CHAPTER 5

The Indefinite Integral

We are already familiar with inverse operations. Addition and subtraction are operations
that are inverse of each other, as well as multiplication and division. This chapter of our
course work will be about discussing the inverse of differentiation, called antidifferentiation.
Definition: An anti-derivative of a function f is any function F whose derivative
F f .

From our definition, two functions f and F may be related as follows

d
F ( x ) f ( x).
dx

If this relation holds, f is called the derivative of F and F an anti-derivative of f .

What shall be of concern to us is given f (x ) , find F ( x) , such that

d
F ( x ) f ( x ) is
dx

satisfied. For instance, if f ( x ) 8 x 7 , we may choose F ( x ) x 8 and check that

d
d
F ( x)
( x 8 ) 8 x 7 f ( x ).
dx
dx

If f ( x) Sin x , we then choose F ( x ) Cos x and then check that

d
d
F ( x)
(Cos x) ( Sin x) Sin x f ( x ).
dx
dx

We shall develop general methods in this chapter for finding F appropriate to a given f
.
Note: Differentiation and anti-differentiation are inverse processes. While a function has
at most one derivative, it may have many anti-derivatives.
For example, is F ( x) x 5 defines an anti-derivative F of the function f whose value
d
F ( x ) 5 x 4 f ( x ) . But note carefully that x 5 7 and x 5 3
dx
d 5
d 5
( x 7)
( x 3 ) 5 x 4 f ( x). In
also defines anti-derivative of f , because,
dx
dx
d
F ( x) 5 x 4 , then F ( x) x 5 C , where C is an arbitrary constant, defines a
fact, if
dx
whole family of anti-derivatives of f . It can be proved that F ( x) C , where F is any

is f ( x) 5 x 4 , since,

particular anti-derivative of f and C is an arbitrary constant, defines all possible antiderivatives of the function f .

Let F be an anti-derivative of f and C any constant. Observe that

d
d
d
( F ( x) C
F ( x)
C f ( x) 0 f ( x).
dx
dx
dx

We can therefore, conclude that F ( x ) C is also an anti-derivative of f if F itself is

an anti-derivative of f . As a matter of fact, every anti-derivative of f is of this form,
that is, F ( x) C , for some constant C.
In view of this, we may introduce the notation
f ( x)dx to denote F ( x) C , the collection of all anti-derivatives of f , and we write

f ( x ) dx F ( x ) C .

Where,

C
f

is the indefinite integral of f

the constant of integration
the integrand
the integral sign.

f ( x ) dx

The process of finding

Now, to find

x 3 dx ,

f ( x ) dx

we look for an anti-derivative of x 3 , which is

d x4
4x3

x 3 . Thus,
dx 4
4

To find

xdx ,

for a given function f is called integration.

3
x dx

x4
, because
4

x4
C.
4

we look for an anti-derivate of

x , which is

x2
, since
2

d x2
2x

x.
dx 2
2

Thus, we have that

xdx

x2
C.
2

In general, for each real number n, n 1,

have that

dx

x n 1
C , n 1.
n 1

Examples
1.

10
x dx

x 11
C
11

d x n 1
xn

(n 1)
x n , we therefore,
dx n 1
n 1

x 2
2x x
x
dx

C
C.

2.
3
3
2
1
1

5
2
5
2
6
3. 17 x 10 x 6 2 x dx 17 x dx 10 x dx x dx 2 x 2 dx
x

= 17 x 5 dx 10 x 2 dx x 6 dx 2 x 2 dx
6

17 x
10 x
1
4

5 x x C.
6
3
3
5x

Basic Properties of Indefinite Integra

1. Kf ( x)dx K f ( x) dx, for any K
2.
3.

f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx

If we recall some of the results of differentiation from our last chapter, we can generate
several basic integration formulae.
1.

Sin x

2.

Sin kx dx

3.

Cos x

4.

Cos kx dx

dx Cos x C

Cos kx
C
k

dx Sin x C

Sin kx
C
k

Sec x dx tan x C
Sec x tan x dx Sec x C
7. Co sec x dx cot x C
8. Co sec xCotx dx Co sec x C
2

5.
6.

9.

x
a dx

ax
C
ln a

x
x
10. e dx e C

11.

x dx ln x C

12.

13.

1 x

1
1 x

***********

dx Sin 1 x C

dx tan 1 x C

14.

15.

dx
1
x
tan 1 C
2
a
a
x
dx

(a x )
2

sin 1

a, is a constant. **************

x
C
a

a, is a constant. *************

Selected Integral from table

If we have

f ( x)

g ( x) dx, and

Then the integral =

dg ( x) f ( x) dx

ln x C .

E.g.

1
dx. g ( x) x and dg ( x) 1 f ( x)
i. x

ii.

1
dx ln x C
x

2x

dx. g ( x ) x 2 and dg ( x ) 2 x f ( x )

2x
dx ln x 2 C.
2
x

iii.

iv.

v.

16 x 2
2

dx

1
42 x 2

dx Sin 1

x
C. Using rule 15.
4

1
1
1
1
x
dx
dx 2
dx tan 1 C. Using rule 14.
2
2
3
3
9
9 x
3 x
dx

2x 5

dx

( x 1)
=

. By completing the square of the denominator.

dx
1
( x 1)
tan 1
C. Using rule 14.
2
2 ( x 1)
2
2
2

At time when integrating some trigonometry functions we sometime turn to trig. Identity.
For instance integrating Sin 2 x and Cos 2 x .
i.e.

Sin

x dx

1 Cos 2 x
dx
2

1
(1 Cos 2 x)dx
2

1
1
dx Cos 2 xdx

2
2

1
1 Sin x
x
C
2
2 2

x Sin 2 x

C
2
4

Exercises:
x x x
dx .
x2
1 x2 1
dx .
2. Evaluate
1 x2
x 2 3x 1
dx
3. Evaluate
x4

1. Evaluate

4. Evaluate

16 x

5. Evaluate

15 4 x 4 x

dx
2

dx

Some Integration technique

So far we have been involved with integration that has to do with the rules from our table
with some little adjustments. But at times we encounter some integration that are difficult
to integrate directly. We first of all see what can be done to such integration to make it
look like the ones we are use to and then we proceed as usual.
Integration by substitution
We mentioned in our last lecture that integral of some functions cannot be found by
directly applying the standard formulae and the basic properties of integration.
We therefore wish to find some techniques that will enable us to find f ( x ) dx , where
f belongs to a bigger class of functions. We start by looking at the method of
substitution. We would return to the technique of previous lecture when related
technique is being treated.
The basic idea behind integration by substitution is to introduce a suitable substitution so
that the original integral can be transformed to one that fits into one of our standard
formulae. This method is justified by the following result.

Let I f ( x) dx.
Then,

dI
f (x).
dx

If we assume
have

x to be a function of another variable t , by applying the chain rule, we

dI dI dx
dx

.
f ( x) .
dt dx dt
dt

thus,

or

dI

dt dt

f ( x) dt dt

dx

dx

f ( x)dx f ( x) dt dt .

Examples.
1. Find

(3x 5)

10

dx

dt
dx 1
3 or

dx
dt
3
dx
10
10
dt
Thus, 3 x 5 dx 3 x 10
dt
1
1 t 11
1
1
3x 5 11 C .
= t 10 dt t 10 dt . C
3
3 11
33
3
Let t 3 x 5. then

2.

Find

Sin

xCos x dx

dt

dx

Let t Sin x, then dx Cos x or dt cos x

dx
dt
dt
1
t8
Sin 8 x
Sin 7 xCosx.
dt t 7 dt C
C
Cosx
8
8

Thus,

3.

Sin

x Cos x dx

Find

tan x dx .

Sin

x Cos x

Sin x

tan x dx Cos x dx
dt

dx

Let t Cos x, then dx Sin x or dt Sin x

Sin x

Sin x dx
dt
dt

Cos x dx Cos x
4.

Find

9x
3 x2

dx

Sin x
1
1

dt dt ln t C ln Cos x C.
t
sin x
t

2
Let t 3 x , then

But,

9x

9
t
2

3 x
1

dt

dx

9
2x
9
2 x dx
9 2x 1
9
dx
dt
.
dt dt

2
2
t
2
2
2
2
t 2x
3 x
3 x dt

1
2

9t
C 9 t C 9 3 x2 C
1
2
2

e tan x
dx
Find
1 Sin x 1 Sin x

5.
But,

e tan x
e tan x
e tan x

Sec 2 xe tan x
1 Sin x 1 Sin x 1 Sin 2 x Cos 2 x

Therefore,

sec

e tan x

1 Sin x 1 Sin x dx

Let t tan x,

dt
dx
1
2 x or

.
dx
dt
2x

sec

xe tan x dx

dt
dx
1
sec 2 x or

dx
dt sec 2 x

xe tan x dx

Sec 2 xe tan x

dx
1
dt sec 2 x et
dt et dt et C e tan x C
2
dt
sec x

Try:
i.

x
ln 2 x
x2
Cosx
Sec x tan x
dx . ii.
dx. iii. e x e dx. iv.
dx. v.
dx. vi. e x 1 e x dx
2
x
1 Sin x
1 2 sec x
x 4

Integration by Parts
Let u and v be two functions of
d
uv u dv v du .
dx
dx
dx

integrating both sides w.r.t.

uv u

dv
du
dx v
dx
dx
dx

x . The product rule of differentiation gives

x , we have
or

dv

du

u dx dx uv v dx dx.

dv
and to obtain a slightly different
dx
dv
version of the above result, we consider u and
as being the first and second
dx
dv
parts of the product, noting that, if
is 2nd function, v 2nd function. .
dx

Remark: The product to be integrated is u

The formula is then

1st

2nd 1st 2nd [ derivative of 1st 2nd ] .

Note finally, that to use this formula very well,

One function, 2nd, must be integrable

The other function, 1st, is never integrated.

To therefore use this method to integrate the product of two functions, we first look for a
function that can be integrated immediately. If there is only one, this is taken to be the 2nd
function; if both functions are integrable, we generally choose as the 1st function the one
which simplifies most on differentiation.
Examples:
x
1. Find xe dx
Sol.: Both x and e x are easily integrable, but
have,

x is simpler to differentiate, thus we

d
e x dx [ x e x dx]dx
x
xe dx x x dx x x x x
xe 1 e dx xe e C e x 1 C
2.

Find

x Cos 4 x dx

Sol.:
d

xCos 4 x dx x Cos 4 xdx [ dx x Cos 4 x dx]dx

xSin4 x
Sin 4 x
xSin4 x 1
xSin 4 x 1 Cos 4 x
1
dx
Sin 4 x dx

4
4
4
4
4
4
4

xSin 4 x Cos 4 x

C.
4
16

3.
Sol.:

Find

tan

tan

x dx

x dx

tan

tan 1 x 1 dx [

x 1 dx

d
tan 1 x 1 dx]dx
dx

x
dx
1 x2
1
2x
x tan 1 x
dx
2 1 x2
x tan 1 x

x tan 1 x

4.
Sol.

Find

1
ln 1 x 2 C .
2

Cosx dx

d
e x Cosx dx]dx e x Sinx e x Sinx dx
dx
d x
e x Sinx [e x Sinx [
e Sinx dx]dx] e x Sinx [e x Cosx e x Cosx dx]
dx

e x Cosx [

e Cosx e Sinx e Cosx e

2 e Cosx dx e Sinx Cosx
e x Sinx Cosx
e x Cosx dx
x

Cosx dx

Try:

xSin

x dx

and Ex.14( h i )

of Bunday.

Integration of rational algebraic fractions

Here we are concern with fractions whose numerator and denominator each contain only
positive integral powers of x with constant coefficients. If the numerator is of the same or
higher degree than the denominator, we divide out, such that we now have one or more
terms in x, x 2 , or a constant, this we can now integrate.
Example.
1. Evaluate

2. Evaluate

x2
1

dx x 1
dx
x 1
x
1

1
dx
= x dx dx
x 1
x2
= x ln( x 1) C .
2

x3
1

dx x 2 x 1
dx
x 1
x
1

x3 x2
x ln( x 1) C .
=
3
2

Try
a.

x 1 dx

b.

t2
dt
1 3t

Integration by partial fraction

Consider integrals of the form

c.

2 x

1 x dx

P( x)

( x a)( x b) dx , where a and b are real numbers and P(x) is a polynomial. Note also
that the denominator ( x a)( x b) x 2 (a b) x ab is also a polynomial of order
two. If P(x) is of order at most one, then

P( x)
kx e

, where k and e are real constants (k may be zero). If P(x)

( x a )( x b) ( x a )( x b)

is of order at least two, we obtain by division that

P ( x)
kx e
r ( x)
, where r ( x) is a polynomial and k and e are
( x a)( x b)
( x a )( x b)

real constants. So that,

kx e

p ( x)

x a x b dx r ( x)dx x a x b dx
found readily (easily). Thus, to find
kx e

and the integral

r ( x) dx can be

p ( x)

x a x b dx, it remains to find

x a x b dx .
Hence, the essential integral we have to deal with is the following

kx e
x a x b dx.......................................................... *

The method of partial fractions is used to find integrals of this type.

Examples.
1.

x 1 x 2 dx

Find

Soln. Here k in * is zero.

We set

3
A
B

x 1 x 2 x 1 x 2

Multiplying the above identity by x 1 x 2 , we have 3 A( x 2) B ( x 1).

Putting x 1, we have 3 3 A or A 1
Putting x 2, we have 3 3B or B 1
Therefore,

x 1 x 2

1
1

x 1 x 2

So that,
3

x 1 x 2 dx x 1 dx x 2 dx
ln( x 1) ln( x 2) C
x 1
C.
x 2

ln

2. Find

3x 5
dx
x 12

Soln.
We set

3x 5
3x 5
A
B

x 2 x 12 x 3 x 4 x 3 x 4

We have that

3 x 5 A( x 4) B ( x 3)
put x 3, we have 14 7 A or A 2.
put x 4, we have 7 7 B or B 1.
3x 5
2
1
thus, 2

x x 12
x 3 x 4

So that,
3x 5
2
1
x 2 x 12 dx x 3 dx x 4 dx
2 ln( x 3) ln( x 4) C
ln( x 3) 2 ( x 4) C.

3.find

5 x 2 3 x 13
x 1 x 2 4 dx

Soln.
Given

p( x)

q( x) dx

and the polynomial q ( x ) is the product of a linear factor and a

quadratic product we set our given rational fractions as follows

5 x 2 3 x 13
A
Bx C

2
We set
2
x 1 x 4 x 1 x 4
i.e.

5 x 2 3 x 13 A x 2 4 Bx C x 1
putting x 1, we have 5 A 5 3 13 15 or A 3.
putting x 0, we have13 4a C or C 13 4 A 13 12 1
putting , x 1. we have 5 3 13 5 A 2( B C )
i.e. B 2.

So that,
5 x 3 3 x 13
2x 1
3
x 1 x 2 4 dx x 1 x 2 4 dx
1
2x
1
3
dx 2
dx 2
dx
x 1
x 4
x 4
3 ln( x 1) ln( x 2 4)

4.find

22 5 x 3 5 x 4
dx
x 1 x 2

1
x
tan 1 C
2
2

Soln. Here the numerator is of higher order than the denominator, so we first divide.
This division can be carried out using the technique of partial fractions. How? By
expecting our given rational, we noticed that the highest power of x obtained by
division is x 2 and so we allow for this and lower powers of x , including the
constant in the partial fractions. Thus we set
22 5 x 3 5 x 4
D
E
Ax 2 Bx C

x 1 x 2
x 1 x 2

i.e.

22 5 x 3 5 x 4 Ax 2 Bx C x 1 x 2 D x 2 E x 1
x 1

with 12 0 3D 0

or D 4

with x 2

18 0 0 3E or E 6

the other constants are found by equating the coefficient of various power of

x.

For coefficient of x 4 , 5 A .
For the constant terms,
22 2C 2 D E
2C 2(4) 6
2C 8 6

C 10

when x 1

22 ( A B C )(2)(1) D (1) E ( 2)
( B 15)(2) 4 12
22 2 B 22
B0

Hence,
22 5 x 3 5 x 4
4
6
2
x 1 x 2 dx (5 x 10)dx x 1 dx x 2 dx
5
x 3 10 x 4 ln( x 1) 6 ln( x 2) C
3

Remark: In dealing with integration of rational algebraic fractions, we should take

note of the following.
If the numerator has a higher degree than the denominator, we first divide out
using long division or any other suitable method. The various terms and the
remainder should be such that can be easily integrated.
When the denominator is of second degree and does not resolve into rational
factors and the denominator is (i). a constant and (ii) linear. We did not discuss
this but see Burday pg 258-259.
When the denominator resolves into rational factors of the first and second
degree we make use of partial fraction and integrate as usual.

Definite Integrals
Integral calculus is a study of two basic problems:
d
F ( x) f ( x ).
dx

Given a function f , find a function F such that

Given a curve y f (x ), find the area of the shaded portion.

Diagram.
The first problem leads to the study of indefinite integral; this we have done extensively
in the last section of this course. The second problem leads to the study of definite
integral. This is our focus in this section.
Definite integral as the limit of a sum.
Let f be a function defined on a closed interval a, b . We wish to find the area A of the
shaded region shown below.
Diagram.
Suppose the interval a, b is divided into n equal subinterval
x0 , x1 , x1 , x2 , x2 , x3 , x3 , x4 ,..., xn1 , xn where x0 a and xn b.
Clearly, each subinterval is of length

ba
. Denote this number by x. On each
n

subinterval, construct a rectangle as shown below

Diagram.
Note that,
The area of 1st rectangle = f ( x1 )x
The area of 2nd rectangle = f ( x2 )x

the area of nth rectangle= f ( xn ) x .

If we let S n be the total area of these n rectangles, we have
S n f ( x1 )x f ( x2 )x ... f ( xn ) x.
Clearly, S n is an approximation to A.

S n A as n
i.e A lim n x S n
lim ( f ( x1 ) x f ( x2 ) x ... f ( xn )x )
n

lim f ( xi ) x
i 1

The value of A depends on both f and a, b and is denoted by

b

f ( x)dx .
a

Thus, A lim
f ( xi )x a f ( x)dx.
n
i 1

We call

f ( x )dx the definite integral of f on a, b.

Where,
F the integrand
a the lower limit
b the upper limit

the integral sign.

Some Properties of Definite Integral

a

f ( x)dx 0
a

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx, where k is a real cons tan t
a

f ( x) g ( x) dx

f ( x ) dx g ( x ) dx

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx, where c is any cons tan t

Fundamental theorem of calculus

1. if f is continuous at every point of a, b and F is any antiderivative of f on
b

a, b , then

f ( x) dx F (b) F (a ).

2.

If f is continuous on a, b and F ( x ) f (t )dt has a derivative at every

a

point of a, b and

dF
d

f (t )dt f ( x ), a x b.
dx dx a

The proof these theorem are omitted.

Examples.
2

1.

Evaluate

5xdx .
0

Sol.
x2
5
xdx

5
xdx

5
2
0
0

2.

Evaluate

3x
0

22 0
5 2 0 10.
2 2

5
0

x 5 dx

Sol.
2

3x

3x

3
3

2
2

If

5 x 0 8 2 10 0
2

3.

x 5 dx 3 x 2 dx xdx 5dx

f ( x) dx 3 and

f ( x )dx 5, what is

Sol.
7

f ( x) dx

f ( x)dx

4.Evaluate

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
7

f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx 5 3 8

2 Cosx Sec 2 x dx .

Sol.

2 Cosx Sec 2 x dx 2 Cosx dx Sec 2 x dx

2 Sinx 0 4 tan x 0 4

2
0 1 0 2.
2

Exercises
0

1. 3 x
1

5 x dx.

2. Cosx dx

f ( x)dx ?

3. x Sinx dx
0