business
vicinity. He
a
in
of Ana-
of
as
into that
He
admitted
charter
which
was
1813.
was
Council
met,
Tucker
member
appears
Columbia
of
he
year
and
Great
also
name
Sagamore
followed
He
1852.
in the
records
meagre
of his admission
G. Senior
W.
the
charter
petitionfor
District
give the precisedate

elected
His
on
in
as
whom
William
"
of Columbia,
that Tribe
1845.
10,
from
three
in 1845
3, District
Representativeof
on
Tucker.
cityof Washington, D.C.,
admitted
was
William
Incohonee
in the
born
MEN.
length to impress all the members

sterlingworth and executive ability.
Great
Past
RED
OF
ORDER
1854, he
was
at
the
elected
died
Peter
September 30, 1879. Brother
practicalpaper-hanger and decorator, and in his trade
and fidelity,
which
endeared
him to all with
skill,ability,
he
came
in contact.
He
was
prominent in other fraternal
BIOGRAPHIES.
member
being a
organizations,
of Cincinnati, he
whom
by
he
was
of
and
board
of Ohio
of the I. O. O. F.
Encampment
known
was
In
and
Men
was
for the
name
brother,
"
of union
"link
between
Past
old
was
member
charter
October
of the
Council
In
United
Tribe, No.
1853 he
R. Burns
The
information
He
meagre.
5, which
admitted
was
the "new.
is very
command
indeed
was
William
"
Society
peculiarly
apt
he
personality
Burns.
George
the
to
is
of the Order.
of Moax
1851.
i,
Incohonee
This
R.
of the
brief sketch
organizationand
William
eighth Great Incohonee

concerning this brother at our
This
Great
school
Mayor
his admission
on
the
was
Wiley
adopted city
of the
also
was
Cincinnati.
his
the
Incohonee
Great
Past
in
as
member
of Union."
Link
i, and
civil life,in his
repeatedlyselected as
the
He
City Council.
"
No.
Lodge,
respected by his fellow-citizens,
villageof Riverside, a suburb of

of
gives but faintlya memorial
A. Peter.
The
name
given him
of Red
455
tuted
insti-
was
States, representingthe Great
Great
the
to
Council
of
council was
elected W.
G. Senior
Jersey,and at the same
Sagamore. In 1854, by which time he had attained the rank of
of New
Past
Sachem
elected W. G. Incohonee.
Great
Jersey,he was
Almost
taincy,
immediately after the termination of his chief-
New
his connection
possessionof
in
Past
as
at
He
was
in
Great
Sachem
W.
Incohonee.
Man
G.
-duringhis
attention
position of W.
of
death
Newport, which
time
Kentucky,
connection
the Great
to
he had
and
Ford
with
institution
G. Incohonee,
and
at
was
the
George W.
rank
council
was
active and
of Tribes
the
June
of the United
the
He
of
member
instituted
Council
Order.
among
was
was
that
tion
informa-
no
given,is residing
he
attained
an
have
him
not
are
time.
of Brother
i, of
admitted
the
We
"
it is
Brother
to
or
Ford.
after that
concerning
probable that
1855, by which
States
W.
George
We
severed.
was
concerning him
first information
Tribe, No.
1852.
the Order
of the birth
Newport, Ky., and
Chickasaw
29,
the date
The
Ford.
data
any
Incohonee
Great
to
with
of Past
elected
zealous
gave
while
Tribes
Red
his personal
holding
the
instituted
Ford
Brother
Osyka, No. i, of New Orleans, La.
is recorded
as
having been a generous, frank, good-heartedman,
of the
friend, and a capable chief in the Great Council
a kind
by
him
United
was
States.
IMPROVED
456
Incohonee
Great
Past
ORDER
OF
Louis
Bonsai.
MEN.
RED
Bonsai
Louis
"
born
was
in
elected a member
of
He was
Baltimore, Md., June 17, 1818.
Pocahontas
Tribe, No. 3, of Maryland, December
23, 1840, and
remained
of that
member
until its dissolution.
years
Tribe
In
periodof
Travelling moon,
for
(October, 1892), shortlyafter the
passed from
of his
the
of the
member
of
of earth, and
hunting grounds
not
was
own
dissolution
Order
than
more
S. D. 401
G.
Tribe, he
the
through
fault
no
time.
that
at
50
His
precluded his admission into

of the reservation
of
any other Tribe, and the local legislation
Maryland did not provide for continuing the membership of
advanced
being
age,
aged members
74 years,
over
of the Order.
positionin his Tribe, and

Great
organizationof
January, 1847, and
the
at the
in
While
1856.
10,
Council
Great
Great
of
almost
every
of Records, and
He
Maryland.
of the
Great
Incohonee
held
Chief
Council
elected
was
Bonsai
also Great
was
in the Great
Sachem
Brother
assisted
United
States
Incohonee, September
he
considerable
aroused
Tribe, No. i, of
oppositionby issuing a charter to Powhatan
of his convictions
Washington, D.C., but having the courage
he was
not deterred
by threats nor moved from his purpose by
In earlyyouth Brother
Bonsai served his apprenticeship
angry words.
lished
as
a
book-binder, but on reaching his majorityestabhimself in business in a book
and stationery
which
store
for several
he continued
He
years.
country for a short period,and on

he continued
grocery business, which
his return
the
merited
Bonsai
Order, with whom
in the
suns.
a
good
Great
born
the Order
he
was
1854.
In
1885, and
age
of
engaged
to
in the
Brother
years.
the loyal affection of his brothers
for many
connected
in Salem,
occurred
through
to the
Great
Council
W.
at
the
years,
time
of
by
of his death
the
reason
Great
Daniel
"
His
24, 1820.
earlyhistoryof
elected
was
Carter.
G. Senior
S.
W.
Carter
admission
to
reservation, and
that
of the
G. Incohonee, of the G. C. U.
of Records
12
W.
N.J., October
in the
1856 he
was
Daniel
Incohonee
admitted
1857, W.
Chief
he
Baltimore
great
many
As stated, he died at a ripeold age, in the full fruition of
life well spent, and beloved
by all who knew him.
Past
was
received
and
from
moved
United
States
in
and
in
Sagamore,
He
died
April 23,
held the position of Great
Council
of the death
of
At
Delaware.
of his father,he
was
the
com-
BIOGRAPHIES.
pelledto
learn
apprenticedto
the
of
age
strangers and
go among
entered
21
1854, when
the
he
trade
into
removed
86
he
held
positionsof
many
in all the
and
the Order
of
or
as
and
tanner
of tanner
and
superintendentof
was
his livelihood.
earn
partnership which
Wilmington, Del.,
to
engaged in the business

1
457
and
trust
citizen,he
continued
where
in the
again
Subsequent to
as
the confidence
won
he
He
ton,
cityof Wilming-
either
by him,
at
until
influential firms.
honor
offices filled
was
currier,and
currier.
several
He
of
member
and
respect of
all his associates.

Past
Great
June
24,
moved
to
1815,
Coats.
Paxon
Incohonee
New
near
in the
business
of
burning
and
his death
distiller.
business
In
of
he returned
to
in
use
tne
i, of
the various
chieftaincies,until
He
died
United
States
at
was
the
Great
Incohonee
Andrew
business
the
of
council
"
the
adopted in Miami
was
rapidlythrough
admitted
J. Baker.
in
previous to
in the cityof
into the
held
in
elected Great
Incohonee.
September, 1858, he was
Coats was
a
good citizen,and though unfortunate in
he always retained
relations near
the end of his life,
of his intimate personal friends.
and confidence
Past
manently
per-
of his age, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, and advanced

he
the
time
short
64th year
Coats.
himself
he
still continuing
rectifying,
and
Pennsylvania,
Tribe, No.
of the
for
1841
engaged
established
ne
distiller.
June 6, 1879, H1
Philadelphia,
home
of his nephew William
Council
he
born
was
In
1842, established
1843
charcoal
Coats
Co., Pa.
cityof Cincinnati, where
grinding
the
Bucks
Hope,
St. Louis, Mo., and, in
Faxon
"
Andrew
Great
1856.
In
Brother
his business
the respect
J. Baker
a
January 20, 1828, at Passayunk, now
part of the
obtained
in
His earlyeducation
Pa.
was
city of Philadelphia,
the old Passayunk Seminary. When
but ten
years old, his
father died, and at the age of 12 he was
compelled to assist in
was
born
family. He afterwards learned the trade of

metal turner
He resided in
and subsequentlythat of gas-fitter.
Richmond, Va., for a short time, and while working at his trade
of gas-fitter
put up the first gas-pipeused in that city. While
Tribe,
residingthere he assisted at the institution of Pocahontas
No. 14, and regularlyattended
of the
He was
its Councils.
one
Tribe, No. 7, and was
petitionersfor the charter of Wyoming
the support
of the
458
IMPROVED
adopted at
its institution,September 22,
member
was
Sachem
as
subsequentlyserved
January
on
Chief
as
1862, he
2,
MEN.
1849, being the youngest
of the Tribe
was
originalname
He was
changed, in 1854, to Wyoming.
Council of Pennsylvania,October
9, 1849.
of his Tribe
from
August 5, 1850, and
the Great
to
served
He
it
but
RED
OF
The
adopted.
Weccacoe,
admitted
ORDER
of
raised
was
for several
Records
of
Keeper
as
up
terms,
and
Wampum,
He
passed
chieftaincyhe has held since that time.
various
chieftaincies
in
the
Great
Council
of
through
vania,
Pennsyland has been repeatedlyelected Representativefrom that
for the first
admitted
body to the G. C. U. S. in which he was
which
time
in
for
Tribes
to
burn, and
Tribes
200
and
Jersey
in
Virginia,January
States, Brother
and
perfectingits
served
ritual and
other
time.
Brother
G.
U.
attended
for
more
Men
S., since
every
more
his
with
been
Great
the Great
himself
other
time.
several
Council
Council
in
New
in
Great
of West
of the
United
of the
most
important
shaping its laws
mittees,
com-
and
In
ceremonies.
in
present
admission
regularcouncil
than
fortygreat
any
that
with
company
he prepared the ritual which, with the
has
closelyidentified
than
the
recentlyadopted, remains
Baker
180
fires
authorityof
the
on
council
during
under
prominent part
the late P. G. I. Gorham,

modifications
In
time
part in the institution of
taken
or
of Pennsylvania
which
whose
rekindled
instituted
Baker
has had
number
were
1870.
27,
during
suns,
Acting
Parsons, he
of Records
besides
Pennsylvania,
York.
New
Incohonee
C.
great
has instituted
Baker
than
more
14
Chief
Great
as
instituted, besides
were
Brother
served
period of
ceased
had
He
1854.
at
use
the
present
council
of the
at
every
that
body,
of the Great
Council
suns.
with
to
While
the
has
and
of
Brother
vania
Pennsyl-
Baker
Improved Order
he
organization,
is also
also
Past
has
of Red
Grand
Lodge, No. 41, of the I. O. O. F., and is also Past

of Lafayette Lodge, No. 71, and
of St. John Chapter,
Master
has
Baker
not
Masonic
No.
Fraternity. Brother
32, of the
served
active part in politics,
taken
although he has occasionally
of the Common
Council of the cityof Philadelphia.
as
a member
of the Philadelphia
number
of years he was
For
member
a
a
as
Grays. During the late Civil War, he held a commission
in one
of the emergency
first lieutenant
regiments of Pennsylof Southern
BIOGRAPHIES.
vania, although his regiment

the
In
called
not
was
into active service.
department, in Philadelphia,he
Fire
Volunteer
459
was
DiligentFire Engine Company for about 20

in the relief association
years, and stillholds a positionof trust
of the veteran
Baker
is the senior
firemen of that city. Brother
with the Order.
connected
now
survivingPast Great Incohonee
of the
member
He
is
welfare
Great
born
support of what
he
believes
Order.
the
same
of the
Richard
Incohonee
At
Marley.
"
for the
time, he is
who.
Richard
obtain
his
Marley was
Pa., November
cityof Philadelphia,
12, 1791.
Early
was
apprenticedto the trade of a shoemaker, at which
in the
in life,he
became
opened
Book
expert, and
an
ladies' shoe
which
in
and
removal
store, in which
continued
he
Society of
of the
his
upon
Red
found
his
Among
was
life.
ful,
success-
The
Minute
the
admission, tember
SepMarley,Cordwainer," proposed by
1824, of "Richard
received, Mattawa,
Hospitality,"name
Brother."
he
his
shows
Baltimore, he
to
venture
during
Men
14,
"
getic,
active, ener-
purpose,
his
confidence
Past
resolute
and those
personal friendships,
and loyalfriend.
find him a warm
in
strong
in the
earnest
interest and
best
he
of strong will and
man
and
Old
papers,
at
the
time
Moose
"
or
of
his
Deer's
death,
was
letter dated
Philadelphia,
May 13, 1820, and signed by
the Generalissimo, directed to
SplitLog's Brother," 5th MajorGeneral
commanding in Maryland. Brother Marley was among
assisted at the organizationof a Tribe in Baltimore,
those who
of the Society of Red
the Improved
Men, out of which
grew
a
"
of Red
Order
of Ottawa
to
the
W.
the rank
Great
Men,
Independent
Grand
of Past
1867,
named,
at
the
many
his memory.
of
the
Order
Sire
he
became
He
1849.
States
charter
in
was
member
admitted
1851, and
was
1860, having previouslyobtained
Sachem
Brother
but
United
in
Incohonee
onlywas
of Red
of Past
rank
G.
afterwards
16, in November,
Council
of Past
Not
the
He
Tribe, No.
Great
elected
Order
Men.
in the Great
Council
Marley prominent
was
of Odd
among
in the
of
Maryland.
Improved
the earliest members
Fellows,
and
attained
of
the rank
organizationcorresponding to the
Order.
in our
Great
Incohonee
He died May 7,
both
of the organizations
from
age of 78, and
joinedat his funeral in doing all possiblehonor to
With
Brother
George A. Peter, Brother Marley
in that
IMPROVED
460
shared
the
the honor
new
Great
was
but
When
of Red
born
in the
the
at
leather
trade.
trade, and
Joseph Pyle.
Wampum
three
old
of
withdrew
Vice
As
3.
of Delaware.
United
He
States
in
in
of the I. O. O. F., Past
Grand
sophs, and
Patriarch
Past
Grand
earlylife he
served
declined
he
he
reason
for
Mayor
candidate
a
26
years
is President
Keokuk
of
which
Tribe,
the
Great
Order
Brother
Men.
He
has
Council
Great
elected
was
Great
the
to
and
Past
Grand
of the
Order
of the
Sons
of the
business
claimed
honors
in that
of the
Governor
board
of
of
Patriarch
of
Hepta-
Temperance.
City Council,
until
all his attention,

direction.
For
the
St.
President
Paul's
"
fortune.
Pyle
has
of Delaware.
M.
of
of
E.
the
of
board
Church.
From
been
the confidence
an
and
day
of patent
of his admission
active
esteem
Pyle
of this firm, has built
member
the
trustees
Brother
J. Pyle Co., manufacturers

as
is
He
Wilmington. Brother
superintendentof the Sunday-
has been
and
C.
State
of education
and
years,
of the
handsome
the
to
member
leather,of Wilmington, and,

up
1847
I, from
tion
declined
to
repeatedly
accept the nominamentioned
the city. He
has also been
as
a
Pyle is a Methodist,
for
In
has
of the
for 30
of
further
for the
member
school
in
invented
were
organized
1861
Archon
as
pressing demands
same
his
positionof Great
U. S., to which
positionhe
succeeding election.
every
elected
was
of the G. C.
Wampum
has been
unanimously elected at
Master
Brother
Pyle is Past Grand
when
the
hands
leather.
of
he
admitted
was
of
Keeper
the
patents
member
1852, and
1874 he
In
Incohonee.
In
his
as
Tribe, No.
Incohonee
Great
well
as
valuable
charter
Delaware,
to
Council
of the
become
to
1826.
apprenticed to learn
as
a
journeyman at
in Delaware
adopted
Pylewas
the
United
in
Sunbury, Pa.,
manipulation of
facile
more
was
worked
several
of the
parents moved
his brain
evidently used
for the
Brother
he
17,
dailytoil,because
him
his
Council
of
township
afterwards
He
prosperityof
Joseph Pyle,the present
"
of the Great
weeks
age
connecting
his membership
Men.
of
where,
No.
MEN.
the
advance
to
power
Incohonee
Keeper
States,
his
Order
Great
Past
he
RED
of
all in
Improved
his
OF
being the positivelivingelement

organizationwith the old, and throughout
did
by
ORDER
worker
of every
for
to
the
member
the
Red
of
IMPROVED
462
of character
ORDER
RED
OF
possessed of enlarged and
MEN.
liberal views, of great
natural
of wide business
ability,
experience,and of educational
of a high order.
whose
He was
a man
qualifications
judgment
and opinion were
frequently
appealed to on questions of doubt
and uncertainty.He
was
ever
ready and willingto assist and
the
timid
and
retiring,to aid in bringing out the
encourage
he believed to be of good intentions,but
talent of those whom
he most
delible
heartilydespised the sham and pretender. The inimpress of his mind is stamped upon many of our laws
and our
and will remain
as
legislation,
long as our council fire
His highest ambition, as a Red
continues
to burn.
Man, was
Order
elevate
to
to a
our
higher plane, and a purer moral
atmosphere.
Great
Past
removed
At
1888.
unable
are
time
what
to
state
therein
when
he
United
States
at
Incohonee
he
; but
Order
Bosley.
Thomas
"
the
the records
show
in its interests.
i, of
council
1865.
of Odd
himself
He
Fellows
he
with
that he
He
held
was
and
the
in
also
the
Great
1852,
held
Bosley
he
died
May
2,
Order
was
for many
we
member
membership
Council
and
quently
subse-
our
became
Cincinnati, and
into
A.
but
February 8, 1817;
connected
admitted
was
in
A.
Cincinnati, Ohio, where
to
years an active member

of Miami
Tribe, No.
Great
Thomas
in Baltimore, Md.,
born
was
Incohonee
of the
elected
was
pendent
prominent in the IndeKnights of Pythias,and
similar
in all of which he showed

the energy
organizations,
and enterprisecharacteristic of him as a man.
He was
a paperhanger and house decorator by trade, and as such established a
successful
business.
nee
IncohoGreat
as
During his chieftaincy
of the Great
act of incorporation,
Council
an
of the United
obtained from
the Legislatureof Pennsylvania,the
States, was
Curtin
same
of that State, March
being approved by Governor
Under
this charter authoritywas
30, 1866.
gained not before
possessedto hold the councils of the G. C. U. S. in any State
other
it
fit,and
saw
said
limits.
May
2,
Past
Brother
1888, beloved
Great
Incohonee
office as it might elect within

principal
Bosley died of inflammatory rheumatism
by all who knew him.
Joshua Maris.
"
Joshua Maris
was
born
Township, Chester Co., Pa., April 7, 1832, and

Wilmington, Del., August 13, 1884. He. was educated
in Willistown
died in
to locate its
BIOGRAPHIES.
at the
Academy
at
463
Del., in the schools
Newark,
studies, he
College, Carlisle,Pa. Upon

pursued the professionof a teacher
he
law
and
of
Wilmington,
completing his
Dickinson
at
studied
Delaware,
and
office of Chancellor
the
in
admitted
was
the
to
until
Daniel
Delaware
Bar
1856, when
M.
in
Bates
of
1859, con-
In 1859 ne
was
practiceof law until his death.
twice re-elected to
elected Clerk of the City Council, and was
the same
elected Mayor of Wilmingposition. In 1863 he was
ton
and the followingyear for a second
In 1871 he was
term.
elected President
for two
of the City Council
reyears, and
elected to the same
term.
In 1872 he
positionfor a second
Castle County, and
of the Legislaturefrom
New
was
a member
served on
several important committees.
He was
admitted
in
Keokuk
Tribe, No. 3, of Wilmington, April 28, 1853, and remained
tinuing the
withdrew
He
of
member
become
to
admitted
was
that
a
Tribe
charter
the Great
to
until March
member
of
Council
of Delaware
1856, and passed through the various

Council.
United
honee
serve
effect
he
was
He
admitted
was
26, 1868, when
into
Lenape
chieftaincies
the
Great
he
Tribe, No.
6.
January
14,
of that Great
Council
of
the
States
elected Great IncoSeptember 10, 1862, and was

to
September n, 1866, being the first Great Incohonee
successive great suns, the change in the law to that
two
commencing with his chieftaincy. In September, 1870,
elected
Chief
Great
positionhe held until

He was
prominent in
of Records
of the G. C. U. S., which
his death, which
occurred
August 13, 1884.

proved
other fraternal organizations,
but the ImOrder
of Red
received
the largestportion of his
Men
and attention.
of public and fraternal
His administration
care
duties won
the esteem
and lastingfriendship of all fortunate
enough to associate with him.
Great
Past
was
James A. Parsons
James A. Parsons.
County, N.J.,April 16, 1837. His parents
Incohonee
in Atlantic
born
subsequently removed
den, where
1860
stove
War,
was
he
and
Brother
went
to
tinware
when, from
"
to
Medford,
resided
Parsons
Richmond,
business
his open
him
and
grew
Va., where
he
in
to
1854
to
Cam-
manhood.
continued
In
in
the
breaking out of the Civil

expressed Union sentiments, he
until the
and
compelled,in April, 1861,
he left behind
N.J.,and
his business
to leave
and
at
other
such
short
effects.
notice that
He
returned
464
IMPROVED
Camden,
to
ORDER
where
he
OF
resided
until
RED
MEN.
1878, when
he
removed
to
his present abiding place. Brother

Parsons
was
Philadelphia,
adopted into Leni Lenape Tribe, No. 2, of New
Jersey,June
December
27, 1860, being elected Chief of Records
30, 1863.
Largely through his earnest, persistent,personal efforts the
has
apathy then existingin the Tribe was removed, and it now
He
continued
Chief of Records
800.
a
membership of over
until his election
member
of
he withdrew
when
On
15.
becoming
admitted
was
and
the
at
became
resident
of
council
same
Council
Great
which
term
that
at
contained
Millville,Bridgeton,and
at
became
member
Council
Great
by
of the
in 1868.
cohonee
Brother
During
cityof Camden,
and
Council,
States, and
his
servingsix
was
Hall.
He
is
prominent
Grand
and
Past
Patriarch
in
Fraternity,and Past
Pythiasof New Jersey.
of
Past
Great
admitted
was
86 1, and
was
connected
now
Incohonee
into
as
William
Order
he
to
the
Great
In-
duced
intro-
was
and
Great
Councils
and
West
Virginia.
other
I. O.
on
O. F.,
member
of the
of the
Knights
Chancellor
Grand
B. Eckert.
Great
Council
elected
Great
Incohonee
the Order.
of the Common
building the City

organizations,being Past
the
with
elected
member
committee
of the
Masonic
During his
respectively
admitted
was
Oregon,
years
of the
one
cil,
Coun-
latter of which
was
Indiana,
Records.
part in the civil affairs of the
active
an
of
of the Great
the
chieftaincy,
and
member.
Chief
in the
he
and
Jersey in 1862,
instituted
were
1865
Tennessee,
took
Parsons
In
Nevada,
in Texas,
instituted
card.
withdrew
four Tribes.
Camden,
United
Alabama,
in
but
Sajehem, three Tribes
Great
as
time
Tribe, No.
now
of New
elected
was
is
he
passed through the various chieftaincies
He
he
Philadelphia,
34, of which
the Great
to
of Ottawa
member
Tribe, No.
joined Moscosco
He
He continued
January, 1868.
Lenape Tribe until January, 1881,
Leni
and
in
Sachem,
Great
as
He
William
"
of the
is
in
United
1870.
resident
B. Eckert
in
States
He
is
not
city of
of the
Pa.
Philadelphia,
Great
Past
born
Incohonee
James
Winchester, Va., in
at
P.
Riely.
1841.
He
James P. Riely was
"
was
educated
Winchester
College, and
law
he
at
Academy and at Dickinson

Lexington University.In 1861
entered
at
the
studied
the
Con-
BIOGRAPHIES.
then
He
he served
service, in which
federate
positionof
until the
practiceof law,
the
resumed
465
and
distinction
Great
Council
and
close
soon
won
of the
war.
for himself
in his
profession.He served
Clerk of the Court of Frederick
as
County from 1871 until July
became
his health
i, 1887, when
impaired,and his decline
became
Brother
January i, 1888.
rapid until death came
Riely
No.
of
was
Tribe,
Winchester, Va., May
2,
adopted in Shawnee
He
passed through the various chieftaincies.
31, 1866, and
of Virginia,April 13, 1869, and was
elected Great
Sachem
was
a
admitted
honor
into
the
business
the
Nashville, Tenn., September, 1872, he

After
honee.
States
elected
was
his service
expirationof
the
United
in
tember,
Sep-
took an
active part
body he at once
and legislation.At the council held
1870, in which
shaping
of the
Great
as
Great
in
in
Inco-
Incohonee,
Representative of the Great

of fine physique, of
Council
of Virginia. He
was
a
man
marked
fine education, commanding
an
ability,
person, and was
eloquent orator.
By his earlydeath the Order and community
he
several
served
in which
he lived lost
Past
born
having
that
to
George
W.
Lindsay.
George
"
W.
say
Lind-
May 10, 1826, his parents

Fintnaugh, Ireland, the previous
school
was
served
member.
city from
apprenticed to
John Murphy, a well-known
he
as
valuable
attended
He
year.
suns
Baltimore, Md.,
in
moved
he
Incohonee
Great
was
time
great
five years,
until
learn
the
his
I5th year,
at
printing business
of Baltimore, with
resident
which
with
whom
five years after his apprentice

of
he
ill-health,
reason
1857, by
continued
and
had
expired. In
and started a real estate
and
abandoned
the printing business
and
collection agency,
by industry,energy, and indomitable
of the most
in establishingone
succeeded
cessful
sucperseverance
Brother
agencies of that kind.
Lindsay joinedOttawa
Tribe, No.
16, of Baltimore, November,
Great
Sachem
Great
Council
elected
Great
September,
an
over
of
40
Maryland
1855, and
of the United
States
Incohonee
the
1874.
active
at
Brother
member
of
will prove.
being Past Grand
years
in
council
the
He
Order,
is also
of the
same
as
year.
into the
He
was
at
active
I. O.
elected
Indianapolisin
nated
truthfullybe desighis membership for
held
may
was
admitted
was
in that
Lindsay
He
1849.
Q.
in other
izations,
organ-
F., having joined
IMPROVED
466
Order
that
in
1848,
Chancellor
Supreme
Order
of Red
Honor
since
member
of the
member
1863, a
ORDER
OF
of the
since
1849, and
In
1878.
MEN.
Masonic
Fraternitysince
Knights of Pythias since 1869, and
of that Order,
Men
RED
member
of the
of the
member
1871 Brother
Lindsay
Past
Improved
Knights
elected
was
of
one
Judges to the Orphan's Court of Baltimore, and has held

that positionby successive
re-election down
to the present time.
No
better indication could be given of the high regard in which
he is held by his fellow-citizens.
His decisions, as
Judge of
of
the
that Court, have

direction
of
been
sound, wise, and
avoiding rather
in the
considerate, and
than
encouraging litigation.From
of Brother
the researches
Lindsay have been obtained the data
which
based the action of the G. C. U. S., concerning
was
upon
the first epoch in the History of our
Order, tracing the origin
to
the Patriotic Societies
previous to the Revolution, all of
which
has been
fullytreated in this History. He is a firm
friend, positivein his convictions, of iron will, yet courteous
and
considerate
towards
those with whom
he is compelled to
is among
differ. He
the most
prominent and efficient public
in his native city.
men
Past
Great
Incohonee
in Sembach,
of
ten
he
such
his
Brother
the
early life
education
further
Philadelphia,
Smith
Adam
"
America, making
to
came
Smith.
of Bavaria, March
Kingdom
Philadelphia,where
obtained
Adam
as
passed, and
was
offered
was
in the
home
in the
member
precise date of his admission
the
age
cityof
where
public schools
improved by private reading
became
born
was
At
1824.
14,
his
Smith
of Delaware
and
he
of
study.
Tribe, No.
10,
give,but as earlyas
1855, he left Philadelphiaand settled at Marysville,Cal., where
he opened a hotel, and invested
as
largelyin mining enterprises
well as
ranching and stock raising. Not meeting with the
desired success
he removed
to San
Francisco, at which place he
has since lived,and
fortune.
assisted
was
Very
in
the
instituted
Brother
From
Council
Smith
the
of
where
he
after
soon
has
his
organizationof
in
1864.
the
At
we
cannot
made
arrival
for himself
in
California
that
time,
San
handsome
Francisco,
Tribe, No.
so
far
as
he
i, which
is known,
the Pacific coast.

on
only Past Sachem
organizationof California Tribe, until the Great
California was
instituted,he held the positionof
was
BIOGRAPHIES.
Vice
Great
He
he devoted
the establishment
to
energy
Incohonee, and
elected
was
of the
organizationin 1868, and
was
the Great
of the
United
year.
At
admitted
the
1868, he
same
elected
was
elected
Great
Senior
On
his
return
from
had
been
his time
Order
Sachem
Great
Council
467
of
chosen
the
on
the
its first
Council
slope.
Council
its
at
Representative
States,into which
the
and
money
Pacific
Great
of the
Junior Sagamore,
Great
and
body
he
was
G. C. U.
and
in
to
S. in
1870
was
Sagamore, in 1876, Great Incohonee, and

in 1882, Great
with every
Prophet,thus having been honored
administrative
Besides the work
positionin the Great Council.
done
Smith
in California
and
by Brother
Oregon, he ably
assisted in establishingthe Order
also in Utah
and
Nevada.
elected
the Order
Council
the
of the G. C. U.
Incohonee, he
Great
in California.
Over
500
in attendance,
of the
Order, and
the
men
of its
much
is due
token
Smith
to
of the
Council
as
"
Adam
Uncle
his generous
and
disposition,
him
ties of
by
While
the
he has
friend and
may
be
Past
ham
brother
his
Great
H.
Gorham.
in the
city of
New
York,
improved
facilities for
In
1840 the
enough
to
very
family
learn
and
close
removed
trade he
making business,in
care,
limited
which
attention
Catawissa,
to
was
he
to
write
try
couna
all his associates

is
ferred
reinvariably
as
man,
bind
know
him.
years and ten, every

in the hope that he
Morris
to
of the
all who
great
1835, his parents removed
to
genial good-nature,
to
Incohonee
born
the
his
unite
for many
Order
our
by
sterlingworth
Smith
.write
generosity.As
States, he
strongest affection
of Adam
section
for him
Smith, and
be
the
Mountains, for
Rocky
passed the allotted threescore
spared to
was
United
of
To
Man, would
that
Tribes
worthy
honored.
the
tion
recep-
different
one
unbounded
regard felt
formal
the
of the
west
his zeal and
of the affectionate
where
was
Red
in line,and
were
thus
in
prosperity
and
largelyto
"
as
Order
success
in the Great
occasion
the
distinguishedchief
historyof Adam
History of the
the
and
he
given a receptionby
was
Men's
Hall
to Red
processionmarched
held.
was
Large delegationsfrom
were
S., at which
suns.
"
Morris
May
Pa.
H.
17, 1823.
While
getting an
Minersville, Pa.
here
GorIn
he
education.
When
old
apprenticedto learn the patternacquireda reputationfor industry,

business.
In
1853
he
located
IMPROVED
468
his trade.
he had
and
1854,
In
1850 he commenced
From
interest
in.the
him,
to
time
the
MEN.
much
of
the
of
adoption he
mysteries of
his
and
to
as
beauty
into
until
other
any
one
He
1864, when
he
Council
when
he
United
G.
which
to
U.
C.
S.
reference
his researches
served
been
that
the
in
metry
sym-
He
in
was
1854, and
chieftaincies
of that
1857, and
of the
ing
serv-
In
Sachem.
United
of his
1865
States
colleagues.
of
we
made
have
page
in these
of the
imprint of
the
pages,
and
so
of the
Order,
of
able to treat
been
tant
impor-
his work
of the records
History
suns,
In
each
on
great
1878 he
Qouncil of the
Great
the
times, and
author
was
has
the
nearly every
upon
He
organization,
Joshua Maris.
In
Gorham
at different
seen
earnest
is due
confidence
P. G. I.
by
States, Brother
abilityis
until his
an
1866, serving for four
Incohonee.
Great
committees
and
in
Records
succeeded
was
elected
was
facturing
manu-
Prophet of the G. C. U. S. in 1862, and
Great
of
and
esteem
the
man,
Great
Council
Great
took
Pennsylvania
of
elected
was
the
the
elected
Chief
he
into
won
soon
was
Great
ing
work-
of
ritualistic work.
present
our
Great
admitted
was
where
time
of this Tribe
subsequently passed through the various

body, being elected Great Chief of Records
he
short
the business
member
symbolism
as
and
admitted
continued
he
death.
and
RED
regaliafor beneficial organizations,

making a speciality
for the Improved Order of Red
Men.
In the meantime,
been
Tribe, No. 17, January
adopted into Chattahoochee
of that
25,
OF
for
cityof Philadelphia,
in the
permanently
at
ORDER
to
it is due
fullyof
the
died very suddenly

He
History of the Order.
of respect was
March
15, 1883. Every possiblemark
shown
to his memory
by the Great Council of Pennsylvania,
of
attended
and the funeral ceremonies
were
by a large number
of the Order.
At
the grave, Past Great
prominent members
Incohonee
Joseph Pyle officiated as Sachem, and Past Great
Incohonee
Charles
H. Litchman
as
Prophet, in the beautiful
second
epoch
ceremony
Past
of
Great
Litchman
was
held
was
educated
various
has also
in the
our
Order.
Incohonee
born
in the
in
H.
Charles
Marblehead,
public schools
offices therein
represented the
town
by
Litchman.
Charles
Mass., April 8, 1849.
of his native
town,
and
H.
He
has
appointment, and
Legislatureof the State.
election
in the
"
and
ORDER
IMPROVED
470
Council
In the Great
committees
and
Red
Colflesh
Brother
United
the
active
an
he
was
part in
trustee.
Council
Great
mter-
of
the
passed successivelythrough the
organized
League was
and
part in the organization,
in
Incohonee
Great
C. U.
G.
advance
took
the
important
many
would
He
to
became
Prophet of the
Great
on
Hall, of which
admitted
he
MEN.
he served
Order.
1858, and
until
chieftaincies
the
Men's
was
in
States
RED
active in whatever
was
of
erection
the
of his State
prosperityof
and
ests
OF
S. in
18-86.
When
Colflesh
Brother
1882, and
the
tains'
Chief-
an
active
took
elected
Supreme Treasurer
Colflesh was
modest
and unassuming in his
in 1890. Brother
himself
knew
him more
and endeared
to those who
by
manner,
worth
of his character
than by any exploitation
of
the sterling
his own
personality.
P. S. Just as this History was
was
going to press, intelligence
received of the death of Past Great Incohonee
Colflesh,July 28,
the 2Qth of July, and
was
1893. His funeral took place on
attended
Pyle,Baker, Lindsay, and
by Past Great Incohonees
of citizens and members
of the
Conway, and by a large number
he
Order, and of the fraternities and organizationsto which
belonged in the cityof Baltimore.
Incohonee
Great
Past
Hyronemus
his
In
1842.
H.
William
Hyronemus.
in the cityof Cincinnati,Ohio, April 6,
William
H.
infancy his parents

since his home.
been
has
which
born
was
was
the interests of that
cityin
removed
and
to
Nashville, Term.,
has identified himself
He
possible way,
every
in the trust
of influence
"
confidence
holds
and
with
tion
posi-
of his fellow-citizens.
earlyeducation of the publicschools, he supplemented a

and
self-education
gained in the experience of manhood
by a
he
of privatereading,and the positionof affluence which
course
He
and perseverance.
enjoys is due entirelyto his own
energy
in 1867, and has ever
joined the Improved Order of Red Men
To
the
an
Chief
of Records
as
Great
in
active worker
been
Chief
of the
his Tribe
Tribe
of Records
for
as
completing his
Great
Chief
1890, when
he
service
as
of Records, and
declined
further
he
was
continued
to
be
the
from
elected
Sachem,
Great
Order.
years, and
many
of Tennessee,
admission, 1875, until 1876, when

After
in the
and
was
was
also served
date
Great
he
He
of his
Sachem.
re-elected
in that
until
chieftaincy
candidate
for re-election.
BIOGRAPHIES.
In
was
admitted
was
elected
1877 he
States, and
Senior
at
in
Sagamore
U.
He
S.
several
is
terms
Great
1882,
present chairman
on
as
Great
of
other
of
the
Great
lived upon
School
at
United
in
Finance
on
is
1884, and
of the
G. C.
organizations,and has served
City Council
in his
him
know
friend, and
as
stanch
city. He
good man,
supporter
Men.
Ralph S. Gregory
County, Ind., February 28, 1846. He
Incohonee
in
born
was
of the
Incohonee
of all who
and respect
enjoysthe esteem
a genial companion, a generous
Past
Council
Junior Sagamore in 1880, Great
and
member
Great
the Committee
member
the
to
471
S.
Ralph
Delaware
Gregory.
"
farm
he
until 15 years old, when
He
then
entered
Muncie, Ind/
entered
the
the
High
preparatory
department of Wabash
until 1862,
College,where he continued
he entered the army
when
as
a
private soldier in Company B.,
in the
84th Indiana Volunteer
Infantry. He remained
army
about
he
orably
honof
two
on
account
was
when,
health,
failing
years,
discharged at Shell Mound, Tenn., having attained the
rank of Orderly Sergeant. On returninghome, having regained
his health, he returned
remained
to College and
through the
the
He
then
entered
junior year.
Asbury University under
This
known
control of the M. E. Church.
as
universityis now
the De
Pauw
University. He graduated with honors in the
class of 1867, and then took charge of the Huntington High
School, where
then
He
years.
1869, and
he continued
has
professionof
since
is
of
De
the
admitted
was
to
bar
the
in
reputation in his chosen

pleasing address, and presents
enviable
an
He
and
for two
has
not
Tribe, No.
various
Sachem
Great
Council
of
Great
Mishinewa
1882,
Great
and
30, of Muncie,
chieftaincies
Great
1886,
law
instructor
only with logic but with rhetorical finish.

and a member
Knight Templar of the Masonic
Fraternity,
of
the Knights of Pythias. He
is a charter member
Ember
elected
won
the law.
his arguments
He
studied
and
teacher
as
the
in
Senior
Great
Representative
of
of
his
Tribe, and
Indiana.
United
He
States
1880, elected
Sagamore in
Prophet in 1888.
to
He
Ind.
was
in
Great
in
the G. C. U. S. from
due
admitted
time
was
into
the
appointed
Junior Sagamore in
1879,
1884, Great
He
passed through
was
in
Incohonee
is at the present time

Indiana.
Brother
Greg-
IMPROVED
472
United
Great
enjoys
the distinction
without
Council
in the
of
tial
influen-
Council
is
of the
since been
his
as
States.
honor
of the
Order
of Past
Great
presiding chief
Brother
Conley was
Co., Del., November
Sussex
he himself, with
service,and
earlylife
and
Conley
of
the
born
9, 1833.
Revolutionarystock, his grandfather

RevolutionaryArmy, and his father in the
in the
being Major
rank
C.
of old
descendant
Charles
"
only brother
served
United
villageof Milton,
Conley.
the
the
having
of the
C.
being
conferred
was
Incohonee,
Great
Charles
Incohonee
whom
upon
In
of the
States.
Past
coast
MEN.
and genialgood-nature,is one

ability
of the Great
highlyrespectedmembers
and
He
RED
OF
his
by
ory,
ORDER
removed
parents
His
his home.
in the
honor
which
Philadelphia,
to
education
late Civil War.
in the
received
was
has
public
compelled him to
Philadelphia,but circumstances
livelihood at an earlyage.
Brother
in earning his own
engage
Tribe, No. 8, of Philadelphia,
Conley was
adopted in Shawnese
July, 1856. He was admitted to the Great Council of Pennsylvania
schools
of
in
Tribe, and
became
51, in which
through
Brother
Conley
first time,
as
at
Chief
of the
Great
Great
Chief
Past
as
at
Great
held
Council
of Records
in
of Records
the Great
1877.
of 'the
In
Great
in
Council
1884
This
upon
Chief
of Records
faithful
service.
the
figure in the
this
title of
and
he
Council
Past
of
vania
Pennsyl-
was
of
quently
subse-
the
elected
United
Council
of the
vote
Great
held
Incohonee
Conley "for meritorious service."

lows
is the only instance
in the historyof the Order, but folof Past Sachem
the analogy of conferringthe honor
upon
conferred
were
of
Council, the honors
years.
S.
1870, and
holds.
At the
chieftaincyhe now
Boston, Mass., September, 1890, by unanimous
Great
May,
of the G. C. U.
States, which
at
in
consecutive
ten
Sachem,
of Pennsylvania,
Council
the Council
Representativefrom
the
Chippewa Tribe, No.

membership. He passed
chieftaincyfor
present
was
Shawnese
from
of
active
held
elected
then
was
member
chieftaincies
filled that
1878, and
for the
since
the various
1858, he withdrew
9,
charter
he has
and
Great
November
1858.
Order
prominence by
Brother
of
Tribe, after five consecutive
Brother
Conley
for
last
the
his merit
as
25
has
been
great
suns,
years
prominent
holds
and
as
Chief, his ability
man,
BIOGRAPHIES.
his
fidelityas
his
friend, and
473
unswerving loyaltyto
the
Order.
Past
is
of Camden,
resident
Thomas
Incohonee
Great
he
He
of
few
service
in his
Council
and
Incohonee
in
1888.
He
S. in
into
was
the
Great
elected
Great
1887, to fill a vacancy,

his
During
manifested
the
admitted
1866.
in the
a
chieftaincy
Order, there
membership during the

he
chieftaincy.In 1890
that
in Philadelphia,
born
was
in
was
G. C. U.
in
prosperitywas
gain of 31,000 in
held
he
of the
Sagamore
Great
been
States
United
J. Francis
Philadelphiauntil 1850,
home, with the exception
permanent
After faithful
at Wilmington, Del.
reservation, he
own
of the
Senior
he lived
that
years
resided
his
Camden
made
Thomas
"
N.J., although he
May 6, 1831.
when
J. Francis.
elected
was
having
two
Great
markable
re-
years
Prophet,
he served until the Council of Atlanta, Ga.,

chieftaincy
in September, 1892. Brother
Francis
is a member
of Leni
Tribe
he
Lenape Tribe, No. 2, of Camden, N.J., into which
of the Order
was
adopted in 1852, thus having been a member
for more
than
has ever
taken
He
a
forty years.
prominent
concerning the Order, both in the Tribe in
part in all matters
in which
which
he is
He
has
citizen,and
private life
In
has
neighbors.
interest
in the
he
advance
can
in the
and
won
the
is
its interests, or
weary
do
tion.
reserva-
in the G. C. U.
is
S.
respected
respect of his friends
stilltakes
never
of his
Francis
and
confidence
Order, and
Council
Brother
Francis
Brother
Council
Great
represented his Great
times.
many
and
member
an
active and
of
earnest
well-doingwhen
anything to
increase
its
Thomas
K.
prosperity.
Past
Great
Donnalley was
received
Incohonee
born
his education
Thomas
in
in
K.
Donnalley.
"
Philadelphia,October
1838. He
20,
the public schools of that city. On
of cutting,
the business
and followed
leavingschool he learned
this occupationuntil 1857, when
of
he established the business
furnishinggoods for fraternal societies,in which he has been
Brother
activelyengaged from that time.
Donnalley was
adopted in Pequod Tribe, No. 18, on April 19, 1860, since
which
time he has held a chieftaincy
of some
kind in the Order,
thus proving his active interest and zeal.
admitted
He was
to
the Great Council of Pennsylvaniain January, 1864, and in the
IMPROVED
474
deliberations
of
vania
was
Great
Council
of
elected
honor
and
Junior
in
of the
present
is
work
an
latter
Committee
latest
the
of
He
G.
of the
active
of
the
has
Order
worker,
a
true
U.
Red
1890,
and
Constitution
in many
stanch
Man.
in that
friend,
adoption
of
Exemplifier
of
his
he
Great
more
Sagain
Chairman
and
reservations.
the
Prophet
efficient
capacity
all
to
Senior
is also
done
appointment
and
but
Great
He
has
nearly
part
Great
and
with
elected
was
holds.
now
of
greater
1886,
was
served
States,
the
Great
chieftaincy from
member
United
in
he
the
is
S. in
body.
as
Donnalley
Donnalley
C.
that
Donnalley
filled that
gives
Revision,
Incohonee,
Great
Men
position
on
Order.
the
Incohonee
revision
society, and
of
Brother
the
Great
1888,
1892, which
the
Red
ability.
Sagamore
Brother
He
took
re-election
Brother
War.
organizations
of
further
ably
time.
Civil
late
Order
Improved
has
of
the
to
once
at
legislation
Pennsylvania,
present
the
fraternal
energy
of
position, and
the
the
declined
Conley
the
to
in
part
and
1866,
inent
prom-
Pe;insyl-
admitted
was
in
and
of
Sachem
He
States
active
an
Great
as
United
the
taken
always
success.
prominent
during
the
marked
Records
until
then
the
of
Brother
Chief
of
of
and
has
body
MEN.
RED
OF
administration
one
active
When
that
His
part.
an
ORDER
work
in
ceremony
from
the
has
exemplified
Brother
Donnalley
faithful
member
of
CHAPTER
REVISED
DIGEST
OF
GREAT
THE
XL
DECISIONS,
COUNCIL
THE
OF
LAWS,
UNITED
THE
OF
ETC.,
STATES.
AMENDMENTS.
CONSTITUTION
1.
This
OF
GREAT
THE
shall not
Constitution
propositionfor that purpose

of three Great
upon
at
amend
which
it is
BY-LAWS
OF
presentedin
for
over
great
one
present and
alteration
GREAT
THE
COUNCIL
amendments
or
and
sun,
entitled to vote
of the laws may
any
STATES.
unless the
repealed,
writing,
signed by representatives
OF
then
receive the
provided,action
be taken at the
submitted, if seven-eighthsagree
OF
UNITED
THE
be altered,amended,
lie
of those
propositionto
be
Councils, and
of two-thirds
assent
COUNCIL
to
the
UNITED
THE
same
cil
coun-
same.
STATES.
these
By-Laws shall be made unless

from three Great
presentedat a great sun's council,
signed by representatives
Councils, read upon three separate suns, and then adopted by two-thirds of
the representatives
present.
2.
No
or
GENERAL
to
LAWS
GREAT
FOR
COUNCILS.
Any amendment, alteration,or addition to these General

proposed in writingand acted upon as prescribedin Article XIX
3.
of the Great
4.
at
least three Great
of the United
Council
Propositionsto
amend
Councils.
the laws
"
States.
be
must
General
"
Laws
shall be
of the Constitution
Law.
signed by representativesfrom
IX, 73.
APPEALS.
working
under
States,to
the immediate
the Great
shall be received
a
from
appeals taken
5. All
State Great
the Great
Council
and
Council
Council
the action
of
jurisdiction
of the United
passed upon
or
of
the Tribe
of the United
State Great
the Great
States,
as
; but in all cases

shall be final and
Council, or
Council
hereinafter
Tribe
of the United
provided for,
the action
or
conclusive
until reversed
States,except where
the sentence
decision of
involves
by
expulsionfrom the Order.
6. An
appeal may be taken from the action or decision of a Tribe under
the jurisdiction
of the Great
of the United
Council
States to the Great
Council of the United States by any member
who thinks his rights
or
person
have been denied by such decision or action,upon givingwritten notice and
475
IMPROVED
476
ORDER
RED
OF
MEN.
from the date of said action of appeal,and

said appeal within one
moon
'filing
of
that
the
a copy
appeal has been placed in the hands of the Great
provided,
Incohonee, with proof that the Tribe has received due notice.
of Tribes may appeal from the action of a State Great Council,
7. Members
provided two copies of the appeal have been presented,mailed or sent to the
Great
Sachem, not less than twenty suns
prior to the kindling of the council
Council
fire of the Great
seal of his Great
under
certify,
the
received
he
so
8.
under
forth
through
by
upon
served
that
an
has
appeal
in
of
Council
the
Council
all further
to
is not
C. U.
State
receptionto
the
S.
Council
Great
of law, and
ings
proceed-
within
held
of the United
or
States,which
brought
not
of Procedure, may
Code
must
about
be acted
Incohonee, provided that copies of said appeals have
been
IX, 23.
legalauthorities.
the imperativeduty of every
Sachem
that he has
Great
to certify
appeal ; it is also the duty of Chiefs of Tribes to certifythat an
in respectful
language.
been
received, provided said appeal is couched
the
"
accompanied by
appeal,not
IV,
"
Appeals from questions of

IV, 63.
action
G.
that
shall
followingthe decision
Council
Great
violation
laid down
as
bar
Constitution
Great
are
with, shall be dismissed.

1 1
shall be
so
XVII,
State Great
shall
IV, 198.
"
An
10.
upon
do
of the
jurisdiction
the grievance is a
made
shall report its
at the council
the
the Great
It is
9.
received
Art.
"
one
Sachem
copies),the date
appellant,who
the
to
the action of
from
informalities
upon
acted
of said State
council
of the
each
Incohonee, who
failure to
above.
that
the
be
can
a
provided,the
Appeals
Tribe
set
they
mentioned
time
(on
send
appeals from
All
taken, and
action
;
that
Council
the Great
; and
States
forthwith
it to the Great
Council.
be made
or
and
appeal
immediately send
the Great
of the United
that the law
evidence
been
has
plied
com-
402.
law
shall be referred to the
mittee.
JudiciaryCom-
"
Chief
12.
Council
Great
of
of the
his State, without
13.
in
taken
14.
the
action
has
case
there
consideration
1
6.
heard
Speaking
15.
of
is in
and
of the
State
necessityof
17.
appeal
A
to
the
Great
Sachem
date of the notice of the action
in
his Tribe
the defect.
of
Council
regularcouncil,and
"
VI, 172.
be
Council
by
of the United
the State
of the
States
Council.
Great
appellantis
on
not
in each
injusticehas
case.
at
"
been
of the reservation
of the
and
Appeals
of the matters
reading all the papers

feelingthat
of the Great
the
to
in
"
order
until the
II, 251.
during
the
III,357.
sufficient statement
brother
appeal
an
"
character
appeal.
an
out
challenged only by an appeal

affected by a protest.
V, 165.
no
particular
Great Council, a brother
cannot
appeal from
determined
"
from
can
the Great
to
make
the action
remedy
can
In all reports of the Committee
clear and
from
Sachem
Great
and
is
of his Tribe
been
States
of the Tribe
regularform,
Where
authorityto
no
specificinstructions
ruling of
The
has
United
subsequent action
no
be
Records
there shall
Grievances
issue,so
as
to
obviate
the
IV, 134.
done
within
him
by
two
moons
and
Tribe,statingdistinctly
Tribe
from
shall
the
specifically
IMPROVED
478
from
tracts
and
the records
documents
authorized
two
the laws
by
after
appeal and papers

appeal,it shall.be
of
by
case
parties
Sachem
Great
to
from
the
amount
of wampum
the
the action
reverse
action
shall
of the
claimed
until the
of Wampum
the
of
filing
Provided, that the Tribe
Council
Keeper
within
neglectto send
after the
moon
one
the benefits.
Great
the
of the Great
the hands
placed in
the
commissioner
shall
appeal,or
within
Provided, further, that the
Sachem.
examined
appoint a
to
an
for the
cause
rightto appeal to
the
refuse
Sachem
direct it to pay
of the Tribe, and

have
the Great
sufficient
shall be
papers
in the
appeals.
neglect or
receivingnotice
to
all other
offered in evidence
were
alone
the Tribe
suns
seven
which
hear
to
which
case
and
Tribe,
the
Should
24.
the
relatingto
before
when
proceedings,and
of all
of the Tribe
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
Great
shall be
is
case
finally
settled.
Appeals
shall not
the Great
Sachem
placed in
been
the
of
appeal
An
25.
case
be entertained
the hands
the action
unless
of the Great
finallysettled
of
Board
has
the Tribe
Council, and
Great
or
been
has
from
Tribe
of Wampum
Keeper
of
laws
the
of
involved
be
to
Order.
the
on
the mandate
obeyed
of wampun
the amount
tinder
Committee
or
has
held
until
of
Code
"
Procedure.
DUTIES
26.
a
ruling.
duty is to
His
II.
at
commissioner
The
journalwhat
in his
committee
to
pass
He
has
no
is offered,and
the
upon
make
to
power
leave to the
vancy
irrele-
relevancyor
give
must
the
party presenting the appeal
least
at
writingof the time and place of the meeting.

party presenting the appeal shall, at the time and place appointed
suns1 notice in
ten
by
enter
ministerial officer.
is offered.
of what
I.
only a
to the authorized
and
Tribe
is
commissioner
COMMISSIONER.
OF
The
the time
of the
while
Counsel
III.
good
V.
After
the
partiesand
testimony is being taken.

representingeither party
shall present
appellantis
shall be
the
be
must
no
witness
member
present
one
under
ination
exam-
of the Order
for the
his witnesses,the witnesses
with
in
effect.
certificate to that
through
one
shall be presented.
objectionsmade
the records by
on
testimony as if no
All
be noted
down
hearing except the
standing,and
IV.
Tribe
the
There
his witnesses.
the commissioner, present
the
VI.
New
evidence
either side, if there be

confined
to
must
finally
that which
may
to
witnesses
been
objectionshad
be
reasons
is
testimony of
the
the commissioner, who
introduced
for
merely
so
rebuttal.
exercise its discretion
as
to
the
case
Such
The
either party shall
proceed
take
to
made.
after the
doing.
by
shall then
has
evidence
new
closed
been
need
tribunal that decides
evidence
thus
on
not
the
presented.
"
be
case
Code
of Procedure.
APPROPRIATIONS.
27.
The
the fees for
object for which Tribes are

and
adoptions and degrees,
chartered
from
dues
is to
from
raise wampum,
members,
from
for mutual
REVISED
relief in
of sickness
cases
It is,therefore,
improper
relief,and
than
of the Tribe.
28.
or
other
to
appropriatesuch
the necessary
479
disabilities for which
for
expenses
the laws
for any
wampum
conducting the
provide.
may
other
purpose
business
legitimate'
V, 373, 428.
"
Tribe
DIGEST.
has
toward
the
right to appropriateor donate

adoption fee of a paleface. V, 423,
in any
no
wampum
way
paying
434.
the
belt
of
into
Tribe
of
for the purpose
a
are
paid
wampum
29.
relievingthe sick or distressed,the burial of the dead, the education of the
orphan, and the assistance of the widow, and to pay the legitimateexpenses
be appropriated from the belt to pay the expenses
of the Tribe, and cannot
"
Funds
of balls,suppers,
or
collations,or any other social purposes.
VI, 165, 185.
"
ARREARS.
such
to
arrears
31
he may
to
as
of the
deprive him
password
rightto vote when in the council

rightto attend the councils
entitled to the password, and can
do
member
be
not
of dues.
in
Members
communicate
member
does
chamber.
is in
of itself
not
V, 257, 329.
"
of his Tribe, even
has the
for non-payment
32.
extent
an
fact that
mere
of his
deprive him
A
provide,the
by-laws otherwise
Unless
30.
until
so
he
though
suspended
is
III,224.
"
arrears
attend
may
the universal
Tribal
password
councils
as
explanation.
and
long
they
as
can
III, 190, 224, 245.
"
ASSESSMENTS.
A
33.
except
Tribe
as
has
the
not
in the By-Laws.
laid down
make
right to
No
is received
the proper
members
AID.
FOR
applicationfor pecuniary aid

from
the
on
V, 371, 428.
"
APPLICATION
34.
assessment
an
authorities.
be
can
"
Vol.
unless
circulated,
permission
VII.
AUTHORITY.
The
35.
Great
Council
legitimateauthorityover
such, supreme
I.
and
absolute
power
work
of the Order, and
provide for the
safe
keeping
to
is the
source
established
of all true
; it possesses,
and
as
jurisdiction
control
and
States
wheresoever
and
establish,regulate,and
To
unwritten
the
of the United
the Order
the
"
forms, ceremonies,
change, alter,and annul

uniform
teaching and
the
written
same,
and
dissemination
and
to
of
same.
II.
provide,publish,print,and furnish all rituals, forms, ceremonies,

cards, odes, charters,charts,and certificates.
III. To prescribe
the form, material, and color of all regalia,
emblems, jewels,
and
To
such
IV.
To
blanks
may be used by the Order.

and distribution
provide for the emanation
regulatethe mode
as
and
manner
of using the
same
; and
of all
passwords,and to
generallyto prescribe
IMPROVED
480
such
regulationsas
V.
establish
To
RED
MEN.
the safe and
to secure
necessary
of
means
in
intercourse
easy
been
established.
for the Great
tax
upon
its immediate
under
States, Districts,Territories, Provinces, or
has not
revenue
per capita
a.
Tribes
Order
same
provide a
To
VI.
the
the
where
countries
by
be
may
OF
identification of members.
and
or
ORDER
Council
of the
United
States
by
the
membership, either from Great Councils

and
the sale of suppliesfurnished
jurisdiction,
it.
provide for returns

under its jurisdiction.
branches
hear
To
VIII.
the
when
IX,. To
All
enforce
Council
All
States
of the
and
Tribes,
for
provide by legislation
to
decisions.
its Great
or
Chiefs, and
of Pocahontas,
Degree
decisions
such
as
may
be
of this Great
Great
Councils,
their charters,or
by
Council,are
reserved
the
to
the
States.
authorityenjoyed,exercised,and possessed by the several

exist only by virtue of their charters and
the sanction
of the
consent
Constitution
"
and
Councils
State Great
and
Councils
regulationsof general applicationto carry into

reserved by this Constitution
to the
powers
of the United
power
and
it,and
Great
other
all other
rules and
or
appeals from
before
and
Councils, Tribes,
legitimateauthorityover the Order.

authorityin the Order not delegated to
Councils
generallaws
them.
and
Great
its
and
power
Tribes, and
XI.
laws
of the United
to
necessary
all
legallybrought
foregoing,and
Council
Great
determine
of all its decrees
enact
effect the
X.
and
are
same
the enforcement
Great
from
To
VII.
Great
G.
Council
U.
C.
of the
United
States
duly granted
S.
BENEFITS.
36.
benefits.
amount
to
C.
for the
U.
be
can
S. Art.
an
principleof
seven
funeral
and
suns
8.
and
appeal.
the Order
other
benefits
the Great
adjudicatedby
on
of
payment
paid for funeral
introduced
fundamental
G.
be
and
jurisdiction,
States, only when
38.
laws
enact
Constitution
"
37. The
local
shall
Tribes
is
Council
for
matter
of the Uniled
IV, 289.
"
is that
fund
be raised and
must
maintained, by the
of all the members,

from
which all
equal contributions
in
and
order
sustain
this
forfeitures
to
certain
are
fund,
paid ;
and penalties
to be enforced
brothers
who fail to keep
are
againstdelinquent
their contributions
these
promptly paid as required by the laws.
Among
is
forfeiture
of benefits.
A
of these
brother, to avail himself
penalties
his
relatives
friends
to
receive
to
or
benefits,or
qualify
them, must
keep his
benefits
dues
to
paid
up
be
as
requiredby
the
Constitution
and
By-Laws
of his Tribe.
"
V, 37539.
order
unable
40.
leave
Tribe
A
to
to
has the
rightto
relieve itself from

follow the hunt.
It is not
his bed
necessary
or
room,
the
amount
to
without
difficulties,
be
paid for benefits,in

the consent
of those
II, 207.
"
that
to
reduce
financial
member
entitle him
should
to
be
so
sick
benefits ; if he
as
is
to
be unable
reallyand
to
truly
REVISED
unable
he
bodilyinfirmity,
of
of
member
Any
41.
receive benefits.
When
42.
benevolent
funeral
paying
and
can
to
an
45.
must
pay
the benefits.
good
health
-VII,
from
Great
render
may
him
the
to
ineligible
insane, and
is confined
in
public
VI, 13, 49, 64.
"
benefits,whether
inmate
an
of
153, 178.
Council
than
brother
reported
the
brother
three
of the United
States.
in
for
moons
the
upon
it is the
as
arrears
Tribe
VI, 160, 185.
"
suns1
seven
for benefits of any
in
due
under
member
reportedunable
Chiefs, he
for
his
to
benefits
unable
dues
or
character.
of the Tribe.
three
follow the
in
hunt,
arrears
of Records
prevent the
the Tribe.
to
than
more
sufficient to
sum
refuse to grant benefits of
the laws
become
the Chief
to
pay
follow the
to
after that
cannot
of the Sachem
duty
arrears
cannot
to
becomes
good standing
drawn
wampum
Tribe
in
the Relief
to
becoming
A
48.
is entitled
from
prohibitTribes under its jurisdiction
the familyof a brother who
dies non-beneficial,
it sees
ject
carryinginto effect any measure
fit,sub-
to
more
his Tribe,
47.
hunt
9.
is
from
living
can
forfeits all claims
46. When
and
the
law
is entitled to
"VI,
not.
or
Council
prohibitTribes
appeal to the
assessments,
earn
II, 245.
some
becomes
expenses
member
business, or
follow
to
member
institution
State Great
44.
in
member
No
43.
to
unable
"
III, 190, 225.
"
beneficial
the Tribe
institution,
Tribe
481
accustomed
is entitled.
of the relief chiefs thereof,although
care
to
his
follow the hunt, transact
to
account
on
DIGEST.
Vol.
"
in
moons
hunt, would
suicide,if they
wise
other-
are
II.
for
arrears
not
suns'
seven
dues, and
be entitled to benefits.
Vol.
"
VII.
member
49.
he
whereby
is entitled
is unable
he
can
follow
to
earn
benefits
to
his usual
livelihood
member
entitled
to
seven
suns1
IX, 22.
Councils
Degree
51.
the reservation
control
Vol.
of
or
other
some
family.
"
Vol.
bility
disa-
or
occupation
VII.
COUNCILS.
DEGREE
than three moons

Degree Council, more
good standing in the Degree Council, would
benefits from
should
in which
the
and
sickness
through
Beneficial
the Tribe, but in
to
arrears
of
business
for himself
BENEFICIAL
50. A
when
only
be
Degree
Council
if otherwise
be
fied."
quali-
of Tribes in
governed by the Constitution
located.
ate
They shall be under the immediin the reservation.
having jurisdiction
they are
Great
the
in
Council
"
IV.
CARDS
Applicationfor
writing,and the same
52.
the books
53.
withdrawal
shall be
withdrawal
and
when
so
card
may
revoked
card
shall be made
either
the
of the Tribe, free from
Any
the same,
WITHDRAWAL.
"
granted,provided
charges,and there
be
revoked
the person
for
be
cause
holdingsaid
personallyor
brother
no
by
in
is clear upon
valid
the
card
objections.
Tribe granting
shall be
subject
IMPROVED
482
Tribe
the
to
lost
which
The
54.
Art.
the
of the United
G.
"
cards
Art.
I, Constitution
brother
card
is entitled
the
balance
of the
alone.
the end
By
he would
member
referred
term
be entitled to another.
not
When
56.
of the
take the card and
is
applies for
no
more
"
C.
the
to
U.
to
word
pass-
for that
will
the
S.
universal
term, and
password
V, 609, 671.
have
time
out,
run
card, he is compelled
of the Tribe.
58.
No
such
by, the
over
title or
to
I, 135.
"
restored
the
held
Man
card
he
may
brother
59.
Great
in
The
residing in
of the State in which

of
power
which
to
It is the
61.
brother
to, or
which
taking
nized
recog-
has
laws
of the
and
the
to
same
withdrawal
run
elected
is entitled
Sachem's
furnish
62.
card
to
card.
Sachem
ballot
become
Council
with
and
member
in
but
moons,
in
Great
Chief
time
as
of
Chief
regularcouncil.
a
the
be
to
rank
"
141,
presents
IX,
the
in
case
of the Tribe
the Great
card to
said card
on
received
not
duty
of
claim
to
the
Tribe
his
IV, 157, 190.
rightto grant
has
withdrawal
failed to
except
on
meet
vote
for
of the
196.
his
applicant for
a
investigation,
health,character, and standing
withdrawal
be referred to
the
report, whether
of
unless
card
as
an
of
committee
favorable
or
unfavorable,
paleface,and the brother

requirements have
all these
shall
been
must
be returned
to
him
not
fully
21.
is rejectedhis card
64. If the applicant
23.
him
has
"
that
its charter,
of
investigation
on
as
no
Tribe
ing
stand-
good
withdrawal
entitle him
remove.
have
of
surrendered
V,
"
strict
had,
member
he may
of Records
applicationmust
applicant,and
must
not
brother
make
must
carried out.
which
good standing
has
will
the
IV, 158, 190.
"
it is the further
certificate which
in
only of
if working.
Sachem,
from
do
to
178, 199.
of Records
the issuance
degree ; and
hunting-grounds to
63. When
membership,
the
V,
"
be attached
upon
the proper
right to deposit
certificates to members
or
would
the
not
gettingpermission so
in the Great
Tribe
served
or
the
several
which
of
said brother
The
Tribe
duty
Tribe
has
Sachem, regardlessof the fact that said brother
Past
-IX,
his
prior to
he resides.
granting cards
said
has
who
rightsin
of
and
reservation
one
of extinct Tribes, is vested

Council
to
rank
the
to
card
time
any
another, without
in
Tribe
Sachem
60.
Past
withdrawal
subject to the
thus
presented. When
at
be
assumes
is known
Man
157,212.
his card
as
Red
holding
entitled
was
or
Ancient
as
be admitted
can
sun,
membership
to
privilegeshe
-IV,
Red
wherein
is in
personage
Order.
great
one
reservation
of former
belongs
G.
the
withdrawal
member
if
renewed
membership
possession of the Great
Chiefs, after proving applicantsin the private work, cards or certificates
shall be issued to enable them
to regain their former
standing in the Order.
-111,35, 163, 165.
57.
Where
evidence
to
be
may
S.
and
55.
taking a withdrawal
right to visit for the
card
U.
C.
withdrawal
publish
States.
ME.\\
withdrawal
VIII, Constitution
and
RED
OF
same.
provide
to
power
Council
Great
and
issued
destroyed."
or
ORDER
undefaced-
REVISED
65.
from
brother
A
no
cause
bearing the
Tribe
being
who
has
the
dispossessed of
his conduct, may
impeach
date, from
483
Tribe
withdrawal
obtain
which
the
same
the
When
one.
TRAVELLING.
"
of the United
Council
the Great
To
card,
new
VII.
"
CARDS
card,
originalone,
granted
the judge as to the proprietyof issuing the new
card must
certifyon its face that it is a duplicate.
issued, the
66.
been
lost, or
would
which
DIGEST.
States
alone
of
the power
belongs
cards.
G. C. U. S.
Constitution
providingand publishingtravelling
of members, may
be used or recognized
67. Travellingcards, for the use
the
of
when
from
Great
Council
the
United
only
procured
States, and they
in accordance
and
with the form adopted. They are for specialuse
are
must
be obtained
G. C. U. S.
Constitution
through State Great Councils.
68. A travelling
card shall be priina facie evidence
of the good standing
"
"
of the
brother
for
amount
to
seven
issued.
and
suns,
G.
Constitution
"
whom
C.
U.
the back
Upon
benefits
funeral
thereof
allowed
by
shall be
the
placed the
issuing it.
Tribe
S.
card shall be held legallyresponsiblefor

issuinga travelling
be
allowed
by the provisionsthereof.
IV, 301.
wampum
may
It is the duty of a Tribe
card to any member
who
to grant a travelling
70.
has complied with the laws relative to issuing the
request it,and who
may
same.
V, 610, 673.
69.
Tribe
No
than
more
"
"
CEREMONIES.
The
71.
ceremonies
shall not
be altered
amended
or
in writingand, after being

change be submitted
be adopted by the votes
of three-fourths
of the
vote.
Constitution
"
G.
C.
U.
only
Certified
when
receiptsfor
procured from
in accordance
are
with
the
the
73.
by
the brother
request for
G.
74.
by
to whom
Orders
the Great
U.
members
proposed
different suns,
on
present entitled
to
adopted.
to
the
of the
They
Councils.
facie
Upon
brother
be
used
United
for
are
Constitution
"
be priina
may
evidence
the back
recognized
or
States,and
specialuse
G.
C. U.
of
the
thereof
the Universal
and
they
must
S.
payment
may
Password.
be
of
printed
"
stitution
Con-
S.
for the
Council
officialcertified
Council
issued.
communicating
C.
of members
Great
the form
through State Great

certified receiptshall
read
RECEIPTS.
use
be obtained
dues
twice
the
S.
CERTIFIED
72.
unless
password
of the
must
United
receiptfor dues,
as
be
upon
States,and
furnished
by
the
must
said
form
adopted and issued

accompanied by the
IX, 138.
body.
be
"
CHARTERS.
75.
to
To
the Great
Council
of the
publishand provide Charters.

76. Five
or
more
Tribes
"
in any
United
States
Constitution
G.
alone
belongs
C. U.
S.
State, District, Territory,or
the
the
power
Dominion
IMPROVED
484
of Canada,
having
not
praying for
of the
the
form
Incohonee,
fire of said
in favor
of the
Council.
or
it shall
same
The
Great
Should
therein.
be
deputized by him,
petitionshall be
Sachem
Past
Council
membership
of
Inco-
the
ity
majorgranted,and
shall kindle
in the
the
following
Men
have
be of
advantage
reservation.
our
of Red
States, Improved Order
United
has increased
we
of the
ing
undersigned Tribes represent that they are workthat the
granted by the Great Council of
that the membership is at present
so
believe
Past
in good standing. We
Sachems
charters
that it would
in
Great
and
Council
Great
of the
Sachems
Past
under
and
Council
Great
The
Order
or
Great
Sachems,
petitionthe
"
the
To
for
MEN.
RED
OF
fifteen Past
may
charter
vote
representatives
Great
council
less than
not
five hundred,
less than
honee
ORDER
if
the Order
to
We
therefore
and
the seal of the
that
pray
Great
you
Council
grant the
was
established
prayer
of
of each
Tribe,
our
petition.
Witness
of
Sun
be
to
same
G.
Should
sun
Great
elective
to
and
this
S. D
Chief
of Records
be attached.
Incohonee
to the Great
applicationas aforesaid be made
prior
of Sturgeon Moon,
he may, by and
with the consent
of the
Chiefs, grant a dispensationfor the same, and institute the
the
the first
the Sachem
signed by
the seal thereof
and
Tribes
Moon,
The
to
hands
our
Council.
Great
As
soon
reservation
77.
has
been
shall thereafter be under
the
as
Great
In reservations
Council
where
there
kindling a council fire of a Tribe

by not less than thirtybrothers
are
organized,all Tribes located in

of said Great Council.
jurisdiction
its
desirous
of
Great
no
therein
Councils, persons
shall present
applicationsigned
or
palefaces,
accompanied by the charter fee
and
If the applicationis received
the cards of the brothers.
by the Great
Incohonee
during the interim, the Great Incohonee
by and with the
may,
advice of the Great Chiefs,grant a dispensationand institute the Tribe.
of the Great Incohonee, or his deputy,
other expenses
or
78. All travelling
incurred
in lightingthe council fire of a Great Council
Tribe shall be paid
or
by such Great Council or Tribe.
(Sections77 and 78 shall also apply to Councils of Degree of Pocahontas,
on
petition. Constitution G. C. U. S.)
except as to fee and number
charter of a Tribe
should
be in the council chamber
during the
79. The
burning of the council fire. III,59, 60.
an
"
"
80.
stead.
81.
82.
to
Great
State
erase
of charter
names
members
and
put others
in their
"
Tribe
By-Laws.
Council
has
authorityto enact a law requiring new

under a dispensationfor a stated period of time before granting
IV, 254, 298.
has a rightto printa copy of its charter with its Constitution
work
charter.
cannot
IV, 253, 297.
"
Tribes
and
Tribe
"
IV, 80, 106.
ORDER
IMPROVED
486
minimum
of Great
law
; the
rank
otherwise
govern.
be
made
U.
S.
C.
Degree Councils relates

applicationand their
the
on
necessary
fees for Tribes
charter
concerning
would
22.
MEMBERS
AGAINST
Charges against members
90.
G.
names
Councils
IX,
"
CHARGES
must
of
number
MEN.
charters of
concerning applicationsfor
law
89. The
only to the
RED
OF
of Tribes
in accordance
with
the
TRIALS,
SEE
"
and
Beneficial
of
Code
ETC.
Councils
Degree
Procedure.
Constitution
"
CHIEFS.
elective Chiefs
The
91.
G.
92.
a
shall be
"
elective Chiefs
The
Senior
Great
Records,
of
94.
Guard
Great
of
appointed
Wigwam, and
of
shall be
Sagamore,
whom
for
Collector
The
degree.
be First
and
of
Second
OF
Junior Sagamore,
The appointed Chiefs
of Forest, and
such
others
CHIEFS
98.
The
elective Chiefs
99.
The
Collector
of
G.
C. U.
Council
of
OF
Council
and
Councils
all of
provide
may
of the
Chief's
appointed Chiefs
Guard
shall
of the Forest, four
S.
COUNCIL.
DEGREE
DEGREE
ior
Sagamore, Jun-
of Wampum,
member
The
Wigwam,
shall
be Sachem,
of Wampum,
define.
the ceremonies
nah, Powhatan, Keeper of Records,

also elect
be
of Records, Keeper
OF
Laws.
Senior
Great
shall be Sannap, Guard

as
Chief
Mishinewa, Great
Great
Keeper
Sachem.
of the
Degree
Chief
97.
must
Constitution
"
of
Sachem,
Prophet, Great
General
"
degree.
also
Past
Sannap, Guard
elective Chiefs
The
Great
shall be Sachem,
who
CHIEFS
96.
shall be Great
Sannap,
of Records, and
be
four Braves.
and
TRIBE.
OF
Tribe
Wampum,
must
Council
of Forest.
of the Chief's
Prophet
Warriors, and
of
Prophet, Chief
be members
must
Minnewa,
COUNCIL.
Great
Guard
Great
elective Chiefs
The
Great
S.
Junior Sagamore,
CHIEFS
95.
tution
Consti-
"
of Wampum.
Keeper
Chiefs
The
Wampum.
or
Tocakon,
C. U.
Great
State
G.
GREAT
OF
Great
Sagamore,
and
Great
Junior Sagamore,
Keeper
Great
Constitution
CHIEFS
93.
States shall be
S.
of Forest.
Guard
Great
of the United
Great
Sagamore,
Records, and
appointed Chiefs
The
Great
U.
C.
Council
Great
Senior
of
Chief
Prophet, Great
of the
Great
Incohonee,
Great
of
"
Wigwam
General
Senior
and
Sagamore,
Prophet.
and
Guard
Laws.
POCAHONTAS.
shall consist
of Pocahontas, Weno-
Keeper of Wampum.
Councils
may
Scout, First and
Sec-
Wampum.
appointed Chiefs
shall be First and
Second
REVISED
ond
Runner,
Counsellors, four Warriors,
two
such
Forest, and
DIGEST.
others
the ritual
as
Past
a
10
brother
No
1.
unless
he is
To
102.
in
served
the
of
chieftaincy
have
shall
be
be
for
eligible
good standing.
a
shall
be
of
Great
Great
Great
Incohonee,
in
term
one
the
shall have
elective
an
as
of
Laws.
brother
elective
an
chieftaincyof
Representatives,brothers
the
eligibleto
term
one
served
eligibleto
Council
Great
General
"
Guard
Wigwam,
must
chieftaincy.
Great
Prophet
Incohonee.
Great
Past
After
103.
brother
Sachem,
Great
of
CHIEFS.
OF
and
eligibleto
be
To
100.
be
Guard
define.
may
ELIGIBILITY
487
Prophet
been
instituted
chieftaincyof
Chief
unless
he
of
Great
has
Great
two
Sachem
Council
served
be
must
in the
Past
chems
Sa-
great
suns,
no
unless
he
has
the chieftaincy
to
nor
chieftaincyof
Great
Sachem.
The
104.
The
elective chiefs of
Prophet
105.
hontas
be
must
be
To
to
eligible
the member
1 06.
served
Representatives must
represent during the entire term for
from
their
reservations
term
Great
residence
of the Chiefs
chieftaincyof Prophetess in
the
have
must
be members
must
degree.
Sachem.
Past
Tribe
be
of
the
reservation
they are elected,and
which
of Poca-
Council
Pocahontas.
as
residents
shall
operate
removal
forfeiture
as
they
of
of
their
position.
No
107.
admitted
to
General
shall be
one
the Great
eligibleto
Council
and
he
unless
chieftaincy
any
of Past
the rank
received
has
Great
been
duly
Sachem.
"
Laws.
the sleep of raisingup

on
retiringSachem, being a Past Sachem
of Prophet.
to be elected to the chieftaincy
VIII, 20.
Chiefs, is eligible
laws requiringother qualificahave the rightto enact
tions
109. Great Councils
for brothers
desirous of advancing to the chieftaincyof Sachem, than
1 08.
of
The
"
of
that
no.
being exalted
The
Sachem
to
is
the Chief's
for
eligible
Degree.
re-election.
DUTIES
The
Great
Incohonee
preserve
order
and
all branches
over
rules,and
Among
To
To
enforce
the
regulationsof the Great

his
Council, or branch
may
presideat
of the
not
that
see
Council
the Great
all councils
thereof; have
laws
specialprerogativesare
specialcouncils of
appoint all committees
22.
INCOHONEE.
of the Order, and
call
the Order
shall
IX,
"
CHIEFS.
OF
GREAT
in.
IX, 85.
"
the
are
watchful
all constitutional
cil,
Coun-
supervision
enactments,
observed.
following:
"
Council.
provided for,to
give such instruction
otherwise
Order, and
of the Great
to
require,always adhering to
the usages
visit any
as
the
of the Order.
Great
good of
IMPROVED
488
shall have
He
he
as
shall
deem
fires of Great
appoint
and
Councils
may
him
Incohonees
Great
ling
the kind-
as
Councils
Chiefs, and
their Great
tions
dispensa-
of the Order.
questionsof law
appeals and
Councils
Great
where
such
grant
dispensationsfor
Great
Deputy
countries
such
and
Order,
other, branches
and
commission
decide
hear and
the
MEN.
RED
for its interest,

also grant
requiredin States,Territories,or
He
OF
generalsupervisionof
may
of council
He
ORDER
do
as
exist.
not
be
may
Tribes
or
mitted
sub-
under
by
of the Great Council, or their Chiefs, and such
immediate
jurisdiction
shall be binding until finally
passed upon or reversed by the
to
be
may
the
sions
deci-
Great
Council.
He
shall,at every great

and
acts
shall have
He
rescind
to
and
In
112.
exclusive
of the
case
filled by the Great

The
113.
State
the
Council
Great
has
same
"
from
approval by
to
In
115.
Past
Great
Council
1 1
upon
Great
binding until
117.
and
construction
Great
only to
so
IX,
118.
may
and
Incohonee
and
the
reversed
is
efficient
to
the
Council
appointed to
shall
Great
be
known
as
the Code
IX,
"
23.
senior
be present, the Great
and
decide
such
Council.
and
appeals
decisions
are
IX, 28,
140.
to
full power
appoint
to
emplify
ex-
floor work, whose
correct, unless
of the United
"
such
empowered
shall have
in the written, unwritten, and

be taken
the
88.
the Great
brothers,who
under
preside,the
him, and
to
under
make
rule thereon, subject
to
States.
hear
by
hereby authorized
legal,and
or
rightto
submitted
shall be
render
rendered
has
be
VI,
"
Tribes
such
hearing
power
under
VII.
"
qualifiedto
preside.
to
instruct
Incohonee,
brothers
member
as
capable
more
or
one
exclusive
of all Chiefs
Incohonee
passed upon
Great
Council
absence
select any
The
The
Great
and
of the United
Tribes
subject,must
any
and, if none
present shall preside,
Incohonee
may
6.
has
Tribe
or
States.
in their reservation.
authorities
Incohonee
of the
case
questions of law
and
"
the
be
questions,or
any
Council
of the United
Council
desiringinformation
Great
answer
Great
inquirythrough
In all appeals not arisingfrom charges
114.
of Procedure, the
Chief, his position may
authorityto
no
come
Great
the proper
he
as
"
Incohonee
of
jurisdiction
the
recommendations
promulgate all passwords, and

require. Const. G. C. U. S.
of any
temporary absence
II, 138.
decisions,unless the
make
and
create
if circumstances
same
Incohonee.
Great
such
of the Order.
right to
the
change
of all his official
printed report
with
during the interim,
for the advancement
deem
may
decisions
council,present
sun
reversed
by
States, the brother
the
or
Exemplifier,"or
Exemplifies," and
service when
vice
requestedby a Tribe or Tribes, and all serbe paid therefor by the Tribe or Tribes desiringthe same.
as
"
"
144.
The
Great
Senior
and
Sagamore
shall assist the Great
Incohonee
dling
in kin-
in prequenching the council

support
serving
and
in
In
his
absence.
of
the
death,
order,
case
resignation,
preside
of the Great
or
Incohonee, he shall be invested with all his
disqualification
Constitution
G. C. U. S.
authorityand power.
fire ; advise,assist,and
"
him
REVISED
Great
The
DIGEST.
489
shall have
Junior Sagamore
charge of the wicket,and

of his chieftaincy
perform such other duties as the nature
require. In
may
of the death, resignation,
of
Great
the
case
or
Senior
disqualification
more,
Sagaall his authorityand
he shall be invested with
Constitution
power.
119.
"
G.
C.
U.
S.
In absence
120.
Incohonee
then
G.
present (not
the
members
C. U.
the
shall
Great
ceremonies.
proceedings
Chief
Also
one
to
each
Also
one
to
each
and
Chiefs
of
on
as
printed
the
at
Council
and
from
than
the
kindling of
Great
the
124.
of the
each
on
G.
Great
one
any
The
and
Great
council
Order.
hundred
C.
U.
Chief
unless
Chief
upon
of
He
all
the
Past
Council.
the
He
sum
Great
receipt
work
therein, and
charters
Council, notify
of the
United
all the necessary
such
other
spondence,
corre-
duties
make
per
shall
and
Representativesand
the
He
as
and
out
of those
names
who
Sachems,
Great
record.
great sun)
shall
as
He
are
shall submit
the
to
together
shall receive for his services such
He
all
for Great
printed report of his accounts,
Past
unwritten
Great
fire,and
the
printed
shall collect
to
Council
on
Chiefs
of all
have
taking
the
made
perform
and
fathoms
Finance, in the
the
its jurisdiction.
over
moon,
be
direct.
council
Incohonees
it may
same
Great
; carry
time
to
been
under
prepare
of the
Council
of his election.
time
Constitution
suppliesto
each
at
sixteen
the Committee
The
time
granted by
are
have
of this Great
evidence
to
members
time
the
pay
shall
He
that
record
Representative.
the
time
of this Great
may
standing
fix at
123.
By-Laws
true
copies as
control
alphabeticalroll of the Great
an
(not less
may
none
prescribed in
same
first of every
all official documents,
Council
same
from
duties
just and
many
and
keep
branches
of all councils
the Great
with
be present
"
of the Order
and
and
shall be entered
Representatives,
not
Great
Past
preside.
to
the
the immediate
councils.
secret
other
as
branches
the
may
keep
When
about
preserve
present, includingPast
"
or
Councils, Chiefs
call the
shall
Council
Great
all Great
have
senior
if
S.
Chief,member,
and
attest
and
under
Great
alterations
this Great
U.
Council
Councils
States
C.
Council.
shall
records
G.
Great
of the
He
such
other
member
all the
perform
to each
of Wampum
therefor.
shall
of Records
branch
revenues
Keeper
designate a
of this Great
Sachems, Great
all the
preside,the
to
Chief),shall preside, and
vote
Prophet
Great
he shall transmit
Great
by
Constitution
"
The
122.
Great
authorized
S.
The
121.
Chiefs
of the
Great
sum
Council
to
satisfactory
give security,
of three thousand
fathoms
of wampum.
S.
deliver any
to
strictlyforbidden
therefor.
the
order
the cash accompanies
V, 89.
shall retain in the office twenty-five
of Records
of
Records
is
"
printed record of each council of the Great Council of the

United
States.
V, 89.
him
The
shall pay all orders drawn
Great Keeper of Wampum
on
by
125.
He
Chief of Records.
the Great Incohonee, attested by the Great
shall,at
ments.
and disbursethe great sun's council, present a printed report of his receipts
For
the faithful performance of his duties he shall give a bond,
copies of
the
"
IMPROVED
490
to
satisfactory
thousand
shall
the Committee
fathoms
126.
The
ORDER
of wampum.
Great
may
127.
Great
Past
either Great
Great
as
defined
the Great
is not
C.
Chiefs of
The
129.
in
the
130.
VII,
GREAT
Great
Council
and
such
as
Great
Guard
Constitution
G.
Representative
can
and
such
as
C.
U.
S.
be
appointed
V, 465, 495, 543.
"
Sachems
be
can
of the United
COUNCILS
DUTIES
"
appointed
States.
VII,
"
OF.
shall
perform
such
duties
be
assigned
them
under
may
of Forest
as
defined
are
the By-Laws
Council.
Great
Great
Sachem
has
reinstate
authorityto
no
expelledbrother."
an
9.
131.
Sachem
if he thinks
only
132.
his Great
to
Great
If in
council
deal with
individual
133.
is
Council.
Sachem
of the
for any
decline
may
has
to
Great
serving
can
Tribe
as
in
official
an
violation
any
and
members,
Sachem
in
to
so
II, 185,
generalsupervisionof
chamber,
Tribe
reasons
for
sion,
making a decirefuse, being responsible
202.
"
violation of the laws
give his
to
it for the interests of the Order
attention
who
charge books,
of said Great
STATE
five
S.
U.
charge books,
Representativeswho are not Past Great

filla sub-chieftaincy
in the Great Council
to and
680, 696.
OF
less than
the
128.
CHIEFS
of not
sum
the
"
Minnewa.
MEN.
and
in
Council.
who
Great
or
the
G.
Minnewa
are
Sachem
Tocakon
in
Constitution
"
Tocakon,
perform such duties

be assigned them
by
Finance,
on
RED
OF
capacity,he
of law.
the Tribe
is
of the Order.
appoint for
Prophet, if
the Order
The
in his
should
Tribe
tion.
reserva-
call the
is the
party
responsibleto its Great
to
cil
Coun-
IV, 353, 393.
"
his
deputy
not
forbidden
of the Order
member
local laws.
by
"
V,
257, 329134.
The
Great
Representativeat
135.
interim
Great
between
of the Order
the
of any
Sachem
the
time.
same
Sachem
is the
the councils
in his
States
and
"
and
By-
is Great
Sachem, but of
Council
is necessary,
Laws
course
the
positionof
Great
V, 462, 541.
of a Great
representative
Great
Council,and
his powers
of the
By-Laws
its general laws for the government
the Constitution
hold
can
of such
reservation,and
Ritual, Constitution,and
reservation
of the Great
are
Great
as
are
Council
of State
Council
in fact the
he is not
such
Council
during
Great
given
of the
him
Councils,
Council.
by
United
of the State of which

Great
the
also of the interests
and
he
Great
notwithstanding the power of right given to the Great

due and proper
be had for the benefit of the
Sachem,
legislation
may
Order under its immediate
jurisdiction. V, 683.
while occupying that Chieftaincyis eligible
to be
136. A Great Sachem
voted for as Great Prophet for the ensuing term.
III, 191, 225.
in
in
No
Chief
Council can
retain his Chieftaincywho is not
a Great
137.
V, 142, 196.
good standing in a Tribe.
138. The first Great Prophet of a Great Council is the Senior Past Great
Sachem.
VII, 694.
that
"
"
"
"
REVISED
of Great
eligiblefor
is
brother
139.
Sachem
DIGEST.
who
nomination
in
is not
491
and
possessionof
election
the
the
to
Degree
Chieftaincy
of Pocahontas.
"
VII, 626.
The
140.
first
of Past
honors
141
Chief
the rank
The
142.
Sachem
as
during
the
be
143.
144.
Chief
When
the
the
State, or
Senior
Sachem
Great
is the
of Records
Great
His
public
of the
Great
other
duties
such
positionin
the
wam
wig-
V, 60.
"
Chieftaincyand
officiate therein
if
Chieftaincypending
Council
Great
of the
appeal
an
United
the
to
States.
"
Sagamore
has been
proper
Chief
is the
proper
expelled from
declare
to
Chief
to
the
Order, the Great
the station vacant, and

the
assume
the
Chieftaincy.
"
18.
CHIEFS
OF
duties
of
are
defined
Senior
sleep of
the
Chief
149.
DUTIES
"
OF.
(or Beneficial Degree Council) shall perform

the charge books, and such as may be laid down
in
of Tribes.
is the
Sagamore
Chief
proper
to
have
charge
of
the
III,293.
"
In absence
148.
COUNCIL
Tribe
for the government
The
147.
wickets.
DEGREE
BENEFICIAL
AND
Chiefs
as
in the laws
TRIBE
146. The
on
of
his
retain
can
his
runner
perform
direct.
Sachem.
processions or
18.
145.
such
Chief
Great
of
fire,and
Great
Laws.
assistant
as
of
18.
VII,
"
General
"
may
retain
cannot
his Tribe.
Council
Great
VII,
Chief
Great
act
Council
the left of the Great
at
expelledfrom
A
Great
or
and
and
such, shall be entitled
as
command
of the council
of Wampum
Keeper
Sachem.
shall have
burning
Sachem
Great
shall
VII,
the
the rank
to
Laws.
in succession
suns
Councils
of Great
demonstrations
shall be entitled
Great
or
Great
Mishinewa
Great
General
"
of Past
and honors
Council
of Records
five great
Council, having served

to
Great
Sachem.
Great
Great
Any
of
Prophet
re-elected
by
of any
election.
who
the
local law, Tribes
the
rightto
nominate
Chiefs
IV, 395.
"
been
has
have
Tribe
tried and
found
subsequently,
guilty,and resigns,
having been
is entitled
to
be
raised
up.
V,
"
373. 4i8.
having been raised to the Senior Sagamore's

to the Chieftaincyof Sachem, if the local law
stump, is not eligible
that
he
fillthe
must
V, 171.
provides
Chieftaincyof Senior Sagamore.
First
attend
his
The
to
of
to
a
Tribe, neglecting
duty, either
Prophet
151.
in a manner
to attend, or by deporting himself
by failing
unbecoming a Red
be filled by dispensation.
Man, and the station being declared vacant, the same
can
A
150.
Junior Sagamore,
never
"
VII, 626.
"
152.
Any
Chief
having served
degree of Past
1
53.
Sachem.
The
"
of Records, Collector
five great
Sachem.
in
suns
"
First
Prophet
General
Laws.
General
of
of Wampum,
succession
as
or
Keeper of Wampum,
such, shall be entitled
to
the
Laws.
Tribe
shall be entitled to the honors
of
Past
The
154.
not
create
of
resignation
155.
them
enter
The
157.
158. If the
entitled to the rank
decides
and
Chiefs
The
such
duties
has
does
appointedby
were
the
he has
of
DEGREE
OF
VII,
the
been
each
raised
council,
from
seal away
the
22.
for
vacant
Sachem.
absence,he
is
VII, 23.
"
POCAHONTAS.
OF
of the
Councils
take
declared
Past
receiptsof
the
right to
no
is not
laid down
are
which
22.
the contrary.
to
honors
of the
as
who
announce
VII,
"
of Sachem
CHIEFS
159.
sub-Chiefs
should
of Records
stump
of his successor,
raisingup
VI. 419.
"
of Records
Chief
the
MEN.
to
resigna Chieftaincy
can
the records.
on
if the Tribe
wigwam,
positionof
desire.
time he may
156. The Chief
at any
and
RED
183, 186.
VII.
"
elective Chief
An
OF
Sachem
in the
vacancy
Sachem.
former
and
ORDER
IMPROVED
492
in the rules and
shall perform
ceremonies.
COMMITTEES.
Immediately
appoint a Committee
after the
three members
and
1 60.
fire of each
council
and
Finance
on
each
to
is
Council
Great
Committee
during his
serve
Great
of the
raisingup
on
Incohonee, he
Laws,
Chieftaincy
; and
kindled,he
to
as
shall
shall
of
consist
soon
the
as
Committee
appoint
ing
to consist of three members, and immediately after the readCredentials,
of the long talks,the following
consist
of
members
seven
committees, to
each, vis. : Distribution of Long Talks, State of the Order, Judiciary,
Appeals
and Grievances, Charters, Reports, Mileage and Per Diem,
Beneficiary,
and Degree of Pocahontas.
Constitution of G. C. U. S.
a
on
"
COMMITTEES
161.
The
Committee
before each
the Great
make
Chief
of the Great
accounts
Finance
on
estimates
for and
shall
of Records
council,and
great sun
Chief of Records
DUTIES
"
at
OF.
examine
and
the books, vouchers, and
the Great
for that purpose
least four
recommend
Keeper of Wampum,
shall meet
the office of
at
priorto the council.
suns
appropriationsof
They
shall
for general
wampum,
and
specialpurposes
during the interim of the councils,based on revenue
be
received
and
shall be made
to
over
no
likely
expenditureof wampum
; and
above
unless the same
has received the approval of the
an
appropriation,
Finance
Committee.
been
have
entered
in the hands
those
by
of the
Great
their
duty
requiredto do
Incohonee, and
to
so
that
see
the necessary bonds

placethe same
the laws, to
by
submit
their report at
each
great
council.
sun
I.
The
Committee
on
be referred to them
may
their action
to
It shall be
them
II.
on
do not
The
the
It shall be
conflict with
on
and
Laws
during the interim
same.
Committee
that may
Constitution
their
the laws and
Credentials
be referred to it.
shall examine
all laws
of the councils,and
duty to
usages
see
that
report
that
as
to
the laws referred
of the Order
shall examine
and
report on
all credentials
IMPROVED
494
instructed
in the work
the laws
by
United
the proper
to
Chiefs
of Tribes
their
under
take
regularcharters, as required
palefaces. VI, 170.
of the
of the Great
Council
jurisdiction
our
"
Tribe, the effect is the
another
The
MEN.
RED
of
Chiefs
of the
Tribe
to deliver
V, 608, 672.
"
relative
rightto legislate
jurisdiction. V, 608, 672.
have
if the
as
same
compelled
are
in trust.
all property, to be held
Councils
Great
164.
the
with
extinct.
and
case
under
consolidates
become
Order
our
in the
Tribe
States
had
Tribe
of
of the Order
When
163.
OF
ORDER
the
the consolidation
to
"
COSTUMES.
165. Exposing
and
wearing
66.
The
Tribes
as
of tribal costumes
Great
appear
Tribe
has
not
need
to
Council.
is
168. /There
not
portion of
such
only ; but
paraphernaliamust
in
of
case
be turned
dispensation to
IV, 254, 298.
its paraphernalia
"
surrender
the
to
over
of its
custody
IV, 353, 393.
"
law
no
grant
in the Tribes.
worn
sister Tribe
to
power
right to dispose of
the
charter,all its property and

of the Great
"
the
public in the costumes
in
it does
paraphernaliato the view of palefaces,

publicparade prohibited. I, 83; III, 225.
our
in
has
Sachem
to
167.
portion of
controllingthe
the "colors
But
costumes.
of the
article,but
clearlydefined, and are not confined to any particular
and
the
colors
of
the
costumes.
inferentially
designate
designate rank,"
"
Order
are
"
"
V, 371, 416.
It is
169.
improper
also improper to allow

The
170.
publiclaw.
of the
laws, as
generally,as well
ordinary sash, and
certain of the costumes
palefacesto
costumes
Our
show
to
the
as
the
manufacture
Order
and
palefaces,
to
them.
it is
VII, 25.
"
of
or
are
public legislation
of our
published for the information
membership
palefaceworld, provide a regalia,
consistingof the
funeral
sash
not
and
matters
be
in
public. But
is created by the secret
the costume
work, and is intended solelyto embellish
of the Order
have no more
and illustrate it ; and the members
rightto expose
of palefaces,
than they have
to publicview, or to speak of it in the presence
and
the
exhibit
the
costumes
secret
a
to
are
signs
passwords. Therefore,
portion of
part and
outside
worn
that
of the
prescribedin
paraphernaliaof
the secret
wigwam,
the Ritual.
badge,
nor
"
in any
manner
to
the
worn
Order,
for any
or
and
other
must
not
purpose
be
than
III,255.
COUNCILS.
171.
Corn
The
moon,
Council
may
great
at
the
fire shall
council
sun
ninth
run,
rising of
be
kindled
the
sun,
on
at
such
place
as
at
place of kindling the council fire shall be determined
council by a majorityof those entitled to vote ; provided,that
fixingthe place shall have been read on two separate suns.
II.
State
stitution G.
the
Great
designate.
I. The
sun
Tuesday of
the second
Great
Councils
C. U.
S.
shall hold
one
council
every
great
each
great
the resolution
sun..
"
Cqi\^
REVISED
DIGEST.
BRAND.
COUNCIL
and
habits
Red
ritual.
our
upon
organization is
our
the
of the forest,and
Men
sacred
of their most
one
innovation
"h
of the
customs
considered
was
of
principalfeature
The
172.
495
of the
carryingout
the
as
council
emblems, its abolishment
brand
is deemed
V, 160, 210.
"
DATING.
Prior to the
173.
world,
observed
was
in G.
held
of the
it was
find the
e.g. 1877"
Red
by
1491=386.
the
conform
to
as
so
style,add
date
that
great
the
to
G.
being
1492
year
determined
moon,
date of the old
discontinued, and
was
adopted, the
Discovery,was
the first of Cold
To
Red
by
1865,the Jewish style,namely, the

Men
in dating their documents.
At
5626, this system
S.
convenience,
For
year A.D.
to the
common
Men's
style,subtract
era
S. D.,
considered
should
sun
common
era.
3760;
e.g.
1491
from
the council
Great
or
G.
Sun
S. D.
i.
on
commence
find the
To
1877+3760
the
of the
year
5637.
common
era;
Ill, 59.
"
DEGREES.
The
174.
degrees
Chief's ; also
of Past
of the Order
Sachem,
of which
the
Beneficial
Degree Councils, and

The Adoption
others.
degree
Council
or
to
and
cannot
which
said
be
conferred
paleface has
elected.
been
Tribe
No
.
by
of Beneficial
is separate from
degree, Degree of Pocahontas, and

a
palefaceexcept in the Tribe
upon
Adoption, Hunter's, Warrior's
of Pocahontas,
the Degree
each
the
are
shall
confer
permission,under
II. Brothers
degrees
desirous
of
member
upon
seal,of the Tribe
which
to
shall
of another
Tribe, except
said member
belongs.
applicationfor degrees in
make
advancing
shall be referred to the Tribe while working in
application
open
the degree applied; a ballot shall be had, and if not more
than three black
it
shall
be
If
the
be
twigs are cast
granted.
rejected,
applicationcannot
*
council ; the
for three
renewed
Great
Past
175.
confer
the Past
where
no
Council
Sachem's
Great
Sachem's
the
for Past
Great
Great
consent
Sachems
same
Chief
The
177.
to
Council
Past
receive
Incohonees
of Tribes
no
power
to
in
rightto confer the Past

good standing of another reservation,
or
the Past
have
II, 57.
in
Sachem
S.
hunting grounds
by special authority of the Great
reservation
Sachems
of the Great
has the
Council
Great
thereof.
outside
Sachem's
Consent
of their
own
degree
said Past
Sachems
shall have
recognized only when
in good standing in the Order, and when
their application
of
the
and
bear the seal and
Great
Sachem
signatures
to
be
shall
of Records
of their
of
eligibility
determine.
of any
C. U.
brothers
I, 230;
"
G.
Great
exists,unless
States.
degree upon
Vice
or
degree upon
Council
shall
jurisdiction
proved themselves
for the
Constitution
"
I ncohonees
of the United
176. The
with
moons.
"
members
reservation.
own
for
III, 134, 164.
degrees is
VI,
"
14, 49,
matter
64.
for local
tions
jurisdic-
IMPROVED
496
178.
who
In
in good standing
change in the degree work, members
of
the
former
entitled
to all changes
possession
degrees, are
additional requirements.
II, 138, 156.
confer the degrees free of charge is in conflict with the laws fixing
"
To
the fees.
IV, 160, 214.
"
of the Tribe
All business
180.
MEN.
of
case
any
179.
RED
OF
in
were
without
ORDER
shall be transacted
in the
Adoption degree.
degree is to be conferred, if the regularbusiness of the Tribe is not
in the Adoption degree for
declare a recess
completed, the Sachem
may
that purpose,
and proceed to kindle the council fire in the degree about to be
then proceed exactly in accordance
with the ritual for said
conferred, and
degree. Otherwise the council fire may be quenched in the Adoption degree
and
kindled in the degree to be conferred.
Each
degree is complete within
in
itself. The council fire may
twice
the same
not be kindled
degree on the
in
before
and
it
be
must
same
one
sleep,
quenched
degree
proceeding to
kindle it in another degree.
IV, 5, 53.
181. When
a
singledegree is to be conferred, the council fire may be
in
that
kindled
degree. V, 258, 329.
182.
Sachem
has the right,at his option, after giving proper
A
notice,
whenever
the
brothers, to convene
requested in writing by five or more
Tribe
in special council for degree work, or
other business
be
to
proper
transacted at a specialcouncil.
V, 258, 329.
for
The
a
183.
balloting
degree shall take place in the council of the
VI, 13, 49, 64.
degree for which the applicationis made.
184. A Degree Council has a rightto confer degrees on a brother who is
hear the different charges and
deaf, so much so that he cannot
obligations
The
brother
has his rights,and no
Tribe or Degree
read to him.
when
When
"
"
"
"
Council
violate them.
can
VI, 119, 176.
"
DEGREE
member
POCAHONTAS.
of Red
who
has been
Men
Improved Order
exalted to the Chiefs
degree and is in good standing in his Tribe, and any
woman
over
eighteen years of age and of good moral character, shall be
in any Council
of the Degree of Tocahontas.
The
to membership
eligible
fathom.
fee for adoption into a Council shall not be less than one
VII, 99.
officers of organizationsthat were
in existence
Past
1 86.
prior to the
promulgation of the Degree of Pocahontas, said ladies having accepted the
provisionsof the law, shall be entitled to the rank and honor of Past Chiefs.
185. Any
of
OF
the
"
-VII,
553-
187. State Great

of the United
under
188.
Deputy of
standing of the
jurisdiction. VII, 553.
great
Councils
the
to
sun
of the
Great
Degree
cil
Coun-
of Pocahontas
"
of the
Pocahontas
Council.
"
impart the
secret
work
Council.
VII, 628.
Degree
of Pocahontas
may
be
appointed
VII, 627.
189. Representativesto
"
shall report every
States the
their
Past
Councils
the
of the
Great
Council
Degree
of
of
the
Pocahontas
United
to
States
their
State
cannot
Great
REVISED
elective Chiefs
The
190.
Council
of the
VIII,
"
State
191.
of the
from
in
the members
as
of the
deem
they may
Tribe
Councils
Great
be transacted
they have
members, and
establish
and
proper,
who
Great
State
be termed
Sachem.
Great
laws and
has
Past
Sachem
Great
time and
business
Chiefs, Past
of
place
that may
Sachems
from
representatives
as
Council
Sun
who
are
the various
voice in the deliberations.
GREAT
duty
of
SACHEMS.
the
divide
right to
the Great
Great
Great
Deputy
also
the
correct
its reservation
Sachem
Sachems
be
can
are
into
appointed to
accountable
to
the
Sachems
to
enforce
to
the
working
of the Order
obedience
in their respective
II, 184, 202.

Sachem
shall have
received
the
"
Deputy Great Sachem

dedicatoryand raising-upceremony
196.
rightto
taxing Councils
provide for representation
be held at such
imperativethat a Deputy Great

degree. V, 257, 329.
Council
Great
an
II, 184, 202.
"
It is
195.
and
seat
Council
customs, and
districts.
laws
enact
which
by
can
be selected
may
"
It is the
194.
in
VIII, 596.
"
rules
representativeof
Deputy, and the Deputy
in which
districts,
visit Councils
representative is
Councils, Past
DEPUTY
A
of
members
not
are
regulationsdesignating the
such
At
Councils, shall be entitled to
193.
who
rightto
also the
of Pocahontas
Degree
those
Council.
and
may
thereat.
the
right to
said Councils, provided the
good standing in
192.
Council
have
the
have
of Pocahontas
Degree
Great
497
214.
Councils
Great
State
of Pocahontas
Degree
official capacity.
of
DIGEST.
be admitted
gentlemen, can
the
to
in
wigwam during such
GREAT
DEPUTY
dispensation to perform the

public. And
palefaces,ladies and
grant
can
service.
V, 493, 539.
"
INCOHONEES.
/
197.
in any
The
Great
Incohonee
shall
appoint
and
commission
Past
Sachem
Territorywhere there is no Great Council as a Deputy Great

duty it will be to visit,instruct,and raise up the Chiefs of
in each great sun
his charge. Prior to first of Corn
he
moon
State
or
Incohonee, whose
Tribes
under
shall make
full report to
he may
suggestionsas
the Great
such
of Records
other
duties
Deputy
199.
Tribes
200.
Deputy
in their
A
the
Sachem
Great
Incohonee
only by
Incohonees
have
Incohonee
the Tribe.
Deputy
after the formation
of
have
may
may
"
"
not
exclusive
transmit
General
"
be
to
form
per-
Laws.
appointed
right to
as
institute
IV, 227.
cannot
for
the
such
received,and
desire.
good standing is eligibleto

VI, 12, 49, 64.
"
Great
as
of the Order, and
he
in
fails to present himself
Past
advantage
wampum
Great
of their condition, and
Incohonee
respectivereservations.
Deputy
be exercised
such
as
Incohonee.
Great
elected Chief
201.
Past
for the
deem
Chief
198. Any
the Great
declare
raisingup.
station
That
is
vacant
power
if the
that
can
VI, 15, 49.
Great
Incohonee
Great
Council.
"
does
not
VI,
420.
rank
as
Past
Great Sachem
IMPROVED
It is not
202.
a
203.
work
incurred
OF
bound
to
specialinvitation of
perform that duty.
Tribe
member
in
entitled
the
less than
II.
for
receiptof
Where
such
the
the
of
of
Tribe, may
This
No.
visiting
V,
sun,
it may
under
moon,
in said
suspended
our
have
been
pended
sus-
the
certificate upon
the
lost
destroyed,the
good standing of any
issued
by
or
of
card
of the
be received
shall not
the
him
to
members
withdrawal.
Chief
the Great
Tribe
extinct
of
cards
V, 201
existingTribe.
in
deposit any Tribe, but
an
"
upon
'be awarded
of
holder
the
to
missal
dis-
to
"
MEN.
sun,
in
membership
Council
Great
and
by
Greeting:
of the
jurisdiction
.
RED
OF
admitted
was
until the
wit
following,to
Fraternal
....
of
Tribe,
....
on
the
his membership
that he retained
of dues, and
moon,
G.S.D.
when
he
was
from
dismissed
is entirely
ship
member-
Tribe.
witness
seal of
dismissal
member
receive, and
to
possessionof
in
ORDER
concern,
G.S.D.
Tribe
not
201.
for non-payment
in said
In
the
receiptof
the
entitled
shall
C. U. S.
are
card
Tribe
certifies that
,
than
more
the Tribe
reinstate
to
be
issue
former
to
shall be in the form
all whom
joininga
dues.
sun's
satisfied of
extinct Tribe
an
"
G.
being
IMPROVED
To
nor
receive,and
to
refused
extinct Tribe
an
certificates may
certificate.
has
Constitution
"
privilegeas
same
privilegeof
They
of
bership
wishing to regain mem-
certificate upon
of dues, he shall
extinct
Dismissal
207.
fathom
one
of dues,
great
one
Tribe
issue cards
Records, he may
206.
more
the books
the books
shall have
than
of Records, upon
of
less than
shall grant
application,
fathom.
Chief
Great
member
nor
proper
Where
205.
of not
for non-payment
wherein
non-payment
one
to
suspension, shall be
missal
a disapplication,
proper
great
one
a dismissal
application,
cases
Tribe, upon
by
sun's
shall grant, upon
the payment
fathom
all
of dues, desirous
reservation,shall be entitled
proper
one
In
the Tribe
suspended
in another
grant, upon
visit is made
such
dues.
member
I.
honee
Inco-
CERTIFICATES.
reservation, after
same
sun's
great
Groat
appoint a qualifiedChief
to
for non-payment
suspended
certificate upon
one
of the Deputy
II, 183, 196, 202.
receive,and
to
in his possession
keep
to
Chiefs,unless
he has power
DISMISSAL
its
MEN.
142.
the expenses
pay
the Tribe, as
"
204.
II, 57,
"
his visit to raise up
by
RED
Incohonee
Deputy Great
of the Order.
is not
Tribe
for
proper
of the
copy
ORDER
whereof,we
Tribe, this
.
have
.
sun,
hereunto
.
subscribed
moon,
G.S.D.
our
.
and
names
.
affixed the
Sachem.
[SEAL]
...
C. of R.
REVISED
certificate must
The
208.
Tribe
member
of
Council
thereof.
to
suspended
preferred
been
V, 423, 435.
"
of
entitled to receive
extinct
an
of dues, upon
VI,
Great
signatureof the Great Chief of Records

compelled to grant a dismissal card
criminal charges,provided that charges have
brother
209.
the seal of the
is not
liable to
against him.
printedthereon
499
and
States
the United
have
DIGEST.
has
applicationto
proper
been
the
for
suspended
the Great
certificate upon
dismissal
Tribe, who
Chief
of
payment
payment
non-
of Records, is
fathom.
one
"
64.
14,
DIPLOMAS
CERTIFICATES
(OR
The
210.
only
authorized
Diploma, Red
by the Great
Membership, is the one issued

procured only through the
be
Council.
Tribal
211.
any
VIII,
"
Red
issued
Chief
Great
Men's
Chart
Council
of the
of Records
of
Certificate
or
United
of each
States,
State
to
Great
357.
Chiefs
the Great
have
affix the seal of the
rightto sign and

Chart, Diploma or Certificate
Man's
by
MEMBERSHIP).
OF
no
of the United
Council
of
Sfates.
Tribe
to
those
Membership,, except
VIII, 357.
"
DUES.
brother
212.
pending
IV, 5,
"
after six
the Tribe
of
dues,forfeits all
claims
upon
has
right to
no
from
members
make
the Order
or
of
approve
law
'
to
of dues
for non-payment
V, 92.
"
Tribe
Council
suspend
to
moons.
215.
to
60.
Great
State
Tribe
his dues
pay
"
allow
cannot
brother
the Tribe.
214.
the Order
appeal. IV, 303.

suspended for non-payment
an
213.
expelled from
deduct
may
the
suns1 dues
seven
from
the
fits."
bene-
suns1
seven
IV, 259.
ELECTIONS.
216.
The
of
election
States shall take
place on the
settingof the sun.
third run,
to
election.
an
If
on
and
had, when
two
second
only
ballot shall be
G.
C.
The
217.
time and
218.
Chiefs
Great
manner
219.
In
all of the
if
majority of
votes
shall not
votes
United
the
council,at the
sun's
be
necessary
ballot shall
second
ballot shall be
third
highest number
the
eligible. Blank
of
polled shall
made,
is then
received
who
great
is elected,a
one
no
Council
Great
of the
sun
choice
no
the
of votes
counted.
be
on
"
the
stitution
Con-
U. S.
in such
same
the
second
the first ballot
immediately be had,
of
Chiefs
Great
of
manner
State Great
as
the
By-Laws
Representativesmust
as
the Chiefs
elections
of
State
requiringa
scatteringvotes
must
Council
shall be elected
be elected
at
the
Council.
Great
"
majorityof the whole
be counted.
"
I, 128.
by ballot, at such
may prescribe.
Council
of the Great
same
time
in the
and
General
Laws.
number
cast
to
elect,
IMPROVED
5 00
Chief
220.
of
blank
ballots.
Representative may
222.
attending to
or
his
vote
his
on
after the main
nays
his
be
name
ballots
are
in
III,60, 61.
"
explain
callingof yeas and
during the
his station
at
"
by
exceeded
number
Council, when
MEN.
be
some
upon
RED
deprived of his vote.

II,44, 51, 55.
nominee
for
and
a
chieftaincy,
only one
of the ballots,he is elected,although such
If there
found
State Great
OF
be
his duties,cannot
221.
ORDER
being
name
question has been
called
ordered.
-111,355Representativewho was
present at the time of
offer
declination
the succeeding sun.
his
on
chieftaincyto
for
223. It is proper
nomination
to
his
"
II, 49take place under

Chiefs
Rule
'"
of Tribes.
Chiefs,
order
within
should
permit
the
province of
brother
who
null and
declared
be
their discretion
exercise
Tribe
on
at
that
should
the
visitations
Great
tion
institu-
or
vohd
election by ballot for
an
improperly voted
if a
the result ; but
change
to
10,
Tribe
III, 191, 225.
"
It is not
to
New
libertyto
shall be at
225.
raisingup of Chiefs of
Business," excepting always
nomination, election,and
The
224.
to
brother
disqualified
and
ballot
new
his vote
announce
has
voted
the ballot
ordered.
be
in
III, 191,
"
226.
Failure
226.
such
objectionsto
; and
the
in
the result of
hold
ballot.
228.
any
which
at
the
of
disqualifiedbrothers,
invited
been
by
the Sachem,
governing such
voters
disqualified
his
brother
of the
be
can
although
avails nothing
the
remedy for
is to
participated,
cases,
have
226.
sleep of
other
member
No
have
III, 191, 224,
"
on
questionas
any
voting
of local law
absence
member
the
to
voting may
election
an
another
227.
object
to
adoption has the

same
degree.
requiredto divulge his
rightto
same
vote
III,41.
for castinga
"
reasons
on
black
III, 134, 162, 164.
twig.
"
The
229.
mode
correct
voting
of
in Great
is the usual
Councils
show
of
Order.
the
applicationreceives
and
black twigs appear,
If
230.
more
or
an
through mistake,
and
new
over
as
of
adoption
the
suns.
report
incidental
Returning Board,
Council
Great
seven
one
be
adopting
that
and
that
states
ordered
"
at
put in
twigs were
the
under
once
Committee
questions which
only by
the
two
stances,
circum-
IV, 159, 190.
of .the
report could
and
report, is balloted upon,
brother
ballot may
settles all the
Returns
upon
lie
not
The
231.
favorable
it
was
appeal from
an
its acts
be
Elections
and
required to
pass
on
action
the
of the
brought in question.
"
V, 165.
The
232.
whether
Laws
or
shall
present
was
Rules.
"
In the case
233.
of
he
members
or
election of 'a
absent
at
qualifiedperson
the election,if not
would
forbidden
hold
good
by the By-
V, 258, 329.
of
Representative,a
be
and
nomination
of
contested
committee
the
State
election,or
protest againstthe admission
of five shall be
Great
Council
appointed,neither
from
which
the
of whom
contest
or
IMPROVED
502
ORDER
MEN.
RED
OF
FUNDS.
241
funds
The
of the
Great
interest
placesas
accruing,and
so
allow
will
in such
of the
Council
received
interest
United
be added
must
the
to
be
must
posited
de-
dailybalances, and
the
on
States
the
Fund.
Permanent
"
VIII, 125.
supreme
Council
tribunal
of the
shall
without
its sanction.
before
he
degree for
the
the
The
introduction
Council
of
Sachems.
Past
of the
Order
in
exist therein
can
shall receive the Great
Council
shall
Council
be
always
who
shall be
Representatives,
establish regulations
in regard to
Great
degree
opened in,
chems.
Sa-
Past
of
may
is the
It
or
State,district,
territory,
country
branch
or
member
Every
Great
The
Tribe
no
COMPOSED.
How
"
composed
in
his seat.
take
can
be
Order
it is located,and
which
that
Great
242.
COUNCIL
GREAT
STATE
tation
represen-
therein.
I.
virtue
By
of
Councils
Great
Dominion
may
By-Laws
of this
General
No
243.
governed by
they may
as
United
States,
the
States, districts,territories,or
Council, the
Great
laws
institute
can
one
such
shall be
of the
Council
Great
in
tution
their charters,the Consti-
General
Laws
in accordance
adopt
for
adopted
the
with
Laws.
of the Great
member
and
the
established
They
their government,
same.
be
of Canada.
and
"
authority from
Great
Council
Council
except
of the United
the Great
States, duly
Incohonee,
authorized
or
him.
by
-",610,677.
Council
Great
244.
of the first
status
has
no
of
Prophet
power
Tribe
rightto legislatein regard

created by the Great Incohonee.
the
to
or
IV,
"
181, 191.
245.
Past
Sachem
Great
and
against whom
appointed or elected
246.
obtain
of
to.
fill any
pending, can
Representative,
position he may be
a
Council
whose
the Great
three moons,
or
Tribe
Chief
his
surrenders
its charter
depositit in
of Records, and
shall
chieftaincy
must
be forfeited.
VI,
"
176.
247.
Great
Council
permittingTribes
248.
United
249.
it may
Great
Great
hold
to
Great
Council
time
time
to
Councils
according to Article
great
one
251.
has
The
609, 671.
sun
Chiefs
right to adopt
councils
once
amendment
an
moon.
its Constitution,
to
IV, 253, 279, 299.
"
reprimanded by the Great Council of the

unheeded
I,8, 9.
infringementof laws.
is allowed
to kindle its council fires at such placesas
Council
may
for
careless and
States,
from
250.
least
is
is not
V, 373, 428.
"
Great
card from
within
Tribe
good standing,who
charge
no
withdrawal
another
119,
Chief
in
be
"
determine
are
required to
III,General
council."
upon.
"
forming a
Laws:
I, 216.
"
hold
"This
council
Great
in
every
Council
great
shall hold
sun
at
V, 529, 540.
Great
Council
must
be
Past
Sachems.
"
V,
REVISED
223
Council
Great
252.
In
253.
of the division of
case
establish
must
of the United
Councils
Great
254.
of Tribes
terms
and
commence
per
diem.
256.
Great
other
III,
"
State,the Tribes
put themselves
or
States.
have
the
of the
newly formed State

the jurisdiction
of the
under
II, 233, 251.
"
rightto
fix the
time
at
they should so arrange

end uniformly.
IV, 196; VIII, 85.
Councils
failingto pay per capita tax
of the United
Council
Great
Representativesthereof
the
which
the six
that
the
moons
shall
terms
in
accordance
States,shall be
shall forfeit all claims
with
deprived of
to mileage
VII, 669, 670.
"
shall have
Councils
of the
branches
full
authorityand
control
all Tribes
over
in their reservations,subjectto the laws
Order
of
to the forms, ceremonies,

They shall enforce a strict adherence
jewels,charges,blanks,and other suppliesfurnished
styleof regalia,
Great
Council, and shall be responsiblefor any violation they may
Council.
this Great
this
sanction
allow, and
or
without
reservations
tradingposts.
Tribe
no
alone
Council
or
their sanction
Councils
Great
257.
hold
English language.
shall end, but
By-Laws
their vote, and
by
in the
"
Great
255.
Article V,
Council
Great
Council
Great
and
its records
keep
must
503
V, 610, 671.
and
DIGEST.
have
legallyexist
can
within
and
authority.
Constitution
the
rightto grant permission to
"
G.
their
U.
S.
Tribes
to
C.
VIII, 563.
"
HONORS.
258. A
period of
and
Council
Great
of the
ceremonies
does
of office in
chief's term
Tribe
or
authorityto
provided by
possess
from
Tribe
Council
Great
not
of the
that
United
States.
the
vary
the
laws
III, 134, 162,
"
164.
all Tribes
In
259.
instituted
of the United
Council
until the end
the
at
of the term,
the
than
States,more
chiefs elected
term, the
under
time
immediate
two
authorityof the
priorto the close
moons
of such
and
institution,
who
shall be entitled to the full honors
Great
of the
serve
may
of their several
positions. III,232, 285.

"
If
260.
end
of
Chiefs
The
first
The
Sachem.
263.
Sachem
264. The
266.
election
of Chiefs, the
in the term
change
work
cannot
which
of
Tribe
its charter
surrenders
thereof.
is entitled
the
previous to
III, 190, 225.
"
to
rank
Senior
as
Past
IV, 82, 107.
"
of the
III, 1 16, 117.
"
Tribe
Prophet
has served
who
brother
elected
entitled to the honors
council
time
but such
cease,
good standing,and resigns,is
265.
the
full elective term, forfeit the honors
262.
of
changes
must
forfeiture of the honors.

261.
in
Council
of the said Chiefs
terms
a
Great
When
chamber,
When
Great
of the
Chiefs
the Sachem
Deputy
Great
majorityof
not
the
sleepsof
entitled to the honors
fill the
unexpired term
position. IV, 254, 289.
to
his term, and
of Past
of the
is
Sachem.
chieftaincyis
"
themselves
announce
must
call up the Tribe.
Chiefs
announce
as
"
such, and
V.
themselves
141,
as
enter
the
196.
such
for
the
IMPROVED
504
of
purpose
as
of
privileges
which
elected.
they were
General
"
An
act
Order
Improved
of
sickness
welfare
AND
Men,
more
for the
means
constituted
SECTION
Be
and
politic
is
Men
and
causes,
Order
an
of its members
such
as
for the
the
for
term
States,of the
may
instituted for the

from
suffering
be
furtherance
of the United
Council
of the
of the
general
States of the
of its
purposes
to
organization,
be
corporate.
by the Senate
of Pennsylvania, in
enacted
it
and
House
of Representatives
Assembly met, and it is
General
same.
of the United
Council
Bittorf,William
States,of the Improved
and
body politic
title of the Great
style,and
by the name,
G.
of the United
Council
of Red
execution
Men, is hereby constituted
C.
of the
at
Improved
of the Order,
body organized for the better government
effectual accomplishment of its charitable objects,and as
of the Commonwealth
hereby enacted of the
the Great
end
elected
'
That
Great
better
body
i.
OF.
the
Tribe
thereof.
The
WHEREAS,
ACT
"
Great
Order
to
other
of the members
desire for the

a
Improved
distress,or
or
to
Men.
affordingrelief
of Red
Order
of Red
The
WHEREAS,
purpose
incorporatethe
to
serve
of
Laws.
INCORPORATION
268.
the Tribe
196.
141,
of the Chiefs
Chiefs
thereof;provided,such
institution
V,
"
shall call up
and
conferringthe rank, title,
rights,
laws
each
upon
MEN.
Tribe, the Sachem
adopt
may
Sachem
Past
of
RED
OF
the council chamber.
Councils
Great
267.
the Chiefs
raisingup
they enter
as
soon
ORDER
Men,
which
Council
F.
in deed
of the United
corporationshall
Fields, R.
M.
corporate
Order
Gardner,
L.
consist
and
of Red
in
law,
States of the
of Louis
Muth,
Vanfossen, William
S.
G. Gorsuch, G.
W.
Quigley,S. Sullivan,John L. Boker, William
Lindsay,
George H. M. Marriot, William Colton, Robert Sullivan, Richard Marley,and
H. Ford, of Maryland; Andrew
William
J. Baker, Morris H. Gorham, E. F.
Stewart, C. Weistenberg, William
Adrain, L. C. Pierce, A. Gibbs, W.
J.
Goodwin, and A. Cameron, of Pennsylvania;Joshua Maris, William R. MacFarlane and S. Rianhard, of Delaware; J. A. Parsons, John D. Moore, B. F.
Wood,
and
Moses
L.
Charles
F.
Johnson, of
Merrill, and
A.
C.
New
Jersey; J. A. Burch,
Thomas
Rich,
Prather, of the District of Columbia;
George
Baker, of Ohio; A. J. Francis
Bosley and David
and
R.
B. McCracken,
of Kentucky; Hugh
Latham, E. L. Lunsford, and
of
B.
Theobald
Gachter
and
Shaner,
J.
Virginia;
August Roettger,of West
of Louisiana, and all other persons
who
are
now
Virginia; Alfred Shaw,
stitution
members, or who shall hereafter be admitted
such, agreeablyto the Conas
and
said
corporate
By-Laws of the said Great Council, and by the
shall
have
and
shall
be
forever
name
perpetual succession,
capable in law to
Berg, of Missouri;
.take,hold, and
and
let the
same,
T.
A.
sell real
and
devise,or bequest,or
to
estate,
take and
in fee
hold
other lawful means,
simple or
real
and
or
otherwise, and
to
mortgage
grant,
personalestate, by gift,
of
the
same
or
; to
dispose
sell
REVISED
have
be sued, and
and
sue
lawful and
in the
necessary
SECTION
or
to
do for the furtherance
at
renew
and
matters
pleasure ;
things that
of the
make,
and
it may
into
be
may
to
be
may
objectsrecited
shall
locate its
within
elect
have
execution
and
time
to
Constitution,By-
time
by the
amend
at pleasure;
Regulationsbe not
of the United
laws
the
principal
from
power
passed from
sessions
the said limits.
such
Constitution,By-Laws, Rules, and
the said
other
or
may
revoke, annul, alter,or
to
same
States,and
Council
put
its annual
hold
may
as
Great
the Constitution
to
time
to
said
the
Council, and
provided, that
Council
Regulations,as
Laws, Rules, and
repugnant
time
the
That
3.
establish, and
time to
Great
for them
place from
office at such
SECTION
generally
do all such
State of the United
other
any
to
said Great
The
2.
break, alter,and
to
same
505
of this act.
preamble
in this
the
seal,and
common
DIGEST.
time
to
States,or of the
Pennsylvania,nor repugnant to the provisionsof this act.

the rightto modify, alter,or annul the
SECTION
reserves
4. The Legislature
to
however, as to do no injustice
privilegeshereby granted,in such manner,
of
Commonwealth
the corporator.
Speaker of
KELLEY,
R.
JAMES
the House
of Representatives.
FLEMING,
DAVID
the Senate.
Speaker of
Approved,
Sixty-Six"
the
thirtieth
day
of
March,
thousand
one
eight
G.
A.
269. There is
prohibitsa Tribe
for
of
act
an
of
law
no
in
from
reservation
any
"
The
270.
a
States.
Great
271.
V,
"
for the
that
matters
the
to
States
which
authorities
proper
RELICS.
of
of Records
made
case
relics,or other
United
Chief
Great
suitable
United
the
applying
CURTIN.
179, 228.
incorporation. V,
INDIAN
have
of
Council
Great
the
and
hundred
the
United
protectionand
be
may
is instructed
States
preservationof the
presented to
the
Council
Great
to
Indian
of the
233.
Councils
gather and preserve

V,
Aboriginees of America.
recommended
are
of
trophies,and antiquities
the
to
"
the
ture,
litera-
233.
INSURANCE.
Improved
Order"
without
of Red
Men
under
which
of the Great
the consent
is
association
corporationor
No
272.
permitted to
to
Council
conduct
the
use
the
of the
name
of insurance,
business
of the United
States.
LAWS.
273.
the
By- Laws
United
of Great
States
Councils
of
jurisdiction
in
conformity with
be
may
and
laws
this Great
made.
the Constitution
Also, General
for the government
Council.
of the
Laws
of Tribes
Great
for the
under
Council
of
government
the immediate
IMPROVED
506
Great
274.
government
"
The
275.
laws
authorityof
Council
have
the
of the
been
276.
Council
Great
make
violates any
of
laws
and
the
been
rulingsof
made
Records
to
278. The
vested
in the Great
of the
United
amended
and
individual
the
Council
they
of the
endorsed
of
of the
in
points decided
the
by
State
United
cannot
States, or
of the council
it shall be
and
IV,
"
aside
under
of
State
Constitution
the
Chief
Great
has
of
where
Council
Great
the
not
the
Great
of
is not
Council
be
may
V, 304.
"
render
to
Council
By-Laws,
reading.
power
Great
of the
of
after the third
Incohonee
State
an
shall have
same
the
in
4, 60.
IV,
"
duty
published
the
of
sions,
deci-
cases,
220.
positivelaw
which
at
the
appeal
and
council, shall be collected
same.
Great
error
By-Laws
be
Council
Great
Great
law
to
subjectdiscussed
members
some
decisions
is in existence.
to
V,
"
442.
281.
by
given
admitted
Great
of the
V, 608, 671.
"
set
by
be valid must
States, relatingto the amendment
The
280.
of the
Incohonee.
Amendments
279.
436,
to
power
the supreme
are
and
their
V, 610, 671.
"
law
if
even
for the
within
those
Constitution
States.
void,
on
United
each
the
which
to
the records
to
prepare
are
States
conflict with
null and
States.
determined,
or
laws
general laws
Pocahontas
of
United
of the
Council
thereof.
appendix attached
Council
MEN.
enact
to
Degree
Great
State
U.
committee
the
All constructions
277.
S.
C.
States
that vitiates
law
G.
of the United
law of
of
Local
Order.
United
full power
Councils
of the Great
approved by
Council
Great
and
Constitution
jurisdiction.
have
shall
Councils
of Tribes
RED
OF
ORDER
All power
WHEREAS,
the several Great

and
them
Councils
of
consent
the
exist
Great
Therefore, the Great
establish
Constitution
authorityenjoyed, exercised, and possessed
and
only by
Council
of
General
or
of
Council
of their charters
virtue
United
the
the
United
and
adopt
doth
States
tion
sanc-
duly granted
States
for their government.
Law
and
General
"
Laws.
The
282.
and
Great
General
under
Constitution
these
by
the
to
who
and
shall
Laws,
When
Laws.
Sachem
Chief
whose
refer
adopted
of
Tribes
them
approval they
shall be
not
of
the
Councils
of Pocahontas
with
conflict
United
the
and
States
of Records, shall be transmitted
Great
the
to
and
do
adopted, three copies thereof,cer.
are
Chief
of the
Council
of the
Committee
on
binding upon
must
be
in which
manner
brought
before
by way
said Constitution, if in conformitv
United
laws
Great
for its government,
By- Laws
enact
United
States,
and
Constitution
the Great
Council.
"
Laws.
283. Objections to the

been
to
regulationof
said
and
of Records
immediately
upon
General
full power
jurisdiction
; provided, they
By-Laws of the Great Council
the Great
Great
has
for the
Laws
its
General
tified
Council
an
States.
appeal ; otherwise
"
III, 162.
the
the
Great
it is the
with
the
duty
laws
laws
of
Council
of the
of
the
Great
Council
of the
United
committee
Great
to
Council
have
States
approve
of
the
REVISED
284.
approval,shall
for
Council.
286.
have
Councils
Great
their
Great
Councils
Council
archives
of
and
of the United
the
State
Great
Council
Great
State
and
Laws, and
case
after the action
all such
Tribes
Constitution
conform
must
for Tribes
thereto
and
adopt
III, 191, 226.
"
is the proper
Council
the Great
the
to
body
of the United
of the State Great
regularlytaken
appeal
the
authorityto promulgate a
and
jurisdiction,
accordingly.
By-Laws
to the Great
filed among
be
By-Laws of
and
submitted
507
III,373.
"
285.
under
been
shall have
Tribes, which
States
Constitutions
of all the
copy
DIGEST.
Council
Great
to
States
only consider
can
shall have
of
Council
its Constitution
construe
the
been
United
had,
the
and
States.
an
IV,
"
21,58.
287. Tribes
United
body
under
States
the
immediate
obliged to
are
and
for their government,

and
Constitution
States.
IV, 81,
"
All
288.
Tribes
receive
all
the
to
By-Laws
the Great
Constitution
be
must
approval of the Great
of the
Council
that
adopted by
conformity to
in
Council
of the
said
United
102.
101,
amendments
under
the
of
jurisdiction
conform
the
to
of Great
By-Laws
Councils,
By-Laws
or
of
of this Great
be attested by the
Council, must
jurisdiction
not
seal,and signed by the Chiefs thereof,and all such proposed amendments
attested shall not
be received
so
by the Great Council of the United States.
-IV,
300.
Laws
289.
under
do
seal,and
Records.
not
the
"Vol.
Tribes
290.
the
the
charges priorto
effect until
signaturesof
VIJI,
have
into
go
the
the
promulgated by
Incohonee
Great
and
Great
Great
Council,
Chief
of
141.
the
rightto
being raised
LOTTERIES
enact
up.
law
Chiefs
to
memorize
IX, 85.
"
GIFT
OR
compelling
ENTERPRISES.
The
giving,holding,getting up, and advertisingany giftenterprise,

of the Order
or
thereof,in which the name
or
anything in the nature
lottery,
of any Tribe thereof,
is,or may be used, is prohibited. III,80, 100, 101.
291.
"
MARK.
The
292.
dimensions
three-quartersof
an
of the
inch
mark
long,and
b.adge to
or
half
an
inch
be
wide
used
as
; and
pin shall
for
charm
be
or
suspend by a watch chain or otherwise, shall be one and a quarter

IV, 22, 27.
length,by seven-eighthsof an inch wide.
in
The
United
Great
Council
of
the
States,
adopting the report on
293.
of the
badge, did not intend to confer the exclusive rightupon any member
Order
said badge, but intended
to be open
to manufacture
to free competition.
totem,
to
inches
in
IV, 139.
"
294.
way
It is unlawful
than
295.
"
is
to
in
specified
Members
of the
wear
the
the
"mark"
privatework.
Order
will be
or
"
manual"
"sign
III, 191,
entitled to
224,
wear
in any
other
226.
inscribed
upon
their
IMPROVED
508
mark
badge only the
or
emblems
of the
MEN.
RED
OF
ORDER
degree
which
to
they have
attained.
IV, 22, 27.
"
The
296.
as
of the
use
advertisement
an
Order, and
is
motto
or
of any
of the words
any
business
prohibited. VI,
is
emblems
or
violation
gross
of the
of the
Order
laws
of the
512.
"
MEMBERSHIP.
The
297.
Great
All Past
I.
The
II.
Great
Incohonees
elective Chiefs
III.
The
IV.
Great
State
and
of the Great
Great
"
Council.
Councils.
be
Past
Sachems
G.
C. U.
S.
shall be
Council
of:
composed
Sachems.
Great
Great
Constitution
"
States shall be
Past
Representativesof State
Representatives must
Councils.
their Great
298.
of the United
Council
composed
in
good standing
of Past
Sachems.
members
of
in
eral
Gen-
"
Laws.
Councils
Degree
299.
Degree.
General
"
No
300.
shall
shall be
person
male, of good moral
white
one
great
and
Preserver
of the
becoming a member
accompanying
referred
to
of
his
committee
character
and
in
of the
Tribe
standing,of
the
existence
and
who
Constitution
"
of
brother
Any
301.
into
Universe,
of support.
means
of
composed
adopted
believes
who
suns,
be
the
Chiefs
Laws.
is
G.
of
Order
the
Spirit,
possessed
of
Creator
known
some
free
of twenty-
full age
the
Great
except
table
repu-
C. U. S.
of
card desirous
holding a withdrawal
of a palea
Tribp shall make applicationas in case
face,
shall
be
with
his
withdrawal
which
card,
application
of three, whose
duty it shall be to report as to
the
Order
Constitution
G. C. U. S.
Council.
at a stated
standing and qualifications
for adoption into a Tribe
be recommended
must
by
302. An application
in
one-half
the
and
be
brothers
two
adoption
good standing,
accompanied by
referred
of
who
shall
fee.
shall
be
committee
The
to
three,
a
application
of
strict investigationof the health, character, and
make
a
qualifications
his
"
the
and report
applicant,
Any
303.
exalted
the Chiefs
to
over
Rules
D.
the
Council.
Improved
Degree,
eighteen
to membership
eligible
woman
the next
at
of
member
is in
and
of age
years
in any
and
Council
Constitution
"
Order
of
Red
good standing
of
of the
good
G.
Men
has
in his Tribe, and
been
any
character, shall be
moral
of Pocahontas.
Degree
S.
C. U.
who
"
eral
Gen-
P.
,
304.
with
the
brother
-
Order
this
known
Order
shall
the
be
permitted
Order
Independent
persistingin associatinghimself therewith
as
of
may
to
hold
Red
be
membership
Men,
and
any
expelledforthwith.
I,48305.
Order
or
of
brother
No
It
is inconsistent
of Red
Men
as
with
beneficial
non-beneficial members.
"
the
established
organizationto
III, 118.
principlesof
admit
any
the
class of
Improved
honorary
ORDER
IMPROVED
510
loss of
The
319.
"VI,
Order.
320.
a palefacefor adoption into

disqualify
not
64, 119, 176.

to adopt a palefaceof another
14, 49,
The
leg will
one
consent
MEN.
RED
OF
authorityof
by the Tribe directlyof the proper

VI, 49, 66.
palefaceresides.
be asked
jurisdiction
may
the
reservation
our
wherein
the
adopted
into
"
321.
Advanced
322.
Tribes
enact
fee
applicantat an advanced
age to pay a
considered
an
equivalentfor guaranteeingthe
be
of benefits to him.
payment
itself
require an
may
it would
large that
so
be
cannot
eyes
from
disqualification
membership.
of
a
prohibitingthe adoption
palefaceafter a
law
Tribes
of
is not
age
cannot
certain age.
both
VIII, 167.
"Vol.
Order.
the
sight of
lost the
have
who
Palefaces
IX, 23.
"
NON-RESIDENT.
323.
unless
No
Tribe
by
consent
degrees upon
of the Tribe
shall
adopt
of
the
member
Great
of
Sachem
of another
amendment
An
to
belongs.
to
326.
the
or
measure
adopt
council
same
motions,
328.
not
member
the
who
seconded
C.
U.
seal,
S.
motion
to
the
record
motion
II.
"
be
cannot
reconsider.
made
III,367, 368.
"
of order.
out
the
it.
sections,
down
who
one
after
there-
256, 257.
renewed
at
III, 343, 349.
"
of those
names
who
made
III, 159.
"
indecorous
uses
thereby lose his
not
ruled
justvoted
one
a
G.
accepted by the
one
whole
who, in debate,
Council
Great
be
may
rightto
indefinitely
postponed
Matters
329.
as
to
strike from
to
in order.
of order, does
out
similar
confer
nor
permission,under
by
report adopted in portions or
only through
motion
327.
reservation
LAW.
of the
the entire report
resolution
motion
the consent
the motion, without

325.
State reservation
Constitution
"
PARLIAMENTARY
324.
such
Tribe, except
said member
which
to
of another
palefaceresident
of the United
the floor.
before
the next
is declared
III, 173.
"
be
again
cannot
States
language and
brought
great
before
up
council.
sun
"
II,80, 85.
it is still in
while
Council.
the Great
the
guide when
the
When
332.
offered
to
of the
the
motion
be
indefinitely
postponed
committee, the subjectnot being before
cannot
II,83.
"
adopted by
the Rules
substitute
of Order
the Great
do not
is offered for
originalmotion
to
committee
hands
Cushing's Manual
331.
as
subject referred
330.
after the
Council
of the United
provide.
III, 115.
"
resolution,an
substitute
has
States
amendment
been
be
can
rejected. III,
"
251.
333.
Tribe
until
Business."
due
and
quench
to
the order,
arrivingat
Should
the motion
regularform.
the
"
council
as
fire cannot
laid down
the
prevail,
IV, 302.
in
council
be
the
entertained
Ritual, entitled
fire must
be
in any
"
New
quenched
in
REVISED
It is not
334.
and
ballot.
proceed to
such
has
receive and
to
refer to
mittee
com-
accept the report of the committee
to
nor
amend
authorityto
do
amendments
of the United
motion
adoption ;
511
IV, 254, 298.
"
Council
Great
335.
make
to
necessary
applicationfor
an
DIGEST.
conflict with
not
their Rules
law
any
of Order, provided
of the
Great
Council
States. "IV,
254, 298.
a
having spoken once
336. A point of order that a Representative,
upon
question,is not in order to speak a second time until all desiringto speak
have an
the
as
opportunityto do so, not well taken unless raised as soon
IV, 379.
speaker commences.
337. The adoption of the records of the previous council has no bearing
the subject-matter
under consideration
at such council.
II,39.
upon
"
"
338. Under
10
had
not
that
considered
submitted
Rule
being
Ritual
under
introduced
and
Business," any business
"New
introduced
been
transacted
has been
other business
of the
before.
said
when
But
all the
rule,there is nothing
acted
under
upon
the
be
may
business
preclude
(Rule
to
rule.
next
II.)" Ill, 40, 54.

effect of
The
339.
but
of the protestants.
"
When
340.
present
not
destroy the validityof
to
place upon
to
is referred
to
views
which
is
and
mandatory
the
Vol.
"
VIII, page
The
rule
and
Rules
of Order
the Great
of any
other
code
precedence
appliesonly to cases not provided for
RULES
Great
Incohonee
putting a
question?" If
for the
ready
question,after which
the question.
upon
II.
brother
No
his rank
according to
III.
Every
in
Incohonee
otherwise
IV.
All
Council,
or
or
brother
a
proper
written
present and
or
is its
manual.
Any
permittedto
other
law
or
of Order.
in the Rules
vote
or
to
order,rising for
of
:
"
Is the
the
address
speak
unless
put the
Council
Great
clothed
that
Council
Great
he shall rise and
him
address
in order
be
Parliamentary
ORDER.
OF
brother
no
make
to
privatework,
members
Council
speak to points
question he shall ask
it will not
shall be
other
the
may
Before
purpose.
Vol.
"
LAW.
adopted by
take
I. The
to
530.
PARLIAMENTARY
Law,
it.
to
intended
same
either in the
342.
right
138.
entitled to vote.
or
subjectreferred
the
on
the
it has
committee
forms, ceremonies, or
regalia,
three-fourths
of
vote
unwritten, requires a
change
any act done,

the individual sentiments
record
V, 166.
expressingtheir
resolution
341.
protest is
members
resolution
report
VIII, page
or
simply to enable
in
regalia
station.
when
manner,
he
rises
and
no
to
speak
brother
shall
shall pass
address
out
the
of the
Great
wigwam,
disturb the council, except to call to order.
personalitiesand indecorous
its members,
are
language or
prohibited.
positively
reflection upon
the Great
V.
had
speak
opportunityso
an
If
VI.
shall
than
more
do,
to
OF
RED
once
upon
brother,while speaking,be called
speaking and
cease
and
the
than
more
nor
MEN.
questionuntil
without permission
same
twice
Council.
the Great
from
shall
brother
No
all have
he
ORDER
IMPROVED
512
take his seat
permissiongiven him
by the Great Incohonee,

mined
questionof order is deter-
order
to
until the
proceed.
to
according
Every Chief or brother shall be designatedby his proper title,
in
the Order.
to his standing
VIII.
When
a
question is before the Great Council, no motion shall be
received, except for the previous question,to lie on the table, to postpone
to a limited time ; to divide,to commit, or to amend
or
indefinitely,
; and such
shall severallyhave precedence in the order herein arranged. A
motions
motion
to quench the council fire is always in order.
VII.
IX.
and
Constitution
X.
brother
Any
of
if sustained
by
Incohonee
XII.
of any
brother.
debate.
The
Council
appeal no
XV.
Great
an
motion
to
until the next

The
he
the
to
shall
When
XVI.
appeal
lie
be
shall
the
at
be carried.
time, the
same
until it has
put
to
majoritymay
in this form
been
Great
seconded
demand
the
previous
question
Shall the main
"
the
Great
more
and
all
shall be
originalquestion.
shall pronounce
may
and
the request
writingat
speak
of
decision
points of
by any two
on
Council
than
the
order
the
without
brothers
debate,
which
on
"
Great
once.
the table shall be decided
without
it shall
question is postponed indefinitely
great sun
sideration
recon-
passed, and
it was
decided,shall precludeall amendments

question be ordered, the amendments
then
speak
on
debate
brothers
Incohonee
brother
speak
It shall be reduced
main
subjects;
call for the
can
in which
the reconsideration
subjectto
always
If the
all
on
to
the
is entitled to the floor.
in their order and
upon
XIV.
subject
which
until it is
and
put?"
council
rise to
Incohonee.
shall
question,which
now
the votes
call of three
the
prevailingside
great sun
same
shall be
the Great
On
XIII.
of
of the Order,
of the work
consideration
the
on
brothers
more
motion
by
voted
voted
the
shall decide
No
further
at
majorityof
or
stated
be
who
vote
If two
XI.
consideration
the
unwritten.
and
written
of the Whole
Committee
For
other:
none
for the
Laws, and
itself into
resolve
may
followingsubjectsand
the
upon
Council
Great
The
debate.
not
be acted
on
council.
be demanded
by any two members, and
nays may
the record ; and every Representativemust
shall be entered upon
vote, unless
excused
by a majorityof the Great Council.
XVII.
yeas
and
All
XVIII.
otherwise
questions shall
provided for.
be
ORDER
343.
and
the
At
command
the
run
fixed
therefor
silence ; have
council fire duly kindled.
decided
OF
the
by
majorityvote, except
in
cases
BUSINESS.
Great
the wickets
Incohonee
shall take his station
secured, the wigwam
examined, and
REVISED
DIGEST.
513
Roll of Chiefs.
I.
II.
Appointment
III.
Credentials
of Committee
of
Great
Past
Credentials.
on
Sachems
Representatives read
and
and
referred.
VII.
The
Incohonee
of Great
Talks
Long
VIII.
Great
fire read and
of last council
record
The
VI.
Past
Sachems.
Representatives.
Roll of
V.
Representativesand
of
Admission
IV.
of
names
order, for business
and
Councils
Great
considered.
other
and
Chiefs.
Tribes
called
in
alphabetical
communications.
or
Reports of committee.
IX.
Deferred
X.
XI.
business.
business.
New
rules may
These
be
temporarilydispensed with by
the Great
Incohonee.
PASSWORDS.
Incohonee.
the Great
by
The
345.
the
First
act.
of the Order
branches
shall be
promulgated
Ritual.
"
has
Sachem
the
right
communicate
to
in the
members
Sannap
Sannap requiresexpress
to
it,but the
to
for the various
Passwords
344.
the
who
wigwam
authorityin
are
each
case
password
through
qualifiedto
receive
enable
to
him
so
III, 134, 162, 164.
"
exclusive authorityto communicate

alone possesses
the
346. The Sachem
of
members
his
Tribe.
and
to
explanation
III, 190, 224, 245.
password
Council
is
The
Great
password
designed
exclusivelyfor Great
347.
to Great
Councils
Councils, and all who are otherwise qualifiedfor admission
entitled to a knowledge of this password.
are
password is not designed for working purposes,
348. The Past Sachem's
"
is any
nor
224,
one
except
Past
Tribe
entitled
to
its
possession.
"
III, 190,
225.
member
349.
password
may
the forest.
A
350.
be
of
admitted
brother
The
351.
another
who
not.
or
is to
use
in
appearing
without
the wicket
at
being
instructed
without
by
the
the Universal
First
Sannap
in
III, 281, 343.
"
who
receive the Universal
its
Sachem
is not
password.
law
does
may
be without
brother
enable
such
is not
in
three
on
member
any
the Universal
in
in
moons
is entitled to
arrears
IV, 193.
"
confer
not
Every
than
more
to
right to
password, whether
good standing is
brother
the
visit any
standing and
entitled to the
Tribe.
is not
vouch
in
for
ing
stand-
good
password, and
brother
entitled to the
over
three
arrears
good
password,
consequentlyis not entitled to visit any Tribe but his own.
V, 490, 536.
"shall
be construed
term
to mean
phrase u current
during the
352. The
currency of the certified receiptfor dues paid to receive the Universal
word.
passV, 491, 536.
receives
the official certified receipt and
When
Sachem
order
a
353.
thereon
requesting that the Universal password be given to the bearer,he
moons
and
"
"
IMPROVED
514
ORDER
himself
shall first satisfy
requirehim
to
communicates
prove
MEN.
personalidentityof
of the
himself
RED
OF
in the
the Universal
the member,
work
unwritten
of the
VIII, 525.
password.
of the Forest
is required to demand
354. The Guard
of the sleep from a brother
leaving the wigwam
the council fire.
VIII, 526.
and
he shall
before
Order
he
"
and
receive the password
during
the
of
burning
"
Guards
The
355.
admit
cannot
brother
the
on
retiringpassword.
"
VIII, 526.
Orders
356.
the
by
for the
Council
Great
password
official receiptfor dues
rank
service
Actual
as
358. Service
Wampum,
a
Councils
of
privileges
which
they were
360. A member
his
Tribe
has
The
member
to
take
of Records, Collector
as
great
shall
suns,
of
entitle
Laws.
of
the
to
serve
Tribe
elected at the
of the
end
term
for
Laws.
Sachem's
Sachem.
right
to
regularterm
and
Incohonee
Great
Chief
of the Chiefs
Past
the
not
has served
who
Sachem
to
raised up
been

rights,and
Chiefs
General
"
is entitled
has
successor
361.
elected.
as
General
"
laws
each
upon
thereof; provided,such
institution
Tribe,
for five successive
adopt
may
IX, 138.
"
position entitles
Sachem.
Past
Sachem
Past
body.
adopted and issued

accompanied by the
130.
of
Prophet
degree of
the
to
Great
359.
first
as
Sachem's
VIII,
"
Keeper of Wampum,
or
member
in the
Sachem.
Past
said
be
must
SACHEMS.
PAST
357.
and
States
adopted by
as
the form
be upon
must
of the United
as
"
certificate
V, 257, 329.
withhold
certificate from
Sachem.
Great
immediately after
Past
V, 528, 542.
"
alone have
respectively,
Tribes to
the power
to issue dispensationsexalting the first Prophets of new
Sachem
the positionof Past
to be conferred
only in the Great
; the honors
Council of a State,District,or Territoryduly and regularlyinstituted.
IV,
362.
Sachem,
"
290.
If
of
363.
honors
Past
serves
Sachem,
but
his withdrawal
takes
he
brother
card
get his certificate
must
duty
of said
him
to
Tribe
claim
his
to
as
of
received
from
furnish
rights in
Past
by
Sachem
with
him
the
he
said
Tribe
Past
as
Sachem
said brother
the
IV, 157, 190.

364. The first Prophet of
honors
before
deposits it in another
only,and
in
term
Tribe, that will entitle him
to
receives
degree
Tribe
a
Past
Chiefs
as
brother
from
with
the
a
degree member
degree, he
of the Chief's
first Tribe
; and
which
he
may
it is the
will entitle
remove.
"
privilegesand
until a dispensationhas been
formallyissued and
signatureand seal of the proper authority. IV,
a
new
is not
Sachem's
certificate which
hunting-grounds to
Tribe
the
the
entitled to the
"
157, 190.
365.
term
Where
he loses
the first Prophet takes

the
honors
and
the
Great
withdrawal
Incohonee
card
or
before
Great
the end
Sachem,
of the
as
the
REVISED
case
be, may
may
appoint
DIGEST.
another
515
and
Prophet
make
him
Past
Sachem
by dispensation. VI, 160, 214.

"
366.
the proper
of
brother
has attained
the rank
into another
certificate in
presenting a
upon
of Past
proper
from
change
upon
form
in
Sachem
his
Tribe.
403.
368.
brother
369.
honors
Councils
Great
service.
first
of
The
Prophet
Sachem.
When
Sachem.
rule
The
known
now
371.
Sachem.
A
the various
No
Great
Past
upon
to
entitled to the
Men.
and
IX,
"
of Sachem
chieftaincy
of
the rank
to
of
charters
of
those
to
22.
Order,
our
honors
only, refers
Sachem
of
the honors
Great
Council, and
admission
of any
the
is
tions
organiza-
Beneficial
Past
and
Degree
of
honor
Past
hold
eligibleto
Sachem
Past
it would
such
two
is
illegally
be the
brother.
elective
duty
of the
IX, 32.
"
chieftaincies
in
IX, 136.
Council
would
brother
any
in the ritual and
down
is not
rank
the
to
titles of Red
has received
debar
"
Great
Sachem
who
to
Council.
374.
entitled
of his term, entitled
to admission
Sachem
373.
be
not
applicationfor
make
servingin the
member
entitled
Great
upon
IX, 31.
"
372.
Degree Council
regards consolidation
is,at the end
degree
VIII, 572.
Beneficial
Sachem's
Past
VIII, 487.
"
as
by
brother
the
Vol.
"
associations
other
their past officers would
Council
confer
cannot
for meritorious
of Past
370.
not
who
shall be entitled to admission
Council
residence
-IV,
its councils
to
"
of the Order
member
Great
one
admit
rightto
been
his term,
367.
the
of
to the end
appointed a first Prophet of a Tribe and serves
provided,the brother produces a dispensationin regular form from
Chiefs creatinghim a Past Sachem.
IV, 207.
has
who
has
Council
Great
State
said
unless
the
have
not
brother
rightto
had
confer
earned
the rank
of Past
the honors
as
laid
laws.
Councils
who
have
must
composed of Past Sachems,
their
and
when
admitted
so
are
degree prior to
taking a seat,
entitled to all the rightsand privileges
them
under
the
laws.
to
guaranteed
While
Great
Councils
have the right to establish regulationsin regard to
be Past Sachems, and as Great
representation,
yet said Representativesmust
Great
375.
received
the
Councils
cannot
follows
that
therefore
not
are
exist without
said
members
be
debarred
prescribeeither
the
certain number
entitled
are
voting for
from
time
to
Sachems, it naturally
the privileges
not
therein, and can-
Great
of
manner
or
all
of Past
Chiefs,where
holding
an
the
election
law does
for Great
Chiefs.
PAST
376.
Before
received
Council,
Records
or
Tribe.
"
the admission
certifyingthat
or
as
GREAT
the
Great
By-Laws
he
SACHEMS.
of
G.
C.
Past
Great
Sachem
duly served as Great

Prophet, or five great suns
of Wampum,
U.
ADMISSION.
has
first Great
Keeper
"
S.
and
that
he is in
certificate must
Sachem
of
be
Great
Chief
of
good standing in
his
as
Great
IMPROVED
516
All
377.
past Great
the Great
by
Council
that
except
G.
C.
U.
of
Sachems
whose
and
MEN.
RED
credentials
shall be admitted
voting
Chief
Great
to
been
have
and
seat,
entitled
and
receivingmileage
of Records
of Past
degree
per
Great
Representativeswho
Past
shall be entitled
in any
admission
to
acknowledged
to all privileges,
diem.
Constitution
"
business
before
from
Laws.
of the Order
but shall
visitors,
the Great
Council.
in
G.
By-Laws
"
good standing,
to participate
be allowed
not
C. U.
the Great
as
sums
appropriate,donations and bequests made

accumulations
of interest.
The principalof said fund shall not
shall this article be amended
or repealed,
except seven-eighthsof
may
to
vote
time
in the
has
purpose
be used,
those
nor
entitled
thereto.
agree
I. When
Council
thereto,and
time
to
S.
FUND.
shall consist of such
Fund
Permanent
"
of any
Wampum,
as
such, shall be
succession
General
members
PERMANENT
380. The
of
REPRESENTATIVES.
are
as
Keeper
in
suns
Sachem.
GREAT
PAST
Great
or
five great
Council, having served
entitled to the
379.
OF
S.
378. Any
Great
ORDER
been
of
judgment
the
Great
accumulated, the fund
Council
sufficient for the
sum
in such
shall be invested
manner
forever dedicated
to the
provide,in a Home
of the Improved Order of Red Men.
II. The
Great
Incohonee, Great Prophet, Great Senior Sagamore, Great
Junior Sagamore, Great Chief of Records, and Great Keeper of Wampum
as
the Great
widows
Council
shall constitute
States.
said
fund,
shall make
HI.
to
said
final investment
in
great
at
sun
sum
G.
C.
U.
by
for the
Great
sun
may
above
Great
best interests
provided. They
Committee
hundred
shall
submit
fathoms, which
already created.
The
the Trustees, until the

of the Home
purpose
United
of the
for the
deem
as
of the
Fund
council.
Finance
one
Council
Permanent
Home,
great
less than
Fund
invested
needed
each
council, the
in the Permanent
the
381.
they
report thereon
shall be
reach
as
appropriatingnot
placed
of the
supervisionof the
investments
such
until
each
At
resolution
be
make
of Trustees
Board
the
shall have
They
Council, and
of
then
may
orphans of members
and
so
wampum
aggregate
shall
sum
priated,
approshall
amount
tution
Consti-
contemplated.
"
S.
Interest
accruingfrom
account
instead
the Permanent
of to the General
Fund
Fund
shall hereafter
account.
"
be carried
VII, 670, 671.
PENALTIES.
Great
382. Any
before
Great
by
the
Council
unanimous
383. Any
Council
first of Corn
moon,
of the United
consent.
member
neglectingto
forward
its report and
shall forfeit its

States
on
or
representationin the
right to
provided,this penalty may
By-Laws G. C. U. S.
guiltyof the following offences,
tax,
be
remitted
"
would
be
amenable
to
IMPROVED
518
mittee
and
the
rate
at
G.
of
Committee
of five inches
travelled route, and

Laws
ORDER
Constitution
per
mile
five fathoms
per
RED
OF
and
Laws.
circular,to
sun
be
for each
MEN.
shall be
The
mileage
computed by the
nearest
in attendance.
sun
By-
"
S.
C. U.
PHRASEOLOGY.
"
CALENDAR.
387Breath
minute.
Run
hour.
An
Sun
A
Sleep
Suns
Seven
Cold
Moon
Snow
Moon
Plant
March.
Moon
Flower
April.
Moon
May.
Moon
Buck
June.
July.
Moon
Moon
Sturgeon
Corn
August.
Moon
September.
TravellingMoon
Beaver
October.
November.
Moon
Hunting
Great
Moon
December.
Sun
of the Sun
Rising
Settingof
High Sun
Low
Sun
One
who
is not
member
of the Order.
Belt
Wampum
Wigwam
Hunting
and
Place
Tepee
Ground
Reservation
Territoryover
.
Territoryover
which
which
Tribe
has
Great
Council
has
Records
Long Talk
Kindling a council fire
Quenching a council fire
jurisdiction.
and
Great
Council
League
the hunt
Following
Crossing the path
Wampum
Minutes.
Speech or Report.
Organizing a meeting.
Closing a meeting.
or
Fathom
Treasury.
of Meeting.
jurisdiction.
The
Tribe
year.
Morning.
Evening.
Mid-day.
Midnight.
the Sun
Paleface
Talk
month.
January.
February.
Moon
Worm
week.
A
A
Moon
Hot
day.
night.
Branches
Head
of the Order
of the Order.
in
State, etc.
Attending to
Wronging
business.
another.
Money.
One
Foot
Ten
Inch
One
.
dollar.
cents.
cent.
DIGEST.
REVISED
The
388. Initiation.
is sometimes,
term
but
519
for
improperly used
adoption.
-111,192.
the State
to
390.
word
should
and
"
stricken
be
in connection
"
subordinate
"
and
names,
shall be
they
local
III, 191, 531, 285.-
Territory.
or
The
for titles Indian
shall have
Tribes
All
389.
wherever
out
with
the work
in
it occurs
is
Tribe
superfluous,
of the Order.
"
I, 53It is not
391.
the
use
"
term
scalped
"
for
"
IV,
suspended."
"
298.
253,
It is
392.
improper
to
the word
use
for
"
tomahawked
"
"expelled."
IV,
"
298.
253,
There
393.
those
save
is
list of terms
no
contained
The
394.
and
to
proper
children
Calendar.
in the
of the
use
phraseology of the Order,

IV, 254, 298.
"
or
pappoose," as referringto wives
is prohibited and
condemned.
IX,
"
"
"
word
squaw
of the
of members
words
or
Order
in the
"
145.
395
The
question of
local
PRINTING
396.
Great
estimates
records
shall award
great
the
under
thereof.
398. Great
and
399.
reports for the
illegalfor
supplies unless
any
Tribe
is
who
Sturgeon
for the
of the Finance
record
Council,
are
needed
responsible bidder.
"
of the
for
moon
great sun,
who
Committee,
By-Laws G. C.
proceedings of
directoryof the
of the Great
names
prior to the
practical
printers
moons
the first of the
printedmatter
the
two
COUNCIL.
Sachems
Great
and
U. S.
each
Councils
Chiefs
Great
III,315.
"
Councils
It is
Order
before
or
printed with
the
GREAT
THE
shall,at least
of the
the lowest
with
jurisdiction,
of Records
use
be
OF
in the presence
of this Great
council
its
on
opened
to
same
shall
There
sun
Records
all other
and
said bids shall be
397.
of
will be received
printing the
and
SUPPLIES
AND
council,notify members
great sun's
that
Chief
of
hunting grounds
22.
"
RECORDS
the
as
legislation. IX,
OF
The
determined
be
to
area
have
use
Great
any
order
by
right to print dispensationsfor their

under their jurisdiction. III, 191,
the
of Tribes
"
Council, Tribe,
of the
Council
Great
or
person
of the
to
issue
United
own
226.
print
or
States.
"
III, 136, 155, 167.
proceedings of each council of the Great Council of the

States,there shall be an appendix containinga digestof the decisions,
With
400.
United
the
amendments,
business
may
The
401.
have
as
and
remain
Great
printedin
Incohonees.
proposed
the
amendments
unacted
Chief
record
upon.
of Records
of every
the
to
"
such
other
IV, 181.
of the
great
laws, togetherwith
sun
United
States
is authorized
council,a list of all
Past
to
Great
V, 660.
"
QUORUM.
402.
to
Representatives from
constitute
quorum
majorityof
for the transaction
Great
of any
Councils
shall be
necessary
business, except the
admis-
sion of
G.
U.
C.
G.
the council
alone, less than
or
up, and
Chiefs
enter
quench it from time

tution
Constimajoritymay act.
"
qualifiedto preside,shall
of business
in
Tribal
council.
stitute
con-
stitution
Con-
"
S.
U.
C.
The
MEN.
fire,and
said
including one
more,
for the transaction
RAISING
404.
RED
S.
quorum
OF
kindle
to
purposes
members
Five
403.
and
members,
new
time, for which
to
ORDER
IMPROVED
520
of the Great
Council
their duties
upon
immediately preceding
the
of the United
the
on
CHIEFS.
OF
UP
last
of the
sun
of the
quenching
States
council
shall be raised
council,
great sun's
fire.
By-Laws
"
G.
C.
U.S.
Should
405.
proceed
sickness,
raised
by
up
but
should
to
satisfactory
after
Great
Chief,
designated
any
Council.
By- Laws
raisingup of
406. The
sleep of
G.
"
the term,
Tribes
same.
C.
U.
chiefs of
unless
have
may
be caused
of the council
quenching
the
upon
by
shall be
he
records
of this
S.
a
Tribe
their Chiefs
cil
place on the first counbeen granted to postpone the
in public,provided a dispensation
shall take
raised
up
Constitution
"
the
run
the Great
vacant, and
absence
the
at
present
Council, then
entered
dispensationhas
first obtained.
has been
such
this Great
cause,
be
be declared
the fact shall be certified to, and
fire,and
Great
elect fail to
chieftaincy
may
fill the vacancy
to
other
or
Chiefs
Great
the
raisingup,
"fixed for the

Council
of the
any
G.
S.
C. U.
RECORDS.
great
every
as
record
The
407.
and
sun,
have
it may
The
408.
of the
each
Council
Great
The
Great
shall be entitled
Sachems, Great
G.
of
the
council) shall
secret
Chiefs, and
C. U.
United
-VI,
be
as
published
copies
many
of the Order
branches
States, may
States, under
from
omit
the direction
the
record
any
III, 280.
"
Sachem
of
Great
Council,
or
of
the Sachem
that
they are
the Great
Tribe, has
kept
not
Council
or
rectly
cor-
Tribe.
15,49.
Great
410.
thereof.
records
All
411.
must
to
S.
of the United
legalrightto ignore the records, and declare

after they have been read and approved by
no
Council
"
412.
degree form,
must
IX, 83.
in
be considered.
Business
must
be
or
Tribe
is the sole
judge
of the correctness
of the
VI, 15, 49.
resolutions
be submitted
will not
same
the
Council
of Records
part of the proceedings

409.
of
Constitution
"
Chief
Great
that
Great
Great
Past
its control.
under
(except
presented
writing,and
"
done
in
the
Great
of the United
Council
duplicateform,
and
unless
so
States
submitted,
III, 334.
transacted
be
to
kept in
while
while
a
the
council
separate record
the
council
fire of
book,
fire is
Tribe
and
burning
the
in
in
is kindled
approval of the
the degree.
"
REVISED
DIGEST.
52!
REGALIA.
regaliais adopted by the Great Council of the United States,and

in writing,
be altered unless the proposed change be submitted
and,
read
different
the
of
three-fourths
votes
on
twice,
being
suns, adopted by
The
413.
cannot
after
of the members
414.
inches
namely
For
of
G. C. U.
several
ranks, as
S.
four and
sash
the pattern heretofore
plaingreen sash, without
Hunter's
Degree,
hunters
Constitution
"
consist
one-half
in use, and
hereinafter
shall
described,
"
Adopted,
For
shall
for the
embellished
and
vote.
to
pouch attached, of
wide, with
be trimmed
with
present entitled
regaliaof the Order
The
knife
an
embellishment
sash, trimmed
orange
the breast, of silver
on
with
trimmings.
or
white
white
embroidery or
silver lace,
or
metal.
as
same
Hunter's, with knife
Degree, a
and club crossed,of silver embroidery or white metal, on
the breast.
For Chief's Degree, a scarlet sash, trimmed
as
same
Warrior's, with knife,
For
blue
Warrior's
club
and
sash, trimmed
crossed, of silver embroidery
tomahawk
white
or
metal,
the
on
breast.
with crossed
giltlace and fringe,
metal.
on
giltembroidery
yellow
with
For
silver lace and fringe,with
Sachem, a scarlet sash, trimmed
crossed tomahawks
of silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
For
Senior
as
Sachem's, with
same
Sagamore, a scarlet sash, trimmed
crossed clubs,of silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
Senior Sagamore,
For Junior Sagamore, a scarlet sash, trimmed
same
as
with crossed knives of silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
For
Chief of Records, a scarlet sash, trimmed
same
as
Junior Sagamore,
with a scroll in silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
Chief of Records,
For Keeper of Wampum,
same
as
a scarlet sash, trimmed
with Wampum
belt, in silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
with plated or silver lace,with
For
First Sannap, a scarlet sash, trimmed
crossed arrows
of silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast.
Prophet,a
For
For
Second
Sannap,
with
or
scarlet sash, trimmed
same
white
as
metal, on
embroidery or
trimmed
scarlet
a
sash,
Wigwam,
spears, of silver embroidery or white
crossed
Guard
of the
with bow
and
Forest, a
arrow,
in silver
embroidery or
First Sannap, with
the breast.
of the
Guard
lace and
For
sash, trimmed
of silver
singlearrow,
For
white
the breast,in
calumets
with
metal,
same
white
silver
plated or
on
as
the breast.
of
Guard
wam,
Wig-
the breast.
metal, on
with silver lace,with

appointed Warriors, blue sashes, trimmed
als
singleclub in silver embroidery or white metal, on the breast,and the numerrank of the Warrior, above the emblem.
the special
i, 2, 3, 4, indicating
For
For
with
and
the
the four Braves

deer's
head
in addition
the Braves
The
or
and
or
Hunters, orange
sashes, trimmed
antlers, in silver embroidery or
thereto,the numerals
as
same
white
metal,
i, 2, 3, 4, to indicate the
Warriors,
on
breast,
specialrank
of
Hunters.
regaliafor
shall consist of
members
of State Great
Councils
with
giltlace
(exceptGreat Prophet)
and
fringe.
IMPROVED
522
OF
ORDER
MEN.
RED
Representativesof Tribes, or Degree Councils, a scarlet sash, with

of the Tribe,
Indian shield,of yellow metal, bearing the initials and number
Council
or
or
represented,stamped upon
engraved thereon, on the
Degree
For
breast of the sash.

For
the
on
knife, club, and

the
Great
tomahawk
giltlace
and
crossed, in giltembroidery, or
fringe,with
yellow metal,
depending
For
Great
from
the breast of sash.
Sachem,
tomahawks
crossed
Great
shield, as
Great
For
trimmings, with
crossed
club
described.
Junior Sagamore,
with
Sagamore,
with
shield,of
or
depending therefrom.
style and
Sagamore, same
Senior
above
giltlace and fringe,with

giltembroidery or yellow metal, upon
upon
the breast of the sash

For
with
giltlace and fringe,with

giltembroidery, or yellow metal, to be worn
shield,of
upon
sash, trimmed
white
Prophet, a
crossed
calumets
on
with
breast.
For
or
Sachems,
Past
crossed
style and trimmings as

shield, in gilt embroidery, or
sash,
knives
on-
same
Senior
yellow-
metal.
styleand trimmings as Great

Junior Sagamore, with scroll on shield,in giltembroidery, or yellow metal.
For Great
a
sash, same
Keeper of Wampum,
style and descriptionas the
Great
Chief of Records, with wampum
belt on shield,of giltembroidery, or
For
Great
Chief
of
Records,
sash, same
yellow metal.
Great
For
Sannap,
Keeper of Wampum,
of the
sash
with
style and trimming as the Great

shield,in giltembroidery,or yellow
same
singlearrow
on
metal.
Great
For
quiver full of
Mishinewa, the usual

arrows
giltmetal suspended
For
Great
Great
of the
giltembroidery
on
Great
Council, with
the breast
thereof,or
in
therefrom.
Guard
Sannap,
shield,in
on
official sash
of the
with
crossed
Wigwam,
shield, of
on
spears
sash, same
styleand trimmings as
giltembroidery, or yellow
metal.
For
Great
Sannap, with
The
of
Guard
bow
and
Forest,
arrow
regaliafor members
of
consist
sash
on
shield, of
of the Great
4^ inches wide,
style and trimmings as Great

giltembroidery, or yellow metal.
sash, same
with
Council
pouch
of the
attached.
United
The
States,shall
shall be
sash
composed of one stripeeach of purple and scarlet material (exceptthe Great

side
Prophet's)running lengthwise of the sash, the purple stripeto be on the inwith giltlace and fringe.
edge of the sash, to be trimmed
For Great Prophet, the sash shall be of white and purple,of the same
style
and trimmings as already described, with an
eagle of yellow metal, restingon
the letters
crossed
the eagle's breast
the shield on
calumets, and
upon
G.C.U.S.
For
Great
Incohonee,
restingon
For
Great
Senior
crossed
scarlet and
purple sash, with
eagle as
above
scribed,
de-
tomahawks.
Sagamore,
sash
as
above, eaglerestingon
crossed
clubs
REVISED
For
Great
Junior Sagamore,
DIGEST.
sash
523
above, eagle resting on
as
crossed
knives.
For
Chief
Great
of Records, sash
above, eagle restingon
as
scroll the date of institution of the Great

For
of Wampum,
Great
Keeper
For
Great
Tocakon,
For
Great
Minewa,
For
Past
Council
sash
scroll.
of the United
States.
as
the
On
wampum
belt.
Great
breast,and
sash
sash
Sachem,
as
above,
as
sash
eagle restingon
described, with
as
and
the letters P.G.S.
crossed
bow
spears.
and
arrow.
eagleand shield on
on
jurisdiction
his
initials of the wearer's
the
shield.
Representative of State or Territorial Great

with eagle and shield.
the shield
Upon
initials of the Great Jurisdiction
represented.
Councils, a sash
For
the
letter
"
scribed,
de-
as
R," and
the
shall be a sash, four and a

regaliaof a Past Great Incohonee
of
wide, with pouch attached, composed
royalpurple velvet,to be
with
and
At
lace
fringe.
right angles with the length of the
gilt
The
415.
half inches
trimmed
sash, a stripof giltbraid,one-quarter inch

great
council
sun
of the
United
yellow
or
shield
416.
up
For
Vice
Chiefs,the
Great
to
Chiefs
which
be
418. The
emblems
Members
of the
in
Degree
The
Councils
be
as
follows
The
regaliato
:
of
gold
letters
eagle,with
metal
Sachems,
of
Chiefs
or
yellow metal.
to
The
raise
regalia
Councils
shall
wear
regaliain
cordance
ac-
be
rank
worn
the head-dress.
properlyclothed
station therein.
and
"
unless
III, 134.
invested
III, 134, 164.
"
POCAHONTAS.
OF
in
not
are
on
Tepee of the Degree of Pocahontas
shall
"
brothers
with
be
COUNCIL.
chieftaincyto
DEGREE
420.
the
wearer.
DEGREE
of
shall be
in the Tribes.
Degree
regaliaaccording to their
419.
with
used
of the
yellow
Council
the letters P.G.I.
Great
singletomahawk
Incohonee
or
for each
the Great
links, containing
gold
Incohonees, Deputy
members
those
Great
four
pendant
shall be engraved
the title of the rank
and
with
of
a
BENEFICIAL
417.
has attended
Past
shall be
jewel shall
shall conform
jewel of
be attached
width, may
Incohonee
cross-bar, composed
which
his breast,on
on
Great
Past
The
States.
metal
from
T.O.T.E..
the
in
shall
their rank
wear
the
in the Order
regaliato
; the
Pocahontas, and, if elected
which
they
sisters shall
or
appointed
wear
to
ance
entitled,in accord-
are
collar of the
gree
De-
position,the jewel
thereof.
regaliafor
For
Pocahontas, purple collar,trimmed
attached, white
sisters shall be
plainpurple collar.
The
metal, consistingof crossed
with
silver
tomahawks.
lace, with
the emblem
ORDER
IMPROVED
524
Prophetess,purplecollar, trimmed
For
inclosed
tomahawks,
crossed
Wenonah,
For
same
same
fringe. Emblem,
metal.
yellow
singletomahawk.
Emblem,
scroll.
Emblem,
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
as
MEN.
lace and
gold
Pocahontas.
as
same
of Wampum,
Collector
with
circle of
Pocahontas.
as
Keeper of Records,
in
RED
OF
belt
wampum
on
scroll.
Keeper of Wampum,
First
Scout,
Second
Runners,
Guard
of Forest,
Wigwam,
Powhatan,
singlespear.
crossed
spears.
crossed
Emblem,
clubs, and
quiver and
Emblem,
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
as
same
Emblem,
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
Pocahontas.
as
arrows.
Prophetess.
as
as
same
crossed
singlearrow.
singleclub.
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
as
belt.
wampum
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
as
same
Councillor, same
Warriors,
same
same
Chiefs, the
Past
Pocahontas.
as
same
of
Emblem,
Emblem,
Pocahontas.
as
same
Guard
Pocahontas.
as
Pocahontas.
as
same
Scout,
same
and
bow
hawk.
toma-
arrow.
with
arrow
numerals
i
,
2, 3, 4-
"No
421.
change
of the United
Council
Great
It is unlawful
422.
in violation
for
States
entitled to
wear
purple and
emblems
regaliaor
thereof.
silver lace
attained
of the Great
any
Council
of the
the Chiefs
degree regalia,
regalia. V, 528, 542.
on
"
of Past
the rank
scarlet
Great
Sachem
are
"
be stricken
to
are
dispense with
to
regalia. VI, 485.

change the regalia or emblems
Propositions to
425.
Council
Laws
prescribingthe
have
of the
256, 277.
General
have
to
who
brothers
Only
424.
State Great
III.
the law
regaliaexcept by specialaction
II, 135, 169, 171.
"
or
of the
Tribe
conformitywith
but in
Tribe
"
It is not
United
for
States.
regaliain parades.
part of the
423.
in the
be made
can
out, and
what
define
must
is to
be inserted
what
in lieu
IX, 83.
"
REJECTIONS.
426.
be
not
palefacewhose
adopted
Constitution
A
427.
been
"
G.
C.
U.
brother
G.
Tribe
until at
application for
whose
again
U.
C.
Order
brother
release the member

If
renunciation
is in
member
Order
or
the
good
been
has
rejectedshall
rejection.
after his
moons
"
the
renew
applicationfor
in the
three
moons
degrees
has
thereafter.
from
the
Order, but
amenabilityfor
in due
form
standing,and
can
but
the
authorityover
renounce
may
RESIGNATION.
AND
no
possesses
Tribe, it
advancement
S.
RENUNCIATION
428. This
least six
S.
rejectedcannot
Constitution
applicationfor membership
into any
comes
to
said
renunciation
bers.
mem-
cannot
to
his renunciation.
knowledge
of
the renunciation
is without
strike his
from
name
of its
anterior
matters
the
conscience
the
Tribe, and
the
disrespectto
the
roll.
With
such
526
ORDER
IMPROVED
Where
439-
the
to
admitted
to
Council.
Credentials
440.
should
in office at the time
are
Digest.
Committee
the
government.
could
only
The
been
the Chiefs
are
made
of
out.
Representative is
Great
Council
who
V, 217.
"
entitled
to
of
copy
the
in which
way
be
by
validityof the election of Representatives

appeal to the Great Council of the United
the
an
165.
"V,
In
444.
has
IV, 99.
"
be tested would
States.
he
80.
signed by
credentials
unless
States
United
eligiblefor Representative
computing mileage for distance travelled by Representatives

official
take
the
shall
guide for its
on
Mileage
of
the matter
In
443.
the
is
IV, 90.
"
442.
be
such
of
MEN.
Sachem
Past
V, 13, 70,
"
admitted
Every newly
441.
exists,no
Council
Great
Great
Council
Great
RED
OF
case
no
brother
can
act,
or
considered
be
as
competent
Representative in this Great Council, unless he is in good standing in a

of the jurisdiction
he claims to represent.
V, 117.
of
United
the
Council
the
States have not
Great
to
445. Representatives
and
in the amendments
the rightto instruct the Tribes in their reservations
decisions
previous to their promulgation by the Great Council.
They
the
to
body they represent, only. IV, 417.
report
than one
446. Great Councils entitled to more
Representative should at
all times have a portion of their Representativesentitled to a voice in the
for two
Great Council, and one-half of the number
only should serve
great
Tribe
"
"
suns.
VI, 52.
"
447.
The
Council
Great
has
the
right to hand
during the recess
not
resign,and
the Great
appoint,or
448. Before
Council
member
This
of
is to
Great
Brother
in
the
second
Great
G.
our
S. D.
hand
.
an
and
moon
Great
of"
election
to
United
to
over
Council
elect his
on
G.
successor.
as
U.
S.
to
He
must
Sachem
can
VI,
"
attend,
176.
120,
Representative,the
"
"
Imp. O.
R.
M.
the Great
Council
of
represent the Great
Council
of
held
by
States
for
great
....
from
suns,
the
next.
the Seal of Our
Great
Council,the
sun.
Representativeshall be presented with

and either the originalor duplicateshall
Credentials,who shall report thereon as soon
C.
Great
allow
or
Chief.
any
the
[L.S.]
Each
admit
not
Representative is unable
acknowledged
be received
of the
in Corn
Tuesday
Witness
moon,
Council
be
does
States
his credentials
elected
was
Great
in council
Council
certifythat
United
of the
can
followingcertificate must
Wigwam
the
When
representation by proxy.
he
of
Great
Sachem.
Great
C.
duplicateof
of R.
the above
dential,
cre-
be referred to the Committee

as
practicable. By-Laws
"
REVISED
527
Representativeto filla vacancy must present a credential givingthe

Representativein whose place he is appointed or elected, and
449.
DIGEST-
of the
name
statingthe
Sachem
450.
Sachem.
Past
due.
they
Council.
of
the Tribe
must
deem
"VIII,
A
453.
Council
in
seat
Tribe
Great
out
carry
be in
must
legal and
unforthe per
paid
present such
must
instructions
from
ments
amend-
their Great
copy
the
Representativeor
of said protest
Sachem
Great
of the Great
with
out, and
first of Corn
the form
IX, 81.
"
REPORTS.
AND
shall make
the
has been
contest
or
Representativeor Representativeshail.
before
work, in accordance
of
admission
contestants, with
or
Council
or
of Records.
he is
tions,
present their instruc-
not
they
the
against the
legal,unless
the
Great
on
he
in its report, and
sent
to
RETURNS
of Records
Council
under
working
have
change
contest
or
which
Each
S.
Representativeunless
as
in the laws
proper
protestants
from
454.
U.
527.
protest
the
by
C.
VIII, 596.
Representativesis not
filed
to
member
Vol.
"
Sachem
but if they involve

as
election
G.
the call of States, Representativesmust
On
452.
for
eligible
Past
feited charter,and
capitatax
By-Laws
"
IV, 13, 70, 81.
"
standing,and
good
vacancy.
is not
entitle
To
45
of such
cause
sent
transmit
delivered
or
it
to
the Great
by
report shall be accompanied by the per capita
This
Chief
great sun's report of its
moon,
the Great
to
Chief
tax
due
its report
neglecting to forward
Any Great Council
and tax by the time specifiedherein, shall forfeit its rightto representation
;
unanimous
consent.
provided, this penalty may be remitted by
By-Laws
this
Council.
Great
"
G.
C.
U.
S.
Tribes
455.
United
under
of
jurisdiction
immediate
the
States shall,within
two
seven
transmit
Great
to
Hunting moons,
of
the
a
correct
Council,
receiptsand
report
number
and
of members,,
number
and
names,
expulsions,admissions,
cause,
the per capita tax
due.
"
and
G.
By- Laws
456.
Tribes
Great
under
The
457.
Council
and
reports intended
out
of Records
sun
the
3ist
sun
of
with
of the Great
TAX.
"
the
on
entire
the
the
and
of
of
foregoing,and
Council
duty
of each
moon
Council
Great
of the
United
every
great
the
the ist
on
commence
Sturgeon
of each
moon
It shall be
shall
sun
for the
in accordance
of the Corn
458.
Hot
of
membership
"
fiscal great
end
made
sleep in
of this Great
S.
per capita tax
owes
of Records
its jurisdiction. III, 191, 224, 226.
and
on
Chiefs
of the
expenditures,togetherwith the
of adoptions,rejections,
suspensions
withdrawals
by card,and death ; also
C. U.
RETURNS
Council
after the last council
suns
the
and
the Great
Great
sun
great
the
sun.
United
forwarded
sun.
Chief
"
of
moon,
All
returns
States
to
States,on
of Corn
or
shall be
the Great
Chief
before the
ist
VI, 88, 433, 493.

of the United
Records
IMPROVED
528
States
to
report the
Chief
and
of every
of the United
Tribe
459.
delinquency of
of Records
Council
Great
ORDER
is
460. The
required to
per capita
the Tribe.
States.
and
every
the
MEN.
Chief
Great
immediate
of
jurisdiction
and
tax
pay
the Great
to
succeeding institution.
on
paid upon all members
the
Council
218.
IV, 159,
"
be
of Records,
IV, 506,306.
returns
moons
is to
tax
RED
under
"
make
States for the six
of the United
each
Tribe
OF
the
books
of
14, 70, 81.
"
REVENUE.
Tribes
and
pay
Council
Great
for every
Each
II.
Tribe
under
tax
thirtyfathoms.
shall be
For
every
great
per capita tax of
sun
ten
its jurisdiction.
of
jurisdiction
the immediate
of ten
inches
for every
of the
Great
Council
this Great
member
Council
its books
on
shall
at the end
term.
The
III.
under
Councils
of Pocahontas, fifteen fathoms.
Degree
shall pay
member
per capita
of each
of the
Councils
I. Each
inches
fee for the Great
charter
461. The
revenue
of the United
States shall be the
proceeds for the sale of charters, rituals,cards, odes, diplomas, and such
the Great
Council
nish
other printed matter
the authorityto furas
reserve
may
;
also fees for charters

and
Tribes, and
such
for Great
tax
as
Councils, Councils
may
be
adopted by
of
of Pocahontas
Degree
the Great
Council.
IV.
Fa.
Charters
Ft.
In.
150
each
Question Books,
"
Adoption
"
Degree
250
"
"
125
Raising up Ceremonies, each

Funeral
"
"
Ceremonies
PropositionBooks
D.
of P
D.
Beneficial
....
C.
125
D.
250
Ceremonies
Ode
Books, Music, each
Ode
Cards, each
125
35
TravellingCards, each
12
Withdrawal
12
Cards, each
Dismissal
Certificates
12
First
Prophet'sDispensations
Digests
75
"
REVENUE
462. The
I. For
charter
fathoms
Council
may
of
revenue
and
such
of
per
adopt.
OF
STATE
State Great
GREAT
Council
of the Tribe's
C.
U.
S.
COUNCIL.
shall be derived
Tribe, including books, etc.,

cent
G.
By-Laws
receiptsor
not
other
as
less
tax
follows
than
as
"
twenty
the Great
REVISED
General
"
of
charter
For
II.
DIGEST.
529
of Pocahontas, not
Council
fifteen fathoms.
less than
Rules.
463. Odes used by the various branches

VIII, 152.
through the regularchannels.
of the
Order
be
must
purchased
"
RITUAL
464. The
other
and
Rituals
in
remain
and
of, the
charge
said Chief
"
CARE
OF.
privatework of the Order should be held by,

presidingChief of each branch of the Order, to
safe receptacle,
under lock and key, within the
in some
kept by
VI, 421
wigwam.
Council
deems
it inexpedient to have the private work
Great
465. The
translated or printed in any language,other than the languagesin which
the
is
same
now
printed. VIII, 569.
be
"
"
SABBATH.
466. Tribes
prohibited from using the

seal of the Improved Order of Red
Men
for picnicsand excursions
known
the
the
first day of the week.
as
Sabbath, or
commonly
and
name
the
on
IV, 61
sun
of the Order
are
"
VI,
branches
other
or
421.
SEAL.
Tribe
Each
467.
shall have
affixed to all officialdocuments
468. All seals should

of time
80,
then
in use,
emanating
date
but
seal with
from
it is not
therefrom.
the time
Constitution
"
of institution,
with
have
imperativeto
the date
shall be
G. C. U. S.
the standard
thereon.
"
III,
100.
469. Great Councils and Tribes must

of the paper-seal
; but the impressionof
other
notices,or
printedcommunications.
seal impressed on
470. The
paper,
legaland
proper.
IV,
"
The
471.
the form
of
and
procure
the seal may
use
be
pasted
instead
press-seal
printedupon circulars,
IV, 406.
III, 114;
"
and
the
upon
is not
certificate,
19.
STANDARD
to
appropriatedevice,which
of the
flagor standard
an
oblong square
or
FLAG.
OR
Improved
Order
in
parallelogram,
of Red
the
Men, shall be in
proportionof
seven
long
five wide.
It shall consist
of
shall be four horizontal
being equal to
The
the
color of the
five
field,
white
height of the field.

shall
bars,respectively,
of
purplestripe,
entire circumference
where
attached
emblematic
to
one-half
of the
the
and
high.
seven
Attached
bars, of equal width, the aggregate width
the green bar beingat the bottom, and

above enumerated.
A
wide
the width
flag;
be green,
the others
of
the outer
one
colors in the
flag.
it
of the four
blue, and scarlet,
placed above
it in the order
bars,shall enclose t,he

the purple stripe(except
of the
edge
staff)shall be trimmed
orange,
to
of
with
fringecomposed
of the
IMPROVED
530
the base
ORDER
MEN.
RED
OF
edge of the white field shall be delineated the upper

continents,
globe,showing portions'of the eastern and western
the globe on
the edge of
the date G. S. D. i, appearing immediately above
the staff,
and the date of the common
the field next
era, appearing in like
and positionon the oppositeedge of the field.
manner
the globe, and in the centre
of the field,
Above
shall appear
the American
of our
Order in his talons, and in his beak a scroll
eagle,bearing the emblems
ribbon
of our
ship,
Friendor
order, "Freedom,
containing the legend or motto
and Charity,"and upon
his breast the shield or escutcheon, with the four
emblematic
and
field
which
shall appear
the four mystic characters,
a
bars,
upon
Upon
lower
or
section of the
T.
O. T.
Above
the
of
Council
eagleshall
the
appear
may
E.
of the
name
State,or
with
decorated
Order.
Council
Great
of the Tribe
staff shall be
The
the thirteen stars
appear
and
Great
it.
the
tassels
be
the
IV, 377, 380.
"
STRICKEN
The
472.
States,the
United
bars
designatedby
by
eagle of the Order, and shall
colors of
displaying the emblematic
surmounted
cord
of the
to be
horizontal
the
; upon
into
ROLL.
THE
of the United
Council
Great
be
FROM
provides in
States
be
the
law that
of
full twenty-one
a Tribe,
adopted
great suns
number
has
also
of
them is one
a
body
prepared
questions,among
age.
It is expected that each
these questions
palefacewill answer
relatingto age.
to the penalties
as
correctly. A failure to do so would make him amenable
in the penal code.
Where
has
these
laid down
answered
a paleface
questions
after his adoption
in accordance
with his knowledge and belief,and sometime
the members1
it has come
to his and
knowledge that he was not twenty-one
of age at the time of his adoption, and has not as yet attained
great suns
it
of the Order, and
the age, it follows that he is not
legallya member
from
to so
would
be the duty of the Tribe
notifyhim, and strike his name
palefaceto
must
The
the roll.
SUSPENSIONS.
473.
of
great
one
be
may
be
suspended
the report of the committee,
upon
475.
An
476.
elective
of the
usages
loses his
time
becomes
in
Chief,who
Order, and
from
dropped
being in arrears
of dues
as
ballot must
has been
sentenced
for dues
arrears
or
expelledfrom the Order for

A brother
committee
reinstated and
a
appointed
474.
or
sun
who
be
cannot
to
of the Order
member
in
to
for dues.
make
nlust
of
case
V,
"
offence
suspension for
one
V,
"
period
but
membership,
be taken.
tried for any
for the
he
200.
application
paleface,and
14, 70, 81.
laws
againstthe
or
moon
more,
chieftaincy. V, 169,198.
In
must
Station and
"
the
event
declare
conduct
of the Sachem's
the
an
station
vacant,
suspension,the
and
election is the Senior
the
or
proper
Chief
Chief
presidingat
to
Junior Sagamore,
assume
as
the
the
the
case
REVISED
be ; in
may
preside.
"
477.
the
during
the
period
Sachem
Past
all other
member
of the Tribe.
be
may
called
to
less amount
The
479.
been
has
V, 302.
481.
member
drop
from
enact
the
other
or
visitinghis
same
disability
or
any
other
footingas
any
other
own
who
by
which
in
are
Tribes
under
for dues
arrears
its
for
VI, 14, 49, 64.
"
in
place
to
necessary
law
members
"
dues.
sun's
of
for non-payment
good standing a brother

is a question for State
dues
VI, 302.
"
Sachem
Deputy
or
of law.
violation
cannot
Tribe
to decide.
Great
480.
of
suspended
Councils
Great
"
to
great
one
vote
of sickness
case
and
Council
enabled
than
in
V, 374, 433.
"
State Great
are
jurisdiction
Tribe
suspension
respects he is preciselyon
In
the
of his
Tribe.
478.
of
benefits
the
to
gross
absence, a
169, 198.
for non-payment
of dues does not work
suspension of a member
does it relieve the person
forfeiture of membership, nor
suspended
It simply annuls his
operation of the penal provisionof the laws.
claims
who
of their
event
531
The
absolute
from
the
DIGEST.
has
Punishment
no
power
be
can
to
inflicted
for
suspend a Sachem
only after due trial.
"
of dues
for non-payment
ship
regain memberwith
in accordance
the law or by
of which
he formerlywas
a member.
suspended
can
a
only by reinstatement
dismissal certificate granted by the Tribe
Tribe
be
must
A
having been adopted into another
suspended member
He
of
his
former
full
from
excluded
proof
suspension.
membership upon
the law to have charges brought against him and
would
also be liable under
in falsely
of his obligation,
a penaltyimposed for a violation
answering question
in
No.
the Order
6, but this should

of dues.
for non-payment
in their
various
wigwams,
for
Great
III, 143, 157,
for him
won
Day
falls on
the
TERMS
for two
"
great suns.
General
Chiefs
in
assemble
designated by dispensation,
commemoration
honorable
an
to
of
the
place in history.
"
Constitution
"
of State
OF
Great
G.
Moon.
III,374, 428.
"
CHIEFS.
of the United
States shall be
elected
C. U. S.
Councils
shall be elected
for
great sun.
one
Laws.
486. Great
Records
be
I2th of Flower
Council
of the Great
Chiefs
485. The
recommended
163,165.
483. Tammany's
484. The
are
places as may
Tammany's Day,
virtues have
whose
Tribes
other
of
celebration
the
Chief
such
at
suspended
was
DAY.
and
Councils
Great
or
he
VIII, 489.
"
TAMMANY'S
482. The
from which
in the Tribe
be done
and
Councils
the Great
may
enact
law
Keeper of Wampum
that
may
the
term
be two
of the Great
great suns.
"
Chief
of
General
Laws.
487.
Terms
of Tribes
and
Councils
of Pocahontas
under
the
jurisdiction
IMPROVED
532
of the
Great
G.C.U.
S.
of Tribes
Councils
Great
great
one
of the
Council
488. Terms
State
ORDER
sun.
of Pocahontas
that
the Great
the
six
moons.
By-Laws
"
shall be six moons,
of these
term
branches
of the United
Council
from the first sun

great suns
first election by
the
election,but at
of
for two
Corn
Great
one-half the number

Representative,
By-Laws G. C. U.
great sun only.
one
be
MEN.
but
be
may
Laws.
489. Representativesto
one
shall
States
Councils
provide
may
General
"
United
and
RED
OF
to
serve
succeeding their
next
moon
Council
which
States shall
entitled
to
than
more
it is entitled shall serve
for
S.
"
TRIALS.
Chief
Any
490.
from
him
; said
may
have
his
with
the
the
The
filed with
shall be
of
by
of
or
pelled
ex-
charge being preferredagainst

of the obligations
he
for any improper conduct
tending
a
violation of any
body, or
Council
desiringto prefercharges against
in triplicate,
charge, with specifications
shall immediately submit
the same
to the
Incohonee
charges are
the Great
five,and
consideration
upon
be removed
may
Order.
Great
Great
if said
Council, and
Great
to
Council
shall file said
of five;
committee
the
Incohonee, who
Great
Council.
Great
body
of this
of the
its members
of
any
positionor
member
Any
I.
the
confined
laws
taken, the
of this Great
in
membership
charge to be
degrade
to
member
or
the
againstthe
Great
Chief
of Records, who
Great
Senior
shall also
the Great
shall refer such
charge
to
special
Incohonee, the
shall submit
the
same
same
to
mittee
Sagamore shall appoint the compresideduring the time the charge is under
Council.
be furnished
charge or charges must
by the accuser
at least ten
suns
prior to the time of trial ; provided,the allegedoffence or
offences were
committed
not
during the councils of the Great Council, or
thereto.
If within the time mentioned, then one
sun's
within ten suns
prior
II.
copy
the
notice will be sufficient.

committee
The
shall
fullyinvestigatethe charge or charges, report

the result of such investigation
to the Great
Council, recommending such
deem
and
if
the
as
punishment
they may
report is adopted by a vote
proper,
of three-fourths
of the Representativespresent, it shall be recorded
the
as
judgment of the Great Council.
IV.
Suspension or expulsionfrom a Great Council or a Tribe to which a
of this Great Council belongs,shall operate as a suspension
Chief or member
or
or
expulsion from chieftaincy
membership in this Great Council, and the
thereby created shall be filled in the manner
prescribed by the
vacancy
III.
laws.
"
491.
By-Laws
A
Great
convict,and
G.
C.
U.
S.
Council, in the absence
punish a member
improper conduct whereby the
thereof
Order
of law, cannot
for violation
may
be
prefercharges,try,
or
obligation,
any
of his
brought
into
contempt,
but
it
IMPROVED
534
When
III.
thereof
the committee
the Chief
by
stated
next
ORDER
submits
of Records
report is approved by
time
majorityof
MEN.
its report, the accused
under
council, at which
RED
OF
seal, and
the
the
directed
be
must
report
be
must
notified
to be present
at
the
considered.
If the
voting,it shall be recorded

then prescribethe degree of
members
The
Tribe must
judgment of the Tribe.
in
be
accordance
with the law ; the vote thereon
to
must
punishment
imposed
shall decide, except for sion,
be by ballot,and a majorityof the votes
cast
expul-
as
the
when
When
IV.
motion
shall be
same
of two-thirds
the assent
voting shall be
punishment is before the
and
be subjectto
motion
of the members
prescribingthe
considered
as
any
other
necessary.
Tribe,
the
the
same
relative to the degree of

and
amendments
provided, that motions
punishment shall be treated as a blank, and the blank shall be filled by voting
the most
severe
ment
punishpunishment first. If that be lost,a less severe
upon
As
shall be voted upon
until the judgment of the Tribe is declared.
the Tribe
has fixed the penalty,it shall be the duty of the Chief of
soon
as
Records
to notifythe brother.
V.
When
member
of one
Tribe desires to prefer a charge or charges
a
of another Tribe, he shall present such charge
or members
againsta member
rules ;
or
charges in
Said
Tribe
Tribe
and
Chief
the
of the
of Records,
such
whom
to
determine,
to
the Tribe
shall forthwith
certified copy
belongs a
Sachem
form
the usual
of which
forward
charge
to
manner
if
as
be sent
the
signaturesof
preferredby
the
hear and
proceed to
of its
member
the
; and
of the Tribe
shall
ber.
mem-
the accused
to which
Tribe
or
charge or charges shall
same
(theaccuser) is a
charges over
attested by the seal
and
in like
the
he
own
body.
VI.
Tribe,
charge
the decision
493.
member
made
charges
or
is final.
The
brother
against a
of the Tribe.
while
of the Tribe, has
trial,having decided
and
investigation,
brother
member,
due
upon
who
Code
"
have
preferredthe
not
cision
sustained,its de-
been
charges
that
appeal
cannot
from
of Procedure.
charges are pending against him, so long as

a rightto prefer
charges againstany brother.
he is
IV,
"
159,212.
494.
the
brother
requirementsof
IV, 82,
495.
the laws
accordance
is
with
member.
"
107.
member
who
incurring a large amount

without
providing any
brothers,members
left,may
expelled until after due trial in

governing the body of which he
be
cannot
clandestinelyleaves
of indebtedness
way
of said
his
after
Red
and
brother
trial.
Tribe
"
Men,
compelling
and
liquidatesuch indebtedness,
for
Tribe, to pay a largeamount
of the
him
after he
has
IV, 203.
496.
By-Law
says that
expelled,while the constitution states that a
be adopted only by ballot, the Tribe
must
expulsion. IV, 404.
a
with
hunting grounds
to
be expelled after due

If
his former
brother
resolution
proved guiltyshall be
to expel a brother can
ballot,upon
the
resolution
"
497.
on
Members
charges without
in
good standing are competent to

regard to the rank of the accused
constitute
brother.
"
committee
VI,
420.
of
REVISED
498. When
against him,
is
brother
the
decision
time of trial,
cannot
is
be made
DIGEST.
535
acquittedof charges that have been preferred

not
final,and irregularities
objected to at the
the basis of an appeal.
IX, 26, 140.
"
TRIBES.
Tribes
499.
exist
United
States
wherein
the Tribes
those
or
If Tribes
500.
virtue of charters issued
by
located.
are
admit
of their reservation
Council.
Great
take
cannot
G.
palefacesfor less than

and
Incohonee,
cognizanceof such
Great
or
the
of the
reservations
S.
fees
therefore
of
the
to
United
the
they
Great
States,
of the local laws
resources
brought to the attention of the

Great Incohonee
charges. V, 372, 428.
shape
in
Tribe
the
of a State Great
A
German
language by consent
working
501.
Council and custom, can
change its mode of working and work in the English
received
from
the
authorities.
is
legal
language; provided permission
212.
IV, 158,
502. It is contrary to the usage of the Order and subversive of its general
in both
the German
and
welfare and harmony to permit a Tribe to work
English languages. IV, 5, 60.
from other
permittinga Tribe to ask help financially
503. A dispensation
of
Tribes and jurisdictions,
in
should only be granted
extreme
cases
hardship
and want, and then permissionmust
be had from the legalauthorities of the
are
exhausted, and then the
should
of
constitutional
Council
until
matters
C.
the
amenable
are
Council
the Great
Councils
Great
Constitution
"
violate the laws

The
the
granted by
by
matter
be
of formal
in the
"
"
"
reservations.
No
504.
IV, 160, 214.
"
business
but that
in
specified
the
the council fire of any branch of the Order,

transacted thereat.
V, 374, 428.
"
call " for
incident
business
or
specialkindlingof
to
be
it,can
"
of Business," as may
the privilegeto "vary the Order
505.
best suit its convenience, if there is no violation of any law on
that subject,
or
V, 178, 199.
anything destructive of the Ritual.
Tribe
has
"
506.
to
in reservations
Tribes
its State Great
where
Council.
"
exist must
Councils
Great
ness
present busi-
VI, 149.
Tribal
is a subjectfor local legislation. VI, 304.

jurisdiction
exist
virtue
of charters issued by the Great Council of the
508.
by
of reservations
United
States, or those granted by the Great Councils
507.
"
Tribes
wherein
the
tribes
are
located.
When
the
States
placesa reservation under a Great

said Great Council
invested,
lightsthe
and
said reservation,
legallyissues to
Council, and
council
them
reservation
said
exist
control
within
that
necessary
to
the Tribe
amenable
IX, 32.
all Tribes
over
renew
reservation
the Great
charter for
The
Council
its
same
as
the
as
if said
the
much
body
United
authority
Tribes
in
Tribes
Great
has
Tribe
No
authorityand
is
constituted
said reservation.
without
the charters.
to
in
the
of several
brands
so
of
through
charters,and
having appliedfor and received a

body having been duly constituted,when
and
Council
Great
consent.
Council, and
full authority
legally
can
It is not
in force and
had
in
said
makes
grantedthem.
"
IMPROVED
536
ORDER
RED
OF
MEN.
TWIGGING.
until the next
be deferred
U.
C.
deposited,action
of the
three of the
elected.
of the
ballot shall be
council
than
more
Tribe
in any
been
stated
shall be declared
candidate
G.
if not
and
shall be had
renewed
have
twigs shall
black
more
or
the report of the committee
Upon
509.
Order
If
taken, and
applicationshall
the
on
when
Tribe,
twigs then
if two
another
cast
ballot
black
are
rejectedhis applicationshall
for the
of six
space
moons.
not
be
tion
Constitu-
"
S.
applicantfor membership has been twigged for,the

should be examined
by the Senior Sagamore, and the result announced
the Sachem.
V, 198.
When
510.
the
an
box
by
"
In all
511.
a
cases
for admission
candidate
unfavorable.
or
ballot must
be had
the
upon
report of
by adoption or
committee
on
the report is favorable
card,whether
VIII, 487.
"
VACANCIES.
of the Great
If any
512.
be filled by
G.
appointment
C. U.
of
death, removal,
other
or
shall be filled by election

fills the
who
G.
C.
515.
first
giving
by
shall
chieftaincy
his
Incohonee.
the Great
representationfrom
in the
cause,
the
for
serve
or
Sachem
Great
tution
Consti-
"
Council
Great
thereof
by
appoint a
may
one
G.
"
appointment
unexpired term
the
as
case
is entitled to the honors
be, and
may
of the term.
the brother
"
tion
Constitu-
S.
U.
Tribe
temporarilyabsent
C. U. S.
By-Laws
great sun.
otherwise,
or
by removal, death, suspension,resignation,
to
All vacancies
514.
some
vacancy
Sachem
qualifiedPast
is
member
S.
Incase
513.
Chiefs
of
has
him
no
right to
opportunityto
an
declare
the stump
submit
an
excuse
of
Chief
without
vacant
for his absence.
IV,
"
203.
516.
vacancy,
the
Tribe
law to the contrary.
no
may
fill it upon
IV, 82,
"
the
sleep it
same
1 10.
resigns,the Senior Sagamore can be elected to fillthe

resigning his chieftaincy. His elevation to the Sachem's
his station.
This rule governs
the Junior Sagamore.
IV,
If the Sachem
517.
without
vacancy
stump
of
case
if it has
occurs
82,
In
will vacate
no,
518.
"
in.
The
stump
of
an
expulsion,absence
fine upon
Chief
for
elective Chief
without
become
can
excuse,
or
death
only by
vacant
; but
Tribe
the
may
resignation,
impose
neglectof duty.
15, 82, 107.
and
there is no Past Sachem
is
vacant,
Prophet'sstump
present
519.
it
be
to fill it,
to
a Chief
or
degree member
appointed
temporarily.
may
occupy
254, 298.
elected
in representationcan
exist only where
a regularly
520. A vacancy
of the Representatives
Representativehas resigned,or on the death of one or more
elected Representativecannot, or fails to, attend the
; but if a regularly
councils of this Great
of a State has no
Council, the Great Sachem
right to
a
If the
"
REVISED
appoint
substitute,under
In
521.
and
be
entitled
In
of
case
the
shall be invested
all his
with
of Past
rank
Constitution
"
substitute
Council.
Council
Great
G.
death, resignation,or
of the Great
Sagamore
the
to
of service.
expirationof his term

Senior
exists,neither
now
of this Great
nor
being recognizedby
IV, 18, 55.
of the death, resignation,
Great
of
the
Incoor
disqualification
Great
Senior
Sagamore shall be invested with all his authority
powers,
522.
it
as
537
"
case
honee, the
and
law
the laws
alternate
an
the
DIGEST.
power.
the
States,the Great
Constitution
"
the
at
S.
of
disqualification
of the United
authorityand
Incohonee
U.
C.
Great
Junior
G. C. U. S.
VISITATIONS.
When
523.
shall have
Tribe
of the
be visited,the Sannap
to
and
the
announce
Sannap
charge
if an
the
wickets, the words
two
ask
the
enter
the
Sachem
; the
the
the
proposed
wigwam and
shall direct his
visitingSachem
of his Tribe
is returned, the Sannap
answer
the visitors into
escort
shall
; then
for all the members
if he will vouch
affirmative
then
forest and
the
to
the forest of the Tribe
at
visitingTribe
of his Tribe
presence
proceed
to
arrived
Chief
or
accompanying
of the Tribe
to
visitingSachem
wigwam
requiredby the regulationsof
in
him
be visited shall
shall
the Order
give,at
and
the
respectiveChiefs having been saluted, the Sannap shall formally introduce

the visiting
Chiefs and
brothers
and Tribe, when
the honors
to his Sachem
of the Order
Deputy
to
introduce
who
jurisdiction,
to
does
the brothers
Sachem
Great
524.
power
shall be tendered, and
Tribe
not
have
his district
in
Great
Deputy
or
universal
the
seated.
"
IV, 352, 392.
Incohonee
visitingbrother
password, or an
has
not
from
the
another
for the
order
IV, 253, 298.
same."
525.
of any
shall at all times
brother
Tribe
under
the
the Ritual,provided he
G.
Constitution
C. U.
be allowed
visit and
to
attend
the council
of any Great Council, in conformity with

jurisdiction
is legallyin possessionof the universal password.
"
S.
VOTING.
526. Representativesand Past

vote
upon
any questionbefore the
G. C.
U.
527.
It is proper
528.
The
Great
Incohonees
Great
Council
alone
shall be entitled to
of the United
States.
"
stitution
Con-
S.
the word
"
twig
"
for
"
IV, 254, 298.

for membership,
presidingChief has a right to vote on all applications
for degrees,and on the election of Chiefs.
IV, 254, 208.
of candidates, or the
constitute
for
the
admission
a
legal vote
529. To
of twigs should
be at least equal to the
applicationfor degrees,the number
number
of brothers requiredto make
a quorum.
VII, 587.
is present at the council of a tribe,unanimous
sent
con530. If only a quorum
is requisite
for
other
of
to adopt an
appropriation wampum
any
purpose
to
use
vote."
"
"
"
than
benefits.
531.
To
necessary.
"
IX, 23.
expel a
"
member
IX, 23.
the assent
of two
thirds of the members
voting is
IMPROVED
538
majorityof
532.
-IX,
of
ORDER
the votes
MEN.
RED
shall be necessary
cast
suspend
to
member.
23.
WITHDRAWAL
No
533.
referred
to
G.
S.
C.U.
APPLICATIONS.
OF
propositionfor membership
committee, except by
a
after it has
shall be withdrawn
unanimous
consent.
been
Constitution
"
ERRATA.
CHIEFTAINCIES.
Neither
534.
office
an
Councils
Council
of the United
Sachems
Great
nor
not
chieftaincy
provided
or
the Great
Great
for
by
have
the
of
legislation
any
rightto
create
their bodies
or
States.
COUNCILS.
When
535.
hontas,
Great
may
the council
other
or
body
of any
Council
sleepof
under
the
Tribe, Council
any
of
jurisdiction
reservation, shall fall upon
of the
Degree
this Great
Council
of Pocaor
the
legalholiday,said council
be dispensed with without dispensation; provided, that should
the holiday
fall upon
the sleep of election,said election shall take place at the regular
council preceding such holiday.
a
MEMBERSHIP.
536.
Whenever
of the
reason
brother
dissolution
Tribe
of age,
by reason
him
on
charged against
a
member
resides,and
under
said Great
Council
will admit
him
Sachem,
he
be
defunct
of the
jurisdiction
regulationsas to seven
and
Tribe
attend
to
Great
Council
dues
suns1
and
presenting a certificate,
signed by
that
he
has
Records,
paid the sum
councils
the Great
laid
down
of the Great
and
Sachem
in the laws
wherein
he
otherwise
as
password, which
the great reservation
the
by
any
Tribe, shall be considered
shall receive the universal
throughout
entitled
membership
membership in
of the indebtedness
payment
upon
of said
lost his
he is refused
the
adopt,
may
into any
shall
said member,
the books
such
has
good standing
of his Tribe, and
then
large,under
at
in
and
if a Past
Council
the Great
Chief
governing cases
on
of
of
this kind.
REINSTATEMENT.
in
member
537.
expelled from
the Tribe, except
Great
Council
the vote
"
to
Code
the Order
applicationto
the Board
or
necessary
membership.
after
of Great
reinstate him
be restored
membership
by permissionof the
Chiefs, during the interim,and
which expelledhim from
vote
cannot
to
the Tribe, and
Council
is the
same
of Procedure.
REORGANIZATION.
538. If the law of
Great
Council
be present at the institution of

should
kindle
be
a
the
council
judge, provided
fire is present.
Tribe
that
fails to
or
not
specifythe
number
its reinstitution,
the
less than
the
quorum
requiredto
Chief
instituting
necessary
to
CHAPTER
XII.
LEGISLATION.
CONSTITUTIONS.
THE
of
practical
management
and
theory of legislation,
properlytransact the business
While
the
Order
are
and
for
similar
relatively
to those
United
this emanates
all
in towns
and
States
The
Great
Order
the Great
Senior
Incohonee
; Great
be
known
Keeper of Wampum,
who
Guard
is a
of the
United
of
nal
frater-
is the
supreme
establishment
the
Councils
in the
the
is known
in
as
for its chiefs,or
Great
Incohonee
authority; Great Junior

is usuallya Past Great
of Records, who
in other
tions
organiza-
the
Supreme Secretary; the

correspondingto Supreme Treasurer
Great
the
Great
the
Great
as
of the Great
runner
charge of the inner
has
has
Forest, who
has
Incohonee
wicket, and
charge of the
outer
wicket.
; the
There
Finance, composed of three members,
on
previousto the council of the Great

every great sun
of the books
of the United
States, for the examination
meets
Council
and
of this
officers,
Great
States
Prophet, who
Chief
standingCommittee
which
thereof.
governed, provides
authorityfor
Sagamore, second
Great
Tocakon,
is
and
cities,
and
of the
; the
would
laws
to
Territories.
Council
Sagamore, third
Minewa,
in the
States, which
the presidingofficer who

officers,
Great
officers needed
performed by kindred
the
of the
of local branches
various
of
tain
cer-
societies.
Council
From
power.
choice
provided for
legislation,
by which
Great
the
titles differ,the duties of the chiefs,or
benevolent
The
organizationrequiresa
an
accounts
Wampum,
of the Great
Chief
well
for the
as
as
for
concerning the appropriations
on
the laws.
Laws, of three members,

At
each
States additional
council
committees
the
539
Great
Keeper
making estimates
mittee
ensuing term, and a Com-
purpose
whose
of the Great
are
and
of Records
of
duties
Council
are
denned
in
of the United
appointed,consistingof
seven
IMPROVED
540
each,
members
ORDER
OF
Distribution
on
of
Order, Judiciary,Appeals and

Per
and
by
State
Great
authoritysimilar
of
United
the
States
Council
Great
Great
Senior
Their
Forest.
Great
Council
such
selects
duties
of the
committees
the
Great
said
a
are
other
Great
to
United
States.
are
the
ized
organsiding
pre-
Chief
Sannap,
and
Wigwam,
State
chiefs
Junior Sagamore, Great

Wampum,
Great
Guard
Great
of
of
of
Council
for the proper
necessary
are
Great
corresponding chiefs
Each
by
cises
exer-
The
body.
The
it
Council
Where
reservation
of
similar
as
sidered
con-
State
the
Order.
Sachem.
of
are
matters
States.
by
that
consent
of
Guard
entire
within
Great
Keeper
Great
Mishinewa,
the
Great
Sagamore,
Great
Records,
the
is called
the
these
Among
States, within
exercised
that
over
of
authoritydelegated to
United
to
State
various
upon
under
authority and
chief
Pocahontas.
of the United
exists,Tribes
the
by
of
Council
of the
Longtalks,
business
Council,
Council
Great
the
the Great
the
MEN.
Grievances, Charters, Mileage
Degree
is divided
committees
The
and
Diem,
RED
action
trans-
of business.
local branches
The
Councils
of the Order
Tribes, Degree Councils,
are
Degree of Pocahontas.
be organized with
Tribes may
less than seven
not
members,
a
consistingof not less than five members, including
quorum
one
qualifiedto preside. The chiefs of a Tribe are Sachem,
who
presides,Senior
Sagamore, Junior Sagamore, Chief of
of Wampum,
two
Records, Collector
Keeper of Wampum,
Guard
Powwows,
Sannaps, four Warriors, four Braves, two
the Tribe
of the Wigwam,
and Guard
of the Forest.
is
To
entrusted
the beneficial features
of the Order.
Among the
duties enjoined upon
the Tribe, and practisedby the Order, 'is
the injunctionto visit the sick, relieve the distressed, bury the
and
dead,
and
of the
educate
Tribes
named,
the
have
necessary
for
the
stipulatedsum
is
under
may
one
committees
entertainment, and
sick, on
or
orphan.
the laws
dollar per
payment
of the
proper
week.
full
on
addition
other
transaction
each
be less than
Tribes
to
relief,on
for such
paid during
not
In
seven
one
visitation
purposes
of Tribal
as
fathom
per
a
varies from
law
of the
may
business.
suns' sickness
usuallyadopt
benefit,which
the chiefs above
seven
be
A
which
suns,
limitingthe
four
to
twelve
IMPROVED
542
ORDER
CONSTITUTION
OF
THE
COUNCIL
GREAT
UNITED
SEC.
This
I.
COUNCIL
OF
body
THE
I.
AUTHORITY
shall be known
UNITED
THE
OF
STATES.
ARTICLE
NAME,
MEN.
RED
OF
POWER.
AND
the name,
by
STATES
OF
styleand
title of the GREAT
IMPROVED
THE
ORDER
RED
OF
MEN.
SEC.
The
2.
Great
the Order
legitimateauthorityover
such,
work
unwritten
provide for
to
the
absolute
and
safe
of all true
source
established
:
jurisdiction
the forms, ceremonies,
keeping
uniform
and
as
"
change,
to
and
; it possesses,
control
of the Order, and

the
States is the
wheresoever
power
establish,regulateand
To
1.
and
supreme
of the United
Council
annul
alter and
teaching and
written
the same,
and
and
dissemination
of
same.
provide,publish,print
To
2.
cards, odes, charters,charts and
and
furnish
all rituals,forms, ceremonies,
certificates.
emblem, jewels
prescribethe form, material and color of all regalia,
and such blanks as may
be used by the Order.
and
for
the emanation
distribution of all passwords, and to
provide
4. To
of using the same
regulatethe mode and manner
generallyto prescribe
; and
the safe and easy intercourse
such regulations
as
to secure
may be necessary
3. To
identification of members.
and
establish
5. To
countries
where
6. To
provide
of
means
Tribes
or
'the Order
the
same
under
tax
States, Districts,Territories,Provinces
been
not
for the
revenue
per capita
in
has
upon
its immediate
or
established.
Great
Council
of
the
United
States
by
membership, either from Great Councils
and
the sale of suppliesfurnished
jurisdiction,
the
it.
by
7.
provide for returns

its jurisdiction.
To
under
hear
8. To
the
when
same
the
enact
to
laws
10.
Tribes
All
and
Councils, Tribes
appeals
before
and
from
it,and
Great
and
all
Councils
to provide for
and
its
or
Tribes,
for
legislation
decisions.
regulationsof general applicationto carry

other powers
reserved by this Constitution
to
States
branches
other
and
of the United
enforce
all
of all its decrees
foregoing,and
Council
determine
Great
legallybrought
are
the enforcement
9. To
and
from
its Great
Chiefs, and
the Order.
such
as
may
into effect
the Great
be
sary
neces-
legitimateauthority
authorityin the Order not delegated to Great Councils,
Councils
of the Degree of Pocahontas,
by their charters,or the
power
and
over
CONSTITUTIONS,
LEGISLATION,
generallaws
decisions
of the United
Council
Great
rules and
or
of this Great
The
2.
The
elective Chiefs
3.
The
Representativesof
SEC.
less than
Past
State
in
thousand,
States shall be
Great
of:
composed
"
Sachems.
Council.
Great
Councils.
hunting grounds containing
members
thousand
and
of the Great
Council
Great
2.
the
to
II.
of the United
Incohonees
Great
All Past
1.
Council
Great
reserved
Council,are
COMPOSED.
How
i.
543
States.
ARTICLE
SEC.
ETC,
one
representative;
less
over
than
one
thousand
one
thousand
and less
two
representatives
; over
three thousand
and
less
than three thousand, three representatives
; over
four thousand, and less than
than four thousand, four representatives
; over
five thousand
and less than six thousand,
five thousand, five representatives
; over
six
thousand
and
less
than
six representatives
seven
thousand,
; over
than
thousand
and
less
over
seven
seven
representatives
eight thousand,
;
all reservations
bers,
having over eight thousand mem; and
eight representatives
and
two
two
eightrepresentatives.
3. Great Representativesmust
Councils.
Great
They shall be
SEC.
their
as
manner
same
from
great suns
first election
from
the first
by
4. In
to
of
case
or
Sachem
qualifiedPast
of the
they
elected, and
are
operate
SEC.
to
vote
SEC.
as
of the
sun
other
in
for
serve
6.
any
All
of
removal
question or
Past
Great
to
time
shall
than
more
great
Sachem
sun.
; but at the
one
Great
thereof
may
entire
term
the
their
the Great
Great
Past
resolution
Incohonees
before
whose
Sachems
alone
the Great
credentials
admitted
Council
and
received
ARTICLE
CHIEFS
SEC.
i.
The
honee, Great
Elective
Senior
Council
for which
reservations
shall
shall be entitled
Council.
have
been
Chiefs
OF
the rank
all
diem.
has been
Great
duly
Sachem.
III.
GREAT
COUNCIL.
of this Great
Sagamore,Great
of Past
edged
acknowl-
entitled to
and
to a seat
by the Great Council
and
of
that
receivingmileage and per
voting
privileges,
except
unless he
SEC.
shall be eligible
to any chieftaincy
one
7. No
to
for two
position.
shall be
admitted
the
appoint a
be
Representativesmust
from
residence
in
representative,
great sun only.
one
for
serve
and
serve
moon
representationfrom
the Great
one
good standing in
same
Councils, and
they represent during
reservation
5. Representativesand
upon
the
the
in
succeeding Corn
next
cause,
forfeiture of their
at
it is entitled shall
vacancy
to
residents
elected
of their Great
which
death, removal
Sachems
Council, entitled
Great
the number
one-half
SEC.
the Chiefs
be Past
Council
shall be
JuniorSagamore, Great
Great
Inco-
Prophet,Great
and
of Records
Chief
by
ORDER
IMPROVED
544
ballot for two
settingof the
The
appointed
the third run,

SEC.
2.
and
Minewa
Incohonee
Great
Chiefs
Great
of his
ELIGIBILITY
shall be
brother
served
shall have
he
eligibleto
in
term
Great
be
shall
Great
Tocakon,
the
appointed by
CHIEFTAINCIES.
the
eligibleto
one
council, at
IV.
TO
chieftaincyof
the
great sun's
raisingup.
ARTICLE
No
be
shall
of Forest, all of whom
the time
at
of the
sun
shall be elected
sun.
Guard
Great
the second
on
suns,
MEN.
all of whom
Keeper of Wampum,
Great
great
RED
OF
an
Incohonee
of Great
chieftaincy
elective chieftaincy. No
one
unless
Prophet
Great
is
he
unless
shall be
Great
Past
Incohonee.
V.
ARTICLE
GREAT
SEC.
The
I.
of Corn
moon,
Council
may
SEC.
2.
great sun
great
at
SUN
COUNCIL.
council fire shall be kindled
sun
run, risingof the sun,
the ninth
the second
on
such
at
place
designate.
The
place of kindling the council fire shall be
council by a majorityof those entitled to vote
resolution fixingthe place shall have
been
read
ARTICLE
two
on
as
Tuesday
the
determined
at
provided
separate
Great
each
that the
suns.
VI.
QUORUM.
Representativesfrom
to
constitute
of
to
time,for
for the
quorum
members
new
which
majorityof
and
purposes
transaction
kindle
to
alone
Great
State
less than
shall be necessary
sion
business, except the admis-
of any
the council
ARTICLE
Councils
quench it
majoritymay act.
fire and
said
time
from
VII.
REVENUE.
The
of this Great
revenue
Council
charters,rituals,cards, odes, diplomas,and
such
Council
Great
Councils,Councils of Degree of Pocahontas

be adopted by this Great Council.
as
may
the
reserve
authorityto
ARTICLE
TRIBES,
SEC.
the
i.
United
wherein
Tribes
exist
States, or
the Tribes
are
by
as
the
and
Tribes,and
such
tax
VIII.
MEMBERSHIP,
virtue of charters
those
sale of
furnish ; also fees for charters for
Great
may
proceeds from the

other printed matter
shall be the
PRIVILEGES.
issued
by
the
Great
Council
of
granted by the Great Councils of reservations
located.
LEGISLATION,
SEC.
incorporatedin said
1
Tribe
its council
if
general laws
shall
of
The
Prophet
must
and
Second
be
Sannap,
four Braves.
The
raisingup
term, unless
Tribes
may
members,
or
and
shall be
shall kindle
includingone
more,
for the transaction
quorum
shall be
wampum
shall
Chiefs
also must
of the
of business,
appropriated(except
Sachem, Senior Sagamore,

all of
Keeper of Wampum,
and
be
The
shall take
Great
Councils
Guard
place
of the
shall be
First
Forest,four
the first council
on
provide
degree.
may
of the Chief's
member
appointed Chiefs
Wigwam,
dispensation has
their Chiefs
be
degree.
Sachem.
Past
followingrules
members
of Records
who
of Chiefs
have
no
Tribe
of the
Guard
for the
consent.
of
Wampum,
and
3.
the
Chiefs
be members
must
Collector
for
present
generallaws
enact
seven
Five
moon.
unanimous
545
"
Prophet, Chief
Junior Sagamore,
whom
be
only
Elective
The
2.
to
ETC.
jurisdiction.The
preside,shall constitute
quorum
full power
consist of less than
never
benefits)without
for
their
fire at least twice
qualifiedto
and
within
of Tribes
government
shall have
Councils
Great
2.
CONSTITUTIONS,
riors
War-
sleep of
been
granted to postpone the same.

public,provided a dispensationhas
raised up in
first obtained.
been
All
vacancies
by removal, death, suspension,resignationor otherwise,

shall be filled by election or appointment as the case
the
be, to serve
may
residue of the term, and the Chiefs so serving shall be entitled to the honors
4.
of the term.
No
5.
of
male,
shall be
person
moral
good
great suns,
who
character
believes
of the
Preserver
adopted
into
and
in the
Tribe
standing, of
of
existence
Universe,and
of the Order
is
who
the
Great
full age
6.
An
applicationfor adoption must be recommended

by two
good standing,and accompanied by one-half the adoption fee.
shall be referred to
gation
of the
the next
7.
more
and
reputable
the report of the
black
twigs shall have

until the
had,
the
candidate
not
be
8.
shall
renewed
in
degrees;
three
9.
be
any
desirous
council ; the
cast
shall make
of the
qualifications
and
it shall be
committee
been
stated
next
if not
and
Brothers
open
health,character
Upon
shall be
of three, who
committee
brothers
The
in
tion
applica-
strict investir
and report
applicant,
council.
be deferred
the
Creator
known
some
free white
of support.
means
at
of twenty-one
the
Spirit,
of
possessed
except
declared
Tribe
council
ballot shall be had
If
elected.
and
on
if two
or
applicationshall
the
Tribe, when
another
ballot
twigs then cast are black,

rejected,his applicationshall
of the
three
advancing
applicationshall be
granted.
of the
for the space
of the Order
of
If
ballot shall be taken, and
deposited,action
than
more
shall make
of six
moons
after.
there-
while working in
than three black twigs are
referred to the Tribe

if not
rejectedthe
more
applicationcannot
be renewed
for
moons.
No
for membership
proposition
shall
be
withdrawn
after it has
been
IMPROVED
546
referred
to
unless
by
whether
had
Tribe
No
shall
member
of
and
of
cases
unfavorable.
or
State
reservation
holding a withdrawal
make' applicationas
his withdrawal
it shall
duty
stated council, when
pale face.
12.
Applicationfor
all
reservation
confer
nor
Tribe, except by permission,under
applicationwith
at a
qualifications
in
grees
de-
seal,of
belongs.
of three, whose
committee
of such
Tribe, shall
and
of another
resident
Sachem
of another
MEN.
consent,
pale face
said member
his
accompanying
to
-brother of the Order
Any
unanimous
RED
the report be favorable
adopt
member
the Tribe, to which

1 1
by
of the Great
consent
upon
OF
committee, except
.ballotshall be
10.
ORDER
card desirous
in
card, which
be
to
report
ballot
of
case
of becoming
pale face,
shall be referred
his
to
as
shall be
had,
standing
in
as
case
in
writing,and
withdrawal
Any
and
the same,
the Tribe
to
lost
or
14.
Tribe
when
issued
member
reservation,after
same
receive,and
great
one
less than
all
In
for
Tribe
receiptof
renewed
sun's
grant, upon
of not
of
if
joining a
titled
suspension,shall be enmissal
Disa
application,
proper
less than
fathom
one
than
more
Tribe
has
nor
more
of dues, he
non-payment
refused
shall
application,
grant
proper
dues.
great sun's
one
be
to
reinstate
entitled
Dismissal
to
member
pended
sus-
receive, and
Certificate upon
the
the
fathom.
one
Certificates
laws
same
to
be
may
withdrawal
as
the holder
of
received
cards, but the

Dismissal
deposit
upon
in
privilegeof
Tribe,
Certificate.
shall
Tribes
any
visitingshall
provide for carryinginto effect the beneficial

of seven
suns1
Order, by enacting laws for the payment
8.
the
of dues, desirous
great
one
shall
payment
nor
wherein
cases
be awarded
not
the
fathom
one
Dismissal
the
under
be
may
subject
of dues, wishing to regain

s
hall
entitled
the Tribe
be
to receive,and
reservation,
Certificate upon
the receipt
a Dismissal
application,
proper
shall, upon
17.
shall be
in another
membership
6.
card
objections.
granting
Tribe
said card
holding
is clear upon
valid
no
by the
cause
personally or
brother
dues.
sun's
member
Tribe
the
upon
shall grant, upon
either
be
withdrawal
same.
there
for
for non-payment
suspended
Certificate
of not
charges,and
be revoked
the person
the
made
granted,provided the
may
revoked
shall be
destroyed.
A
to
15.
card
so
which
in the
than
shall be
same
card
of the Tribe, free from
the books
13.
the
withdrawal
character
and
of
funeral
benefits.
19.
Trials,charges and
penaltiesagainstGreat
of either of the said bodies, shall be

as
adopted by
20.
Each
the Great
Tribe
Council
shall have
affixed to all official documents

21.
of any
brother
Tribe
under
the
the Ritual, provided
governed by
of the United
seal with
emanating
shall at all times
Councils, Tribes
the
code
and
bers
mem-
of procedure
States.
appropriate device, which
shall
be
therefrom.
be allowed
to
visit and
attend
the
council
of any Great
Council, in conformity with
jurisdiction
in
of
legally possession the Universal Password.
he is
CONSTITUTIONS,
LEGISLATION,
Whenever
22.
of the
in
brother
of
dissolution
his
Tribe,
said
of age, then
Tribe
good standing has

and
he
ETC.
lost his
is refused
547
membership by
membership in
son
rea-
any
member,
by reason
upon
payment of the indebtedness
him
the
books
of
said
defunct
on
Tribe, shall be considered
charged against
at
of the Great
Council
wherein
he
a member
large,under the jurisdiction
such regulationsas to seven
under
suns' dues
and
resides, and
otherwise
as
Council
and
shall
said Great
receive
the
universal
adopt,
password ;
may
will admit
him
into any Tribe
which
the
reservation
throughout
great
; and
if
Sachem
Past
Council
Chief
he
entitled
shall be
attend
to
presentinga certificate,
signed by
he has paid the sum
on
the
the Great
of Records, that
of the
councils
Sachem
laid down
and
in the laws
Great
the Great
governing
of this kind.
cases
the council
sleepof any Tribe, Council of the Degree of Pocahontas or other body under the jurisdiction
of this Great
Council or the Great
of any reservation,shall fall upon a legal holiday,said council may
Council
be dispensed with without
dispensation; provided,that should the holiday
fall upon
the sleep of election,said election shall take place at the regular
council preceding such holiday.
When
23.
ARTICLE
IX.
FORFEITURE
1.
For
2.
For
or
3.
dues
4.
For
cases
Council
United
States
the
or
may
to
and
Great
proper
conform
the Great
or
to
the Constitution, laws
Council
to
which
and
actments
en-
itis subordinate,
neglecting or refusingto
make
its returns,
or
for non-payment
of
taxes.
or
For
neglectingto
unforeseen
regularcouncils
hold
membership decreasing,so
charter or dispensationshall
the
until due
seal,and
notification
suitable
provided by law, unless
of the
that it is left without

not
offence
been
opportunityhas
vented
pre-
The
Great
The
Great
quorum.
be forfeited in either of the above
by the
given to
GREAT
DUTIES
OF
Prophet
shall
proper
answer
Chiefs, under
Great
the
charges.
X.
ARTICLE
as
circumstances.
its
By
SEC.
or
regulationsof the Order.
and
general laws
But
of the
improper conduct.
neglectingor refusingto
by
5.
its charter
dispensationforfeited
"
of this Great
the
of the
Council
Any Great Council, Tribe, or

be suspended or
dissolved,and
reclaimed
by the Great Council
Council
CHARTERS.
OF
perform
CHIEFS.
all the
duties
prescribedin
the
ceremonies.
SEC.
2.
Council,preserve
order
Incohonee
and
shall
enforce
preside at
the laws
all councils
thereof; have
of the
watchful
Great
super-
IMPROVED
548
vision
all branches
over
OF
ORDER
of the
and
Order,
RED
MEN.
all Constitutional
that
see
regulationsof the Great Council are observed.

specialprerogativesare the following:
Among
To
call specialcouncils of the Great Council.
otherwise
To
not
appoint all committees
provided for, to
ments,
enact-
rules and
his
Council
branch
or
Order
the
"
may
he may
as
of council
such
instruction
the usages
visit any
the
as
Great
good
of
of the Order.
require,always adhering
generalsupervisionof the Order, and grant such dispensations
deem
for its interest,
also grant dispensationsfor the kindling
fires of Great
shall
He
give
to
to
shall have
He
of the Order, and
appoint
Councils
and
other
and
commission
required in States, Territories
Great
Deputy
Incohonees
where
Countries
or
of the Order.
branches
Great
as
be
may
Councils
do
not
exist.
He
hear
may
submitted
decisions
decide
questions of law as may be

Great
Chiefs,and Tribes under
appeals and
such
him
to
by Great Councils or their

of the Great
Council,
jurisdiction
be binding until fullypassed upon
immediate
the
and
shall
or
their chiefs, and
or
reversed
by
the
such
Great
Council.
He
shall,at
official acts
he may
decisions
rescind
SEC.
and
Great
and
create
all his
recommendations
such
shall assist the
Sagamore
all
promulgate
require.
if circumstances
same
Senior
of
as
of the Order.
rightto
the
change
printed report
during the interim,with
exclusive
The
3.
council, present
sun
for the advancement
shall have
He
to
and
deem
great
every
passwords, and
in
Incohonee
Great
quenching the council fire;advise, assist and support him in

of the death, resignaIn case
tion
preservingorder, and presidein his absence.
with all
shall
be
invested
of
the
he
Great
or
disqualification
Incohonee,
his authorityand power.
SEC.
Great Junior Sagamore shall have
charge of the wicket, and
4. The
of his chieftaincy
require. In
perform such other duties as the nature
may
of the death, resignationor disqualification
Senior
of the Great
case
more,
Saga-
kindlingand
he shall be invested
SEC.
The
5.
all the
Great
proceedingsof
Sachems,
one
to
each
Also
one
to
each
branch
Great
Keeper of Wampum
therefor.
such
as
of secret
other
Councils, Chiefs
all councils
or
and
of this Great
many
branches
about
and
keep
pay
printed
have
Past
its jurisdiction.
under
of this Great
same
of
He
over
Council.
shall collect
to
the
Great
first of every moon,

taking a receipt
of the unwritten work and
the evidence
to
time
be
of the Great
carry
on
made
therein, and
all charters
the
granted by
;
the
record
been
it may
Representative.
and
true
have
same
copies as
control
shall prepare
Council
the
of the Order
and
the
time
He
members
as
Council
from
are
When
the immediate
Great
may
that
and
Chief, member
councils.
branches
Council
under
on
authorityand power.
shall keep a just and
Council.
Great
shall preserve
alterations
records
and
He
of Records
Chiefs
of the
revenues
all his
this Great
to each
Great
Also
all the
Chief
Great
he shall transmit
with
Great
Council
for Great
all other
Councils
Council, notifyall Great

of the
all the necessary
United
States
of
correspondence,
IMPROVED
550
and
branches
other
by
may
their
Great
3.
Councils
allow, and
Councils
provide for
may
Tribe
no
to
jurisdiction
shall
Dominion
Five
authority.
composed of Past
be
of
Incohonee
Great
the
less
not
having
the Great
form
they
their
Sachems,
may
but
Great
limit Tribes
under
xm.
or
Past
fifteen Past
less than
not
praying for a charter

vote
representatives
Incohonee,
State, District, Territory or
any
five hundred,
than
the council fire of said Great
petitionthe
may
for
Great
Sachem
and
therein.
same
petitionshall
bership
memor
Should
it shall be
deputized by him,
The
Council
Great
Council
in favor of the
Council.
Sachems
the
granted,
kindle
shall
be in the
following
"
Council
the Great
To
in
majorityof the
and
nished
fur-
supplies
violation
CHARTERS.
Tribes
more
of Canada,
forms,
legallyexist within
can
of
representative.
one
or
the
to
other
and
laws
and
GRANTING
i
adherence
representativesystem, and
the
subject to
responsible for any
Council
or
'ARTICLE
SEC.
MEtf.
RED
their reservation,
shall be
and
their sanction
without
reservations
SEC.
Council,
this Great
or
OF
They shall enforce a strict

regalia,jewels,charges,blanks
ceremonies, style of
sanction
in
of the Order
Council.
this Great
ORDER
of the United
past Sachems
of Red
Order
States,Improved
Men
"
ing
undersigned Tribes represent that they are workCouncil
of
that the
under
charters granted by the Great
Order has increased so that the membership is at present
and wre
in
Past
believe that it would
have
Sachems
good standing. We
in our
be of advantage to the Order
if a Great Council was
established
vation.
reserthat
the
of
our
We, therefore,
petition.
you grant
pray
prayer
The
of the
Witness
G.
Moon,
The
SEC.
is to
and
of the
the first sun
Great
as
of
Great
Chiefs,
Council
shall thereafter
be
has
under
kindlinga council
signed by not less than
fire of
the
In
fee and
Incohonee
the advicj
of
Sun
Chief
of Records
of each
the
moon,
grant
be
made
to
the
by and
dispensationfor
Great
with
he may,
the
the
honee
Incosent
con-
and
same,
Council.
Great
of
charter
this
and
aforesaid
Sturgeon
where
3.
Sachem
applicationas
reservations
SEC.
the
signed by
the
elective
institute the
reservation
the Seal of the Tribes
the Seal thereof to be attached.
2.
soon
be
Should
priorto
As
and
S. D.
same
Tribe,
hands
our
cards
during
of the Great
the
been
the
there
a
organized,all tribes located in

of said Great Council.
jurisdiction
are
Tribe
therein
thirtybrothers
of the
Great
no
brothers.
or
shall
ous
desir-
application
palefaces,accompanied by the
If the applicationis received by
interim, the Great
Chiefs, grant
Councils, persons
its
present
Incohonee
dispensationand
may,
an
by
and
with
institute the Tribe.
LEGISLATION,
CONSTITUTIONS,
of
travelingor other expenses
deputy,incurred in lightingthe council fire of a
SEC.
All
4.
the
ETC.
Great
Great
Council or Tribe.
paid by such
and
shall
also apply to Councils
(Sections 3
4
and number
on
petition.)
551
Incohonee,
Council
his
or
Tribe, shall
or
Great
be
ARTICLE
FORMS
REGALIA,
The
unwritten, shall
in
submitted
by the
be
not
writing,and
being
CARD
the
present entitled
to
travelingcard
brother
for
whom
to
seven
issued.
change
adopted
be
vote.
XV.
CERTIFIED
OR
RECEIPT.
receiptshall
the brother
by
Upon
to
whom
be prima
issued.
request for communicating
used
United
for
are
evidence
the
Upon
ARTICLE
issuingit.
the Tribe
by
fade
the brother
to
be
facie evidence of the good standing of the

the back 'thereofshall be placed the amount
funeral benefits allowed
and
suns,
certified
shall be prima
or
be
proposed
Traveling cards, or certified receipts,for the use of members, may

of the
or
recognized only when
procured from the Great Council
and
in
with
form
accordance
the
States,
adopted. They
they are
and
be
obtained
State
Great
Councils.
must
use
special
through
A
fee
written
different suns,
read, on
of the members
TRAVELING
to
as
ALTERED.
private work,
unless
twice
ARTICLE
HOW
other
or
amended
or
after
of three-fourths
vote
CEREMONIES,
ceremonies
altered
of P., except
XIV.
AND
regalia,jewels, forms,
of D.
of the
back
thereof
the Universal
of dues
payment
may
be
printed a
Password.
XVI.
TERMS.
A
of the Great
term
of Tribes
and
of Great
Councils
six
moons
Councils
or
Councils
one
but State
be
may
Council
Great
one
and
sun,
Councils
great
its immediate
under
working
great
States shall be two
of the United
Tribes
may
great
their control
Cpuncils under
or
suns
six moons;
jurisdiction
provide that
of its Tribes
the term
sun.
XVII.
ARTICLE
APPEALS.
SEC.
i.
All
appeals taken
working
under
Council
of the
and
the immediate
passed upon
United
as
last resort
the Tribe
Council
Great
Council, except where
SEC.
under
person
of
jurisdiction
States,as
Great
or
the action
from
; but
sentence
appeal may be taken

of this Great
the jurisdiction
his
thinks
who
rights have
2.
An
in all
Council,
cases
the action
to
this
by
or
decision
body by
such
of
decision
explusionfrom
action
received
be
until reversed
conclusive
denied
or
Tribe
the Great
to
provided for,shall
the
Council
Council,or
Great
involves
from
been
this Great
hereinafter
shall be final and

the
of
any
decision
by
Order.
the
of
Tribe
member
or
this
or
action,
ORDER
IMPROVED
552
givingwritten
upon
notice and
of said action of appeal ; and
placed in
received
SEC.
Members
Sachem
fire of the Great

under
certify,
Great
Council
The
from
time
to
failure to do
nor
SEC.
has
The
and
The
Council
Council
and
SEC.
make
Chief
Great
have
4.
each
at
great
each
needed
Laws
Tribes
by
cil
Coun-
thereto,
the
conformitywith
the immediate
forever
Great
in such
dedicated
as
Keeper of
pum
Wam-
of the United
Council
of the
Fund
Great
for the best interests of
deem
above
provided. They
shall
council.
Committee
one
hundred
already created.
Trustees
until
shall submit
fathoms, w^hich
The
wampum
sum
so
the aggregate amount
of the Home
shall
appropriated
shall
contemplated.
XIX.
LAWS
AND
AMENDMENTS.
Also, General
may be made.
Councils, and laws for the government of
this Constitution
of Great
sufficient for
sum
invested
Home
Permanent
the Finance
less than
be
and
they may
great sun
GENERAL
for the government

under
bequests made
of the Great
Home
for the purpose
BY-LAWS,
in
held

Prophet, Great Senior Sagamore,
ARTICLE
By-Laws
is not
of the
as
in
Fund
shall be invested
sum
Great
the Great
as
Council
of Records
council
sun
placed in the Permanent
reach the
report
all further
to
Council
sums
shall
provide,in
supervisionof the
appropriatingnot
resolution
be
of
followingthe
bar
Great
and
Great
of Trustees
such investments
report thereon
At
shall be
funds
Great
Incohonee,
Great
shall
of the
members
said fund until final investment

make
action
FUND.
then
may
orphans of
shall constitute the Board
They
the
to
principalof said fund shall not be used,

repealed,except seven-eighthsof those
or
judgment
Junior Sagamore,
States.
it shall be
date
shall
XVIII.
accumulated, the
been
the Great
3.
Great
duty
at the council
donations
appropriate,
amended
in the
When
the widows
one
so
copies) the
who
appellant,
agreed thereto.
entitled to vote
purpose
of the
shall consist of such
of interest.
shall this article be
to
has
shall
of said State
council
Fund
time
accumulations
as
Tribe
above.
Permanent
and
manner
been
great Sachem
to the
be acted upon
they can
so
action taken, and
2.
the
the date
has
appeal
that
the
appeals from
All
PERMANENT
SEC.
from
moon
proof
each
(on
send
ARTICLE
the
with
Incohonee, whose
Council.
the time mentioned
may
copy
States,and
United
it to the Great
be made
must
i.
one
of the
may
appeal and forthwith
the
proceedings; provided,the
SEC.
Incohonee,
of the
its receptionto the Great
within
provided,that
the seal of his Great
immediately send
or
filingan appealwithin
Tribes
or
Council
that he received
decision
MEN.
appeal from the action of a Great Council

copiesof the appeal have been presented,mailed or sent to the
less than twenty suns
not
priorto the kindling of the council
provided two
Council
RED
notice.
due
3.
Great
of the
the hands
OF
of
jurisdiction
this Great
Council.
LEGISLATION,
Constitution
This
shall not
propositionfor that
of three
the
action upon
council
purpose
of
ETC.
altered, amended
lie
those
for
over
repealed,unless the
writing,signed by representatives
in
presented
or
great
one
and
present
553
and
sun
entitled
to
then
vote
amend
any of the laws may be taken at
it is submitted, if seven-eighthsagree to the same.
BY-LAWS
OF
GREAT
receive
provided,
propositionto
which
at
be
be
Councils, and
Great
of two-thirds
assent
CONSTITUTIONS,
the
same
COUNCIL.
ARTICLE
I.
ADMISSION.
SEC.
the admission
Before
i.
received, certifyingthat
as
Records
Great
Sachem
and
certificate must
duly served as Great

Prophet, or five great suns
of Wampum,
Keeper
Great
Past
has
the first Great
Council, or
or
he
of
of
Sachem
Great
Great
as
that he is in
be
Chief
of
standing in his
good
Tribe.
SEC.
Before
2.
member
followingcertificate must
of Great
Wigwam
at
an
elected
the
held
election
Council
by
United
of
Great
O.
Imp.
R.
This
M.
of
certifythat
was
in the Great
the
from
suns,
is to
Brsther
of
Council
great
representativethe
as
"
Council
the Great
for
States
acknowledged
be received
represent the
to
be
can
second
Council
in
Tuesday
of
Corn
next.
moon
Witness
G.
moon,
and
hand
our
the Seal
of
Great
our
Council,the
sun
S. D.
[L.S.]
Great
Sachem.
Great
C. of R.
dential,
representativeshall be presented with a duplicateof the above creand either the originalor duplicateshall be referred to the Committee
who
shall report thereon as soon
as
on
practicable.
Credentials,
credential
A representative
fill
to
must
a vacancy
giving the name
present a
in whose
of the representative
place he is appointed or elected,and stating
Each
the
of such
cause
SEC.
3.
of
whom
vacancy.
In the case
of
a
representative,
shall
be
members
election,or
contested
of
the
either
side,and
as
protest, the
with
the
least ten
SEC.
4.
Sachem
to
of the
which
Council, with
the Great
entitled to admission
before
from
council
as
file a
which
of
Council.
copy
the
of
or
produced
mendation
recom-
contest
of the
brothers
or
same
hail,at
Council.
the
but shall
visitors,
the Great
contest
such
of
cases
of this Great
members
are
the
all evidence
delay,examine
reservation
priorto the great sun's

Representativeswho
business
from
protestingshall
Past
standing shall be
in any
participate
appointed, neither
just; provided,that in all
they may
partiescontestingor
Great
suns
report the facts

deem
Council
Great
protest originates. They shall,without
by
sion
protest againstthe admis-
of five shall be
committee
Order
not
in
good
be allowed
to
IMPROVED
554
ELECTION
SEC.
the
In
I.
to
necessary
shall
immediately
only
had. when
the second
on
SEC.
the
last
of the
sun
council
of the
SEC.
for the
Great
Council
sickness
by
proceed
fire,and
CHIEFS.
is then
eligible. Blank
shall
cast
made
shall not
votes
enter
be
lot
bal-
third
highest number
the
received
votes
is elected,a second
one
no
choice
no
who
GREAT
majority of
ballot
of votes
be counted.
their duties
upon
on
council, immediately preceding the quenching
the
Chiefs
the
at
present
such
this Great
vacant, and
absence
quenching
entered
the
shall
he
of the
cil
coun-
of this
the records
upon
run
be caused
Council, then
after the
any
the fact shall be certified to, and
be
declared
; but should
cause
by
be
chieftaincy
may
fillthe vacancy
to
elect fail to
to
satisfactory
designated Great Chief
other
or
be raised up
if
of the Great
any
raisingup,
fixed
Chiefs
MEN.
shall be raised up. and
sun's
great
OF
RED
fire.
Should
3.
the two
Chiefs
Great
UP
the first ballot
on
shall be
ballot
The
2.
II.
had, and
be
shall be
ARTICLE
of Great
If
choice.
OF
RAISING
AND
election
ORDER
Council.
Great
ARTICLE
III.
COUNCILS.
SEC.
absence
In
i.
Incohonee
Great
shall
of the
If any
2.
Chiefs
authorized
present, (not a Great
the members
present, then
SEC.
of the
shall be filled by
by
Chief),shall preside,and
vote
Chiefs
Great
of
appointment
some
SEC.
and
Committee
The
i.
before
each
great
Chief
office of the Great
Chief
COMMITTEES.
shall examine
of Records
of Records
be
none
IV.
at
and
the
the Great
for that
council, and
sun
if
Past
to preside.
designatea member
temporarily absent, his chieftaincy
member
by the Great Incohonee.
Finance
on
of the Great
accounts
OF
senior
are
ARTICLE
DUTIES
preside,the
to
Keeper of
shall meet
purpose
least four
books, vouchers,
pum
Wamat
the
prior to the council.

appropriationsof wampum,
suns
estimates for, and recommend

They shall make
for general and specialpurposes
during the interim of the councils,based on
shall be made
revenue
likelyto be received ; and no expenditureof wampum
and above
unless the same
has received the approval
an
over
appropriation,
of the
Finance
bonds
have
in
same
great
been
the
entered
hands
It shall be
by
those
of the Great
their
requiredto
duty
do
and
Incohonee,
to
by
so
that
see
the necessary
the laws, to
submit
place the
their report at each
council.
sun
SEC.
Committee.
2.
The
Committee
that may be referred

on
as to their action
referred to them
to
on
them
the
do not
same.
Constitution
during
the
It shall
and
interim
be
Laws
of the
their
conflict with the laws and
shall examine
duty
usages
councils,and
to
see
all laws
report
that the
of the Order.
laws
LEGISLATION,
SEC.
3.
credentials
SEC.
long
4.
The
Committee
that
may
The
Committee
portionof
and
the Great
has
Order
advantageous
6.
SEC.
SEC.
The
7.
other
and
to
report
SEC.
of the
SEC.
number
of miles
Committee
make
each
by
The
Great
Council
Committee
all matters
the same,
to
proper
to
shall
may
by
thereon, with
order
them,
to
such
examine
and
mendations
recom-
report
Councils,and report
at
and
each
roll of the
shall be
all
on
tions
peti-
Incohonee, for Tribes, Councils
and
report
Councils
Diem
Per
great
and
same
drawn
and
the
Tribes.
the
of
members
they shall
report the
until the
to
as
shall calculate
council ;
sun
bility
the advisa-
to
as
and
Chiefs, representatives
present
correct
investigateall
referred
be
also
that
amount
report is approved
and
Beneficiaryshall examine
relatingto the BeneficiaryFund
such
on
subjectsrelatingto
insurance
and
and
as
to
report
the
the laws governing

be
referred
have
referred
may
them.
SEC.
to
referred
may-be
Council.
The
n.
that
shall
Mileage
traveled
no
SEC.
that
reports presented by Great
Great
is entitled to, and
this Great
the
think
may
all questionsof
Reports shall examine
on
on
and
they
as
Grievances
Great
Great
Committee
complete
out
that
progress
warrants.
the
by
or
and
and
decision
Charters
on
Finance
on
their
the evidence
Committee
of all returns
10.
of the Order,
status
and
measures
like character
Council
Great
Committee
The
9.
correctness
the
of
matters
of granting charters.
SEC.
the
subjectstreated
shall be referred that
the
condition
such
Appeals
dispensationsissued
and
the
embody
on
they think
The
them
to
Council.
the
as
8.
of the Order
Judiciaryshall consider
other judicialmatters
on
Committee
appeals and
all
on
Order.
Committee
the Great
by
the State
recommend
of the laws, and
construction
them
shall
the whole
to
The
report
referred
refer the
and
longtalksthat relates to
shall
they
and
made,
and
shall have
shall examine
on
Chiefs1
in their report
555
committees.
the Committee
To
5.
shall examine
Distribution
and
ETC.
them.
to
on
Chief
in the talks to the various

SEC.
Credentials
on
be referred
of the Great
talks
CONSTITUTIONS,
them
report
SEC.
.The
12.
Committee
all matters
to
the Great
13.
Council
Council
to
council
fire all books
otherwise
ordered
to
such
recommendations
duty
of each
Chief
the Great
by
and
papers
this Great
of Records
Records
on
or
Council
shall
or
at
to
member
the final
this Great
deem
tbey shall
beneficial.
of this Great
quenching
of the
Council, unless
Council.
GREAT
Great
they may
as
belonging
shall
of the Order, and
committee
V.
ARTICLE
Each
of Pocahontas
said branch
appertainingto
It shall be the
return
the Degree
on
make
SUN'S
out
before the first of Corn
REPORT.
and
moon
transmit
a
to
the
Great
Chief
of
great sun's report of its work,
IMPROVED
556
with
in accordance
Council.
Great
the
form
this
OF
specifiedherein
penalty may be remitted
delivered
or
unanimous
by
under
the immediate
suns
after the last
seven
the
to
Chief
Great
of
number
and
by
the
Chief
Great
due
of
this
consent.
VI.
Mooxs1
REPORT.
of
jurisdiction
council sleepin
of Records
this Great
and
Hot
of this Great
Council
shall,within
Hunting
Council
report of
correct
mit
trans-
moons,
of members,
the number
adoptions, rejections,suspensions and

withdrawals
by card, and death ; also
and
admissions
it
the per capita tax
expenditures,togetherwith
receiptsand
the
MEN.
by
neglectingto forward its report and tax
forfeit its rightto representation
; provided
shall
Six
two
to
accompanied
ARTICLE
Tribes
RED
Council
Great
Any
the time
by
sent
report shall be
This
Records.
ORDER
cause,
the
names
expulsions,
per
capita
tax
due.
ARTICLE
VII.
REVENUE.
SEC.
SEC.
Each
2.
SEC.
Each
3.
shall pay
Degree
Council
member
Tribe
Councils
shall pay
Corn
be
transmit
the
duty
the Chiefs
inches
of
jurisdiction
for every
of
tax
member
this Great
Council
its books
on
at
the
of the
of the
deem
they may
to
the
received, and
Great
GREAT
under
Incohonees
their
Incohonee
for the
Chief
INCOHONEES.
Great
Deputy
Tribes
perform
to
VIII.
DEPUTY
OF
report to the Great
moon
as
per capita
term.
DUTIES
raise up
For
its jurisdiction.
ARTICLE
It shall
thirtyfathoms.
great sun
every
the immediate
ten
shall be
of Pocahontas, fifteen fathoms.
under
under
per capitatax of
of each
end
Great
for every
inches
ten
fee for Great
of the
Councils
and
Tribes
charter
The
i.
Records
such
other
the first of
charge,and priorto
their condition, and
advantage
of
visit,instruct and
to
of the Order, and

such
duties
as
wampum
as
the
at
Great
such
the
tions
sugges-
same
they
may
Incohonee
time,
have
may
desire.
ARTICLE
MILEAGE
The
to
and
Great
its Great
of the
PER
AND
United
States
and
Chiefs, representatives,
Committee
of five inches
and
Council
IX.
on
per
five fathoms
Constitution
and
mile circular,to be
per
sun
for each
sun
DIEM.
shall pay
members
Mileage and
of the
Finance
Per
Diem
Committee
mileage shall be at the rate

computed by the nearest traveled route,
Laws.
The
in attendance.
558
IMPROVED
Councils, read
the
ORDER
three
upon
separate
RED
OF
and
suns,
then
MEN.
adopted by
two-thirds
of
representatives
present.
ORDER
the
At
1.
BUSINESS.
fixed therefor the Great
run
silence ; have
command
OF
the wickets
Incohonee
shall take his station and
secured, the
wigwam
examined,
and
the
fire duly kindled.
council
Roll of Chiefs.
2.
3.
Appointment
4.
Credentials
of Committee
of
Credentials.
on
Great
Past
and
Sachems
Representatives read
and
referred.
of
Admission
5.
Representativesand
6.
Roll
of Representatives.
7.
The
record
8.
Long
of last council
Talks
of Great
Incohonee
and
and
Great
Sachems.
considered.
fire read and
of Great Councils
names
9. The
for business or communications.
other
Tribes
Chiefs.
called,in alphabeticalorder,
Reports of Committees.
10.
1 1
Past
Deferred
business.
New
12.
These
business.
Rules
be
may
temporarilydispensed with by
RULES
OF
the Great
Incohonee.
ORDER.
speak to points of order risingfor that purpose.

Before puttinga question he shall ask : " Is the Great
Council
ready
him
for the question?
If no
brother
address
he shall rise and
put the
question,after which it will not be in order to address the Great Council
that question.
upon
No
brother shall be permitted to vote or speak unless clothed in regalia
2.
1.
The
Great
Incohonee
may
"
according to
3.
in
Every
proper
5.
No
all have
the Great
6.
If
he shall
to
or
station.
when
and
he rises to
no
brother
speak
shall address
shall pass
out
the Great
of the
Incohonee
wigwam,
or
wise
other-
the council,except to call to order.
language or reflection upon the Great

its members, are positively
or
prohibited.
than
brother shall speak more
the same
once
question until
upon
than twice without permission from
an
opportunityso to do, nor more
All
Council
brother
manner,
disturb
4.
his rank
and
personalities
indecorous
Council.
brother, while speaking,be called
to
by the Great Incohonee,

mined
question of order is deter-
order
speaking and take his seat until the

and permission is given him to proceed.
7. Every Chief or brother shall be designatedby his
his standing in the Order.
the Great Council, no
a questionis before
g. When
cease
proper
title,
according
motion
shall be
re-
LEGISLATION,
ceived
except for the previous question,to

to
or
motions
to
and
and
brother
of
if sustained
by
by
of any
brother.
put?"
shall be
shall
The
all
on
brothers
15.
1
6.
Council
than
more
until the next
be
The
and
of the
Order,
call for the
can
the
it
sideration
recon-
passed, and
was
shall be carried.
time, the Great
same
speak
may
it has
reduced
this form
to
"
been
Inco-
seconded
writingat
demand
may
Shall
preclude
shall pronounce
points
on
order
the
the
the
without
brothers
in
previous
question
main
and
which
cil
Coun-
preference to
appeal
no
all
shall be
of the Great
debate, subject to
on
"
decision
and
the request
all amendments
of order
lie on
to
without
it
question is postponed indefinitely
aad
other
appeal
an
brother
to
shall
upon
nays
the
be
may
by a majorityof the
questionsshall be
provided for.
Great
every
THE
GREAT
RED
MEN.
acted
on
decided
OF
by
OF
unless
majorityvote, except
in
cases
wise
other-
LAWS
COUNCILS
GREAT
COUNCIL
shall
Council.
GENERAL
GOVERNMENT
be
not
by any two members, and

representativemust vote,
demanded
record ; and
All
THE
shall
debate.
council.
sun
excused
FOR
of the
question be ordered, the amendments

then the original
question.
questionsof
by any two
great
yeas
entered
18.
once.
motion
When
17.
consideration
in which
majority
in
be put
always
subjects; he
the Great
speak
such
of the Whole
of the work
until
It shall be
brothers
Incohonee
decide
speak
at
debate
subjectto
If the main
Great
the
the reconsideration
until it is decided, shall
in their order
upon
14.
For
council
sun
rise to
Incohonee.
and
further debate.
voted
; and
arranged.
Committee
prevailingside
the votes
call of three
the
On
now
herein
definitel
in-
which
the Great
question,which
be
amend
to
or
order
consideration
great
brothers
more
motion
No
stated
13.
table, to postpone
order.
other
the
on
same
majorityof
or
the
at
shall decide
12.
the
itself into
none
for the
voted
who
vote
If two
u.
may
the
on
559
unwritten.
Any
10.
precedence in
always in
fire is
resolve
Laws, and
lie
ETC.
divide, to commit
to
followingsubjectsand
Constitution
written
Council
Great
the
honee
time ;
severallyhave
quench the council
The
upon
limited
shall
motion
9.
CONSTITUTIONS,
THE
THE
UNDER
IMPROVED
STATES,
UNITED
OF
JURISDICTION
OF
ORDER
PREAMBLE.
WHEREAS,
All
the several Great

and
them
consent
Councils
authorityenjoyed, exercised and

exist only by virtue of their charters
of the
of the
; Therefore, the
establish the
and
power
Great
Great
Council
Council
followingConstitution
or
of
the
General
United
United
Laws
States
States
possessed by
and
the
tion
sanc-
duly granted
adopt and
doth
for their government
"
"
560
IMPROVED
ORDER
OF
ARTICLE
MEN.
RED
I.
NAME.
This
body
shall be known
of Red
Order
the
as
Council
Great
How
Council
tribunal of the
Order
is located, and
no
sanction.
Great
in
The
of Past
It is the supreme
Sachems.
of the Order
branch
or
country in which
exist therein
can
Great
Council
shall
always
be
who
representatives,
shall
shall receive
establish
may
COMPOSED.
composed
the
Council
Great
of
introduction
Council
proved
Im-
II.
State, District,Territoryor
the
member
take his seat.
can
for the
shall be
Tribe
Every
of the
Men.
ARTICLE
This Great
of
without
degree
he
degree
Sachems.
Past
its
before
in that
opened
be
it
The
therein.
in regardto representation
regulations
III.
ARTICLE
COUNCILS.
This
Council shall hold
Great
council
one
ARTICLE
great
every
sun.
IV.
CHIEFS.
SEC.
The
i.
Great
Great
Great
Guard
shall be
Great
Great
of
appointed Chiefs shall be

and Great Guard
Wigwam
Great
ELIGIBILITY
i.
brother
no
served
of Great
SEC.
Great
and
After
as
Prophet
The
2.
Councils
Great
more,
Saga-
of Records
and
an
enact
may
Keeper
he has served
of Great
term
of
of
Chiefs
been
instituted
may
Council
Great
shall be
be two
to
nor
great
suns
he has
unless
chieftaincy
the
Sachem.
Great
sun;
of the Great
great
ARTICLE
great
one
two
Sachem
chieftaincyof
in the
law that the term
Wampum
Mishinewa,
CHIEFS.
chieftaincyof Great
elective Chief
unless
GREAT
OF
shall have
to the
eligible
Great
Sannap,
V.
TERMS
AND
Council
Great
shall be
term
one
Chief
of Forest.
ARTICLE
SEC.
Great
Prophet,
Senior
Great
Sachem,
of Wampum.
The
2.
Chiefs
Junior Sagamore,
Keeper
SEC.
elective
provided
Chief
that
of Records
suns.
VI.
HONORS.
SEC.
The
first Prophet of
Council, shall be entitled

Sachem,
as
the
case
may
to
the
Tribe,
honors
or
of
be ; to entitle them
the first Great

Past
to
Sachem
said honors
Prophet
or
of
Past
they must
Great
Great
receive
LEGISLATION,
dispensationfrom
they have served in
the Great
SEC.
Any
2.
of any
Wampum
SEC.
Chief
of
SEC.
and
degree
Great
4.
of
privileges
they
were
Past
or
five great
suns
of Past
Great
Past
adopt
may
Sachem
manner
suns
of
Keeper
Keeper of
as
such,
of any
Wampum
as
such, shall be
in succession
each
upon
provided such
shall be

rights
of the Chiefs
Chiefs
the end
to
serve
of
Tribe
elected at
of the
term
for
VII.
OF
elected
of the Great
By-Laws
FEES
Great
Great
laws
Council
Council
establish
may
time
and
in such
prescribe.
may
DEGREES.
AND
its
fees for Adoption and
own
Degrees.
IX.
ARTICLE
APPLICATION
such
VIII.
ADOPTION
FOR
CHIEFS.
by ballot,at
ARTICLE
This
or
in succession
elected.
Chiefs
the
as
Wampum
Sachem.
ELECTION
Great
that
Sachem.
ARTICLE
The
561
Sachem, settingforth
of
five great
Chief of Records
the institution thereof;

which
Collector
served
degree of
Councils
a
Great
or
served
Council, having
entitled to the
Records,
Tribe, having
Great
Any
3.
Incohonee
ETC.
said chieftaincies.
shall be entitled to the
Great
CONSTITUTIONS,
FOR
CHARTERS.
Applicationfor a Tribal Charter must be signed by not less than

twenty brothers or pale faces,accompanied by a fee of not less than twenty
fathoms.
If the applicationbe made
during the interim of a Great Council,
the Great
Sachem
and
with
the
of the Great
consent
Chiefs,grant
may, by
for the interest of the
a
dispensationto lightthe council brand, if deemed
Order, the petitionand report to be submitted to the next council of the Great
SEC.
Council.
FORM
To
the Great
Council
APPLICATION
OF
CHARTER.
FOR
of the Improved
of
Order
of Red
Men
"
of the Order
undersigned, members
(or palefaces)residing in
respectfully
petitionyour Great Council to grant them a charter to establish
a Tribe
Men, to be located in
of the Improved
Tribe
The said Tribe to be known
No.
as
The
Order
of Red
governed by
Men, under
the laws
your
and
jurisdiction,
pledge ourselves
we
to
be
thereof.
Signed,
Enclosed
SEC.
must
be
is the charter
fee.
Applicationfor a charter
signed by not less than ten
2.
for Council
brothers
of the
of the
Chiefs
Degree and ten
accompanied by
females, and
in the
upon
SEC.
3.
or
brothers
the
for
MEN.
fifteen fathoms, and
less than
Tribal
acted
charter.
Councils
be
signed by
ficial,
Degree Council may be benebe set forth by the petitioners.It may
admit
otherwise, as may
within
the
of
to membership
jurisdiction the
residing anywhere
by
brother
any
upon
RED
applicationfor
an
of the Chiefs
brothers
Council
Great
fee of not
Applicationsfor charters
least ten
at
as
manner
same
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
562
which
it has
unless
Degree
A
Degree.
been
chartered.
certificate be
must
It shall
presented from
confer
not
his Tribe
degrees
authorizing
same.
X.
ARTICLE
BY-LAWS.
The
Council
Great
General
and
When
said
laws
Great
Sachem
and
Great
Chief
of Records
laws.
the
to
approval they shall
be
and
Councils
conflict with
not
United
of the
of Pocahontas
the
and
States
Constitution
these
general
copies thereof,certified by the
three
adopted,
are
of Records, shall be transmitted
Chief
of the Great
refer them
they
Council
of the Great
By-Laws
Tribes
do
for its government,
By-Laws
enact
to
regulationof
for the
Laws
its jurisdiction.Provided
under
and
full power
has
of the United
Council
Committee
and
the Great
diately
shall imme-
Laws,
whose
upon
Council.
the Great
binding upon
States,who
Constitution
on
to
XI.
ARTICLE
AMENDMENTS.
alteration
Any amendment,
proposed in writingand acted
of the Great
or
of the United
Council
OF
CHARGES
Any member
Tribe,and should
i.
to
the
or
expulsion:
the Degrees,
or
Making
3.
the
on
or
known
making
false statements
to
same
be
false ;
or
5.
Misappropriating any
Tribe.
use,
would
be amenable
shall
in order
or
who
or
person
to
shall
or
either
the laws
persons
the
in the
Adoption
or
of the Order.
who
workings
gain admission into

knowingly conceal
not
are
at
the
of the Tribe.
the Order, knowing
infirmityor
any
mind.
Using improper
or
to
of the secrets
any
4.
own
of the Constitution
punished by reprimand,fine,suspension
obligationshe has taken

or
assuming any chieftaincy,
disease, either of body
his
be
MEMBERS.
following offences
the
be tried and
of the Order
members
time
Article XIX
must
PROCEDURE.
of the
Revealing
2.
Laws
"
Violation
1.
General
States.
AGAINST
guiltyof
these
to
prescribedin
as
upon
CODE
SEC.
addition
means
to
obtain
of the
benefits.
funds, property
wrongfullydivert
or
or
effects of
misappropriate
the
Tribe
funds
to
of the
ETC.
CONSTITUTIONS,
LEGISLATION,
563
or
Wilfullyrefusingto appear and testify
give his deposition,aftejbeing
the
Tribe.
by
7. Violatingthe criminal laws of his State.
8. Bringing suit in any of the civil courts
of his State againsthis Tribe,
for the redress of any
grievance,the adjudicationof which is provided for
6.
duly notified
within
the Order
Using
9.
as
Chief
business
SEC.
the laws
by
of the emblems,
any
member
or
for
directlyor indirectly,
member
No
2.
to
the
of
or
trial for
on
writing,signed by
complaint,and the
furnished by the Chief
causes
shall be
the
be put
can
charges be reduced
of which
mottoes, titles or initials of the Order, either

the
prosecutionof
any
private
enterprise.
or
cause
thereof.
first council
sleep after
the
offense unless
an
time
and
place of
of Records
the
charge or
distinctly
specifying
and
accuser
occurrence,
before
the
next
copy
council
the
a
charge shall have been preferred,
committee
of five shall be selected to investigatethe charge,of whom
one
shall be appointed by the Sachem, one
by the Senior Sagamore, and the
the members
remaining three shall be drawn by lot from among
present (in
in
the
manner
following,to wit: The twig box shall be
good standing),
in
front
of
the
of ballots equal to
Sachem, and a number
placed immediately
all the members
of the committee
(lessthe two members
present entitled to serve
as
as
witnesses,
previouslyappointed, such members
may be named
sleep.
and
At
the accused
and
shall have
written
The
of Records
Chief
list of whom
(a
of
reason
from
the
the
the
word
"
on
them
shall then
shall be
of
drawing
is
"
Committee
call
entered
thereon
placed therein.
"Committee,"
the
over
blank
of said ballots
shall be blank.
also of those
the Sachem,
present
excused
who
shall
by
ballot
announce
otherwise, retainingthe ballots
or
three members
shall,with
rest
is called,shall draw
name
to
same
Three
the
of the members
names
the records, as
each, as his
The
over.
on
the
ballot,whether
the
be
the word
being witnesses),and
twig box, and hand
nature
until
accuser),shall
the ballot with
drawing
the brothers
before
the
tute
appointed,consti-
the committee.
SEC.
the
3.
The
election
of
committee
a
chairman
shall
and
the
organize on
sleep of
its
secretary,after which, with
appointment, by
little delay as
as
of
or
possible,the secretary shall notifythe accused and the accuser
accusers,
the charges. At the time so
the time and
place appointed for investigating
must
even
though
appointed the committee
proceed with the investigation,
of the partiesbe absent, unless a written notice be received statinghis
one
other reason
of sickness, no
to attend
being admissible.
inability
by reason
shall adjourn to
committee
In the event
of such notice being received,the
This adjournnotice.
fixed time, of which
another
both partiesshall have
ment
shall not
extend
shall
time the committee

at which
suns,
beyond two seven
investigation.Each side shall have the right to be
of the
be members
committee
by counsel,who must
proceed with the

represented before the
Order in good standing.
SEC.
proof
4.
and
It shall be the
witnesses.
The
duty
of the committee
committee
shall
to
keep
their
parties,
examine
the
correct
record
of the pro-
564
IMPROVED
ORDER
ceedings and
shall also reduce

of his
at the end
the witness
the
or
RED
testimony taken
her
MEN.
heard
be
writing,to
to
examination, the
After
them.
OF
signed by
being first carefully
same
the
shall
evidence, the committee
having
of the accused, on each charge
its opinion as to the guiltor innocence
reduce
in ink), and
and
to writing (to be plainlywritten
report the
specification,
and
with
the
the
the
Tribe
at its
journal
originaltestimony,to
same,
together
is completed.
earliest stated council after the work of the committee
read
to
over
SEC.
notified thereof
the
the
voting shall
6.
SEC.
the
must
for
When
motion
SEC.
he
reasons
the
service
seven
to
for
papers
Sachem
the Great
under
connected
seal.
8.
SEC.
committee
SEC.
as
9.
Great
the laws
When
two
same
degree of
filled by voting
the
ment
punish-
severe
is declared.
As
of
of the Chief
duty
done
copy
appeal
the
has
of the
the Great
in proper
Chief
of
him
trom
moons
wrong
furnished
the Tribe
by
the
date
of the
the
specifically
been
He
the Tribe,
appeal upon
Sachem.
reason
him.
done
As
soon
as
form, he shall,within
Records
shall
one
immediately
the
the
neglector
comply herewith, it shall
shall refer all documents
of
member
the
Said
Council
usual
Tribe
form
to
and
papers
to
such
designate.
desires to prefera charge
of another
the
shall forthwith
certified copy
and
may
Tribe
one
members
or
in
belongsa
Sachem
refuse to
suspension.
of the Great
charges against a
charge or charges
accuser)is a member.
signaturesof the
serve
and
Sachem
such
the accused
the
the
member
which
been
and
statingdistinctly
an
the Tribe
for its
cause
The
of the Tribe
shall be the
the Tribe,
subjectto
the case
journalof the committee
by whom
testimony taken before it, and copies of the
council sleeps containingmatter
relatingthereto, and all
and Chief
of Records,
therewith, signed by the Sachem
Should
be sufficient
judgment
believingthe
has received
of all the
records
is before
be
If that be lost,a less
within
required to
proof shall be
tried,together with
was
of the members
shall be
the blank
penalty,it
Sachem
notify the Tribe,
suns,
deliver
due
Sachem
the Great
sidered.
con-
members
relative to
feelingthat injusticehas
have
may
and
motion
amendments
first.
shall first,
however, be
of which
be
to
be
must
report
of two-thirds
assent
blank,and
of the Tribe,
notice of the action

or
him
direct
be
must
brother.
Great
the
to
as
fixed
has
brother
appeal
must
and
until the
upon,
notifythe
A
7.
the
majorityof the
other
any
punishment
the Tribe
to
as
motions
severe
shall be voted
Records
seal, and
time
prescribingthe punishment
shall be treated
the most
as
accused
be necessary.
punishment
soon
the
expulsion,when
provided, that
rules ;
under
which
a
shall be considered
same
upon
of
degree
decide, except
Records
at
report, the
its
approved by
voting,it
the judgment of the Tribe.
The Tribe must
then prescribe
with the law ;
punishment to be imposed in accordance
be by ballot, and a majority of the votes
shall
cast
as
thereon
vote
of
report is
recorded
shall be
submits
council,
stated
next
If the
Chief
the
by
the
at
present
committee
the
When
5.
of the
or
Tribe, he shall present

Tribe
forward
of which
to
the
he
Tribe
(the
to
chargeor charges over the

attested by the seal of
Chief of Records, and
in the
dence
the
by
SEC.
Should
17.
two
send
the
action
the
action
Tribe
shall be
the
is
case
SEC.
8.
An
be
held
of
appeal
be
cannot
Great
been
has
the
sufficient
cause
Great
or
in the
until the
to
has
case
of
been
leave
the
the
or
Tribe
2.
least ten
3.
present
under
4.
Order,
in
5.
for the
6.
be
down
the
RULE
in
on
either
be
confined
the
to
verse
re-
Provided,
from
Council
the
of wampum
amount
of Wampum
until
of the
while
shall be
on
New
as
to
finallymust
that
mandate
involved
the
of the
laws
to
same
Order.
his
TESTIMONY.
TAKE
TO
officer.
journal
to
has
He
what
pass
the
upon
no
power
offered, and
is
relevancy
the
and
time
the
and
place
of the
appeal shall,
present
testimony
party presenting the appeal
the
give
his
is
either
and
place
shall
the
be
no
witness
one
taken.
be
must
certificate to
time
There
partiesand
the
party
shall present
at
at
meeting.
the
witnesses.
being
appellant is through
with
that
of
member
the
effect.
his witnesses, the
witnesses
presented.
records
if
evidence
side,if there
in
hearing except
objections made
the
the
committee
of the
representing
the
the
obeyed
of wampum
of Wampum,
Keeper
ministerial
enter
presenting
time
All
only
must
the
After
has
Committee
or
is offered.
commissioner,
testimony
7.
after
Sachem
Board
amount
TRIBES
authorized
writing
party
Counsel
noted
the
the
at
Tribe
RULE
must
to
the
or
BY
is to
duty
good standing,
RULE
is
what
notice
examination
RULE
Great
the
of
Tribe
the
finallysettled by
commissioner
The
appointed by
case
and
The
suns'
RULE
one
His
irrelevancy of
RULE
neglect to
moon
benefits.
Keeper
action
Great
APPOINTED
ruling.
the
to
or
INSTRUCTIONS
commissioner
i.
a
the
to
shall
Great
the
pay
Great
the
Council,
hands
COMMISSIONERS
make
examined
commissioner
one
the
further, that
unless
GENERAL
RULE
within
to
of the
from
Tribe
entertained
Sachem
placed
FOR
appeal,
an
right to appeal
hands
appoint
to
for
them
Provided,
in the
placed
Sachem
direct
be
fullysettled.
Appeals
of the
have
of
Great
and
Sachem.
Great
claimed
the
be
Tribe,
would
of the
refuse
or
shall
alone
appeals.
receiving notice
shall
of the
which
hear
to
MEN.
RED
Tribe, and
neglect
to
papers
appeal, it
the
the
after
OF
laws
Tribe
the
and
the
the
by
suns
seven
appeal
filingof
on
before
when
case
partiesauthorized
within
that
ORDER
IMPROVED
566
be
which
exercise
by
to
the
the
testimony
commissioner,
objections were
no
may
reasons
is
be
for
so
doing.
as
then
after the
rebuttal.
its discretion
and
by
either
proceed
party
to
take
made.
introduced
merely
of witnesses
to
Such
The
the
new
has
case
evidence
tribunal
evidence
been
thus
that
closed
need
decides
presented.
not
the
LEGISLATION,
ETC.
CONSTITUTIONS,
567
FORMS.
followingforms may be used, when

imperative,so that the substance
The
form
circumstances
is not
No.
require;
clearlyset forth
is
but
the
"
i.
CHARGES.
Sun
G.
Moon,
S. D.
To
Tribe
......
No.
Imp.
Tribe, No.
Council
the Great
with
having
R.
The
M.
O.
Imp.
of
Imp.
of
member
R.
O.
of
undersigned, a member
of
M., under the jurisdiction
R. M., hereby charges
....
Tribe,
guiltyof
following:
conduct
been
in the
appears
O.
unbecoming
No.
.
Red
Imp.
Man,
as
O. R.
M.,
fully
more
"
SPECIFICATIONS.
First
Second
Third
Witnesses.
Signature of
No.
NOTICE
Accuser.
2.
ACCUSED.
TO
Moon,
Sun
....
G.
S. D.
To
Brother
You
No.
wit
that at
M., held
R.
the
stated
council
Tribe,
of
sleep of
followingcharges w"re
the
on
of
sun
preferredagainst you,
(Here
This
Imp. O.
notified
hereby
G.S.D
moon,
to
are
insert copy
is therefore
to
of
charges in full.)
summon
sleep of
you
be
to
moon,
sun
at which
time
and
the committee
appear
at
run, G.
the
will be selected
Fraternallyin F., F.
[SEAL.]
said Tribe
before
to
and
on
the
S. D.
try said charges.
C.,
Chief
of Records.
568
IMPROVED
ORDER
No.
FORM
OF
OF
RED
MEN.
TO
ACCUSED.
3.
SUBPCENA
G.
Sun
S. D.
To
Sir and
You
G.
Brother:
hereby notified that on the

charges preferredagainst you
are
S. D
undersigned committee.
You
are
hereby requiredto
the
on
at
the
before
appear
run,
make
were
moon,
said committee
of
sun
to
sun
answer
the
at
G.
moon,
to said
for trial to
referred
charges,and
S. D
proceed
with
the
trial thereof.
Committee.
Secretary.
No.
FORM
OF
SUBPCENA
4.
OR
ACCUSER
TO
WITNESS.
To
Brother
hereby required to attend, under

of
committee
Tribe, No.
investigate
charges againstBro
You
penalty of
are
sun
of
G.
moon,
Imp.
O.
laws, before
our
M., selected
R.
the
on
to
in
testify
Secretaryof
Committee.
S. D
to
said
Fraternally,
case.
Sun
G.
Moon,
No.
REPORT
OF
S. D.
5.
COMMITTEE.
Sun
Sachem,
Chiefs
Sirs and
Your
Brothers
members
contain
That, from
of
Tribe,
selected
to
S. D.
Imp. O.
try charges preferredagainstBrother
Brother
the
No.
G.
R.
M.
committee
by
Brother
and
Moon,
report that
proceedingsof
all that
appeared
as
to the
to
and
said
the
evidence
committee
the
accompanying
taken
before
in said
case,
of the
specifications
Committee.
said
....
ments
documittee.
com-
they find
charge.
LEGISLATION,
ETC.
CONSTITUTIONS,
6.
No.
NOTICE
ACCUSED
TO
569
AS
REPORT.
TO
Tribe,
No.
Sun
G.
Moon,
R.
O.
Imp.
...
S.
M.
D.
.
To
Brother
Sir and
Take
against
you
selected
try the
to
the
at
stated
next
moon,
sun
S.
the
and
OF
ACTION
THE
OF
Sun
the
To
O.
Imp.
and
Brother
Tribe,
done,
Tribe,
No.
.
is contrary
to
2d.
That
3d.
Errors
(The
therefore
R.
O.
the
That
ist.
M., be
the
law.
of the
Sachem
the
said
O.
O.
Imp.
from
and
decision
the
G.
S. D.
.
of
Council
Great
M., and
the
said
decision
and
of the
usages
excepted
state
the
that
feeling
to
to
at
errors
and
the
may
wit:
to
reasons,
No.
.
be
made
out, and
one
M.,
evidence.
the
against
of trial
time
committed.)
restored
to
all
filed with
the
Tribe,
would
petitioner
Your
Tribe, No.
be
R.
O.
Imp.
Order.
of said
he
injusticehas
that
of said
action
following
from
things
(Signed
must
TRIBE.
been
has
Tribe,
is contrary
must
reversed,
he
of said
decision
laws
R.
M., for the
R.
of law, and
that
that
thereby.
Two
Moon,
Great
notified
been
No.
Imp.
petitioner
ask
Records.
M.
respectfully appeal
would
.
of
petitioner having
Your
been
R.
sleep
the
on
7.
FROM
APPEAL
the
C.,
Chief
FORM
Sir
report, and
Tribe,
[SEAL.]
No.
preferred
D.
.
in F., F.
Yours
of
council
G.
charges
filed their
have
considered
the
of
committee
the
Brother
by
will be
report
that
notice
in
he
has
Imp.
lost
by petitioner.)
accordance
with
IMPROVED
570
ORDER
OF
CHARTERS.
TRIBAL
HOW
Extract
APPLIED
Article
from
MEN.
RED
ETC.
FOR,
XIII,
G.
Constitution
Application for a Charter for a Tribe

or pale faces,accompanied by the
If application be made
brothers.
during
Sec. 4.
C. U.
be
must
thirtybrothers
charter
the
the
Council, the Great

Chiefs,grant
Sec.
Incohenee
5.
The
Council
the
of
County
of
this
Great
the
Great
of
his
or
Tribe.
PETITION.
OF
United
States
the
of
Order
Improved
of
Red
undersigned pale faces, or

respectfully
petitionthe Great
Tribe of the Improved Order
of
advice
least
at
of the Great
Incohonee,
traveling or other expenses
lightingthe Council brand of a Tribe,shall be paid by such
Great
Men
by
the cards
institute the Tribe.
FORM
the
interim
the
with
made
fee and
All
Deputy, in
To
and
by
may,
dispensationand
S.
of
of the Order,
members
Council
to
of Red
Men,
of
State
Charter
be located
to
to
lish
estab-
in
,
and
known
Tribe,
as
residing in
be granted,we
jurisdiction.Should this,our petition,
,
be
a
nd
to
collectively,
hereby pledge ourselves,individually
governed by the
and Usages of the Order.
Constitution,Laws
Inclosed is the Charter fee,15 fathoms.
(The petitionmust be signed by the petitioners
.)
No.
under
grant them
and
"
The
selected
name
word
or
your
Council.
Chief
of Records
notice of the
The
of United
the
Chiefs
Great
informal
the
to
have
institute the
to
charter
fee should
due
In
time
the
be
sent
to
the
will
petitioners
Great
receive
petition. If not granted the fee will be

petitionersshould arrange the necessary
littledelay as possibleon the arrival of
as
Tribe.
be
meeting, so that they can
be entirely
and
private
should
wigwam
number
of the
meantime
as
aboriginaltribe,title,
designation
will be suppliedby the
some
locality. The
States.
dispositionmade
In
that of
petitionand
preliminarybusiness, so
the
be
the
to
common
Great
returned.
should
The
chiefs may
nominated
secure
and
from
be
selected
elected at
at
an
The
once.
intrusion.
CONSTITUTION
TRIBES
FOR
UNDER
THE
COUNCIL
NOTE.
The
"
followingis
of the Great
jurisdiction
therewith, but
until
must
Great
not
be
intended
Council
must
OF
not
alter said
Council
is established
in
any
way
UNITED
States.
Such
Constitution
GREAT
THE
STATES.
for the Constitution
United
changed
THE
OF
JURISDICTION
IMMEDIATE
of all Tribes
Tribes
or
may
fail to
under
make
work
the immediate
By-Laws
in
accord
in
formity
con-
thereto
in their respectivereservations.
Constitution
Said
by interlineation,erasure, insertion,or otherwise, but
LEGISLATION,
be taken
must
used
and
intact
having the right to change

When
By-Laws
of Records
by the Tribes, the Great
of the United
Council
Constitution
on
ETC.
Gauncil
571
of the United
States
alone
modify it.
or
adopted three copies thereof
are
of the Great
the Committee
CONSTITUTIONS,
Laws, upon
and
shall be
States,who
transmitted
to the Great
shall
immediately
approval they shall
whose
Chief
refer thvn
be
to
binding
the Tribe.
upon
ARTICLE
TITLE, COMPOSITION,
NAME,
1.
2.
and
Laws
I.
POWERS.
AND
in its By-Laws.
mentioned
by the name
It shall be composed of duly qualifiedand
legallyadmitted brothers,
and authorityas its Charter,the Constitution
such power
and
possess
of the Order define as belonging to a Tribe.
This
Tribe
shall be known
ARTICLE
II.
CHIEFS.
The
1.
Chiefs
Elective
of this Tribe
Sagamore, Junior Sagamore,

all of whom
"
Collector
of
Wampum
be
may
of
Sachem, Senior
of Records, and
of the Chief's
be members
must
shall consist
Prophet, Chief
elected,who
Keeper of
pum
Wam-
Degree.
be
must
member
of
the
Chiefs
Degree.
Prophet must be a Past Sachem.
The appointed Chiefs shall consist of a First
2.
of the Wigwam,
of the Forest, four Warriors
Guard
The
ARTICLE
After
the Tribe
for
eligible
;
to
the
to
filla
who
instituted
unless
Sagamore,
Sachem
nor
No
2.
Senior
has been
unless
resigning,or
expirationof the term
shall
higher position,
shall fill the residue
who
CHIEFS.
two
great
may
term,
as
he
to
the
shall
as
Senior
a
elected,unless
been
honors
but
entitled
be
shall be
Junior more
SagaSagamore.
positionprevious
term
from
has
brother
no
suns,
one
term
one
entitled
of the
served
be removed
for which
be
Sannap, Guard
four Braves.
and
OF
he has
he has served
brother
Second
III.
QUALIFICATIONS
1
and
to
it be
the incumbent
the
full honors
thereof.
IV.
ARTICLE
ELECTION
1
and
Hot
election for Chiefs
The
Hunting
shall take
; and
moons
CHIEFS.
OF
place at
the nominations
the last stated council

may
be made
two
in the
suns
seven
previousto the election.

2.
great
1
The
The
sun
Chief
and, if the Tribe
Chiefs
the close of
of Records
elected
(at
and
deem
Keeper of Wampura,
it
expedient,a
the institution of
Collector
Tribe) more
term, shall be entitled to the full honors
shall be elected for
than
thereof.
of Wampum
two
moons
one
may
priorto
ORDER
IMPROVED
572
for the
be chosen
OF
such
period,to perform
same
RED
MEN.
duties
as
the
By-Laws
may
prescribe.
by ballot,and
election shall be
The
3.
be necessary
to
majorityof
RAISING
The
raisingup
Buck
and
Cold
the
The
place on
dispensationhas
their Chiefs
the firstcouncil
sleep of
the
been
raised up
in
granted to postpone
pensation
public,provided a dis-
first obtained.
has been
2.
CHIEFS.
OF
shall take
unless
have
may
V.
APPOINTING
AND
of Chiefs
moons,
Tribes
same.
polled shall
choice.
ARTICLE
the votes
shall
Sachem
appoint the
appointive Chiefs
various
in
named
the
Constitution.
ARTICLE
DUTIES
shall act
Sachem
The
presidingchief
as
the Tribe
whenever
and
; enforce
upon
sign all
majorityof
;
any
orders
herence
rigidadcasting
the
; give
question before it,
for wampum
that
all committees
wise
othernot
appoint a
councils
of
the
Tribe
whenever
convene
special
requested
provided
in writingby five brothers so to do, and
perform such other duties as may be
the By-Laws, or by a vote of the Tribe.
requiredof him by his chieftaincy,
be ordered
may
by
the Tribe
Tribe
of the Order
Ritual
taken
are
nays
of the
equallydivided
be
may
the yeas and
except when
SACHEM.
OF
to the Constitution,Laws
vote
VI.
for ;
ARTICLE
DUTIES
VII.
SAGAMORE.
SENIOR
OF
themselves
in an
Sagamore shall see that the brothers demean
of the Sachem
orderlymanner
; presidein the absence
; appoint a minority
otherwise
committees
and
not
of all
perform such other duties as
provided for,
may be prescribedby the By-Laws, or requiredof him by a resolution of the
The
Senior
Tribe.
ARTICLE
DUTIES
The
absent,he
shall
when
SAGAMORE.
JUNIOR
shall aid the Senior
Junior Sagamore
take his seat
and
OF
VIII.
is absent.
Chief
to
its members
the Keeper
Sachem
and
decorum,
Senior
are
of Records
shall
charge
; receive
of Wampum,
of the
IX.
CHIEF
OF
of the Tribe, have

and
the
and
preside.
DUTIES
The
preservingorder
When
ARTICLE
in
OF
keep an
seal,keep
all Wampum
RECORDS.
accurate
correct
due
record
accounts
the Tribe, and
taking his receiptfor
the
same.
of the
proceedings
between
pay
the
the Tribe
same
over
IMPROVED
574
viction.
Chief
Every
until the
chieftaincy
a
two-thirds
elective
Any
sleeps,or
removed
by
of the
nature
the term
has
same
charges
been
three
Chief
provided
otherwise
fill his
ordered
by
four
for
consecutive
dues,
suns1
seven
he has had
at least
council
one
be
may
suns'
seven
thus be dealt with.
not
the Chief
and
chieftaincy,
for
arrears
be filled by election
shall
preferred shall
are
absent
in
he should
why
cause
MEN.
determined, unless
moons
of the Tribe,
vote
RED
present.
appointed
or
All vacancies
3.
whom
against
than
more
notice to show
OF
of the members
vote
2.
ORDER
so
shall be entitled to the honors
appointment according to
elected and serving to the end
or
the
of
thereof.
ARTICLE
XIV.
MEMBERSHIP.
white
one
shall be
adopted
into
male, of good moral
character
and
No
1.
person
Tribe
of the
Order
except
standing,of
the full age
great suns, who believes in the existence of a Great

who
is possessed of
of the Universe, and
the
Spirit,
Preserver
of support, and
free from
all infirmities that
of twentyCreator
known
some
him
be recommended
applicationfor adoption must
by two
and
one-half
the
accompanied by
good standing,
adoption fee.
The
of the
3.
more
health, character
twigs shall have

until
the
can
in
case
of
or
dismissal
elected.
applicant,and report
be
a
Order
If
Should
for
less
member
report
pale
suns
face
from
of
his
than
sum
withdrawal
another
are
or
ballot
black, the
be returned
of the
Tribe
Order
to
for
as
to
his
neglect
the
as
date
in
and
to
tificate,
cer-
applicationas
his withdrawal
card,
of three, whose
committee
of
case
refuse
dismissal
card, or
applicationwith
standing
or
three fathoms.
Tribe, shall make
ballot shall be had,
seven
Tribe, when
in any
if two
applicationshall
twigs then cast

his fee mus-t
rejected,
holding a
of
to
the
on
of the
be renewed
adopted
which
certificate,
council, when
of the
three
becoming a
pale face,accompanying
it shall
six
be
of the
brother
desirous
be
tion
applica-
strict investigation
thereafter.
moons
pale face
Any
council
applicationshall not
of six
5.
the
deposited,action
than
more
shall be declared
his
No
within
been
stated
next
if not
be had, and
and
shall make
of
qualifications
black
4.
6.
and
the report of the committee
the space
duty
of three, who
Upon
candidate
him,
committee
be deferred
shall
in
council
the next
at
qualifications
stated
pale face.
present himself
for
adoption
cuse
ex(unlessa satisfactory
of his election
given), the propositionfee shall be forfeited to

election.
except by a new
proposition for membership shall be withdrawn
the
Tribe, and
he
be admitted
cannot
7.
brothers
An
2.
some
burden-
the Tribe.
to
at
might
and
reputable
render
means
free
No
referred
to
committee, except by unanimous
ballot shall be had
whether
consent,
or
after it has
and
in all
unfavorable.
been
cases
LEGISLATION,
8.
Tribe
No
by
unless
degrees
adopt
shall
of
consent
the
of the Tribe
Great
Sachem
of
such
575
State reservation
reservation
confer
nor
Tribe, except by permission,under

belongs.
said member
to which
ETC.
pale face resident of another
of another
member
upon
CONSTITUTIONS,
ARTICLE
seal,
XV.
REINSTATEMENT.
applicationtherefor
shall make
shall
appointed, who
be
member
2.
suspension,shall
the
pay
member
3.
and
as
he
member
must
a
with
provided
the
shall pay
Should
he
all dues
guilty of
provided
be
there be
of
and
him
the
on
books,
twenty-five
less than
charges pending againsthim.
no
for the current
againsthim
demands
the
attested
and
Sachem
only
of his
outside
Tribe
visitinga
receiptsigned by the
shall be
seal,which
against
be
written
personal or
upon
shall not
(which
his card
desirous
all dues
certified
and
CERTIFICATES.
demands
and
all dues
fee for
member
pay
shall
shall,at the expirationof
his Tribe
from
withdraw
may
together with
A
his
XVI.
DISMISSAL
AND
application,by paying
2.
he
sun,
shall be liable to trial as
during his suspension,he
CARDS
inches),and
great
one
of
sun
age.
conduct
improper
ARTICLE
three
of Procedure.
for in the Code
1.
the
on
than
more
great
one
; if after
same
and
elected.
within
suspended, be reinstated
during his suspension.
was
accrued
conduct
improper
for
suspended
assessments
of the
pale face
for which
time
the
fee
same
if not
he shall be declared
reinstatement
of three shall
membership,
had, and
great sun's dues
one
pay
committee
fitness for
ballot shall be
against him,
applying for
twigs appear
A
of dues, wishing to be reinstated,
the Tribe, when
to
investigatehis
report of the committee

black
for non-payment
suspended
member
evidence
reservation
own
term, and
by
the Chief
to
prove
receive
of Records
in
him
good
standing.
3.
member
the
in
Tribe
entitled
4.
receive, and
to
Certificate
Dismissal
than
great
one
in
membership
Tribe
not
aH
In
of
one
fathom.
upon
less than
less than
for
of
non-payment
joining a
suspension, shall be
a
proper application,
fathom
one
proper
one
wherein
a
application,
fathom
a
Tribe
more
nor
has
dues, wishing
entitled
reservation, shall be
another
proper
grant,
of
more
nor
dues.
for non-payment
shall,upon
sun's
great
of not
the payment
suspended
cases
one
tribe shall
the
upon
shall grant, upon
receiptof
5.
sun's
member
reservation, after
same
of dues, desirous
for non-payment
suspended
Dismissal
than
refused
one
to
regain
receive, and
the
Certificate upon
the
to
great sun's dues.

reinstate
member
of dues, he shall be entitled to receive, and
application,
grant
to
Dismissal Certificate upon
pended
sus-
the Tribe
the
receipt
IMPROVED
576
6.
Certificates
Dismissal
the
under
laws
same
be awarded
not
OF
RED
MEN.
be
received
upon
deposit
cards, but
the
of
privilege
may
withdrawal
as
the holder
to
ORDER
of
Tribe,
any
visitingshall
Certificate.
Dismissal
in
XVII.
ARTICLE
DEGREES.
desirous
Brothers
1.
council ; the
open
the
degrees;
three
after
granted.
brother
seven
one
should
If
the Tribe while working in
make
referred to
if not
than
more
three black
the applicationcannot
rejected,
twigs are
be renewed
for
of his Tribe
for
moons.
Any
2.
advancing
applicationshall be
ballot shall be had, and
it shall be
cast
of
may
suns,
shall
he
Degree ; and
in
have
good standing who

apply
for the
received
has
been
member
Degree ; and
degree he may apply
Hunter's
that
after he
received
seven
for the
suns
Warrior's
that
degree,he may
on
applicationwith the
apply for the Chief's Degree. In cases of necessity,
requisitefee, the Great Incohonee, or his Deputy, may grant dispensations
to confer degrees in less time than requiredby the foregoingclause.
fees to be paid on
or
applicationfor the Hunter's, Warrior's
3. The
Chief's
seven
one
Degree, shall
not
elective Chiefs
4.
The
5.
This
without
suns
Tribe
be less than
shall
shall not
fathom
one
that the
see
confer
given under
its consent
shall have
one
each.
properlyconferred.
brother of another Tribe,
degrees are
degrees
upon
seal.
ARTICLE
XVIII.
DUES.
Every
as
sums
member
the
By-Laws
may
shall pay
into the
prescribe,which
Wampum
shall not
Belt
thereof
be less than
ten
such
inches
suns.
seven
per
of this Tribe
ARTICLE
XIX.
BENEFITS.
as
requiredby this Constitution and the By-Laws
Any brother qualified
this Tribe, if unable to follow the hunt (his usual occupation),and to such
to disqualify
him from followingsome
other occupation,shall be
extent
as
of
an
entitled
receive
from
'Belt such sum

the By-Laws may
as
Wampum
disabilitydoes not result from his own
improper
conduct ; and, provided further, that the Tribe may
enact
a
By-Law that no
benefits shall be allowed
for the first seven
suns' disability.They may
also
provide for a graded scale of benefits.
A member
unable to follow the hunt and
2.
tion
residingbeyond the jurisdicof the Relief Chiefs, desiringto receive seven
suns' benefits,shall cause
to be presented to his Tribe
a written
cian's
application,
accompanied by his physicertificate,
statingthe time in attendance and the nature of his sickness
to
prescribe; provided, his
the
LEGISLATION,
CONSTITUTIONS,
with directions
disability,
attested
risk),
by the Sachem
of the
his vicinity
a justice
or
how
or
be entitled to
shall not
He
and
the wampum
Chief
shall
of Records
and
peace,
such
be
other
seal of
proof
as
four
(at
his
Tribe
be
may
than
more
577
forwarded
under
benefits for
suns1
seven
ETC,
in
required.
seven
suns
preceding such application.

In the event
3.
Great
of the
of his fathers,the
hunting grounds
beneficial
Spiritcallinga
Tribe
shall
member
appropriatethe
from
the
amount
scribed
pre-
By-Laws (not less than twenty fathoms), toward defrayingthe

the brother
to be paid to such
as
person
designate;
expenses,
may
in the
funeral
be diverted
from
exceeding the
Chiefs
be
satisfied that
that purpose,
they may see that

specifiedin the By-Laws.
amount
member
the Relief
should
pror'ided,that
be entitled to
shall not
said
benefits
said
benefits would
for any
paid, not
are
expenses
disease
infirmity
previous
Tribe, nor
afflicted as to prevent him from following his usual occupation but
when
so
other business, or for any sickness
able to pursue
or
some
disability
nating
origiimmoral
conduct
from intemperance or
; or while any charge is pending
he
has
been
when
he may
claim
acquitted,after due trial,
against him, but,
4.
with
which
he
afflicted
was
entitled.
for the time, if otherwise

when
and
in
sickness
become
in
Sachem
to
arrears
benefits,a
of
to
suns1
seven
Tribe
than
more
or
In
five feet for each
of benefits,
to
resolution
being
reduce
to
of
satisfied of the
for
Incohonee
the
the
18.
to
the
19.
to
arrears
be
read
at
members
numbered
three
brother
Tribe
been
to
entitled
of the
member
to
two
councils,and
present.
The
moons
in
Great
grant such
who
shall
adopted by
Incohonee,
upon
dispensation.
MEMBERS.
"
Great
Sachem
for Section
"
18 the
19.
arrears
refuse
be
XX.
AGAINST
18 and
than
less amount
fixed jn their By-Laws.
amount
of the Tribe, may

inability
or
password, hold chieftaincy
Any
the
of the
for his
shall be
562,563, 564, 565, and 566, substitutingfor

"Great
Incohonee.") On page 566 substitute
member
duty
drawn
wampum
pages
followingsections
ing
dur-
fathoms, the Tribe may make

fifty
dispensationto suspend the payment
the
below
same
CHARGES
the words
benefits
the
member
No
dues
moons1
receivingbenefits
being
be reduced
time
ARTICLE
(See
in
he shall have
less than
to
or
apply must
two-thirds
of
vote
dues.
it
the
becoming
moons1
shall at any
member,
the Great
The
while
hunt,
moons.
applicationto
or
of Records, from
three
the wampum
case
three
entitled to
member
therefrom,
funeral benefits unless
for at least six
5.
can
him
or
the
follow the
to
than
more
become
arrears
sufficient to prevent his
suni
the amount
Chief
the
to
pay
debar
to
as
so
of
the amount
to
into
if unable
member,
by payment of such
or
disability
; nor
fines,cannot
that
the Tribe
to
arrears
his admission
to
for fines
or
dues
shall not
be entitled
vote.
or
neglect to
pay
his fines
or
dues, as
IMPROVED
578
prescribedby
ordered
General
by-laws,for
the
by
ORDER
OF
great
one
sun, shall be
Commissioners
for
566).
ARTICLE
appointed by
Tribes
take
to
XXI.
PUBLIC
DISPLAYS.
public assemblage except funerals, shall be

in the regaliaor
without
permission,nor shall any brother appear
of the Order at any concert, festival,
publicassemblage or procession,
Council, Great
by permission of the Great
Incohonee, or Deputy
other
or
concert, festival,
allowed
costume
unless
Incohonee.
Great
ARTICLE
KINDLING
time,
the
as
selected
for
XXII.
COUNCIL
THE
fire of this Tribe
council
The
Five
a
members
be
shall
wampum
such
at
not
be
DISSOLUTION.
qualifiedto preside,shall
includingone
more,
that
sleeps,and
Sunday shall
XXIII.
AND
for the transaction
quorum
no
or
such
on
By-Laws may designate; provided

regularcouncils.
QUORUM
.
FIRE.
shall be kindled
ARTICLE
wise
suspended, unless other-
the Tribe.
Instructions
testimony (see page
No
MEN,
RED
of business
if
and
tute
consti-
only be
quorum
appropriated(exceptfor benefits)without
ent
pres-
unanimous
consent.
2.
Tribe
Should
regaliaand
ofU.
be
not
dissolved
long
as
Tribe
other
become
shall be
private matters
willing
are
books,
forwarded
to
papers,
wampum,
the
C. of R.
Great
S.
XXIV.
INTERPRETATION
provisions of
The
according to
as
to
this
their most
the Great
plain and
of U.
shall
obvious
of any
Incohonee, whose
Council
LAWS.
OF
Constitution
construction
the proper
referred to the Great
by
members
seven
extinct, all the
ARTICLE
arise
as
it.
to continue
3.
should
be
interpretedand
meaning ; and should
clause
decision
or
construed
any
doubt
article thereof,it shall be
shall be
until
final,
reversed
S.
ARTICLE
XXV.
REGALIA.
No
to
brother
his rank
or
shall
be
permitted to
station in the Tribe.
wear
any
regaliaexcept
that
belonging
LEGISLATION,
CONSTITUTIONS,
ARTICLE
BY-LAWS
be made
may
do not
contravene
By-Laws
1.
provided they
the approval of
of United
great
Tribe
this
for
special government,
shall have
and
Constitution,
Constitution
on
its
and
Laws
received
of the Great
cil
Coun-
States.
alteration
No
2.
AMENDMENTS.
AND
each
by
the Committee
579
XXVI.
ALTERATIONS
"
ETC.
and
suns,
amendment
or
unless
then
not
of the Great
stated Council
the
of the members
shall become
be
same
Council
of two-thirds
be made
can
offered
of United
present
in
writing at
States, and
the next
at
this Constitution
to
regular
the
receive
stated council,
for five
votes
whereupon
it
part of this Constitution.
RULES
OF
ORDER.
The
having
Sachem
with
themselves
business
The
2.
The
Tribe
on
shall be
shall
brother
he
by
than
and
the
order
prescribed in
the
three
when
on
"
as
the
addressing
Sachem
the
or
of the Sachem,
harmony
thereof,either
the
to
take
he
offend
afterwards
to
decide
which
proceed.
he speaks
the Sachem.
question under
or
debate
more
until the
his seat
him
Every brother,when
If two
papers,
served
ob-
council
of the
and
again, he
dealt
of his offense
admonished
shall
with
as
brothers
all
rise to
question
offers
of order
excluded
be
the
is
confine
from
By-Laws
to
scribe.
pre-
call him
the
request
determined, and
motion, shall rise and
speaking shall
Brothers
avoid
or
Tribe,
or profane
by abusive, disorderly,
shall be
Sachem,
the
in
shall be
permission given
9.
of the
judgment
interruptedwhile speaking,except it be
of explanation.
order, or for the purpose
at
7. If a brother, while speaking, be called to order, he shall,
brother
address
Tribe
Tribe, silence shall be
or
himself
shall misbehave
who
presiding chief; and if

wigwam for the sleep,and
8.
appeal
the
wigwam.
the order
No
the
debate,
which
before
question
stand
Sachem
of
without
order
brothers
the
decision
the
pronounce
questions of
any
once,
of the
the
6.
to
Tribe
more
talk,or refuse obedience

the
order
shall decide
the
decision
is
brother
Any
disturb
by
the
the
in the
5.
at
question shall be taken by the Senior Sagamore.

reading of the records, communications, and other
which
During
when
speak
Shall the
"
Tribe?1'
4.
respectiveseats, and
general silence.
proceeded with in
be
shall preserve
subjects;
appeal to
an
brother
or
shall clothe
observe
shall
Sachem
all
subjectto
no
their
brothers
Book.
Charge
3.
his seat, the chiefs and
take
appropriate regalia,
of the tomahawk
sound
taken
themselves
fully
respectto
the
personalityand indecorous language.

shall
time, the Sachem
speak at the same
IMPROVED
580
brother
ORDER
OF
RED
MEN.
than once
the same
on
speak more
question.until all
the brothers -wishing to speak shall have
had an
opportunityto do so, nor
without
of
than
twice
the
Sachem.
Each
brother, while
more
permission
speaking,shall designatethe chief or brother spoken of by his proper rank
or
title,
according to his standing in the Order.
motion
shall be subjectto debate
until it shall have been seconded
No
11.
It shall be reduced
and stated from the chair.
to writing at the request of
No
10.
shall
member.
any
When
12.
questionis before
the Tribe
quench the council fire ; to lay on

; to postpone for
postpone indefinitely
the
to
to
amend
to
or
herein
order
be allowed
of another
and
amendments
When
highest sum
1
6.
Any
cept
ex-
previous question;
time;
divide;
to
severallyhave
to
precedence
mit,
com-
in the
chief of the Great
shall
majorityof
always be put in
this form
and
until it is decided
shall
blank
Council, shall
the
Tribe
demand
may
Shall
"
the
the
main
all further
preclude
is to be filled the
number, and
or
debate.
brother
question shall be firsttaken

longestand latest time proposed.
division of the question when
a
the
call for
may
of it ; but
will admit
table ; the
certain
order
in
permission of the Sachem.
the call of five brothers
previousquestion,which
put?"
question be now
15.
shall
Tribe, except
without
speak
to
On
14.
motions
shall be
arranged.
brother
No
13.
which
"
motion
no
motion
to
strike
out
and
be
insert shall
the
upon
the
sense
indivisible,
option of the mover.

except
the Sachem.
shall ask; "Is the Tribe
ready
17. Before puttinga motion
and
shall rise
for the question?" If no brother rise to speak the Sachem
put
the question; and after he has on that subject risen,no brother shall be permitted
to speak.
and memorials
shall be presentedthrough
18. All communications, petitions
of their conof
A
brief
the Tribe, or by the Sachem.
statement
tents
a brother
the
at
shall be entered
19.
Any
the time
brother
of his
can
The
20.
brother
be
the records.
on
appointment
appointed on
brother
himself
excuse
may
he is
from
committee
first named
on
of
member
serving on
when
other
two
absent
committee
from
shall act
committee, if
committees.
at
No
the Tribe.
as
chairman
until
of a resolution
The mover
by the brothers of the committee.
referred to a specialcommittee
thereon.
is usuallythe first named
contracted
debts
No
committee
be
until
all
the
21.
can
finally
discharged
by it shall have been paid.
A motion
22.
to quench the council fire is always in order after the regular
bate
debusiness has been gone through,which
motion
shall be decided without
is chosen
another
but, if decided
council
23.
24.
fire is
A
during that
or
to
lie
on
is not
closed
until the
form.
question is
the next
the council
affirmative,
in due
quenched
motion
When
in the
postponed
without
it shall
indefinitely
succeeding stated
council.
debate.
not
be
acted
on
IMPROVED
5"2
fathoms, for which

and
book,
the
shall
be
MEN.
RED
OF
shall receive the charter,rituals,

proposition
Council
work
unwritten
Councils
ORDER
of the Degree.
under
the
of the
control
Council
Great
within
whose
be located.
they may
jurisdiction
where
In jurisdictions
Great
no
charters granted by, the
to, and
with
accordance
Article
Councils
exist,
of
Council
Great
XIII, Constitution,
be made
applicationmust
the
United
Council
Great
States,
of the
in
United
States.
V.
RULE
COUNCILS.
Councils
shall kindle
their council
fires at least
RULE
once
moon.
VI.
CHIEFS.
Elective
The
1.
who
Chiefs
shall be chosen
and
Keeper
by ballot,to
of Wampum,
select
may
be
serve
Pocahontas, Wenonah
of Wampum
and
six moons,
shall be chosen
who
Collector
shall
to
Powhatan,
the Keeper
for twelve
keep
and
The
moons.
the wampum
of Records
accounts
cil
Counof the
Council.
The
2.
of
honors
of the
a
Past
3.
shall fillthe
Pocahontas
retiring
institution
Council
officers of
the
provisions of
sister selected
of
Prophetess. At
Prophetess shall receive
stump
as
the
the
Chief.
Past
of
the
organizationsthat
of
Degree
the
in existence
were
Pocahontas, said bodies
law, shall be
entitled
to
the
rank
prior to the
having accepted
mulgation
pro-
and
Past
honors
of
the
Chiefs.
The
4.
two
appointed Chiefs
Counsellors
and
shall be
Scouts, two
two
four Warriors, to be
appointed by
RULE
RAISING
UP
Runners,
two
Guards,
the Pocahontas.
VII.
OF
CHIEFS.
raisingup of Chiefs shall take place on the first council sleep of the
Councils
term, unless a dispensationhas been granted to postpone the same.
in
have
their
Chiefs
raised
public,provided a dispensationhas been
up
may
The
first obtained.
RULE
VIII.
VACANCIES.
All
vacancies
shall be filled
residue
of the
of the term.
by removal, death, suspension, resignation or otherwise,

election or appointment, as the case
the
may be, to serve
term, and the Chiefs so serving shall be entitled to the honors
by
LEGISLATION,
"TC.
CONSTITUTIONS,
RULE
APPLICATION
583
IX.
MEMBERSHIP.
FOR
be recommended
applicationfor adoption must
by two
and
good standing,
accompanied by one-half the adoption fee.
An
1.
of the
at
black
twigs shall
shall be had, and

candidate
if not
4.
unless
Council
by
8.
a
Council
11.
the
after it has
and
consent,
in all
been
a
cases
unfavorable.
or
of another
State reservation
reservation.
withdrawal
withdrawal
of
card, desirous
in
applicationas
of
case
report
to
a
pale
shall be
card, which
duty it shall be
council,when
shall be
card
for
to
as
his
or
ballot shall be had,
either
made
the
personallyor
for
proper
shall,upon
Dismissal
one
grant,
joining
suspension,shall be
application,
proper
upon
less than
of not
be
more
nor
fathom
one
of dues, he
or
dues, wishing
entitled
she
to
Dismissal
than
refused
has
Council
proper
of
a
application,
fathom
one
wherein
receiptof
great sun's
noh-payment
reservation, shall
for non-payment
Council
payment
of
dues, desirous
of
renewed
be
may
nor
dues.
sun's
less than
cases
one
shall
card
withdrawal
non-payment
Council
the
suspended
not
same.
reservation, after
in another
all
In
the
upon
the
issued
shall grant, upon
suspended
and
may
revoked
so
great
one
receiptof
10.
thereafter.
is clear upon
granted,provided the member
valid
be
and
there
no
objections.
charges,
for cause
be revoked
by the Council granting
the person
holding said card shall be subject
Certificate upon
membership
the
card
same
member
9.
ballot
shall be
receive, and
to
than
more
another
moons
withdrawn
stated
withdrawal
which
in the
Dismissal
applicationwith
destroyed.
suspended
Council
entitled
of such
Degree holding
member
of six
resident
of three, whose
same
when
Council
or
Sachem
at a
qualifications
the
and
the same,
if lost
if two
shall
application
Council, when
for the space
pale face
the
on
twigs then cast are black, the

the application
shall not be
rejected,
If
Council, shall make
the
withdrawal
Any
the
and report
applicant,
of the Council, free from
the books
to
of
Application for
7.
pale face.
writing,and
in
the
committee
of
case
adopt
of
standing and
6.
of the
of the Great
member
referred to
as
tion
applica-
three of the
of the Order
shall
becoming a member
face, accompanying
in
council
elected.
whether
consent
5. Any
her
deposited,action
than
more
Council
ballot shall be had

No
the
The
strict investigation
propositionfor membership shall be

to a committee, except
by unanimous
referred
shall make
of
qualifications
been
stated
shall be declared
in any
No
3.
have
until the next
be deferred
renewed
and
report of the committee,
the
Upon
more
or
health, character
of three,who
in
council.
the next
2.
committee
members
one
to
to
the
Certificate upon
great sun's dues.

reinstate
application,
grant
regain
receive, and
Dismissal
member
receive,
Certificate
fathom.
Certificates
may
be
received
upon
deposit in
any
Council,
IMPROVED
584
under
the
laws
same
be awarded
not
ORDER
withdrawal
as
of
the holder
to
cards, but
dismissal
RED
OF
RULE
MEN.
the
privilegeof visitingshall
Certificate.
X.
FEES.
fee shall not
admission
The
be less than
RULE
XL
DUTIES
Chiefs
The
the rules
adopted
as
shall
and
CHIEFS.
OF
the duties of similar
perform
for government
fathom.
one
of the Tribes
the
promulgated by
of the
Chiefs
laid down
are
Order
Improved
Council
Great
as
in whose
of Red
in
Men,
reservation
they
be located.
may
RULE
XII.
LAWS.
1.
Councils
feature of the
establish
may
for the payment

Councils
2.
of
affixed to all official documents

3.
shall
member
at
and
suns
seven
have
must
carrying into effect

Men, by the enactment
of Red
Order
Improved
for the
laws
seal with
beneficial
of laws
viding
pro-
funeral benefits.
appropriate device, which
an
emanating
all times
the
shall be
therefrom.
be allowed
visit and
to
attend
any
Council
Degree, in conformitywith the ritual,provided he or she is legallyin

possessionof the password.
of the
penaltiesagainst members
4. Charges, trials and
Degree of
Pocahontas, shall be governed by the Code of Procedure, as adopted by the
of the
Great
Council
of the United
States.
RULE
XIII.
BY-LAWS.
Councils
do
not
establish
may
these
contravene
shall not
same
authorityunder
rules,and
into
go
whose
for their
By-Laws
the
laws
government, provided they
own
and
usages
of the
the
approval
effect until
they receive
jurisdiction
they are.
Order,
but the
of the
proper
XIV.
RULE
REPORT.
Great
U.
S.
Councils
shall make
report every
of Pocahontas
under
great
their
out
and
present
to
standing of
jurisdiction.
sun
of the
the
the
G.
C. of R.
Councils
of G.
C.
of
of the Degree
LEGISLATION,
CONSTITUTIONS,
RULE
DISTRICTS
Councils
Great
the
that
provide
of
representative
may
the
Chiefs
Past
3.
Great
Councils
4.
Great
Councils
members
that
SUN
Districts
Sachem
in
COUNCIL.
their
and they
reservations,
appoint a Deputy to act as the
shall have charge of the Councils
may
Sachem, who
of
Degree
Pocahontas
and
proper,
thereat.
and
of Deputy.
chieftaincy
taxing Councils of this degree.
rules by which
Sun
Great
Council
a
establish
deem
may
the
laws
enact
may
the
members,
various
to
eligible
may
be transacted
are
the
of
they
as
may
who
Great
shall be
2.
place
GREAT
"
in the District.
located
the
Great
585
XV.
establish
may
TAX
"
ETC.
At
councils, shall
be
held
such
at
time
regulationsdesignating the
such
who
those
be
can
councils,Past
be
may
selected
entitled
to
OF
ORDER.
business
Chiefs, Past
Sachems
representatives from
as
and
seat
of
and
voice
in
the
deliberations.
RULES
The
1.
clothe
Pocahontas
The
2.
business
The
the
of the tomahawk
shall be
Pocahontas
Council
all
on
debate, subject to
which
appeal
before
the
the
as
there shall be
proceeded
will
and
general silence.
with
in the
manner
prescribedin
the
decision
of
Book.
Charge
3.
with
themselves
at the sound
having taken her seat, the chiefs and members

appropriateregalia,take their respectiveseats,
no
member
she
to
shall
shall be
of the
"
Council
shall
the
speak
"
decide
Council
Shall
?
and
order
preserve
subjects;
an
appeal
Council
judgment
shall
questions of
by
than
more
decision
the
which
the
pronounce
any
three
order
members
when
once,
of the
question shall
the
Pocahontas
be
taken
without
"
on
question
stand
by
the
Wenonah.
During
4.
and
when
be observed
5.
the
who
Any members
harmony thereof,
shall
or
refuse
offense,and
the
reading of the records,communications, and other papers,

member
is addressing the Pocahontas
Council, silence shall
or
in the wigwam.
the
if
either
obedience
they
in the council,disturb
shall misbehave
to
offend
by abusive, disorderly,or
the
Pocahontas,
again,they
shall be
shall be excluded
the order
profane language,
admonished
from
the
of their
teepee for
By-Laws prescribe.
speaking, except it be to
called to order, or for the purpose
of explanation.
while
member,
7. If a
speaking, be called to order, he shall,at
of
the
Pocahontas, take his seat until the question of order
request
6.
sleep,and
No
afterwards
member
determined, and
shall
dealt with
be
as
the
interruptedwhile
permissiongiven him
8. Every member,
when
speaking
address the Pocahontas.
respectfully
or
be
the
is
proceed.
offeringa motion, shall rise and
Members
speaking shall confine themto
or
selves to the
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
586
questionunder
and
debate
RED
avoid
MEN.
all
and
personality
the
same
indecorous
language.
If two
9.
or
shall decide
members
more
rise to
speak at
time, the Pocahontas
which
member
shall
than
the same
once
on
speak more
questionuntil
have
had
shall
all the members
to
an
wishing
speak
opportunityto do so, nor
twice without
than
Each
more
member,
permission of the Pocahontas.
while speaking,shall designatethe chief or member
spoken of by their proper
in
the
Order.
rank or title,
their
to
according
standing
motion
shall be subjectto debate until it shall have been seconded
No
1 1
It shall be reduced
and
stated from the chair.
to writingat the request of
No
10.
member.
any
question is before the Council no motion shall be in order

the table ; for the previous
except to quench the council fire ; to lay on
for
to
a certain time ; to divide ;
question; to postpone indefinitely
postpone
;
shall severallyhave
which
motions
to amend
to commit, or
precedence
in the order herein arranged.
When
12.
"
member,
No
13.
except
chief of the
Great
Council, or
member
of the
speak without permissionof the Pocahontas.

the Council
the call of three members
demand
a majorityof
14. On
may
in
form
Shall
the
the previousquestion,
which
shall always be put
this
:
main question be now
put?" and until it is'decided shall preclude"all further
Council, shall be allowed
to
"
15.
When
highestsum
1
6.
or
blank
is to be
number, and
Any member
the
at
except
Before
ready for
rise and
filled the
questionshall be firsttaken
longestand latest time proposed.
for a division of the questionwhen
motion
option of the
puttingthe
the
question?
put
it ; and
the
upon
the
call
may
of it ; but
will admit
17.
debate.
and
amendments
strike out
to
and
insert shall be
the
sense
indivisible,
mover.
questionthe
If
"
Pocahontas
member
no
after she
has
shall ask
rises to
risen,no
shall
Pocahontas
the
speak
member
Is the Council
"
shall be
permitted to
speak.
1 8.
a
All communications,
member
of this Council
shall be entered
contents
19.
time
member
Any
may
and memorials
petitions
or
by the Pocahontas.
on
the records.
be
excused
of his
appointment he
appointed on a committee
be
The
20.
another
member
is chosen
referred to
21.
by
No
been
be
to
paid.
quench
regular business
has
been
without
If decided
council
motion
debate.
is closed in due form.
serving on
other
absent
on
by the members
specialcommittee
can
two
on
when
first named
committee
it shall have
22.
is
from
shall be
presentedthrough
committee, if
committees.
from
gone
in
of the committee.
the
can
The
fire is
always
through, which
it
affirmative,
motion
is not
until
chairman
as
of
mover
tion
resolu-
thereon.
is
the
member
No
shall act
committee
council
at
the Council.
usuallythe firstnamed
finally
dischargeduntil all the
the
of their
brief statement
contracted
debts
in
order
shall
be
quenched
after
the
decided
until the
LEGISLATION,
motion
25.
made
be
the
or
with
26.
the
Council,
majority
brother
On
the
shall
vote
the
be
be
first
decided
without
it
debate.
shall
be
not
acted
on
council.
upon
its
587
ETC,
indefinitely
but
cannot
in
be
stated
the
but
shall
postponed
reconsider
same
No
table
succeeding
Council,
subsequent
voted
is
next
to
the
at
the
on
question
that
during
lie
to
When
24.
motion
23.
CONSTITUTIONS,
any
question
consideration
received
may
unless
made
in
Council
be
by
must
postponed
a
member
to
who
instance.
permitted
to
speak
or
vote
unless
clothed
in
regalia.
27.
when
entered
every
on
call
of
member
the
records.
three
shall
members,
vote,
and
the
the
names
and
yeas
and
manner
nays
shall
of
be
ordered
voting
shall
be
CHAPTER
DEGREE
of
of
influence
the
failure
What
called
upon,
more
and
organizationlike
relieve
On
orphan."
the
tribulations
and
for
the
laws
of
the
relatives
female
it
man
him
the
crucible,
the
once
better
guide
life and
distress.
and
first attempt
made
was
legislationwhich
degree,into
or
to
seemingly
gold from
the
which
sorrow
visit,as
at
sick, to
educate
to
of
becomes
guiding
Order
branch,
auxiliary
an
Like
and
consolinghim in misfortune
Nearly fiftyyears ago the
the
lifted
visit the
burden
world
mankind.
legacy,upon
"
upon
world.
without
has
dead, and
the
of
is "to
chief
falls the
from
the sorrow
emerges
consolation
of man,
she
mission
whose
ours,
woman
trials and
inevitable
refining influence
distressed, bury the
the
the
possiblewhere
success
Her
of
and
passions inherent to his nature
the divine
to perfection,
yet a little nearer
appropriate,then, than that she should be
influential co-operationsecured
her
in an
brought him, if not

ideal.
destinies
has written
sordid
and
the base
from
historian
the
the
upon
made
inevitable.
was
and
sung
woman
has
assistance
Her
POCAHONTAS.
OF
poet has
the
all ages
IN
XIII.
of members
of
which
the
to
should
engraft
provide
might be admitted
Order.
various
The
"
attempts
in this direction
historydevoted
Great
the
Council
to
not
States
that
the
the
of the
Council
Great
heed
was
to
of the
appeals
until the
held
at
Pocahontas.
the
States.
United
made
council
in behalf
of the
was
taken
establishment
At this council
and
of
588
be
of the
of such
Council
394
that
seen
steadilyrefused
to
give
degree, and
it
United
of the
(September, 1885),
adopted
legislation
Councils
rules and
records
It will there
Great
G.S.D.
chapter of this
the written
States
Elmira, N.Y., in
positive action
permitted
from
extracts
United
in that
recorded
are
of
the
were
regulations
which
Degree
of
adopted
DEGREE
OF
POCAHQNTAS.
and
after
go into effect on
Councils
of the degree could be
to
council
of
Detroit
in 1886,
This
the
ritual
of
had
Council, No.
i, of
lightedon
28,
which
following
States, held
at
of the Great
known
as
Pocahontas
Immediately after
the
of
the
degree,this organization
the Degree of Pocahontas.
Degree, instituted
under
the
of the United
Council
tion
organiza-
an
legaland
States,was
r, of
Pa., whose council fire

Philadelphia,
G. S. D. 396 (Febsleep of Cold moon,
ruary
Men's
wigwam, 928 Race Street,in that
the 28th
at
887),'
years
Council
of the Great
Council, No.
Wenonah
United
the
reservation
governing
into
of the
At
recommendation
whose
for two
the rituals
transformed
recognizedlaws
the
Marblehead, Mass.
first Council
The
in
in existence
promulgation of
was
upon
Massachusetts
been
1886, under
was
taken
was
legislation
Council
was
i,
organized.
of
Council
Great
January
589
Red
city.
acter
degree is taken from the celebrated charbrief life presents a
in Indian history,Pocahontas, whose
touching and beautiful picture of grace, beauty, and virtue, as
ship
who repaid friendwell as of constant
friendshipto the palefaces,
and treachery.
with ingratitude
and hospitality
the legend of her life.
We
present herewith
In the winter
of 1607-8 Captain John Smith
proceeded up
of
the Chickahominy River for the purpose
exploration.He fell
into an ambush, and was
captured by a band of Indians, two or
of Opechancathe command
under
in number,
three hundred
of the Pamunkeys, a reputedbrother of Powhatan.
nough, Sachem
and was
fell into a swamp
In trying to escape, Captain Smith
death by divertingthe
finally
captured. He escaped immediate
attention of his captors with a round ivory double compass-dial
The
which
he
for the
the
of the
name
presented to Opechancanough.
He
tied to
was
tree
ceded,
interof execution, but the chief in command
purpose
conducted
to
his execution
was
postponed,and he was
camp
of
flocked
around
they had ever

immediately began
to
describes
in these
before.
grand
words
"
arrival,the
war
being
upon
gaze
seen
any
his
On
Powhatan.
The
so
warriors
dance, which
good
time
and
women
they
different
of
the
Captain
continued
dren
chilfrom
tribe
Smith
this
IMPROVED
590
ORDER
then
exercise, and
themselves
MEN.
RED
OF
in
ring dancing in such

such
severall postures, and singingand yellingout
hellish notes
and screeches, being strangelypaynted, every one
his quiver of
and
arrowes,
skinne,
or
cast
at his backe
such
some
club ;
for
matter
his
on
arme
or
otter's
an
; their
vambrace
fox
heads
and
shoulders
paynted red, with oyle and pocones mingled together,

show
scarlet-like color made
an
exceeding handsome
; his
which
the skinne
in his hand, and
bow
dryed,tyed
of his head
feather, with
tyed,
small
rattle
like
such
some
or
renewed, Smith
and
growing
toy."
Sachem
the
bird with
piece of copper,
of
The
wings abroad
white
shell,a long
tayls of
the
at
her
dance
snaks
three
was
in the
standing
their
times
of the
centre
of warriors.
band
several
For
days Captain Smith was kept by the Indians, and

unbounded
hospitality.On arrivingat the village,
feasted
with
he
detained
was
It
state.
until
said that he
was
could
Powhatan
introduced
then
was
receive
in
him
Chief,the
the
to
proper
shout as he walked
in.
hailinghim with a tremendous
Powhatan
a majesticand
finely-formed
savage, with a marked
down
into
air of haughtiness,sobered
and
an
countenance,
seated before a fire,clothed
was
gravityby a life of sixtyyears
him.
in a robe of raccoon
skins, with all the tails hanging over
multitude
"
"
Around
him
had
their
hair
decked
chain
of
without
heads
the white
white
beads
of
ornament
council
decided
he
to
Chief,and
positionfor beating
when
moment
kind.
determine
Two
Smith
their
was
fate
the weapons
wore
but
their
a
great
one
no
followed
All
was
long and
captive. It was
brought in before
large stones were
laid upon
them, his head placed in
the
his brains
out
Some
necks,
Then
had
red ; many
of birds.
down
some
die.
must
painted
about
of the tribe.
members
other
shoulders
and
with
solemn
the
the chiefs and
sat
were
of
with
raised
the
At
clubs.
and
the
fatal
the
blows
about
to
given,Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, rushed forward,

and earnestlyentreated
with tears
that the captive might be
saved.
Her request was
and the signal given
at first rejected,
then
Pocahontas
to the executioners
to complete their work.
be
knelt
and
down, put
declared
Powhatan
her
he should
relented
about
arms
not
; the
be
decree
Smith, laid
her
killed,except she
was
head
over
first
reversed, and
his,
perished.
the
life of
DEGREE
Captain
Smith
prisoner
for
OF
saved.
was
days
two
POCAHONTAS.
The
591
Captain
longer,and
then
detained
was
under
sent
as
guard
to
Jamestown.
celebrated
This
is
preserved in
beautiful
piece of
door of the Rotunda
of the Capitolat
consists of five figures,representing
saved
Pocahontas, by her interposition,
scene
sculptureover the western

Washington. The group
when
the precisemoment
Smith
from being executed.
Smith
is attired in military
dress,
recliningon his elbow, his body extended
ready to receive the
death
from
blow
the
war
of the Indian
mace
who
stands
his
near
head.
which
All the information
being
as
of
kindness
of
woman
heart.
the
Colony
destruction.
was
married
she
was
by
both
the
attention.
office of
saddest
in
took
have
gone
made
on
as
Her
Christian
life.
Of
her
of the
which
virtue
of
honor
was
of her
It
was
also
it is not
has been
and
and
to
that for
nature
our
She
rival.
attribute
the ornament
times.
Her
disinterested
entirely
of this
to
been
recorded
that
pious
tian.
Chris-
fortitude
her
and
by
her
of
her
that
and
humane
bark
em-
had
surpassed by any
which
those qualities
"
This
age.
characteristics
constancy in her attachments
unshaken
without
countries
death
preparing to
child."
They were
marked
were
history;
high degree, every

and
the
accommodations
Admiral.
of
It is the
"
was
and
suitable
Court
at
of Pocahontas, it is remarked
the character
do
especially
almost
written
year
she
whom
marks
flattering
long lived,a most sincere and

death
was
a
happy mixture of Indian
saw
submission, affectingall those who
range
heart, and
where
1617, and
ship
22d
husband
all circumstances
whole
received
she had
and
beauty
in
out
the
she died
the
place at Gravesend
Virginiawith
to
about
from
John Rolfe, by
record
historyto
saved
was
to
incomparable woman,
event
beauty, and
interpositionand
her
Mr.
to
hontas
Poca-
grace,
Jamestown
at
describes
us
remarkable
she was
England. There
King and Queen with the most
Concerning her death it is thus
taken
last and
to
Frequently by
friendlywarning
She
down
comes
she
"
sidering
con-
in
the
more
feeling
stands
in a
of possessing,
gave evidence
and heart which should be
of mind
and
pride of
unwearied
; she
civilized
kindness
encountered
to
woman
the
danger
and
in all
English
suffer-
ORDER
IMPROVED
592
OF
RED
MEN.
to bestow
ing, and every kind of oppositionand difficulty
aid
her
for
wish
given modestly
was
hope of
or
1892 the
In
article written
This
"
noble
of
and
and
unostentatiously,
without
reward.
of Indiana
Bishop
after his return

Indian
it ; and
visited
he says
England,
and
in
buried
in
an
"
Princess, Pocahontas, of Virginia,was
the
Gravesend,
The
George's Church,
England.
knowledge
March
dated
There
is
1617.
no
ument
monregister,
gained
27,
in the church, as it was
She had been
on
destroyed by fire in 1727.
a visit to
England with her husband, where she had been received at court
and was
about to return
when
she was
taken sick aboard
to Virginia,
ship at
and
Gravesend
taken ashore and buried.
The
died, and her body was
rector
is about undertaking the restoration of the church
of St. George's Church
and
It would
that some
memorial
of this distinguished
seem
extending the church.
proper
friend
of
ginia,
Virand
the
whites
in
the
of
settlement
Princess,
early
should
be placed in this church
where
she was
buried.
Of course,
known
after her marriage,was
converted
Rebecca
Rolfe, as she was
and a
chancel
St.
is from
church
woman."
the
From
registerof
followingis copied :
"
Rolfe, the wife of John Rolfe gentleman, a Virginialady born, is
Rebecca
in this chancel."
buried
Pocahontas
From
have
been
culture, and
of the
some
pleased to
of her
and
her burial the
27. 1617.
"March
"
the church
son
trace
have
have
their
been
proudest families
lineage.
noted
always ranked
The
for their
among
of
numerous
Virginia
scendant
de-
integrity,
ability,
the
most
guished
distin-
a
Virginians. Of these John Randolph was
uous
conspicexample. It is related that an excitingdebate took place
in the House
of Representativesat Washington, on
side of
one
which
Mr. Randolph, and on
the other, Mr. Jackson, also
was
of Virginia. Mr. Randolph had spoken and Mr. Jackson arose
to
reply. He had not proceeded far when, having occasion to
refer to some
part of the speech of Mr. Randolph, he alluded to
him
as
"My friend from Virginia." He had scarcely given
to
utterance
to the word
friend,"when Mr. Randolph sprang
his feet, and
looking first at Mr. Jackson and then at the
his long
and
extended
meantime,
Speaker, keeping his arm
bony finger pointed at Mr. Jackson, said in his peculiar
"
voice
"
DEGREE
Mr.
"
have
Speaker
been
never
friend, Sir
then
He
OF
that
not
am
593
gentleman's friend, Sir.
his friend, Sir,nor
do
ever
to
mean
be
his
"
took
his seat.
Jackson, meantime
Mr.
POCAHONTAS.
keeping
his
position
on
the
floor,
looking first at Mr. Randolph and then at the Speaker, replied:

Mr. Speaker, I am
at a loss to know
by what title to address
member
from
the honorable
Virginia." Then
pausing awhile
"
with
his
have
it
finger beside
it shall be"
"
The
"
-
Right
Pocahontas
his hose,
said
I have
"
looking Mr. Randolph
"
Honorable
Descendant
it, Sir
full in the
of Her
"
face
Majesty,Queen
"
entire countenance
The
he
look
of
Miss
F. N.
of Mr.
Randolph changed instantly
aversion
and contempt
to a smile the
mingled
most
complaisantand gracious,and he bowed most courteously,
giving evidence that of all the honors he ever coveted, that of
from
Pocahontas
the
he most
was
one
having descended
highlyprized.
It seems
this chapter with the lines attributed
to conclude
fitting
from
to
the
following:
"Pocahontas,
in the
nation
"
having
see
account
church
religionof her ancestors, was

of Rebecca.
Jamestown, by the name
at
of her, she
the first Virginian that
Not
others
But
"
And
'
first Christian
the
God
had
great hand
breast
heroine,whose
nut-brown
maid,
"
A
A
child
lineage but of aspect bright

A sunny
gleam that through the woodlands
Ran
path of light;
freelyon, in her own
Of tawny
"
"
wild,
dartingfrom the bow ;

golden arrow
song-birdwarbling in the lonelyshade ;
mountain
stream, in whose meand'ring flow,
.
The depth of Heaven,
its
of that
in her conversion.'
captivefrom the axe's gleam

Pocahontas, lov'd,renown'd, caress'd,
meek
Rebecca, is my gentletheme.
was
In
"
the brave
yet she
ever
tized
bap-
'In
spoke English.1 Again he says
have gone with me
of my acquaintances,
thou, the red-browned
Screened
Not
is called
ever
her,that generallyconcluded
"
upon
the
renounced
London, divers courtiers,and

to
Conn., based
Haven,
"
small, rude
Captain Smith's
Caulkins, of New
own
pure
blue
surveyed-
"
"
of
Star
joy,
Her
wild
Shed
"
her
red
her
"
not
unnumber'd
She
prays
prays
the
"
Her
downward
The
heavenly
her
the
Flows
She
of the
the
died
Unknown
Saviour's
And
angels keep
As
our
Zodiac
But,
as
Yon
Heavens
their
there
show
the
roll
eternal
finds
"
by, she,
as
child
"
tomb
"
ground
perfume,
around.
remain,
Virgin sign
stars
flow.
song.
watch
skies
yon
shrine,
tongue
her
guardian
these
when
God
undenTd
left its rich
while
Rebecca,
sweet
yet holy is the
breath
Pocahontas,
Still
pilgrim
spot,
The
her
English,
and
the
Indian
whose
of
anthem,
no
to
living vine,
The
deep
the
the
West!
pure
"
"
bending low,
round
stream
afar
stood
air ;
from
shadow
from
"
she
hymn
heart, and,
fragrant
race,
soul-suffusingpraye"r.
leaf upon
stands
matron
Flows
her
fly.
rev'rent
dropping
green
Convert
fount
face,
her
of her
sweet
manna
in
and
was
look,
felt its
First
hush'd
glance
gathered
the
King
dye
vision
dazzling
before
the
by
upward
And
the
arms
Her
Bound
howling
from
folded
With
demons
obscene
green.
gilds
olive
her
"
rites
Zion's
of deathless
fades
sing
from
to
brightness
resplendence
to
courtly throng.
cleansed
palm
celestial
"
the
yet her
gods,
her
waves
from
bower
Stuart's
and
"
from
She
"
sing
MEN.
of song
and
"
RED
hour,
the
it
Who,
Encircled
"
in
earth-worship,
Bewilder'd,
"
that
from
She
"
glory
Freed
And
"
of
took
not
Escaping,
"
rose,
"
darkest
her
theme
grace
Her
in
Virginia,
Her
OF
ORDER
IMPROVED
594
shall
;
wane,
star, shall
shine."
CHAPTER
XIV.
CHIEFTAINS'
desire
THE
when
for
organization
the
uniformed
tide
the
degrees
in other
influence
would
of
adopt
seemed
exerted
be
in
led
to
and
the
of
and
if
same
could
members
be
to
side
the
degree
of
similar
that
whose
attractive,
fest
mani-
permanence
suppose
Order,
our
became
success
men
its nature,
appropriate
Order
in, and
The
upon
in
the
came
assured.
organizations
uniform,
rank
prosperity
principally social
added,
LEAGUE.
used
be
could
public
on
occasions.
Attempts
action
the
by
until
obtained
the
the
State
of
that
the
Degree.
Past
Charles
T.
Great
to
not
was
S. D.
394
S.
U.
groundwork
the
was
for the
report
of
rules
August
were
also
special
and
the
formed
Uni-
Chiefs,
Representatives
and
the
as
mended
recom-
said
Great
Graf, of Missouri,
appointed
and
Pennsylvania, and
of
J. Baker,
some
committee
for
rituals
and
Massachusetts,
of
Maryland,
by
adopted,
was
A.
Incohonee
Committee
The
in
sidering
con-
question,
beyond
is
duly
call
mittee
Com-
the
to
after
is
known
be
to
referred
there
assisted
report
to
Poole, of Michigan,
Fowler,
"that
call."
Chiefs,
Great
The
Poole, of Michigan,
rank
was
Degree,
that
Litchman,
H.
Henry
C.
G.
Committee,
The
Uniformed
appointed
five, be
which
Order.
the
accede
to
Tammany,"
of
jurisdictionsfor
with
the
uniformed
subject, reported,
the
it is time
relating to
document
on
of
of
consent
it
G.
moon,
Representative Henry
council
above
Knights
"
the
States, but
Corn
N.Y.,
favorable
secure
League.
presented
as
that
to
United
of the
Elmira,
at
times
legislationadopted laying
and
Chieftains'
held
1885),
(September,
various
at
Council
Great
council
the
At
made
were
and
George
special committee
recommended.
At
held
the
in
council
the
city
of
of
the
Council
Great
Detroit,
Mich.,
595
G.
of
S.
the
D.
United
395,
this
States,
special
ORDER
596
IMPROVED
committee
submitted
of the
government
of
"
report containing
Uniformed
"
MEN.
of
code
laws
Degree. The committee

Tammany," substituted
of
Knights
recommending
Chieftains'
League," for
Order.
RED
OF
the
It also recommended
title of the
that
the
for the
instead
the
branch
new
name
of the
for the
ceremony
ficial
Bene-
for the Uniformed

Degree Councils be used as the ceremony
ritual,however, was
adopted.
Degree. A new
the Uniformed
Degree
Immediately after the laws establishing
were
were
merged
promulgated, Beneficial Degree Councils
into Chieftains' Leagues, and new
Leagues sprang
up in every
section
of
formed,
Pennsylvania
the
of the Great
reservation.
great
Council
and
New
State
Two
At
Jersey.
the
States, held
of the United
Del., G. S. D. 396, Representativesfrom
State
for admission, and
Great
United
States
the
members
realized that
of
the
mistake
Leagues
had
were
council
next
Wilmington,
at
Leagues applied
Council
made
been
of
the
ing
fram-
in
Degree, which provided

governing the Uniformed
for representationfrom
with the
State Leagues in accordance
Councils.
The
laws governing representation for State Great
for the time
was
compromised
difficulty
by admitting one
Representativefrom each State League.
The
ritual which
was
adopted had at previouscouncils of the
of a higher degree.
G. C. U. S. been presented by the advocates
the laws
Chiefs
The
known
were
of
Prophet, Keeper
Sannap.
Paniese, Mishinewa,
and
Wampum,
the
From
the
and
League
desire
any
first there
the
to
Order.
part of the
the
on
seemed
Paniese, Junior
Senior
Bashaba,
as
Records,
friction between
considerable
be
This
friction
of the
members
of
Keeper
was
due
League
not
to
in any
the
embarrass
On
the Order.
to
contrary, those whose
way
influence was
the
were
strongest in its establishment
among
faithful members
most
the Great
of
Council
at
G. C. U.
authorized.
council
held
at
the council
almost
of the United
Order.
But
States
so
taken
was
This
at
time of
eration
up in the consid-
many
of the
bers
mem-
had
expressed regret that the Degree
feelingmanifested
Chicago, in G. S. D. 397,
held
unanimous
S.
of the
much
the degree,that
legislation
affecting
of the
been
of the
Baltimore, G. S.
vote, resolutions
were
itself
stronglyat the
but culminated
finally
D. 398, at which, by an
adopted
as
follows
"
CHIEFTAINS'
all
Resolved, That
"
or
own
now
and
Council, shall
of this Great
G.
Leagues
LEAGUE.
Great
597
Leagues
and
of Red
Men, in the jurisdiction
after the 1st
of Sturgeon moon,
sun
and
not
D.,398, be an independent organization,
subject to any laws
regulationsof this Great Council, but are hereby authorized to form their
Great League of the United
States from the Leagues and Great
Leagues
existing.
Resolved, That the Great Leagues or subordinate Leagues shall not transgress
on
S.
"
in any
Men,
and
same
honors
term,
and
present Chieftains
that
Laws
of the
of the Improved
various
Leagues, be
and
as
privileges
though they had served to
Leagues shall not accept or retain members
that
said members
League, unless
Degree
League
the Constitutional
upon
way
of the
Improved
members
must
firstbe members
Order
of Red
continue
Immediately after
the full end

in
of Red
the
the
of their
Chieftains'
in
Men, and
membership
Order
entitled to
in
good standingof the Chief's

to retain membership in the
their respective
Tribes."
quenching of the council fire,a meeting

of the Chieftains'
of members
held at which
Past
League was
Incohonee
Great
Ralph S. Gregory, of Indiana, presided,and
Past
Sachem
William
Great
J. Dinsmore, of Massachusetts,
Chairman
directed
acted as Secretary. The
and Secretarywere
to issue a call for a meeting of Representativesof all Leagues
i6th
of Cold
York
the
to be held in New
City on
moon,
G. S. D.
This
399.
meeting
elected
was
of
D. Tanner,
Resolutions
another
A
to
was
and
Council
Great
and
Thomas
Sachem
Great
give
to
chusetts,
Massa-
the
of
the
League
Past
elected
organization,
permanent
LEAGUE
CHIEFTAINS'
NATIONAL
appointed to
were
ritual,uniform, and
Great
STATES."
Committees
prepare
form
adopted to
styled THE
"
UNITED
THE
Incohonee
draft
Manual
code
of Arms
of laws
and
and
to
Drill.
George B. Colflesh, of Maryland, was
Treasurer.
first
Red
Men's
399
(March
At
Past
its action
reconsider
to
resolution
The
Chairman, and
Representatives
J.Dinsmore, of
William
Sachem
of
hearing.
be known
OF
largenumber
Pennsylvania,Secretary.
were
adopted asking the
States
United
held and
was
Past Great
present.
was
the
regularmeeting of 'the National League was

Worm
2ist
moon,
sun,
Hall, Philadelphia,
21,
held
at
G. S. D.
1890).
this
meeting
and
Manual
ritual
of Arms
was
adopted,and
and
Drill.
code
form,
of laws, uni-
IMPROVED
598
At
ORDER
OF
RED
this
meeting, also, a declaration

leading to the organizationof
adopted,as follows :
causes
MEN.
made
was
the
stating the
and
League,
amble
Pre-
"
HISTORICAL.
Chieftains'
The
created as a higher degree of the Improved

League was
the
Great
Council
of the United
that
States, and
Men,
by
in
it
its
for
to
wisdom,
deeming
impracticable properlylegislate
august body,
Order
an
of
Order
or
the
with
Branch
the I2th
fit,on
in
Red
whom
Corn
sun,
G.
moon,
cityof Baltimore, Md.,

thus
of its members
many
to
398, in
S. D.
the
grant
connection, saw
no
Great
Council
assembled,
Chieftains'
of the
permitting only members
had
pendence,
Leagues their indefor its
Leagues to legislate
advancement.
in the
Delegates from the various Leagues in the United States assembled
G. S. D. 399, accepted the
city of New York, on the i6th sun, Cold moon,
conditions
expressed by the Great Council, and organized the "National
Chieftains' League of the United
States,"and elected temporary Chieftains ;
the 2ist
in Red
on
Men's
adjourning to meet
League Room, Philadelphia,
and
the
where
the permanent
organizationwas perfected,
sun, Worm
moon,
followingConstitution,General Laws, etc.,adopted, the Supreme Chieftains
when
being elected on the 2ist sun of Worm
moon,
adjournment was taken,
the National
in
be
reconvened
to
on
Wednesday
followingthe
Bostqn
League
first Tuesday of Corn
G.
moon,
S. D.
399.
PREAMBLE.
OBJECTS
The
OF
THE
CHIEFTAINS'
LEAGUE.
firstgreat
objectof the Chieftains' League is,through its organization,

to call especialattention
the unsurpassed benevolent, protective
to
of the Improved Order of Red Men
Order conceived, born, and
fraternity
; an
bred of true American
and one
patriotism,honor, benevolence,and charity,
ist.
of the worthiest
and
sublime
most
stars
in the constellation
lustre
institutions,
shedding its effulgent
the darkness
and
trials and
and
broad
2d.
To
in still stronger bonds

and
members
of the
with this branch

establish
over
making
clear the
and
charity,
Improved
of fraternal
to
Order
give
affection ; to
and
all moral
of Red
who
Men
and
material
aid
become
may
well
Red
conferringhonors upon members

the followingwas
made
Leagues, alreadyexisting,
to
promote
of the Order.
uniformed
rank,
thorough,effective,
the
Order
of
semi-military
degree
adjunct to
Improved
a
or
In relation
divinelyconstructed
of mankind.
benevolence
to
associated
3d.
unite
To
of "man's
fraternal
humanity's pathway, dispelling

some
inhumanity to man," easing the burden-
vicissitudes of life,
and
brotherhood
increased
possible
gloom
of secret
disciplined
Men.
of
a
Chieftains'
law
CHIEFTAINS'
All
"
and
Leagues
State
LEAGUE.
Leagues
599
in existence
acceptingthe provisions
National
Chieftains1 League shall be
free
of
charter
be
and
entitled
and emolua
ments
to all privileges
granted
expense,
or
prescribedtherein,and all Past Sachems
serving
present Sachems
the
of
their
and
who
end
members
of Chieftains' Leagues in good
to
are
term,
shall
be
Past
Chieftains.
as
recognized
standing now,
good standing
and
the present Great
Chieftains1
Leagues, and
the
serving to
end
Incohonee, if now
Great
Past
of their term,
members
Sachems
and
all
members
now
in
Leagues, shall be accorded the honors of Past

Superior Chieftains respectively.Also, duly accredited
the preliminaryand Constitutional
for the
Convention
Past
Representatives to
of the National
formation
Chieftains1
League
Representatives.
President of the preliminaryand
of the
United
States
shall be
Supreme
Past
"
and
Chieftains1
good standing of
Supreme
of
Sachems
present Great
now
of the
Laws
Incohonees
Great
"Past
in
and
Constitution
the
of
The
rank
entitled to the
and
honor
of Past
Constitutional
Convention
Chieftain,and
Supreme
shall be
all elected and
serving to the
as
end of the first term, shall be entitled to the full honors
though having
determined
full great sun, and all Past Chieftains,as
served for one
by this
of the National Chieftains' League of
in the formation
Article, participating
the United
States,shall be eligibleto any elective or appointed chieftaincy
Chieftains1 League of the United States."
at the firstelection of the National
appointed Chieftains
As
of the National
of historical
matter
Chieftains
elected
They
as
were
follows
2d Vice
E.
GEORGE
National
New
GREEN,
give
the
League.
California.
SALSBURY,
Pennsylvania.
J. KAIN,
WILLIAM
York,
Connecticut.
ROBBINS,
PAOLA
Chieftain,
SittingPast Supreme
Supreme Recorder,
R.
Z.
Chieftain,
Supreme
we
"
Supreme Chieftain,
Vice
record,
of the
formation
the
at
League, and
and
interest
Supreme Chieftain,
ist
Chieftains'
Supreme
Treasurer,
GEORGE
B.
COLFLESH,
Pennsylvania.
Maryland.
Supreme
Messenger,
GEORGE
H.
Moss,
New
York.
Supreme
Sentinel,
CHARLES
New
Jersey.
J.
Major General,
It
should
League
the time
at
which,
in Corn
which
Hat.
black
is
"
as
next
to
follows
For
at
Illinois.
HEFFERNAN,
sessions
fire of the
annual
of the
that
BROWN,
and
place where,
council
G. S. D. 400,
moon,
changed
the
F.
TANNER,
annual
the
be held at the
Accordingly,the
was
that
arranged
was
D.
T.
session
was
which
the
Continental
of the
National
just previous to
G. C. U.
S. is kindled.
held at Cleveland, O.,

of the
uniform
army,
League
descriptionof
"
The
Officers:
felt, four-inch
round
three-cornered
crown,
Continental hat of
four-and-a-half-inch brim,
6oo
IMPROVED
trimmed
in
follows
as
height above
of blue
made
ORDER
General
the cockade
OF
RED
MEN.
white
:
Officers
in which
cloth, of material
it is
of coat,
plume, five
supported.
Cockade
circular,two-and-a-
cut
in
half inches
inches
diameter,
five
plaited bow,
on
box-
inches
long,
of buff cloth,of material of pants.

In
of
centre
cockade,
letters, C. L.," inclosed
brass
"
in circle one-and-a-half
inches
diameter, surmounted
eagle.
half
with
gilt or
Hat
inch
be
to
from
in
by spread
trimmed
edge
one-
of
brim
Line
gold braid.
one-quarter-inch
and
Field Officers
same
:
hat
as
Officers, with
General
exception
purple to
of
within
top, which
of
plume
royal
of
inch
one
white, and
shall be
one-eighth-inchgold braid for

Commissioned
trimming. Non
vates,
PriOfficers,Musicians, and
hat of same
wear
style
-
and
material
inch
round
half-inch
Uniform
half
of
General
inches
inches
giltletters,
Coat.
General
"
coat
Middlesex
of
same
furnished
and
leather
blue
cloth
on
L.," in
C.
Field
brim,
buff
circular
in diametqr
"
or
on
three-and-a-
crown,
half-inch
with
trimming on edge
of brim, dark-blue
plume, four
of
inches
high, above cockade
Officers.
Field
in diameter,
and-a-half
brass
and
officers,four
as
in
ground
face
circle one-and-a-
of buff
of cockade
cloth
to
be
two-
placed
monogram.
Double-breasted
:
Officers
nental
Conti-
pattern of 1776, of dark-blue material, known

broadcloth, with facingsand liningsof skirt of
as
buff
(sample of shades and quality of material

front of coat
on
Supreme Officers). Buttons
of buttons
inch in diameter
one
gilt,
; balance
material
by
of
plainbrass
of
same
the
or
size covered
with
buff
cloth
same
as
facing.
Patterns
602
IMPROVED
ORDER
on
same
vest, fastened
as
with
side, buttoned
opening
at
RED
OF
four
small
nickel buckles, material
of pants, and
plain brass
with
bottom
extreme
MEN.
buff,
straps of material
same
vest.
as
all Commissioned
For
Black
:
Officers
leather boots, or top-boot leggins extending to top
front,and slopingto top of calf of leg in rear.
Leggins.
"
officers
Mounted
wear
buttons,
enamelled
of knee
in
spurs.
Non-commissioned
and Privates : White

duck
Officers
springbottom
of shoe),
leggins (spring bottom
extending to vamp
extending two inches above the knee, cut shapely to the leg,
with
buttoned
as
on
vest,
plain brass or gilt buttons, same
fastened
under
material, and nickel
instep with strap of same
buckle.
Officers:U.S. Regulation Epaulet,

with appropriate insignia; regulationstraightsword, with white
grip and nickel scabbard, suspended at left side by two-and-across-belt over
half inch
webbed
white
cotton
right shoulder,
Equipments.
under
General
"
vest, attached
with
sword
Officers.
Line
Field and
to
U.S.
"
black
on
leather
left side in
with
black
manner
as
proper
scabbard
grip and
Officers with
General
thong.
Non-commissioned
webbed
same
thong.
regulationepaulet with
insignia,
regulationstraightsword
suspended
leather
white
Officers,
Musicians,
cross-belts,two
cotton
and
Privates
and
quarter
wear
inches
whitein width,
suspending on the left side outside of coat the sword, and on

the righta cartridge-box,
of
belts to cross
in front of centre
body, fastened there by polishedbrass plateor shield with silver
the face thereof.
letters,T. O. T. E. diagonallyacross
Silver
Sword.
nickel cross-hilt,straight sword, white
or
grip,black scabbard, nickel trimmed, fastened to cross-belt by
black enamelled
leather thong.
leather, six inches wide,
Cartridge-boxof black enamelled
"
four
inches
deep,
with
brass
letters
I. O. R. M.
on
of
centre
face thereof.
In cold
For
buff
cape,
follows
as
stormy weather capes may be worn
commissioned
officers,dark-blue mackintosh, double
or
lined, cape
to
extend
to
within
extending to tip of fingers,with
Non-commissioned
foot
one
arm
at
officers,musicians, and
of
"
cape,
ground, outside
natural
length.
dark-blue
privates,
CHIEFTAINS'
buff-lined
mackintosh,
cape
LEAGUE.
extending
603
the
to
knee, with
four-
collar.
inch
officers may
wear
regulation gauntlet
lisle-thread.
cotton
or
Mounted
white
others
Regulation chevrons
for non-commissioned
gloves;
officers,of
all
white
material.
It
further
is
Chieftains'
flagof
ordered
United
shall
There
in the
Leagues,
the
States
be
directed
that
uniform
of the
all
on
parades of the
League, the national
shall be carried.
least
at
of which
one
company,
and
musicians
two
shall be
detailed
fifer and
the
from
other
each
snare
drummer.
At
the
of the G. C. U.
council
S., held immediately after,the
thereof was
expressed towards the
good-willof the members
League, by the adoption of a preamble, and resolutions which
of the
quoted the declaration of objectsstated in the Preamble
League, alreadygiven,and which concluded as follows,
"
"
of the
build up and
"
that this Great

Council shall manifest
fitting
effort being made, through the instrumentality
of
strengthenthe Order ; therefore
Whereas,
It is
it is the
Resolved, That
sense
of this Great
League is a valuable auxiliaryto the Improved Order

it to the favorable consideration
of
earnestlycommend
of
their
warmest
as
deserving
support."
Leagues
are
now
Connecticut,
New
Rhode
The
Illinois,Indiana, Iowa,
said
the
of Red
appreciation
body, to
Chieftains1
Men,
the members
and
at
we
large,
nia,
Colorado, Califor-
in Alabama,
in existence
Kansas,
Maryland,
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania,

Hampshire, New Jersey, New
Island,Washington (State),and West Virginia.
present Supreme Chieftains are :
"
Supreme Chieftain,
ist Vice Supreme
Chieftain,
2d Vice Supreme Chieftain,
SittingPast Supreme Chieftain,
Supreme
Supreme
Supreme
K.
THOMAS
DONNALLEY,
G.
WILLIAM
E.
S.
BORTEL,
THOMAS
D.
TANNER,
Treasurer,
B.
COLFLESH,
E.
concerning
is furnished
presented,
Iowa.
DAVIS.
CHARLES
Major General,
information
J. VAUGHAN,
W.
Sentinel,
Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania.
Maryland.
Georgia.
MOCK,
GEORGE
C.
the
through the
F.
Pennsylvania,
Delaware.
JOSEPH PYLE,
Recorder,
Supreme Messenger,
The
that
Council
its
New
TUPPER,
Chieftains'
kindness
of
League
York.
herein
Supreme
Re-
corder
Thomas
has
display
With
there
the
is
Red
on
prove
Men.
both
the
itself
hope
a
the
of
that
valuable
members
the
to
of
National
adjunct
public
the
adopted,
and
League
the
present
Wherever
uniform
handsome
to
part
to
reason
every
will
of
beneficial,
the
the
reports
encouraging.
very
of
MEN.
RED
further
He
as
made
support
proper
OF
Tanner.
League
been
been
has
League
Order
D.
of
condition
result
ORDER
IMPROVED
604
to
the
the
Order.
Order,
Chieftains'
the
Improved
CHAPTER
THE
DEGREES
OF
THE
ORDER.
CONSTRUCTION.
NEARLY
certain
all
fraternal
made
LESSONS
of
initiation,or
into full
intrusion.
OF
THEIR
TAUGHT.
benevolent
brought
from
secure
THEORY
and
forms
are
THE
"
THE
ceremonies,
the uninformed
XV.
organizations have
methods
by
fellowship,and
These
forms
the
and
which
society
ceremonies
connected
with
them
is
comprise the ritualistic work, and
be known
usuallya sign language by which the affiliated can
if speaking different languages.
to each
other, even
Whether
these ritualistic ceremonies
symbolize the building
of
temple, the
the
teach, all claim
to
human
far
realization, as
Fatherhood
While
of God
be
may
claimed
the dim
man
claim
traditions
runneth
Order
Improved
of
the
lapse
of
fact
Red
stands, and
distinct,
growing
with
the
more
realistic demonstration
into
oblivion.
in the
record
traditions, and
of the
Founded,
continent, it portrays
an
when
the memory
sufficient
seems
for
ritualistic work
and
eventuallygiving
those
past, and
of
our
of
the
has
to
interesting
posterityits
known
mystic ceremonies
which
been
otherwise
must
said,
on
the
fade
manners,
Aborigines of the American

existence
more
fascinatingthe more
of
customs
and
organizations,
their origin
to trace
of less valuable
of
as
the
can.
origin,is purely Ameristand, original,unique, and
ever
time, and
of
agency,
like its
instead
only
only
time
the
that
Men,
must
and
for other
past, to
they seek
practice of the
to
bring about
of Man.
contrary, it
the
to
establish
to
It
not
of the
saders,
Cru-
lesson
human
less success,
or
the
the
secure
Brotherhood
attempts made, with greater

to
be
possible by
the
the
of
David, the constancy of
brotherhood,
as
and
great age
and
preach
to
great principlesof
the
martyrdom
friendshipof Jonathan and

Pythias,or whatever
may
and
Damon
valor, struggles, and
the
605
IMPROVED
606
studied, the
It is
will
give
most
and
of
work
The
the
Order
MEN.
faithfully
portrayed.
generations their only
of
customs
that
which
by
together in the strong bonds
bound
RED
future
to
and
manners
sylvan home,
their
in
of
their
amity
is divided
race
into
and
as
people
tised
pracwere
love.
four
sections
or
Adoption, Hunter's, Warrior's, and Chief's, each

illustrates a phase of Indian
or
character, custom,
degrees,
"
"
which
of
which
of the
knowledge
OF
interestingwhen
most
record
ORDER
ceremonies.
Commencing with the Adoption (or initiation)

degree, the
zation,
exemplifiesthe ancient form of adoption, or naturaliceremony
Men.
used by the primitiveRed
Concerning this, in
his admirable
work
descriptiveof the League of the Iroquois,
Mr.
Lewis
H.
Morgan
says:
"
exchanged prisonerswith Indian nations, nor ever

them.
people from captivityamong
sought to reclaim their own
Adoption
the
alternative
chances
of
the
If
giance
torture
were
or
captive.
adopted, the alleand
affections of the captivewere
transferred to his adopted nation.
forth to war, he emphaticallytook his life in his hand,
When
the Indian went
that
if
he
taken it would
be forfeited by the laws of war
was
knowing
; and if
From
saved by adoption,his country, at least,was
lost forever.
tion
the foundaof adoption has prevailedamong
of the Confederacy,the custom
the
farther
than
nations.
Iroquois,who carried this principle
any other Indian
confined
extended
It was
to captives alone, but was
not
to
fragmentsof
dismembered
of independent nations into
to the admission
tribes,and even
the
a
leading feature of their policy to subdue
adjacent
League. It was
and
absorbed
them
nations
t
o
having
by conquest,
by naturalization, mould
them
fruit of this system of
into one
The
common
familywith themselves.
their gradual elevation to a universal supremacy,
a supremacy
policywas
which was
of
their
discoveryas to threaten
spreading so rapidlyat the epoch
the subjugationof all the nations east of the Mississippi.
"A
of adoption was
regularceremony
performed in each case to complete
the gauntlet,after
the naturalization.
With
was
captives this ceremony
festival
which
new
were
names
assigned to them ; and at the next religious
their names,
togetherwith the tribe and familyinto which they were
tively
respecof a war
Upon the return
adopted, were
publiclyannounced.
party
in the expedition,
with captives,
the
if they had lost any of their own
number
families to which
these belonged were
first allowed an opportunityto supply
in their households.
from the captivesthe places made
vacant
Any family
"The
Iroquois never
"
could
then
notice, or
adopt
whom
usuallythree
of the
or
out
of the residue any who
At
they wished to save.
four days after the return
village
arrangedthemselves
chanced
the
time
to
attract
appointed,which
of the band, the
in two
their favorable
rows
parallel
women
and
justwithout
was
dren
chilthe
IMPROVED
6o8
"After
of sachems
villageof
and
band
make
the
League.
an
invasion.
in full costume,
conduct
the
with
Any
through
it his red
having struck into

A group
gathered around
one
dance, they enlisted,
and
manner
MEN.
the
after the
was
company
their subsistence
soon
while
the
as
in
libertyto organize
at
a
manner.
summary
proposed to solicit volunteers and

villagesounding the war-whoop to
he
went
tomahawk,
him, and,
then
was
effected
was
who
struck in the war-post
wampum,
person
This
the war-chief
expeditionwent
black
his intentions ; after which
announce
this
or
of the
Dressed
RED
against any nation, either by the congress

by an individual nation against a neighboring
indicated by a tomahawk
was
war
painted red,
red feathers and
with
OF
declared
Onondaga,
at
ornamented
in each
been
existence
the
enemy,
had
war
ORDER
to
the war-post, Ga-on-dote,
he commenced
their martial ardor
other, by
joining in
formed
the
dance
;
was
matrons
the war-dance.
aroused
by the
its performance. In
of the villageprepared
was
performing,and
at
its
close,
they were yet filledwith enthusiasm for the enterprise,

they immediately
and
turned
their
towards
the
footsteps
village,
country of the enemy.
in several villages,
simultaneous
these parties
If the movement
was
joinedeach
continued
under the direction of its own
other on their march, but each band
subsistence
war-chief.
Their
was
usually charred corn, parched a second
into
fine
and
mixed
with maple-sugar,thus reducing it
flour,
time,pounded
in bulk and lightnessto such a degree that the warrior could carry without
inconvenience
in his bear-skin
pocket a sufficient supply for a long and
The
band
took
the war-path in singlefile,
and moved
perilousexpedition.
but five days' journey to the country of the
with such rapiditythat it was
of the Tennessee.
At
the southern
banks
their night
Cherokees, upon
devices
to indicate their numbers
encampments they cut upon the trees certain
and destination.
On
their return
did
the
also
the
they
showing
same,
number
of captivesand the number
slain. When
the returningparty reached
their
the war-whoop to announce
the outskirts of their village,
they sounded
and
for
their
Then
the
assemble
to
to
summon
reception.
approach,
people
their
entered
the
in
a
captives,
leading
they
village
dancing procession,as
After they had reached
the war-post in
they had shortlybefore gone out.
of
the
wise-man
addressed
them
in
the centre
a
place,a
speech of welcome
of the
and
a
by one
congratulation
speech was made
; in reply to which
was
again
t"and, descriptiveof their adventures,after which the war-dance
while
left the
employed."
By
the Chief's
ceremonies
of
Degree
of the
Indians.
and
whom
works
He
of
of the
entrusted
nature.
legends,illustrative
the
Their
at
The
evil.
control, was
through the agency

to
and
good
spirits,
in power
is illustrated the
once
Indians
Over
and
religiousforms
believed
above
in
and
tude
multi-
these, supreme
ruled the world

who
Spirit,
inferior spirits
of His own
creation,
immediate
supervisionof the various
beautiful
with
mythology abounds
and of their
of their superstition
the Great
THE
unbounded
soul.
be
to
were
the
THE
ORDER.
Spiritand
the
of
the ancient
609
of
immortality
at least,reverence
Iroquois,
of the precepts
one
OF
faith in the Great
Among
also
the
DEGREES
for the
faith.
precepts
were
taught
as
the will of the Great
and
Spirit,
sight. If
Spiritwill
to their
requirementsas acceptable in His

clothes of an orphan child,the Great
"
you tie up the

notice it and
reward
bring them
If
up
for it." "To

adopt orphans and
you
in virtuous ways, is pleasingto the Great Spirit."
stranger wander
about
your
abode, welcome
be
home,
him, speak
hospitabletowards
the
words, and forget not always to mention
In
making these quotations from the
Morgan, it is difficult to refrain from
but in another
of the
part of this
characteristics
the
treatment,
the
Iroquois,we
fullest extent
and
was
the aged, even

Spiritthat you reverence
though they
as
helplessas infants." The obedience of children,kindness
the orphan, hospitality
to all, and
a
common
brotherhood,
the doctrines held up by their religious
instructors.
among
obedience
Mr.
aged
It is the will of
"
Great
These
"
the
management,
have
of the
not
mine
Indian
and
race,
him
Great
is
and
given
more
of wealth
to
avail
kind
work
of
extracts
an
outline
especially
League
ourselves
provided by
your
Spirit."
admirable
disciplineof the
hesitated
to
with
still further
wherein
history,
of the
to
him
to
of
the
his research
ability.
the
given of the theory upon which the

ritualistic work
has been prepared,the reader will be convinced
that for originality,
beauty,and dramatic effect it is unequalled
by the ritualistic work of any fraternal organization. In its
it admits of a high order of dramatic
talent,and
exemplification
fail to make
when
cannot
a
pleasing and
properly rendered
lastingimpressionupon the mind of the palefaceadopted.
In the Degree of Pocahontas, of necessitythe ideal Indian
princess has been exemplifiedrather than the matter-of-fact,
Indian
as
an
The
regarded woman
prosaic Indian squaw.
By
descriptionthus
being. She was for most purposes a beast of burden.

It was
regarded as beneath the dignityof a warrior to labor,
fell to the lot of the
and most
of the drudgery of the camp
and the virtues of her life
The legend of Pocahontas
women.
used by the
have been taken as the basis for the ideal ceremony
inferior
Degree of Pocahontas.
Iconoclasts
would
make
us
believe that
IMPROVED
6io
such
being
of
legends
ORDER
Pocahontas
as
childhood
our
beautiful
purer,
brighter, and
in
tact,
to
been
not
for
who,
to
her
aside
at
its
execute
bound
the
the
colonists
when
moment
commission
by
softened
blow."
and
the
of
her
He
of
of
the
us
her
history
Captain
town,
James-
at
intelligence,
have
not
footing
uplifted
threw
of
would
the
awhile
is sweeter,
had
permanent
the
one
linger over
to
settled
yet these
death,
father's
after
none
that
all.
the
eloquence
and
adventures
colonists
to
by
gives
The
interposing humanity
the
victim, and
language
the
courage,
for the
secure
which
that
One
love
we
them
among
familiar
are
indomitable
and
availed
1607,
Yet
princess.
of
one
was
Va.,
dream.
than
Indian
the
of Pocahontas,
who
better
destroyed,
are
traditions, and
these
Smith,
MEN.
existed.
never
days
but
itself will be
existence
RED
OF
Princess
club
herself
looks, her
hontas,
Pocaabout
was
upon
tears,
heart, arrested, and
it
had
"
'the
and
turned
CHAPTER
XVI.
NOMENCLATURE
THE
OF
palefaceadopted
into
THE
ORDER.
Order
witnesses
things
which
to him
until their meaning is
seem
strange and startling,
he advances
as
clearlyunderstood
explainedand more
through
the various degrees. Not
only are the ceremonies
original,in
but he notices
everything unlike those of any other organization,
in the terms
used to describe the transactions
a peculiarnomenclature
of a Tribe, not a
of the organization. He is a member
Lodge ; he attends a council,not a meeting ; time is marked
by
and great snns,
not
seven
by days, weeks,
suns,
suns,
moons,
months, years ; he assists in kindling and quenching the council
fire,not in opening and closingthe meeting; he uses
oms,
fathfeet, and
dimes,
and
of wampum
of money.
cents
to
The
pay
his dues, not
of these
use
many
dollars,
he
terms,
which
he desires to
meaning and significance
is fitting,
therefore, that the concluding chapter of our
should give brief attention to this interesting
phase
learns, has
It
inches
our
Order, and
here
what
of Red
the Improved
practicable,
Order
primitive prototypes, and
thereby
might
We
which
was
otherwise
have
we
sink
concealed
our
in
into the Order.
Generalissimo
counterpart of
among
the Red
history. Much
composing
the
tory
Hisof
our
in all else
follows
Men
in
closelyits
perpetuating what
that, in those
earlier societies
from
origin,the personalidentityof the members

the names
given to them upon being adopted
This
present time.
assists
know.
into oblivion.
alreadyshown
trace
that in this,as
follows will show
soon
The
custom
adopted
Francis
exists among
name
of
Shallus, in the
"
the Red
Men
of the
Split Log," assumed

Society of Red Men,
by
is
SittingBull," White Cloud," and other names

of the plainsfamiliar in contemporaneous
Men
in identifyingthe individuals
of the difficulty
results
membership of the Society of Red Men
"
"
611
6l2
IMPROVED
from
the fact that almost
Minute
Book
the
by
Where
adoption.
brother
was
care
name
these
1822, the Minute
same
ORDER
Book
and
the
are
proper
gives the proper name

name
assigned him
in the Muster
animals
given
names
of various
to
kinds, and
Beaver, Otter, Black
MEN.
referred
the
of persons
names
preserved, coveringthe admissions

The
RED
invariablythey are
given to them on
observed
not
OF
Indians
were
fishes
even
Fish, Rattlesnake,
the
on
sleep of
their
admitted
of the
at
Rolls
for the
to
after
mitted
newly adThe
adoption.
that have
been
periodpriorto 1821.
usuallytaken from
and
such
as
reptiles,
etc.
had
They
also
other
and
descriptivenames
suggested by personal qualities,
sometimes
given from fancy or caprice. As we have said, they
did not always preserve the names
first given to them, but often
after coming to maturity. These
assumed
a new
name
names
expressed
some
meritorious
act,
remarkable
or
circumstance, in
the life of the holder.

So
in relation to localities,
the
The
stands,
which
and
in that
the
To
Long
was
city,was
Pine
the white
had
for the
was
eminently descriptive.
Philadelphianow
place where
the name
taken
by Tribe No.
the
Kiiequenaku,which means
they
name
name
"
4, organized
Grove
of
Trees."
derived
from
they met, they gave names
remarkable
some
qualitywhich they observed in them, or from
circumstance
which
some
strikinglyengaged their attention.
When
told the meaning of the name
of William
Penn, they
translated it into their own
language by Miquon, which means
a feather
or
quill. The Iroquoiscalled him Onas, which, in their
the same
idiom, meant
thing. The first name
given by the
Indians to the Europeans who
landed
in Virginia,was
Wapsid
the Europeans began
Lenape,meaning White People." When
murders
the Red
to commit
on
Men, whom
they pierced with
the name
of Mechanschican,
swords, they received
Long
color. The
them from others of the same
Knives," to distinguish
called Yengees,in the
English settlers in New
England were
also
endeavor
the sound
of English. They were
to imitate
called Chanquanquock, "Men
of the presof Knives," because
ents
of these instruments
But after some
given to the natives.
of the Indians had been shipped to sea, and when
the people of
men
"
"
the middle
colonies
began
to
murder
them, and
call
on
the
Iro-
NOMENCLATURE
OF
insult them, and
quois to
they were
THE
ORDER.
613
assist in
called Schwannack,
deprivingthem of their lands,

which
"salt beings,"or
signifies
"bitter
beings,"but they were

very careful not to use that term
of contempt and hatred
against any white person whom
they
knew
be amicably disposed towards
to
them, and honest and
well-meaning. The Englishman, to distinguishhim from the
Yengees and the Mechanschican,
could
understand
we
we
it
find
would
the proper
absolute
an
called
was
translation
and
Saggenash. Thus,
of each
Indian
delineation
correct
word,
of
some
of action, motion, or deportment, or dress, of those

peculiarity
whom
it meant
to
designate or describe.
Probably no more
be given
expressive illustration of Indian word-painting can
in the
title by which
than
the great Delaware
nation
was
nation, or peoknown, Lenni Lenape. Lenape signifies man,
ple."
Lenni
Lenni
In the name
the
word
means
inal,"
"origLenape,
Lenni
hence
Lenape, OriginalPeople !
and wigwam,
"The
words
sachem, tomahawk,
says
squaw,
from
the
words
the
are
Heckewelder,
English
corruptionsby
Delaware
word
for
stock."
the
of Delaware
Ochqueu was
"
"
"
"
"
woman
Sakima,
for hatchet
for chief ; Tamahican,
Wickwam
met,
CaluEnglish weekwawm), a house.
same
authority,is not an Indian word.
The
Delaware
for tobacco
pipe is Poakan, pronounced as two
marine
is an
Iroquois word, and means
syllables.Wampum
of New
shell.
used by the Indians
England to
Papoose was
designatea child.
in
(both syllables
long as
according to the
Indians
The
had
many
spoke
to
to
people.
have
we
For
belt which,
wampum
to the communication.
A
was
to
runner
told
purpose
of
therefore,became
one
an
Indian
proper
nation
when
spoke
ing,
understandinto"
"talked
adjunct
necessary
eminently mystical. Each

a
each expression,was
word-picture.
and sometimes
of importance of a privatenature,
sent with a message
under ground,"that expressionbeing made
to take it
language
sentence,
the
particularly,
more
alreadyexplained,the subjectwas
The
chiefs
figurativeexpressions,understood
another, but needing explanationwhen
the white
as
their
generally,but
indicate
of the
Indian
was
"
that
intended, should
no
know
one,
except
of it.
No
the
chief
person
it
for whom
paid attention
to
was
mere
IMPROVED
6 14
report,
even
him
to
come
ORDER
OF
MEM.
RED
though it bore the evidence of truth.

he considered
that he had
officially,
it,and
that it was
by."
When
him
to
he
as
the "song
of
Not
heard
not
bird which
having
flown
had
informed, through the wampum

officially
distant chief or leading man
of the nation,
was
belt sent
by some
I
whose
positionentitled him to credit,he then declared
heard it,"and acted accordingly.
The
recalls to
expression in the preceding sentence
how
how
often in childhood's
days we wondered
memory
which
parents could have obtained
knowledge of matters
"
thought
the
to
as
sing!
knew
none
but
ourselves.
of the information
source
of
The
to
answer
usuallywas,
our
our
our
we
query
bird
I heard
"
have
"
The
Indian
fond
was
of
and
metaphor,
the
samples
of his
in metaphorical
down
abound
to us
eloquence which have come
phor
expressions. We have alreadyreferred to that beautiful metaused ;to designate the close of the Revolutionary War,
still." Hecke"The
Great Spiritspoke and the whirlwind
was
Indian Nations," published at the beginning of
welder, in his
the present century, gives many
interestingexamples from
which we
the following:
extract
"Two
black clouds are drawing towards
Two
each other."
powerfulfoes are marching againsteach other.
To bury the hatchet."
To make
conclude a peace.
or
from
"You
have spoken with your lips,
the heart."
not
"
"
"
"
"
"
You
do not
intend
"You
"
to
"Don't
what
as
you
in the dark."
keep
Singing birds."
me
do
listen to
say.
You
-
wish
to deceive
me.
Tale-bearers.
"
the
singing of
the
birds."
Don't
"
believe
tell you.
stragglers
"What
bird
it that
was
that
sung
song?"
"
Who
was
it
that told that lie.

?
"To
a
kindle
placewhere
remove
another
"The
shed
fire
by
out.
fire at
national business
of government
"To
council
such
is to be
appoint
place." -To
transacted
the
or
seat
established.
the
council
placefor
fire to
the seat
another
place."
"
of government.
council fire has been
extinguished."
the enemy
of government
at the
seat
lish
estab-
To
"
Blood
which
has
has
been
put the
that
at
time
the
made, begins to
it
ORDER
IMPROVED
616
being
the time
of the
sap
OF
when
the
MEN.
tree, from
maple
December
run.
RED
which
called the
was
stags had
all
Hunting
dropped
is
sugar
moon,
their antlers
horns.
or
The
Order
Calendar
follows
months
The
Men.
in
published
in the
the
and
this custom,
chronology of
careful and
XIII
Chapter
Improved
member
accurate
how
assigned to
names
the
shows
the
the various
Order
of Red
of the Order,
desiring
and
of our
literature,
individuality
originality
will always use
the terms
as
given in the Calendar, all of which
have a meaning and significance.Nor will he pervert significant
and
words
expressionsby using them improperly,or by
with an applicationentirelyforeign to
other words
substituting
the use
to which
they are put. For instance, how often do some
Tribe
brothers
scalped several palefacesat its last
say, "Our
council !
The
not
a
primitiveRed Man
scalped an enemy,
used
friend. Again, with proper care in acquiring the terms
and far more
in the Calendar, it is just as convenient
ate
approprikindled
its council fire on the sleepof
Our Tribe
to say,
to
the
preserve
"
"
the
7th of this moon,"
council),"Our
month
of
"
The
Lodge
held
extracts
to
as
we
say
(within the Order
meeting
have
given
the
on
from
the
and
at
i/th of this
Minute
Book
eties,
Soci1822-1827, and the references to the earlier Tammany
in the proper use
careful our
show
how
predecessors were
of these
terms.
Let
us
emulate
of the nomenclature
use
Our
of
rivers, mountains,
our
his keen
vision
of the
and
them
towns
by
primitiveRed
watchful
in the proper
Order.
lakes, and
time, indelibly
impressed upon
nomenclature
in accuracy
them
bear
their
Man.
observation.
to
all
coming
ful
titles,the beauti-
Nothing escaped
The
Indian
who
in
animal, by a
identifythe unseen
difference in footfall imperceptibleto the untrained
of the
ear
white man,
could not fail to be duly impressed with the beauty
and
by which he was
grandeur of the mighty works of nature
which
surrounded.
He
names
ence
signifiedhis revergave them
or
fear, his pleasure or admiration, or which gave his idea
for which
of some
the object named
was
prominent peculiarity
has
notable.
Wherever
the hidden
meaning of these names
the
been
solitude of the forest could
revealed, their remarkable
aptness has been
manifest,
as
NOMENCLATURE
OF
THE
ORDER.
617
the few
in this chapter and historyprove.

examples mentioned
an
They indicate a qualityof mind that justifies
appreciationof
the Indian (at least of former days) far above the plane usually
times.
him in modern
We
accorded
should
judge him as he
He was
what
he made
not as he is.
himself, guided only
was,
from the Great Spirit. He
by the light,as he saw it,that came
of cruel wrong,
is the result of three centuries
treachery,and
and
oppression which have decimated
degraded his race, but
have been unable to tame
his peculiarities
and characteristics
or
conquer
palefacearrogate to himself too much of credit

for his superiority. He is but the evolution of the condition of
barbarism
he emerged, or the simian
from which
ancestry from
which
he ascended.
Yet, with all his learning and boasted
Let
the
not
has
he
civilization,
been
unable
to
conceive
Power
image of the Divine
acknowledged and worshipped by the
Spirit.
beautiful
bow
We
"
He
solitude
In the
mountain
he
saw
to
turned
to
than
the
of
power
that
Indian
reverently
the
as
majesty of
that
the
of
rivers
Great
the
men,
rivers and
great
palefacesfor bearing
him
to
were
evidences
of the
waters
upon
their
of
Great
that
mighty
land,
our
Spirit,and
conceptionof
imagery of his spoken language translated the

mind
concerning the mysterious forces by which
The
or
creed."
in the great lakes and
and
of
for
nature
sublime
more
laws,
forest, in the
of the
ranges,
evidence
recorded
Heaven's
he
was
the
his
rounded.
sur-
deep, utilized by
the
bosoms
burdens
mysteriouspower
of
which
and whose
and flashed in the lightning,
spoke in the thunder
ceded
good-willhe sought to gain by the council and dance that prevast
forests, beneath
great undertaking. The
every
whose
protectingbranches he found shelter from the elements,
by the animal life which they contained, gave him sustenance
for himself
beauty in
have
of the
many
been
household
immortalized
his -tribe.
and
sung
in song
words
with
many
and
names
and
the
of them
There
was
terms
sweet
he used,
told in story until
people of
the
world.
in his beautiful
and
some
rhythmic
of which
they have become

Longfellow has
poem
of Hiawatha
6l8
IMPROVED
love
the
and
beauty,
and
they expressed
to
their
But
impossible
rendered
in
with
the
of the
splendor
the
Order
the
best,
the
the
Great
the
Indian
least
its
and
nomenclature,
of
its
and
the
the
on
To
of
support
which
preserves
peculiarities
of
something
shown
the
least
and
and
recorded
have
chapters
the
not
the
love
who
those
feature
that
of
customs
sentiment
the
has
chapter
given constantly
been
nomenclature
the
other
realized
forest,
attractions,
to
is
members,
This
race.
always
they
the
has
is founded
appeal
accuracy
homage
power
of
foliage
continent.
it should
the
whose
significance
sun
American
and
historical
Spirit
Order
our
and
ness,
aptthem.
by retaining
of
part
History prominence
the
why
were
their
acknowledge
meaning
the
night,
that
not
palefaces
with
to
of the
reasons
of
they
this
thought
Aborigines
Indian
noon-day
Throughout
to
the
MEN.
appropriateness
and
of
glory
their
us,
him
by
We
Minnehaha.
story of
RED
OF
ORDER
of
some
of
that
those
peculiarities.
of the
value
The
historical
of
ceremonies
seek
They
accuracy.
merely
not
imitate,
to
'
When
preserve.
our
Order
will
interesting
as
years
higher
ambition
our
ambition.
Freedom,
its
worthy
is
the
of
and
dedicated
to
Friendship,
!
and
the
wish
of
our
may
be
and
History
the
once
to
to
destiny.
dissemination
preter
inter-
Could
emulate
the
posterity
the
such
be
Let
tion
ambi-
fulfilled
and
the
of
the
compilers,
belief
of
more
traditions.
Indian
than
transmit
is
race
organization?
members,
destiny
this
unique, growing
any
Such
and
repository
await
its
sincere
the
editor
members
the
customs,
race
That
publishers, and
Men,
the
extinct
an
realized,
Red
destiny
inspire
virtues, preserve
history of
and
customs
to
is extinct,
Indian
at
their
but
the
becoming
and
on,
pass
higher
that
comes
place original
occupy
of Indian
Could
time
the
is
therefore,
Order,
our
the
Improved
of
Charity throughout
Order
the
principles
the
Order
to
of
of
all
INDEX.
A.
Act
B.
Incorporation, G. C. U.
of
Samuel,
Adams,
Additional
Bates,
Beneficial
155.
Aged and
As
Pilgrims, 24.
Infirm
Repo't of Committee
Members,
347,
353,
359, 394, 395,
Black
INDIANS:
Man,
27;
the
aged, 28
the
Great
of
dead,
division
Incohonees, 449-474.
228.
Hawk's
of, 26; Medicine

C.
it. ;
for
reverence
time, ib. ; belief in
of
Spirit,29;
marriage
customs,
30;
League of the Iro-
of,ib., 31, 32;
government
Great
Lament, 93-95.
Burial of Dead, 27, 28, 47, 48, 68,
71.
Description of, 25: wigwam

burial
ordinary,480, 481.
Birthday of Washington,
404,
496, 407, 439.

AMERICAN
Of Past
345,
342,
114.
regards appeals, 477;
BIOGRAPHIES
382-384.
on,
Alabama,
A.,
Degree Council, 317, 481, 523.
BENEFITS
Contributors, 3.
of the
Advent
S., 323, 504, 505.
Frank
California,293, 319, 339, 356, 367, 404, 436.

California Indian
Relics,380.
CARDS
Withdrawal, 481, 482; Travelling,

483, 575.
stitution
quois, ib., 33-37; laws of marriage, 38; Conof St. Tammany
Celebration
Day in 1783, 177,
of Sachems, 39; raising up of rulers,
178.
of Sachems,
; plan of succession
40;
powers
and
41
ceremonies, ib.,
mythology,
their
tobacco
ib. ;
belief,44-46;
43;
42,
and
its
of
conception
Charleston, Tribe
virtues,47;
after
heaven, 48;
of worship, 51;
ib.,50; ceremonies
thanksgivings and prayers, ib.,52, 53; dances
state
of, 59, 60; "New

jacket'simmortal
William
and
the
Black
speeches, tb.-fy; Red-jacket
Council
Planter
of
Thunder
and
91-93;
Black
Captain
Pipe
the
to
Detroit, 95-97;
records
Delawares,
and
war-path
exploits of
legends and
at
of, ti.-ng;
120-124;
Chief
who
Aboriginal costume,
Mandan
concluding
Chief, ib.
rfsumf
Events
League,
leading up to, 150-172:

work, 172-174.
Red
raisingup,
520;
State
terms
of, 538.
284, 394, 395, 404, 408,
22,
Connecticut, 169, 311, 382, 392, 395, 404, 435.

Constitution
and By-laws, G. C. U. S., 281, 282,
360, 387, 389, 415, 421, 475, 539-
322,
of, 7, 8.
Uniform
proposed, 366, 380.
Contributors, Additional,3.
132-138;
Council
Council
Indian
Brand, 495.
The, publicationcommenced,
Brand,
357-
REVOLUTION:
Ancestors,
Ancient
creation
of, 531-532;
Contents, Table
character, 140-148.
AMERICAN
Incohonee, and
Council, 486-492;
Continental
the
125-132;
of
Pocahontas, Great
of
Great
587-
story
for
Mountain, 288; titles changed, 338;

Council, Tribe, Degree Council, Degree
309,
dotes
anec-
visited
enlistment
the
Great
Colorado, 369, 372, 382, 387-390, 447.
sioners,
Commis-
Commander
248, 250.
416, 595-604.
Lament, i'6.-gs
:
British
of,207, 208.
Members,
Chieftains'
89, 90;
American
Hawk's
fore
be-
Corn
87, 88;
Washington,
the
Fox, the Huron
Cunning
the
Genesee,
Brother
Logan's appeal, ib.,98;
of, $.-114;
of
Farmer's
86;
President
to
Of
forbidden,58; hospitality
Religion" of, 62-81; Red-
Penn,
Charter
CHIEFS:
death, 49;
of,54-56; polygamy
Charters, 483-486, 517.
D.
Tammany
ciety's DANCES
So-
War,
54;
collection
Worship of, 52, 55.
Feather,
Danish, Translation
Men, 277, 302.
of
Daughters of Powhatan,
Arizona, 372, 447.

Arkansas, 388, 389, 393, 447.
Declaration
619
55;
For
the
of, ib., 56.
of
Ritual, 389.
319,
320.
Independence,161.
Dead, ib. ;
INDEX.
62O
of
Dedication
DEGREES
Wigwams,
338; Council
Cincinnati,
294.
at
Digest regulations,
391,
392;
theory of their constitution,and the
Uniformed,
at
Philadelphia,
taught, 605-610.
Delaware, 169, 196, 202,
318, 321,
305, 312, 314,
304,
286, 287, 297,

355,
337,
299,
Wilmington, 353; Council
fire
kindled, 1874,at
at
DEPUTIES
at
Great
Richmond,
1878, at
District of Columbia,
260, 261, 282, 283, 289,
1880,
3i8, 321, 337, 427.
1881,
3"5, 3M,
297, 299. 3"3,
Council
1882,
B.
at
1883,
Council
fire kindled,
fire
kindled,
Baltimore, 366; Council
fire
kindled,
fire
kindled,
1879, at New
at
kindled, 1875,
kindled, 1876,
fire
364; Council
1877, at Columbus,
at
fire
Council
359:
Philadelphia, 362
Incohonees, 497, 498.

Digest, 347, 357, 408, 418, 421, 475-538.
408, 409, 413, 415, 499.
Diploma, Members,
Sachems,
kindled, 1872,
kindled, 1873,at
Indianapolis,
355;
428.
fire
fire
Demonstration, first public,258.

Great
Council
347;
Nashville, 350; Council
at
209,
kindled, 1869,
fire kindled, 1870,

Louis, 342; Council
Baltimore, 344; Council fire kindled, 1871,at
495~497"
lessons
fire
St.
369; Council
York,
Boston, 372; Council

Annapolis, 378; Council
fire
Easton, 381 ; Council

Atlantic
at
kindled,
fire
kindled,
fire
kindled,
Council
City, 385;
fire
Early Initiation Ceremonies, 204-206.
kindled, 1884, at Springfield,387; Council
Editors, List of, i,
kindled, 1885,
at
Elections,499-501.
kindled, 1886,
at
Errata, 538.
kindled, 1887, at Wilmington, 394; Council

kindled, 1888, at Chicago, 403; Council
fire
kindled, 1889, at
Baltimore, 406; Council
fire
kindled, 1890,
Boston, 409; Council

Cleveland, 413; Council
fire
Abode
Evil, The
3.
of,48, 75, 76, 78.

Work, 413.
the
of
Exemplification
F.
of
Simile
Fac
"
kindled, 1891,
General
Orders," 234.
'First
Organization,19,
247.
Five
Nations, The,
32, 35.
24,
kindled, 1892,
at
at
Elmira, 390;
Detroit, 392;
fire
Council
fire
Council
fire
fire
fire
Atlanta, 419.
at
Great
Spirit,The, 29,
z'6.-84;142, 144.
30,
46-48, 62, i".-8i
44,
360, 361, 406, 529, 530.

Flag, Official,
H.
Florida, 369, 372, 382, 387-389, 446.

Funeral
Ceremony,
Claflin, Proposal for
Hascall, Lee
294.
History,405,
G.
General
Morris
Gorham,
Grand
Sun
Great
Britain
34,
GREAT
H.,
of the
and
Councils, 475.
Date
of
Discovery, 320, 322.

the United
States, Peace
of,
OF
report
Homes
proposed, 390, 394, 417, 418.
Horton, R. G., 166.
introduction
organizationand
I.
to, 17,
fire
203, 210, 258,262,263,269;

kindled, 1847, at Baltimore, 281 ;
Council
fire
kindled, 1848, at Washington, 285 ;
20,
22,
Baltimore, 287;
fire
kindled, 1849,
Council
fire
cil
kindled, 1850, 289; SpecialCoun-
fire,294;
Council
fire
Council
at
Council
fire
fire
kindled, 1852, 297;

fire kindled, 1854,
kindled, 1853, 299; Council
Council
fire
kindled, 1855, 305;
Council
fire kindled,
kindled, 1856, 307; Council
fire kindled, 1858, 310;
J857, 309; Council
fire
Council
fire
kindled, 1859, 312;
kindled, 1860, 314;

Council
fire
fire not
fire
Council
1864, at Philadelphia,319;
1866, 323;
Council
337;
fire
cil
kindled, 1862, 317; Coun-
kindled,1863, 318; Council
1865, at Baltimore,
Council
kindled, 1861,
321
fire
Council
Council
Council
fire kindled,
fire kindled,
fire
kindled,
delphia,
kindled, 1867, at Philafire
kindled, 1868,
at
282, 407, 449-
211,
474-
Illinois, 293,
342,
353,
359,
396, 404, 406, 407, 432.

Iroquois, League of, 12, 24,
57,
kindled, 1851, 295;
Great, i, 19,
Incohonees, Past
197, 199,
Council
315;
302;
301,
of, 325-336, 403-420.
STATES:
UNITED
THE
Council
303;
of, 5; first proposed,
of committees
199.
17,
Theory
87COUNCIL
18,
Islands,364, 446.
Heaven, Indian conception of, 47, 48, 70.
HISTORY
for Grand
Laws
Official
an
415.
Hawaiian
365, 367, 369, 372, 377,
Georgia, 169, 353, 359,

394i 395. 4i8, 438.
412,
97,
363, 365, 367, 377,
25,
42,
32-40,
43,
53,
606-610.
Independent Order
of Red
Men, 292-294.
Indiana, 309, 337, 342, 363, 366, 377, 404,
432.
INDIAN:
of, 30, 31,

picture of, 25; government
ib. ; recklessness, ib. ;
honor,
wit,
98;
39-43;
justice (i), 09; magnanimity, ib. ; deception,
Pen
ib.; toleration,ib. ;
vs.
matrimony,
102;
shrewdness, z'".; equality,
100;
practice,ib. ;
torture,
ib. ;
whites,
ib. ;
107;
rules
of
justice(2)
character
notions
106;
among,
of
the
curiosity,
dence,
conversation, ib.; loss of confi-
ib.; self-esteem,108;
108, 109;
preaching
contrasted, 104;
suffering, 105;
success
103;
anecdotes, ib.,
signal barbarity,
no;
captivity of
INDEX.
Duston,
Hannah
records, r'3.-i3g;
111-114;
ORDER
Organization
adopted,
Maryland,
of
of
of
the
Legislatureof
of
United
discussion
i, 2, and
3,
the
District
States, 263;
i,
265,266; loss
of dates
268; another
of charters
version, 270-
Tribe, No.
Michigan, 339,
Minute
350,
310,
J.
274,
342,
2, 266.
Sachem),
438.
350,
212,
Philadelphia Society,208, 209,

215, 216-246.
214,
362, 425.
359,
Missouri, 293, 307, 311, 314, 324, 337, 434.

L., 188.
Mitchell, Dr. Samuel
Mock
Adoption, 410,
412.
Last
(Mohegans),
44,
46,
45,
of, 118-139.
in, 38.
50.
Muirhead, William, 19,
(firstGreat
T.
applications,538;
Mississippi,345, 347, 350, 355,

Minnesota, 359, 396, 445.
Mythology,
William
and
Montana, 390, 448.

Mothers, Land Titles descend
385, 388, 389, 390, 408, 433.
Introduction, 11-15.
Jones,
suspensions,
Book,
"Mohicans"
280.
Iowa,
Metamora
of
organization of the
Tribe, No.
Logan
records,and
of Nos.
Council
260, 261, 262;
Council
charter
calendar
247;
from
roll and
538.
errata,
public demonstration, 258;
253;
Columbia,
Great
charter
252;
for Great
charter
MEN:
Baltimore,
at
251,
537 '" withdrawals
RED
OF
from
twigging, vacancies, 536; visitation,

ing,
vot-
530;
Territory, 414, 448.
IMPROVED
stricken
525;
ment,
legends, 140-148.
Indian
621
273.
211,
268,
N.
278.
Jubilee Celebration,416-418.
of Officers, 204,
Names
206, 260, 282, 286, 288,
291, 296,298, 302, 305, 306-307, 308, 310, 311,

313, 315, 31?, 318-319, 32"", 322, 337, 34",
K.
Kansas, 350, 362, 365, 385, 388, 389, 390, 442.

Keepers of the Faith," 50, 67, 68, 72, 73.
363-364.369, 374,384" 389, 393.
357,
345, SSL
"
Kentucky, 299,
393, 406,
318,
305, 312, 314,
300,
321,
405, 412, 422.

337,
King Philip of
Nebraska,
the
Wampanoags,
Lafayette,General,visit of, 235-241.

Latham, Hugh, 199, 271, 286, 287, 295,
374,
445.
New
Mexico, 448.
New
Religion,The, by Ga-ne-o-di-yo,or
381,
45i-
363, 366, 382, 408, 414, 443.
Jersey, 169, 293, 295, 298, 299, 304, 312,

3'4, 318, 321, 337, 377, 392, 395,429.
New
25.
353, 359,
Hampshire, 169, 363, 379, 382, 404,
New
430.
Lake, the Seneca
some
Hand-
Sachem, 62-81.
Nevada, 345, 347, 350, 353, 404, 440.

New
York, 20, 156, 166, 169, 174, 182, 196, 209,
LEGISLATION:
Constitutions,539-587.
Logan Tribe, No. i, charter
of,265, 266.
Louisiana, 181, 293, 307, 311, 321, 337, 342, 345,

347. 360. 369. 382, 426.
296,
211,
287,
3",
347. 350. 377. 392, 4"4,
NOMENCLATURE
Of
293,
300,
305,
304,
428.
252;
money,
North
291,
290,
American
of the
Order, 611-618.
Indians
to
ineligible
ship,
Member-
M.
349.
Maine, 382, 404, 406, 410, 446.

Mandan
Chief, Robe of, 130.
Carolina, 169, 311, 314, 353, 355, 359. 385,

406, 410, 419, 430.
North
MANITTO:
O.
The
Ode
Great, 123;
Mark, 507, 508.
Marley, Richard,
to, 126.
19,
211,
228, 269, 271, 272, 295,
290, 293, 297, 299, 303, 305, 312, 314,

404.
24,
31,
154,
156, 157, 169, 293,
35", 353, 355, 375, 392, 395, 4"4,
Medicine
Duston,
Man,
27,
ORDER
337.
OF
of the
409, 4' 3, 443-
377,
RED
404,
12;
"Freedom,
Order
299,
304, 305, 312, 314,
318,
4"6, 43"-
MEN:
Perpetuates the
Improved
Mather, Dr. Cotton, Account

Hannah
318, 321,
321,
301.
(illustrated)348.
Ohio, 293, 297, 298,
the, 30, 57, 58, 102.

Maryland, 20, 149, 156, 157, 169, 183, 247, 253,
260, 263, 264, 265, 267, 276, 278, 286, 287,289,
Massachusetts,
Official Totem
14.
Chief of Records,
Office for Great
316, 342, 459.

Marriage customs,
337,341,
Order,
Objectsof the
original,n;
Hodenosaunee,
Friendship,and Charity,"
of, 19;
Ho-de-no-sau-nee,
13;
35.
Oregon, 345, 353, 404, 406, 419, 421, 439.

Origin of Motto, 13, 169, 170.
Captivityof
P.
111-114.
74, 141.
MEMBERSHIP:
Resident, 508; non-resident, 510; rejections,

reinstaterenunciation, and resignation,
524;
Passwords, 513, 514.

PAST
OFFICERS:
Sachems,
514;
Great
Sachems,
515;
Representatives,
516; vacancies, 536.
Great
INDEX.
622
Incohonees, Photographs of, 315, 316.
(duties of)i
SOCIETIES:
consolidation, ib.; costumes,
Great
Past
PATRIOTIC
18; Saint Tammany,
17,
Men,
Red
Great
like
498-499; diplomas, ib.; dues, ib.; elections,
of
152;
151,
R.
G.
the
Tammany
Cincinnati, #.-165;
Horton's
Incohonees, ib.; dismissal
certificates,
ib.-y"\; extinct Tribes, ib. ; forms, ib. ; fees,
St. Tamina
Society
Liberty, 153-162: Society of the
Act, etc.,
Sons
of
acts,
494;
ib.; Council
Religion,
Order
English
various
150;
149,
Stamp
and
18; the New
origin of the Improved
62-81;
#.-493;
Councils,
Brand, 495; dating, z'".;Degrees,

z"}.-497;Deputy Great Sachems, and Deputy
organization,
of
Prefatory definition,6; date
ib.-tfft;committees,
ib.; funds, 502; State Great
ib.,503
account
,
Councils
honors, ib.,504
(how
Act
posed)
com-
of incorporation,
formation
of the
New
York,
of
166-170; Tammany
St.
Tamina
Society,185-187;
Association
Samuel
L.
the
variations
195;
Society of
Order
of Red
Penalties
Men
of
raphy,
orthogappears,
between
the
and
1771,
in
Men"
connecting link
196, 197;
Tamina
"Red
of Indian
St.
the
31,
60.
175, 177, 178, 196, 201,

287, 288, 290, 291, 293, 297, 299, 304, 305,
312, 314, 318, 321, 337, 377, 392, 395, 404, 424.
Peter, G. A. (founder), 268, 280, 301, 320, 454.
2IO,
Writings (illustrated),
115, 116,
128, 129,
127,
POCAHONTAS
117,
jig,
of
of
Tribe, No.
267; degree of, 22,
3,
298,
508-510;
residents,
non-
Parliamentary law, ib.-$\\\
past chiefs,514-516:
ib. ; forfeiture
fund, ib.; penalties,
charters, 517;
diem
per
mileage, ib.,
and
518; phraseology (calendar), ib. ; printingof

records
supplies,519;
and
of
ing
ib.; Rais-
quorum,
records, ib.
chiefs, 520;
regalia,521-
',
renunciation, and
rejections,
from
the
Day,
Tammany
and
tax
returns,
527;
stricken
resignation,
representation, ib.-
ib., 525;
reinstatement,
suspensions, 530;
of chiefs, ib. ;
terms
531;
$.-529;
revenue,
roll,and
Tribes, ib.; twigging, 536;
trials,532-535;
vacancies, ib. ; visitation,537
Rhode
giftenterprises,
or
order, #.-513;
permanent
withdrawals
140.
130,
rules
ib.; insurance,
relics,
lotteries
ib.; membership,
ib. ;
524;
Rules,
Pennsylvania,156, 169,
Picture
ib.; Mark,
Improved
1834, 198.
of Infractions
laws, ib. -507;
habitants'
In-
Tammany's
on
paper
name,
Oldest
188; Dr.
certificate,
and
Mitchell's
Saint, ib.-iw,
Patron
ib.,505; Indian
ib. ;
history, it.-iS^; origin of
contemporaneous
the
Societyof
Society and
voting, ib. ;
538.
errata,
Island, 169, 293,
350,
375,
392,
393,
395,
405, 441.
404,
303,
and
356, 368, 391, 394, 395, 396. 4"4, 4""" 4"8, 41",
496-497, 523-5241 581-587: History
421,
S.
414,
Skinner, John S., 185, 187.
of, 588-594Preamble, Red
Society of Pennsylvania,
Men's
201.
Preface, 5, 6,
Shallus, Francis, 213, 215.

Six Nations, 32, 91.
SOCIETY
7.
Of
Proxy Representation,
289.
second
R.
140,
the
141.
G.
295;
Red
full
S., 286;
U.
distinctive,
341,
of, 294,
specifications
of
521-524.
Indian
white
REVISED
G.
C. U.
C.
U.
S., ib. ;
id. ;
S., 475;
laws
duties
of
by-laws
for Great
general
appeals, ib. ; appeals
benefits,477;
as
Degree
regards
Commissioner,
ib.; ceremonies,
481-483; travelling,
483; certified receipts, ib. ; charters, #.-486;

charges (see trials),486;
Chiefs
(of Great
Council), (of Tribe), (of
Degree
Council),
(of
Degree
of
Pocahontas),
(eligibility),
of
157,
South
478;
drawal,
Councils, 481; cards, with-
Sons
cils,
Coun-
appropriations,ib.\ arrears, 479; assessments,

ib.; applicationfor aid, it.; authority, ib.;
Beneficial
the
222,
G.
Pa., Albany,
N.Y.,
208;
207,
Tribes
Baltimore,
lost, 213,
records
201
ib.initiation,
Charleston, S.C.,
adopted, 216;
men
Songs,
DIGEST:
Constitution
of
list of
214;
documentary
dence,
evi-
217-246.
Revenue, 527-529.
and
at
ib., 211
Representation, 525-527.
Returns, Tax
ceremonies
Books, z""J.-2io;ancient
Reading,
Md.,
Mother's, 48.
Tribe
early Minute
Primitive,23-148.
Men,
Requiem,
the
206;
C.
Society of Pennsylvania,
Men's
Red
in
epoch
first officers,
204;
Red-jacket, 62, 81-87.

REGALIA
Red
history of, 199; the

Preamble
of
Fort Mifflin organization,ib.,200;
Men,
Rainmakers, The,
of
Cincinnati, 162, 163, 165;
the
223,
224,
229;
Liberty, 18,
Free
"
Men's
Red
Easy,"
and
221,
Pocahontas, 593-594.
20,
118, 153,
158, 159, 160, 161, 162,
177,
154,
155,
156,
184, 196.
Carolina, 160, 169, 355, 388, 389, 394, 395,
412,
414,
St. Tamina
444.
Day,
20,
177,
201,
531.
SPEECHES:
Of
Handsome
ii.-Sj;
of
Lake, 62-81;
Ho-na-ya-wus,
ib.-9"; Corn
or
of
Red-jacket,
Farmer's
Planter, 89-91; Black
Brother,
Thunder,
Hawk's
; Captain
Lament, t'i.-qs
Pipe, $.-97; Logan, the Mingo Chief, #.-98;
z2.-93; Black
Last
of the Mohicans
(Mohegans), 118-139.

History of The Improved Order of Red Men - Charles Litchman 1893

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History of The Improved Order of Red Men - Charles Litchman 1893

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HISTORY

give anything original in

Decisions, Laws, Rulings, etc., of the Great

traditions of the Tribes

skill, they had

good advice, created

equalityof rights with a

fealtyand the compact

departing race, ours because

Nay, prevents the need

its birth,the idea that all

brought closer together

his brothers, who

for his widow

taught in the speaking books

shall feel the

George W. Lindsay, of Maryland, collected

historical fact, to consider

fair to all interests

origin of the Order dated back even

States, that the

epochs. First, that of tradition;

important date, a party of

fact will be recalled,

services,and the well-known

that the customs

and, indeed, some

devastated, their wigwams

exists only in tradition,

Order, then, will be

Societyof Red Men, whose

authorityto their proceedings. In

503, Vol. V., Record

the soldiers,and the I2th

originaladdition can be made to the result of

historyhas been able to record, there

Massachusetts, the largestof

cities, states, mountains, lakes,

imaginations of the earlysettlers.

they supplanted. The Maquas, or Mohawks,

of the tribes had

piece. In winter they used snowshoes, which

generallytall and well

hair,cut short in front but allowed

long behind, and with

frightfulforms pictured upon him,

children,and managing the domestic

planted,reaped, housed, and threshed their corn,

abundantly supthey were

pitched their wigwams,

in winter, for the

they had burnt

the best timber

iron mines, and

world, yet the only use

country full of copper

since the Indians

deep, they impaled him

largebags at low water,

being acquainted with

deer, bears, and

in his distress,relief would

curious and interesting.