Heat and Mass Transfer Process

GNEG 353
Dr. P. Vijay,
Asst. Prof. (SG)
Dept. of Chem. Engg.

January 20, 2014

1 / 28

Overview

Syllabus

Introduction

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Problems

2 / 28

Syllabus

Syllabus I

Introduction
Definition of heat; Modes of Heat Transfer; Basic Laws of heat
transfer; Electrical Analog of heat conduction; Conduction through
composite walls; Overall heat transfer coefficient.
Conduction
The general conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates; Steady one
dimensional heat conduction without internal heat generation; The
plane slab; The cylindrical shell; The spherical shell; Critical thickness
of insulation. Fins of uniform cross-section; Governing equation;
Temperature distribution and heat dissipation rate; Efficiency and
effectiveness of fins.

3 / 28

Syllabus

Syllabus II
Convection
Free and forced convection; Newtons law of cooling; Convective heat
transfer coefficient; Nusselt number; Dimensional analysis of free and
forced convection; The concept of boundary layer; Hydrodynamic and
thermal boundary layer; Analysis of free convection; Governing
equations for velocity and temperature fields. Relation between fluid
friction and heat transfer, Reynolds analogy, Dimensionless number;
Reynolds, Prandtl, Nusselt, Grashoff and Stanton numbers and their
significance, Heat transfer with change of phase; Nusselt theory of
laminar film condensation.
Radiation
Theories of thermal radiation; Absorption, reflection and transmission;
Monochromatic and total emissive power; Black body concept;
Plancks distribution law; Stefan Boltzman law; Wiens displacement
law; Lamberts cosine law; Kirchoffs law.
4 / 28

Syllabus

Syllabus III

Heat Exchangers
Introduction; Classification of Heat exchangers; Logarithmic mean
temperature difference; Area calculation for parallel and counter flow
heat exchangers; Effectiveness of heat exchangers; NTU method of
heat exchanger design; Applications of heat exchangers.
Diffusion in fluids
Molecular and eddy diffusion; Diffusivity, Diffusion through liquids
and gases.

5 / 28

Syllabus

Text Books
1

Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, Ninth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill

International, 2002.
Frank P Incropera and David P DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
U.S.A
Robert E Treybal, Mass Transfer Operations, Third Edition, McGraw
Hill International, 1981
Donald Q Kern, Process Heat Transfer, Third Edition, McGraw Hill
International, 1995.

References
1

John H. Lienhard IV and V, A heat transfer textbook, Phlogiston

Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A
Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A
Suhas V Patankar, Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow, Taylor and
Francis, 1980.
6 / 28

Introduction

Introduction
Heat is a form of energy
Heat flow depends on the temperature difference.
The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers called heat transfer.
Modes of heat transfer
1
2
3

Conduction
Convection
Radiation

7 / 28

Conduction

Introduction
How does heat pass through different materials?

Particles in a solid are always vibrating. If the solid gets hotter, the
particles vibrate more.
Note: the particles dont swap places, or move around they just vibrate
more on the spot.
8 / 28

Conduction

Conductor and Insulator I

Conduction is the transfer of heat through materials by the direct
contact of matter.
Dense metals like copper and aluminum are very good thermal
conductors.

A thermal insulator is a material that conducts heat poorly.

9 / 28

Conduction

Conductor and Insulator II

Heat flows very slowly through the plastic so that the temperature of
your hand does not rise very much.

Styrofoam gets its insulating ability by trapping spaces of air in

bubbles.
Solids usually are better heat conductors than liquids, and liquids are
better conductors than gases.
10 / 28

Conduction

Conductor and Insulator III

The ability to conduct heat often depends more on the structure of a

material than on the material itself.
Solid glass is a thermal conductor when it is formed into a beaker or
cup.
When glass is spun into fine fibers, the trapped air makes a thermal
insulator.
11 / 28

Conduction

Conductor and Insulator IV

12 / 28

Conduction

Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they are both at
the same temperature?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator.

Metal conducts the heat away from your hands.
Wood does not conduct the heat away from your hands as well as the
metal, so the wood feels warmer than the metal.
13 / 28

Conduction

Thermal Conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a material describes how well the material

conducts heat.

14 / 28

Conduction

Heat conduction through a material

Qcond

(T1 T2 )
1

L
A(m2 )
Qcond (W ) = k(?)
((T1 T2 )(K ))
L(m)
Qcond
(T1 T2 )
00
qcond
=
=k
= k dT
dx
A
L

(1)
(2)

15 / 28

Convection

Introduction I
Convection is the transfer of heat by the actual motion of a fluid (liquid or
gas) in the form of currents

16 / 28

Convection

Examples I

Convection in a gas occurs

because gas expands when
heated.
Convection occurs because
currents flow when hot gas rises
and cool gas sink.
Convection in liquids also occurs
because of differences in density.

17 / 28

Convection

Examples II

Where is the freezer

compartment put in a fridge?
It is put at the top, because
cool air sinks, so it cools the
food on the way down.
It is warmer at the bottom, so
this warmer air rises and a
convection current is set up.

18 / 28

Convection

Types

When the flow of gas or liquid

comes from differences in
density and temperature, it is
called free convection.
When the flow of gas or liquid is
circulated by pumps or fans it is
called forced convection.

19 / 28

Convection

Convection depends on surface

area.
Convection depends on speed.
Motion increases heat transfer
by convection in all fluids.

If the surface contacting the

fluid is increased, the rate of
heat transfer also increases.
Almost all devices made for
convection have fins.

20 / 28

Convection

Heat convection equation

Qconv

A
T1 T2

Qconv (W ) = h(?)A(m2 )(T1 T2 )[K ]

(3)

Newtons law of cooling

k W /mK and h W /m2 K
Convection energy balance on a flow channel

q = mc
p (T1 T2 )

(4)
21 / 28

Radiation

Introduction I
How does heat from the sun get to Earth?

22 / 28

Radiation

Introduction II

Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves.

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic waves (including light) produced
by objects because of their temperature.
The higher the temperature of an object, the more thermal radiation
it gives off.
We do not see the thermal radiation because it occurs at infrared
wavelengths invisible to the human eye.
Objects glow different colors at different temperatures.

23 / 28

Radiation

Electromagnetic Spectrum

24 / 28

Radiation

Radiant Heat equation

Qrad

A
T

Qrad (W ) = (??)A(m2 )T 4 [K 4 ]

(5)

Stefan Boltzmann Law

= 5.67 108 ????

25 / 28

Problems

Problems I

One face of a copper plate 3 cm thick is maintained at 400 C, and

the other face is maintained at 100 C. How much heat is transferred
through the plate? Given: Thermal conductivity of copper is 370
W/m C at 250 C.
Air at 20 C blows over a hot plate 50 by 75 cm maintained at 250
C. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 . C.
Calculate the heat transfer.
Assuming that the plate is made of carbon steel (1%) 2 cm thick and
that 300 W is lost from the plate surface by radiation, calculate the
inside plate temperature. k = 43 W/m C.

26 / 28

Problems

Problems II
4

An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10

cm long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric
pressure, and the current is increased until the water boils. For this
situation h = 5000 W/m2 . C, and the water temperature will be 100
W/m C. How much electric power must be supplied to the wire to
maintain the wire surface at 114 C?
Two infinite black plates at 800 C exchange heat by radiation.
Calculate the heat transfer per unit area.
A horizontal steel pipe having a diameter of 5 cm is maintained at a
temperature of 50 C in a large room where the air and wall
temperature are at 20 C. The surface emissivity of the steel may be
taken as 0.8. Using the data given, calculate the total heat lost by
the pipe per unit length. h = 6.5 W/m2 . C.

27 / 28

Problems

d2 y
dy
+ 15y = 0
8
2
dx
dx

(6)

Solution:



d 2 8d + 15 = 0

(7)

Auxillary equation

(8)

m 8m + 15 = 0

(9)

m(m 3) 5(m 3) = 0

(10)

m = 3, 5

(11)

y = C1 e

3x

+ C2 e

5x

(12)

28 / 28