VISION IAS

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Approach Answer: General Studies Mains Mock Test 8 621 (2015)

Section A
Answer questions in NOT MORE than the word limit specified for each in the parenthesis. Content of the
answer is more important than its length.
1.

(a) If instead of insisting on rights everyone does his duty, there will immediately be the rule of order
established among mankind. - Mahatma Gandhi. Bring out what this statement means to you in the
present context. (150 words)
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Approach:
The quote given by M. Gandhi emphasizes the importance of duty based ethics for restoring peace
and order in world which got destabilized due to overemphasis on claims rather than duty and
responsibility in current scenario.
The answer can be framed in following manner:
Explain the broad/general idea of the quote as introduction.
Explain the present context which justifies the moral idea behind the quote.
Describe how the idea can be useful in resolving the moral conflicts in different areas of life
e.g. public (politics, governance, community) and personal.
Answer:
Increasing politicisation of social life is a defining feature of contemporary society. In politics, different
section of society contest for social issues/resources/dignity and struggle to win their rights. While this
process does provide rights to few, the struggle for claims promotes declining importance of duty and
responsibility in social conduct of citizen. It also led to moral eclipse of individual and social groups which
disturbs the peace and harmony in social order by creating conflict for resources/respect. Hence, there is
fundamental importance of asserting the importance of duty and responsibility to restore the peace and
harmony in society.
Our constitution under democratic system provides elaborate fundamental rights to every citizen which
is justifiable while fundamental duties are not justifiable. Hence, any citizens are not accountable with
regard to following their duties. In present context with rising expectation of people from their political
system, people are increasingly struggling for their rights at the cost of their responsibilities towards
society. This asymmetry is disrupting peace and harmony in society due to mutual conflict it breeds e.g.
intercaste conflict, inter religious conflict, bureaucracy/citizen conflict, business/labour conflict, conflict
in gender relations etc. In this scenario, if citizens and social groups understand their responsibility and
perform their duty many of above conflicts can be resolved in following way.

The sense of duty and responsibility in individuals towards nation will help in inculcating value of
nondiscrimination on grounds of caste which can reduce intercaste political conflict.
Similar sense of nondiscrimination on religious grounds will reduce role of religion in politics.

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If both bureaucracy and citizen understand their importance of their roles and responsibility which
comes with it, the conflict between them with regard to their right to secrecy and right to know can
be reduced.
Sense of duty of business groups and labour towards community welfare will help in resolving
protracted conflict between two.

In personal domain, if men and women understand their duty towards family, community and nation
equally, gender conflict can be resolved.

1.

(b) Should circumstances be the sole criterion for judging the morality of human action or the nature of
the action and its purpose must also be considered? Justify your stand with examples. (150 words) 10

Approach:
The answer should contain the following parts:

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Identify the elements of human action (nature/object, circumstances, and purpose) that are
analyzed for judging the morality of human action.
Further, explain that though circumstances are a criterion but they are not the sole criterion since
the object, as well as, purpose of human action should also be considered in deciding the morality of
human action.
To justify your point, give examples/illustrations to show that circumstances cant make an action,
whose object is bad, ethical.

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Answer:

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Some philosophers (teleologists or interpretivists) subscribe to the view that circumstances are the sole
criterion for judging the morality of human action. Joseph Fletcher maintained that action becomes
specific through circumstances. Without specificity ethical elements in action cant be examined.
Circumstances make an abstract action to be specific based on time, place, agent, and manner. For
example, to strike in self defence is one thing and to strike without any provocation is another matter.
Thus, circumstances decide the morality of human action.

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However, there are two other elements to every action that decides the morality of human action
nature/object and purpose/end of human action not just the circumstances.

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An action whose object is bad by its very nature will remain bad and nothing can improve it neither
circumstances nor purpose. For example, a lie remains a lie despite the purpose or circumstances.
Circumstances can only make it less bad but never good. Here another issue with circumstances as the
sole criterion becomes apparent that it makes morality subjective and relative (telling lie can be bad or
less bad depending on circumstances).

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Similarly, an action whose purpose/intention is bad is unethical and nothing can improve it neither
object nor circumstances. For example, giving donation to a poor helpless person is good because of its
object and the circumstances but can be termed as unethical if you give donation with an intention to
lure a homeless person into doing something evil.
Thus, circumstances are not the sole criterion ratherobject, circumstances, and purpose together decide
the morality of human action.

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2.

(a) A person cannot do right in civil service whilst attempting to do wrong in personal life. In context of
this statement, examine the relationship between personal and professional ethics. Do civil servants
have to be ethical in personal life in order to be professionally ethical? Illustrate. (150 words)
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Approach:

Question giving a normative statement about important role of integrity and character for civil
administrator in order to job responsibly. Then asking to examine the ethical relationship between
two domains of life private and professional, in order to explain its importance in life of civil servants
with examples.
Accordingly answer can be framed in following manners:
explain the meaning of the normative statement.
examine the theoretical argument of close relationship between professional and personal
ethics.
Take affirmative stand of the question while giving examples.

Answer:

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The statement highlights the intimate relationship between personal and professional life for civil
administrator. This relationship stems from requirement of strong character based on integrity for a
person to perform his/her duty justifiably. If person is lacking in his personal conduct it will question his
public acts as well. Further, lack of integrity in personal life sets the demand for close relationship
between personal and professional ethics as well e.g. a honest and upright administrator will always
inspire people to maintain harmony between both the spheres of life.

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Certain values like honesty, respect, empathy, trust, equality and efficiency etc which are considered
to equally guide our actions in both professional and private sphere e.g. if want interpersonal trust of
friendship to be reflected in our relationship with government.
Civil administrators are increasingly became public figures in age of media
Our world is moving toward integration of work and life due to availability of technical knowhow.

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Individual's personal and professional life are two sides of the same coin. Even Gandhi observed that we
cannot do right in one aspect of life whilst indulging in wrong acts in other. According to him life is an
indivisible whole. Any distinction between public and private conduct is considered artificial. The close
relationship between two spheres of life stems from following reasons:

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If a person value honesty and commitment in personal relationship, he/she is more likely to value
them in professional life also.
If a person is hard working and punctual in his personal life, he/she will reflect diligence and
punctuality in his work as well.

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Since the boundaries between professional and personal life is shrinking in contemporary lives, it is
imperative for civil administrator to cherish same values which forms the ethical basis of civil
administration job. e.g.

(b) What is the importance of whistle-blowing in public and private institutions? What role does
individual conscience play in the act of whistle-blowing? (150 words)
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Approach:
One can start the answer with defining whistleblowing in brief. Then one should highlight the
importance of whistleblowing in public as well as private institutions with suitable examples. Later

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conscience should be defined briefly and the role played by conscience in the act of whistleblowing
should be discussed.
Answer:
Whistleblowing refers to the process by which insiders `go public' with their claims of malpractices by,
or within, organizations usually after failing to remedy the matters from the inside, and often at great
personal risk to themselves.
Importance of whistle-blowing:

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Whistleblowing is a valuable tool in any organisations corporate governance strategy as it

empowers employees to act on incidences of misconduct and help maintain a safe workplace, while
protecting profits and reputation. It is true that under normal circumstances, an organisation is
entitled to total loyalty and confidentiality from its employees. But when there is serious malpractice
or when people's lives are at stake as in corruption and fraud in defence procurement; deaths in
`encounter' of innocent persons; toxic leaks from a chemical factory; nonadherence to flight safety
standards by an airline; creative accounting and false declarations by a company; cheating and
plagiarism in scientific research, for example the overriding public interest may lie in protecting
the public's right to be told
It helps in rectifying even the smallest incidents of wrongdoing, thereby instilling similar
responsibilities in others and creating a better environment for all.
It creates an environment for ethical governance in public as well as private organizations.
It fosters a culture of selfregulation and accountability.
If staff concerns about wrongdoing are not handled properly, an organisation's reputation could
come under threat.
It is true that under normal circumstances, an organisation is entitled to total loyalty and
confidentiality from its employees. But when there is serious malpractice or when people's lives are
at stake as in corruption and fraud in defence procurement; deaths in `encounter' of innocent
persons; toxic leaks from a chemical factory; nonadherence to flight safety standards by an airline;
creative accounting and false declarations by a company; cheating and plagiarism in scientific
research, for example the overriding public interest may lie in protecting the public's right to be
told.
Without whistleblowers, we may not get to learn about problems until it is time to mourn the
consequences.

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Conscience is something within human beings that determines the morality of human actions. It is a
special act of the mind that comes into being when the intellect passes judgment on the goodness or
badness of a particular act.
Employees in private as well as public organizations are expected not only to do the things right but
also do the right things. Here, conscience comes to play a role in identification of right things. In the
act of whistle blowing one requires to identify the right thing to do. He has to solve the ethical
dilemma of balancing the organisational good and public good. In choosing between the two,
conscience becomes a deciding factor because it is accumulated intellect about the perception of
right and wrong.
The ultimate decision will be made based upon the conscience, which is a uniquely human attribute
of discretion and identification of what is right or wrong. Its a difference between what is and
what ought to be. An individual may be an employee but he is also a citizen and, and owe certain
responsibility to the people as a whole. So as long as the potential threat is real and not perceived,
the importance of whistleblowing cannot be undermined.
What happened during the Nazi regime in the concentration camps of Auschwitz brings this dilemma
to the forefront. As a loyal employee the regime expected the officers to execute millions of jews
mercilessly, there were only a handful who had the courage to refuse and stand up for what was

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Role played by conscience:

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morally right in real sense. They might have been labelled as traitors by their regime, but in the end
analysis emerge as heroes and history is replete with examples of such heroism. In the Indian
mythology the act of Vibhishana is considered to be of a traitor, as he betrayed his own brother but
without his role the evil of Ravana could not have come to an end.

3.

(a) Objectivity and 'neutrality' are among the core civil service values. Discuss with examples. (150
words)
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Approach:
The answer should begin by explaining the meaning of objectivity and neutrality. Further, the answer
should discuss how these values are considered as the core of civil services. Bring out their importance in
a democratic setup and how they help in building trust in government and improving its efficiency. Give
instances where these values should be followed.
Answer:

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Civil Service values are accepted principles and standards that are expected to be followed by the civil
servants. They act as internal moral compass and guide the civil servants in making decisions in the
public interest, especially in situations, where they face dilemma or conflict between public duty and
personal interest.

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Two such core values of civil service, among several others, are Objectivity and Neutrality. The Civil
Service Code of UK defines Objectivity as basing your advice and decisions on rigorous analysis of the
evidence. Lord Nolan Committee of Britain in 1995 placed objectivity among the seven core values of
Civil Service. It defined objectivity, as follows:

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In carrying out public business, making appointments, awarding contracts, recommending rewards and
benefits, holders of public office should make the choice on merit.

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If the civil servant is objective, he will provide information and advice, including advice to Ministers, on
the basis of evidence, and accurately present the options and facts; take decisions on the merits of the
case; and take due account of expert and professional advice. He will not ignore inconvenient facts or
relevant considerations when providing advice or making decisions; or frustrate the implementation of
policies once decisions are taken, by declining to take, or abstaining from, action which flows from those
decisions.

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An objective decision always has a greater probability of success and meeting public interest than a
decision taken on subjective considerations like emotions, biases, personal interest etc. In a
parliamentary democracy, like India where a layman politician is guided by an expert civil servant, this
value becomes very important. It assures the minister that the civil servant is giving advice in public
interest and has no hidden agenda. Public will be assured about the merit of governments decision and
even if a decision does not give the desired results, it will not cause disillusion among the people
regarding the honesty and intention of government decisions.
Neutrality is referred to the absence of any political affiliations and biases on the part of civil servants
while discharging their duty. A civil servant has to uphold impartiality and is professionally concerned
with the rational application of policies determined by the political executive.
The principle of neutrality ensures that a civil servant can follow ethical conduct without fear or favor. In
a democracy, government acts as a trustee of public money, is not autocratic, and ensures that citizens
enjoy their rights. This can be ensured by an impartial civil administration. Like objectivity, it assures the
political executive that civil servant is giving free, frank and fair advice based on merit and the advice is
apolitical in nature. A neutral administrator will be in a better position to give advice in the greater

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interest of the society rather than to further the ideology of the party in power. Citizens are ensured that
whatever political party is in power the governance will be as per the constitution and rule of law. It also
ensures continuity with change i.e. governments may change but there is a great degree of continuity in
administration and policies.
Neutrality also becomes important because it is often confused with policy and value neutrality i.e. civil
servants do not apply their own value judgments and policy evaluation, but blindly follow the order of
political executive. Hence, the need is to follow positive neutrality. Such a value in the civil service will
make it independent and impartial, but at the same time it will seek values that will benefit the society
and it would not be passive to the unethical and immoral decisions of political executive.
In recent cases of Spectrum allotment or Coal block auction, the immense loss to the public exchequer
occurred because of lack of objectivity and neutrality. The bureaucrats colluded with political executives
and suggested decisions that were not based on merit but aimed to further the interest of those in
power. If the principle of objectivity and neutrality would have been followed such an immense loss of
public money as well as public trust in the governance would not have taken place.

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(b) The legal framework in modern society has both anomalous and complementary relationship with
its ethical framework. Discuss with examples. (150 words)
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Thus, these core values support good governance and ensure the achievement of the highest possible
standards in all that the Civil Service does. This in turn helps the Civil Service to gain and retain the
respect of Ministers, Parliament, the public and its customers.

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Approach:

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A brief introduction discussing the relationship between law and ethics.

How law and ethics complement each other, with the help of examples.
When do both stand in contradiction to each other, again with the help of appropriate examples.
The answer should also address why such a variation in relationship is seen in the modern society.

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The old adage If it isnt illegal, it must be ethical is deeply flawed in the context of modern society.
Ethics and law are as different as the unenforceable from the enforceable, and as complementary to
each other in the ultimate aim of creating a citizenry, which does the right thing when confronted with
dilemmas.

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Law are codified norms of the society, backed by the legitimacy of the state. It reflects areas of moral
agreement so broad that the society comes together and says, This ethical behaviour shall be
mandated. To a broad extent, when ethics collapses, the law rushes in to fill the void.
An example helps here. Earlier you didnt throw litter on the road simply because people dont do those
thingsbecause it was the wrong thing to do. Now you dont toss litter because there are fines for
doing so. What was once a seconddomain issue of ethics has shifted to a firstdomain issue of law. In
such examples, legal framework and ethics play a complementary role.
But theres another side to it too, when legal framework can possibly have an anomalous relationship
with the ethical framework. A case in point is the Ethics of civil disobedience. The standard of civil
disobedience urges that unjust laws be disobeyed. Mahatma Gandhi effectively used it in the 1920s
against an unjust but lawful government. Later on, civil rights movement in the United States in 1960s

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and antiapartheid movement in South Africa also were directed against unjust laws present in those
times. Civil disobedience demands moral reasons to disobey the law.
Such an anomaly is striking in the modern society because of the growing acceptance of importance of
delivering human rights to everyone, which many a times come in conflict with the prevailing
conservative laws. Gay rights movement is a relevant example.

4.

(a) There seems to be a fundamental contradiction between effectiveness and accountability.

Comment. Why is accountability a necessary evil for good governance? Discuss. (150 words)
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Approach:
In first part of the answer discuss, why this debate exists in administration with relevant examples.
Second part of the answer should focus on why accountability is a necessary condition to ensure good
governance and final part of the answer should focus on the fact that accountability and effectiveness
can exist together and this should be the desired outcome.
Answer:

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Accountability is the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept
responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. It also includes the
responsibility for money or other entrusted property. Accountability therefore checks the abuses of
power such as corruption, fraud, the insolence of office, arbitrary and unauthorised exercise of
authority, violating rights and neglecting duties.Most importantly, while the measures of effectiveness
keep continuously changing, accountability is a universal and perpetual virtue in governance.

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Effectiveness is the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems
are solved.

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It is viewed that greater focus on accountability hampers effectiveness. Effectiveness requires wider
managerial discretion while accountability calls for tighter central control. It has been advocated that an
attempt to increase transparency and public participation will invariably result in delay in decision
making and promote risk aversion resulting in a compromise on effectiveness.

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Decisions taken through bypassing clear and transparent procedures seem to be effective in short
run but such decisions suffer backlash in many cases. For example, in the case of involving
construction of dams, not eliciting public opinion or providing for rehabilitation and resettlement
will ultimately result in protests leading to delays in implementation. Hence, a short compromise on
accountability may seem to be effective in many cases it can very well hamper the same
effectiveness in long run.
Accountability also checks the abuse of power such as corruption, fraud, the insolence of office,
arbitrary and unauthorised exercise of authority, violating rights and neglecting duties.
Most importantly, while the measures of effectiveness keep continuously changing, accountability is
a universal and perpetual virtue in governance.

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However, this view of effectiveness is shortsighted.

Further, accountability and effectiveness are not contradictory, but may act as complementary to each
other. For example, the use of egovernance has been very effective in citizen services delivery and has
also provided an impetus for social and industrial sector along with maintaining the accountability of
government departments. Effective use of right to information, citizen charter etc. ensures transparency
in governance and checks the menace of corruption and abuse of power. Thus it could be very well said
that both accountability and effectiveness are an integral part of good governance and its utility should
be seen w.r.t. the results produced in the long run.

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4.

(b) "One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by
your inferiors". Explain. Suggest some measures that can be taken to increase political participation in
our country. (150 words)
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Approach:
The quote gives the perspective idea of vital need for political participation to uphold the superior
political values. Accordingly answer can be framed in following manner:

First part of the answer should explain the given statement and highlight the need for good people
in politics.
Second part should suggest the ways to increase the political participation in the country.

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When the ruler himself is right, people naturally follow him in his right course. If governance is by men
who are derelict, the governed will suffer. If one refuses to participate in politics, he is virtually paving
the way for others, perhaps the less able persons to govern him. If people with virtues decline to
participate in politics, people with criminal background and apathetic attitude towards public good get
the chance to sit atop the political hierarchy. This may create further aversion for politics among masses.
He, who administers government by means of his virtues, may be compared to the Pole star, which
keeps its place and all other stars turn towards it. He can make the governance more ethical, more
effective and inspirational.

Electoral reforms to curb the use of muscle power can encourage women to participate in electoral
politics.
Electoral reforms aimed at curbing excessive use of money power may generate more chances for
the disadvantaged to compete with the rich in electoral politics.
Women quota in Parliament and assemblies may be a big push for greater participation of women in
politics.
Making political activities more ethical and working of political parties more transparent can
transform the public image of politics as business and decrease the aversion among masses. Political
parties should allow themselves to be covered under RTI Act.
Interparty democracy should be promoted to give a greater say to party workers and party leaders.
It may make workers more aware and active. Difference of opinion should be respected to allow the
sense of democracy to prevail.
The 2nd ARC has recommended a code of ethics for MPs, MLAs and Ministers. This recommendation
must be adopted to infuse ethical values among our politicians. Ethical politics may become an
attraction for youths.
There should be proper and effective legal mechanism in place to punish the erring politicians and
encourage the virtuous ones.

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Some of the measures that can be taken to increase the political participation:

5.

(a) The erosion of civic values from our public life has become a pervasive phenomenon. Discuss the
role of value education in tackling this issue in the Indian context. (150 words)
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Approach:
Answer can be framed in following manner.

Firstly, try to bring out the context of the question by elaborating on the erosion of civic values along
with giving relevant examples.
Then bring out the role of value education in addressing the above problem.

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Answer:
Although we are taught that honesty is a desirable, even ideal behaviour, the interpretation and
meaning we give it in practice varies from one person to the other. These differences are translated into
very concrete attitudes and inconsistencies. The deepening value crisis in the contemporary Indian
society is casting its evil shadow in all walks of our life. Even after fifty years of progress in different fields
economic, industrial, scientific, educational it is doubtful if we are moving towards creation of a just
society, a happy society, a good society. The erosion of civic values is widely evident in the daytoday
life. Be it the throwing of garbage on the streets or apathy of the citizens towards helping the people in
need. Honking on roads along with fighting over a share of public space for parking has become all too
pervasive in our society.
While the social fabric of the nation was interwoven with the values of tolerance and compassion, recent
incidents of religious intolerance has brought the degrading civic values at the forefront of the debate.
Role of Value Education in imparting Civic Values
The growing concern over the erosion of essential values and an increasing cynicism insociety has
brought to focus the need for readjustment in the curriculum in order to make education a forceful tool
for the cultivation of social and moral values. In our culturally plural society, education should foster
universal and eternal values, oriented towards the unity and integration of our people.

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Value education deals with the character and conduct of human beings. It deals with good or bad, right
or wrong behaviour; it evaluates conduct against some absolute criteria and puts negative or positive
values on it.

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Values Related to the Area of Citizenship: Among these may be included, Democratic spirit, respect
for law, respect for public property, respect for elders, and respect for all religions, (secularism)
tolerance of diverse viewpoint, peaceful coexistence, cooperation (mutual dependence), self
discipline and patriotism.
Relating to Cultural Heritage, Nationalism and National Integration: A Variety of activities can be
organized for developing appropriate values relating to these areas.
Awareness of Certain values in building the national Development:

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The National Policy on Education, 1986 has made a strong plea for initiating curricular efforts for the
promotion of national identity and the cultivation of values as enshrined in our Constitution.

(b) It is often said that home is the first school and parents are the first teachers. Explain the role of
family in inculcating moral values. Analyze how the changing nature of family has affected this role in
the context of India. (150 words)
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In addition to the above approach for inculcating moral and spiritual values, certain specific provision for
direct moral instruction is also highly desirable.

Approach:
Begin by briefly explaining what moral values are. Then illustrate how the family influences development
of values in children with more emphasis on the role of parents. Further, the development of
narrow/bad values may also be included in the answer to bring a contrast. Then briefly explain the
changing nature of family in the present context and analyse its impact on the role of development of
moral values using suitable examples.

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Answer:
Moral values are the intrinsic beliefs developed from the value systems of how we should behave in any
given situation. They are the standards of good and evil, which govern an individuals behaviour and
choices.
It is often said that home is the first school and parents are the first teachers. Home is the setting for an
individuals physical, mental, emotional and spiritual growth. The family, particularly parents, play an
important role in the development of moral values in children.

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There is a close contact between the parents and children. Parents are more accessible to the child
than other members of the family. The parents teach the children behavior, dress codes, customs,
aspirations and so on. The minds of children develop in the major way through the process of non
formal education at home.
Children always observe and follow the behaviour of parents, both inside and outside the home.
Therefore, the young family members inculcate the value system practiced in the family.
The family shapes the attitude of a child towards society and other people. It also helps in the
psychological growth of the child and influences his ambitions and values. Blissful and cheerful
atmosphere in the family will develop love, tolerance and generosity.
Joint family system and the presence of elders in the family plays an effective role in social and
moral development of the children. It helps in eradicating negative mental tendencies.
Customs and traditions taught by the family helps the children to be disciplined and organised.
If there is an environment of unhappiness at home, if the parents are worried, helpless,
discontented or distressed, the children will also develop a mindset of dissatisfaction and
intolerance.
If the female members of the family do not have freedom or if they are not allowed to work outside,
the children would develop same patriarchal mindset.

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Increasing urbanisation and emergence of small families have reduced the role of elders in the
family. The children are missing their guidance and experience.
If both the parents are working, usually they get less time to spend with the children. This reduces
the influence of parents on the behavior of children and increases the influence of friends, peers and
others.
Lack of mutual concern between parents at home, disaffection and lack of securities in families
results in erosion of values inside the family.
The increasing role of money in the urban areas, the materialistic lifestyle results in imbibing narrow
values in children. They would give importance to materialistic things rather than human relations
and values.
In some cases, the changing nature of family helps positively as well. For example, when female
members work outside and involve in taking family decisions, the children would also inculcate the
values of gender equality.

dh
m

ed

m
ut

th

Urbanization, globalization and modernization have resulted in changing the nature of family and
consequently the role of family in inculcating moral values.

6.

A world without nuclear weapons would be less stable and more dangerous for all of us. Critically
examine the ethical dimensions of the given statement from the perspective of international relations.
(150 words)
10

Approach:
First part of the answer should bring out how the issue of nuclear weapons has its own moral
dimensions. Then one should examine the different ethical dimensions of the statement. They may be:

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Stability in world affairs v/s always living under fear.

If Nuclear weapons in themselves are moral or immoral
From the point of view of Utilitarianism and deontology.
Money for weapons v/s money for poor and other developmental objectives

Suitable examples provided to support the arguments. Preferably the conclusion should favor the
disarmament.
Answer:
Nuclear weapons have the potential to destroy the entire ecosystem of the planet. However, a handful
of states insist that these weapons provide unique security benefits, but reserve the sole right to possess
them. Hence, the possession of nuclear weapons leads to numerous moral/ethical dilemmas.
The first question is whether the nuclear weapons are moral or immoral in themselves. According to
ethical theories, since morality cannot be attributed to nonhuman things, hence nuclear weapons in
themselves are neither evil nor good.

co
m

According to proponents of nuclear weapons, these weapons create deterrence and stabilize the world
order. Proponents of deterrence claim that nuclear weapons are not so much an instrument for the
waging of war but political instruments "intended to prevent war by depriving it of any possible
rationale. They argue that nuclear weapons deterred the fullscale war between USSR and US during
the period of cold war.

dy

10

1@

gm

ai
l.

But it can also be argued that nuclear weapons create an environment of constant fear and jeopardise
the life of millions of innocent people. Living constantly under fear subdues the free will; it is no way to
maintain a world order. It erodes the dignity of human life.

m
.b

ed

m
ut

th

a(
va

From the utilitarian perspective, while nuclear weapons give a sense of security to the nations, which
possess them, but it instills fear of complete destruction in the mind of billions. Even the citizens of
nucleararmed states cannot be sure of their safety. Hence, on the touchstone of maximum good to
maximum people nuclear weapons falter.

on

al

is
e

fo

rv

ar

dh
m

an

Similarly from deontological perspective, it is the duty of the governments to make their citizens
empowered and free from fear. But nuclear weapons do exactly the opposite. Although they lead to
some stability in world relations but leave the people incapable of defending themselves in the case of
nuclear war. Nuclear weapons also use human life and emotions as means; hence they also fail the
deontological test.

Th

is

do

cu

en

ti

pe

rs

Another dimension could be whether the money used for production of nuclear weapons can be put to
better use. If money is saved from refraining from arms race, it can be used to strengthen the social
welfare mechanism of governments. Definitely spending on social upliftment is more moral than
spending on weapons, which are never supposed to be used.

7.

The increasing speed and scope of globalization has raised several ethical concerns. Analyze with
examples. (150 words)
10

Approach:
It can be seen that even though the world has become a better place to live in terms of economic
development due to the fruits of globalization, in terms of peace, environment, human rights etc a
number of ethical concerns have been raised. The answer should focus on each of these issues such as
the climate change, disarmament, IPR etc. Students should elaborate on a few of them. List have been
provided with elaboration on a few of them.

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Answer:
As interaction, competition and collaboration among the nations are continuously increasing we find
that it has raised many ethical issues in the global arena. It is observed that though the world is
becoming a better place to live in terms of economic prosperity, but in terms of equality, peace,
environment and human rights, there have been number of issues involving some ethical concerns also.
Some of them being:
Climate Change: Countries are divided on the issue of common but differentiated responsibility and on
technology transfer and funding arrangements. It is the responsibility of both the big and the smaller
powers to ensure that we leave behind a world that is safe for future generations to live in.
Disarmament: World today has become a treasury of all the kinds of mass weapons of destruction.
Ironically the cause of disarmament at the international stage is being promoted by those states, which
have massive reserves of nuclear armaments, missiles and nuclear powered submarines. Also, countries
like the USA impose economic and other sanctions on countries like Iran to prevent them from
developing nuclear weapons. There are unanswered questions like how it is ethical for a country to
impose sanctions on the others without discarding their own weapons of mass destruction.

ai
l.

co
m

IPRs: The developed countries are depriving the poor countries from accessing the new technologies by
the restrictive clauses of IPRs. Ironically, the same restrictive provisions are also applied on things like
the life saving drugs. In this debate, it is essential to determine whether it is justifiable for a country to
defend its IPRs on the ground of commercial benefits, or they should ethically share the technology for
the greater cause of the humanity.

a(
va

dy

10

1@

gm

Trade Negotiations: The Doha Round of world Trade Organization is pending to reach a consensus. In
this context, the basic question involved is whether the developing countries are ethically and morally
correct when they demand higher concession in international trade.

m
ut

th

Outer space

m
.b

ed

Humanitarian interventions

dh
m

an

Management of Common goods

cu

What do you understand by aptitude? What kind of aptitude is considered important for civil services?
What measures have you taken to make yourself fit for being a civil servant? (150 words)
10

Approach:

Th

is

do

8.

en

ti

pe

rs

on

al

is
e

fo

rv

ar

In such issues it has been observed that countries have gone on to give more importance to national
issues than to ethical responsibility as per humanitarian values. This, in the long term, would be
detrimental not only for the other counties but for the country in question also. It is, therefore,
important to consider the ethical grounds and take a holistic approach to all issues in order to ensure
equitable development.

The answer should begin with the definition of aptitude, and some types of it. The second part of the
answer should discuss the aptitude/qualities needed by a civil servant to be effective. The final part of
the answer should discuss some personal efforts in that direction. One may conclude the answer with
the idea that aptitude, being innate, cant be developed if it is totally absent, but one may
foster/enhance ones abilities if they are already present.

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Answer:
Aptitude is an innate set of characteristics, regarded as symptomatic of an individuals ability to acquire,
with adequate training, some knowledge, a set of skills, like the ability to produce music, or ability to
perform administrative functions etc. Aptitudes may be physical or mental. Aptitude is not developed
knowledge, learned or acquired abilities (skills) or attitude. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast to
achievement, which represents knowledge or ability that is gained through learning.
Following are some of the characteristics of aptitude:

Aptitude refers to some future potentiality.

Aptitude is innate capability.
Aptitude implies fitness or suitability for activities in question.

Broadly, there are two types of aptitude required for civil services:

Physical Aptitude: It is physical and physiological fitness for efficiently performing ones duty. It is
more relevant for those services, which require field work.
Mental Aptitude: It includes those qualities, which have to do with the psychological or cognitive
processes. It is regarded as important for all types of services, more so for civil services. It may
further be classified as under
General Mental Ability: It is the basic thinking capacity needed for any intellectual task. It is the
foundation on which lie the other components of aptitude.
Appropriate Value System: It is the combination of the desired values, like empathy, objectivity,
impartiality, commitment, compassion etc. For civil services this component of aptitude is most
important for performing ones job, not only efficiently, but also effectively.

dy

10

1@

gm

ai
l.

co
m

m
ut

Since, healthy mind resides in a healthy body; therefore, for keeping myself physically fit I perform
physical workout regularly.
While, the general mental capacity remains almost constant throughout ones life, value aspect can
be developed through various means, like learning the teachings of great moral, philosophical and
administrative thinkers; changing ones peer group, which are more deserving and fit for civil
services, because we learn through observation (Bandura); performing some activities which are
required to be performed by a civil servant, like to be empathetic to others, to uphold standards of
morality/ethics, adhering to the law of the land etc.

on

al

is
e

fo

rv

ar

dh
m

an

m
.b

ed

th

a(
va

As an aspirant of civil services, I have taken the following measures for making myself fit for the same:

Th

is

do

cu

en

ti

pe

rs

Though, these things are easier said than done and it is very difficult for anyone to always follow and
practice them. Therefore, to keep myself motivated to do them, I reward myself whenever I do any of
the abovementioned things. Some of the other methods to develop appropriate attitude include
reading books, meeting civil servants and talking about their experiences, interacting with people from
all walks of life to understand their perspective and ideas on issues etc.
Since, aptitude is an innate potentiality, therefore, one cannot develop an aptitude if it is completely
absent from ones psychophysical system. However, one can enhance his/her abilities if one is blessed
with them.

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Section B
In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow:
9.

You are a young civil servant posted in a tribal dominated district, which is notorious for illegal mining
done by mafia. They exercise their power over poor tribals of the region by bribing the local tribal
musclemen who have political aspirations. The consequent easy money and luxury have ensured that
these musclemen work in the interest of these mafia. They use these tribal musclemen as a front to
plant constructed news in the media to create confusion or to gain sympathy of the civil society
activists and the public at large. It is a strategy to thwart any concrete action of the government for
eliminating the menace of illegal activities in that area.
You quickly understood these designs after assuming the office. You came to know that some
employees in your own office are in nexus with the mafia. When you initiated stringent action against
the mafia they turned hostile. They prompted few tribal musclemen to file a fake FIR against you
under the stringent provisions of the Prevention of Atrocities Against SC and ST Act. They also
convinced the unsuspecting poor tribals that the state was again launching atrocities against them.
These poor tribals were eventually tutored to write a complaint to the National and State Commission
for ST, a copy of which was leaked to the media.

co
m

This could easily become a very hot issue for the opposition parties in the state as the Assembly
Elections were due only six months later. Unfortunately all this can have grave consequences for your
career.

gm

ai
l.

(a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.

dy

10

1@

(b) What steps will you take in pursuance of the most appropriate closure of this case? (250 words) 20

th

a(
va

Approach:

dh
m

an

The major ethical issues involved.

Various course of actions with ethical reasoning underlying it.

rv

ar

m
.b

ed

m
ut

The basic ethical issue involved is exploitation of tribals and their resources and attempt to derail justice
through false case. Accordingly answer should consist of the following parts:

is
e

fo

Answer:

pe

The illegal mining being done in the district is a loss for the State as well as the local community. It
favours only a handful of people (mining mafia, local musclemen and compromised employees of
State) at the same time it results in poaching on natural resources and their labor illegally and
unethically.
Another ethical aspect of the case is attempt to delay the justice to the tribals by false case against
an honest administrator. This counter attempt to stop any legal action against illegal mining is
motivated to preserve the system of exploitation and deny justice to tribals.

Th

is

do

cu

en

ti

rs

on

al

The case contains two important ethical issues:

The right course of action would involve the following steps:

1. A strong case should be built against the illegal activities of the mafia. The scope of investigation
should be wide, covering the local musclemen as well as government servants. With full cooperation
from the investigating and prosecuting agencies, the case can be pursued quickly and the culprits
exposed. This will bring facts to the centre and certainly help changing the public opinion as well as
ensure political cooperation (both government and the opposition).
2. Elaborate awareness campaigns about the government policy regarding mining should be carried
out so that cooperation of general public can be ensured without the intervention of local

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musclemen. Their complaints to the SC/ST Commissions should be addressed rather than quashed.
Proper and pointwise response to all queries should be provided and made public. Their fears must
be assuaged and a negative campaign must be countered. This will bring credibility to the
administration in its action against offenders.
3. For selfmotivation in such circumstances, adherence to truth and having confidence of the team is
important. Perseverance as well as leadership qualities will have important bearing on the outcome
of the case. One must know that legally he/she is on a strong footing and such hurdles are expected.
To address insecurity arising out of political meddling, one must concentrate on the first two points.
By adopting this course of action, I would uphold my constitutional, legal as well as moral responsibility.
Pursuing the course with courage, integrity and conviction will be a winwin situation for all the local
people, the Government and I. It will increase the confidence of people in democracy and the State
institutions. Besides, it will also lead to development of my personal competence.

In the face of acute famine in the district, you, as an area officer, have instructed your subordinates to
procure food grains from the FCI godowns located in the adjoining districts. This would make the food
grains available to the public through PDS shops. Considering the gravity of the situation, this task has
to be done immediately, because majority of the people in the district are poor, and therefore cant
buy the food at the market prices. However, you were told that all the truck operators have formed a
cartel and are asking for three times the usual transportation rate, in order to exploit the situation.
This would nullify your effort, as the prices of the food grains would increase due to high
transportation charges.

gm

ai
l.

co
m

10.

dy

10

1@

(a) Following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the
options:

m
ut

th

a(
va

1) Threaten the truck owners of severe consequences if they do not fall in line and cancel their
transportation permits.

m
.b

ed

2) Transport the food grains by Railways, though it may take a week.

fo

rv

ar

dh
m

an

3) Agree to pay the truck owners the transportation charges they are demanding, so as to ensure
the availability of food grains, but searching for alternative and affordable transportation.
However, take legal actions against the truck owners at a later time.

on

al

is
e

4) Asking the state government for sending some help.

ti

pe

rs

(b) Also indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) the course of action you would
like to follow, giving proper reasons for the same. (250 words)
20

cu

en

Approach:

Th

is

do

The answer should begin with the context and the gravity of the situation. In this context, one should
evaluate all the given options with possible merits and demerits. In the conclusion, one should choose
any of the given options or any other option of his/her choice with adequate reasons.
Answer:
The situation is characterized as acute famine and general shortage of food. Considering that the
majority of the people are poor, they cant buy food at the market prices. Being the area officer, it is my
responsibility to make the food grains available at affordable prices, so that all individuals in thedistrict
have access to food. In this context::
1) This option would ensure that the truck owners are punished for their undue exploitation of the
situation. As an area officer, it is my duty to ensure that the prices of essential commodities,

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including the transportation charges, are not artificially and unfairly inflated through some
mischievous means. From that end it could be successful in performing my duty. However, this
would not necessarily ensure the availability of food grains in the district, which is more important in
the given situation. Therefore, this option is not advisable, as the main objective would not be
served.
2) If I were to transport the food grains by railways then I may be able to reduce the transportation
charges to a very great extent. However, it could take a longer time to transport the food grains and
in the meantime the situation could become worse, as there is already an acute famine. Therefore, I
need to ensure the delivery of food grains in the shortest time possible, which would be difficult
with this option.
3) Going by the third option, I can ensure the availability of the food grains in the immediate time,
which is imperative in the given situation. At the same time I may search for some other means of
transport, like arranging for public transport etc. It would be more desirable to take action against
the erring truck owners at some later time, because it would serve the dual purpose of making
available food grains in the immediate situation, and punishing the erring truck owners.
4) Asking the state government for help may ensure the availability of food grains at cheaper rates.
However, it may not be advisable, in the first instance, because it may take some time for the state
government to provide help and in the meantime there may by deaths due to starvation. Therefore,
the whole purpose of the help would be defeated.

a(
va

Honour killing has been in news in recent times. It involves the homicide of a member of a family by
other members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonour upon
the family. Analyse this problem in detail and indicate not only the social but also the emotional and
attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why:

an

m
.b

ed

m
ut

th

11.

dy

10

1@

gm

ai
l.

co
m

So, the best option for me to go by is third. It is because it would ensure the availability of food grains in
the immediate time and would ensure action against the erring truck owners. It is necessary to take
action against them so that in future they do not unduly exploit the situation. Meanwhile,I would also
ask the state government for help, so that any unforeseen situation in the future could be proactively
addressed.

ar

dh
m

(a) The youth in such areas do not speak up against these practices.

fo

rv

(b) The conviction rate in honour killing cases is extremely low.

on

al

is
e

(c) Women, who have to face the brunt of this crime the most, do not speak against it collectively.

pe

rs

Discuss some feasible steps, which could be effective in controlling this serious problem. (250 words)

en

ti

20

is

do

cu

Approach:

Th

The answer must analyze various aspects of the problem of honour killing social, emotional and
attitudinal. While explaining this problem, the second part of the question should be simultaneously
dealt with. Finally, suggest some practical and relevant suggestions to overcome these problems.
Supreme Court's observations can also be cited here.
Answer:
Many experts believe that there are about 1000 honour killings a year in India. It is mainly women who
are the victims of honour killing.Violation of the local cultural norms for marriage is the leading cause of
honour killings. In the areas where honour killing is the most common, social ills such as casteism and
patriarchy are deeply entrenched in people's minds.

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If we look upon honour killing from sociological angle, when a woman marries a person of lower caste
she goes into the husband's caste, this brings the family's status down in the eyes of society. Similar is
the case with interreligion marriages. Patriarchal tradition casts 'male as the sole protector of the
female' so he must have total control of her. If this protection is violated, he loses honour because he
failed to protect her or he failed to bring her up correctly.
Patriarchal upbringing molds the brothers into thinking that he shoulders the responsibility for his
unmarried sister and in turn, family's honour. Thus, the young brother may become an accomplice in
the honour killing. At the same time, one can say that it is the young only who rebel against these
orthodox values and become a victim in turn.
A society in which this murder is seen as justice, rather than a crime, people do not report it to the
police. Also, there may be a handful of people who may be liberal in these societies but the social
repurcussions prevent them from speaking up. Without a formal complaint, witnesses etc, conviction
rate in such cases is very low. Victims complain of police as being biased too.
The Law Commission of India disapproved the proposal of Government to amend Sec. 300 of IPC to
include 'honour killings' within the definition of murder on the ground that the existing provisions are
adequate to take care of the situations leading to such killings. The Law commission has proposed fresh
legislation that seeks to declare that the KhapPanchayat indulging in this crime be declared unlawful.
However, this legislation is yet to see the light of the day.

1@

gm

ai
l.

co
m

Woman, in the context of honour killing, is either a victim, or an accomplice or she is simply a bystander
who is unable to speak up. The latter may be a result of her feeling helpless in the patriarchal society or
she may be financially dependent on her husband/son.

dy

10

Suggestions:

m
.b

ed

m
ut

th

a(
va

Law definitely can play an, important role in curbing honour killings, but it alone can not stop such
killings, since, it is a sociological issue, which isdeeply rooted in social culture, traditions and mindset.
The vulnerability of women to this type of violence will only be reduced when these patriarchal mindsets
are challenged and effectively confronted.

is
e

fo

rv

ar

dh
m

an

Another, great liberator may be the economic status of women. Education can also play an important
role. An economically independent woman can be more powerful, and capable of taking her own
decisions. This kind of change in our socio, economic conditions and stringent law can only be helpful in
reducing the number of honour crimes.

cu

You are posted as a District Magistrate in a communal violence prone area, where incidents of
communal clashes are often visible. Recently, trailer of a movie was released by a Film Director whose
is known to make movies on religious issues. After the release of the trailer, there was anger among a
minority community, who claim that their religious sentiments had been hurt in the movie and thus
demanded a ban on the movie. However, the government did not pay heed to any such demands and
the movie is slated to be released the next week across the entire country.

Th

is

do

12.

en

ti

pe

rs

on

al

Civil servants, including the police should undergo sensitivity training, so as to forego any social bias that
they may have.

You had also watched the trailer and felt that it was derogatory to that minority community. Also,
being in-charge of the communally sensitive district, you are concerned about the law and order
scenario on the day the movie releases. Some of the options to deal with the issue are mentioned
below. Evaluate these options and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it.
(a) Do not allow the release of movie in your district as you feel that it hurts the religious sentiments.

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(b) Make sure that the movie is released in your district on the given day by taking steps, like
arranging for more police and paramilitary forces to deal with anticipated public order scenario
etc.
(c) Allowing release of the movie, but imposing curfew in the region so that people are devoid of
watching the movie. (250 words)
20
Approach:

Briefly introduce the facts of the case

Analyze each options from ethical (professional as well as personal) point of view.
While reasoning out the options, keep in mind the obligations of a civil servant under the service
rules, code of conduct etc.

Answer:

co
m

Today the role of administration has become complex and all pervasive. Administrators often face
several ethical dilemmas in their professional life. The dilemma faced by the DM in the above case is
between Duty vs Conscience. At the one hand, DM is dutybound to obey his code of conduct by
following objectivity (absence of personal prejudices & ideological differences), and hence allowing the
release of movie. While at the other end, the DMs conscience does not allow him to permit the release
as he himself felt it derogatory for minority. In the light of above conflict between duty and conscience,
the given options are analyzed as:

th

m
ut

ed

dh
m

an

Conscience should be preferred above duty only when it is certain. But in this case, the
conscience may be erroneous and doubtful based on self perception of right and wrong.
It will curtail the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech and expression.
It will defy the government decision that has been taken by a board based on collective wisdom.

m
.b

a(
va

dy

10

1@

gm

ai
l.

a) Not allowing the release of movie has got some merits as this will stop the anticipated communal
rage, thereby securing law and order scenario. But in this case, the DM should be prepared to be held
accountable and responsible for the decisions made in the individual and professional capacity.
However, the demerits with such decisions are many:

pe

rs

on

al

is
e

fo

rv

ar

b) Allowing release of movie seems to be the best option as it ensures the objectivity on the part of civil
servant. It also completely eliminates the chances of discretionary decision making based on
doubtful/probable conscience. The essence of justice should not be arbitrary/biased, and law/duty
should not be disobeyed on doubtful grounds. Also freedom of expression must not be curtailed based
on the subjective personal interpretation, except under extraordinary circumstances. Further, arranging
for more police or paramilitary forces will also ensure the calm law and order situations.

Th

is

do

cu

en

ti

c) Third option is not preferred as this shows the hypocrisy on the part of government as releasing movie
in the district has no sense if people are not allowed to move out to the theatre due to imposed curfew.
This will be an indirect curtailment of rights of free speech and expression.

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13.

Arvind has recently started working as a cyber security analyst at a government intelligence
organisation. During the course of his work, he stumbles upon documents, which reveal that the
government is spying on leaders of opposition parties with alleged Maoist links. He discusses this
matter with his superior officer who tells him that though the spying was illegal, it was essential for
national security. He also tells Arvind that sanction for the spying came from the highest echelons of
the government. He further warns Arvind not to divulge facts of the case to anyone else in the
organisation and especially no one on the outside as it may lead to his dismissal from the organisation
or even his arrest for treason.
However, Arvind being an honest person finds himself in a deep conflict. He feels that the spying, apart
from being illegal, could also be misused by the government for settling political scores with its
opponents.
The following are some options that Arvind has. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of these:
1. Do nothing as he does not want to risk losing his job or end up in jail for treason.
2. Talk to the head of the organisation to get his opinion on the matter and then do as he says.
3. Send an anonymous letter to the press leaking the details of the case.
4. Go to the press directly with the details of the case.

gm

ai
l.

co
m

Also indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to advise,
giving proper reasons. (250 words)
20

10

1@

Approach:

ed

m
ut

th

a(
va

dy

The answer should clearly bring out the ethical dilemma that Arvind could face in selecting each course
of action. The student can use any of the utilitarian, rights and virtue approaches to examine the options
from different viewpoints.

an

m
.b

The suggested course of action should be provided with proper reasons and justification.

ar

dh
m

Answer:

ti

pe

rs

on

al

is
e

fo

rv

Option 1: As a young professional, Arvind may have to think not only about his future but also the future
of his family or dependents. Doing nothing would save him from facing any untoward consequences but
at the same time, the inner conflict that he faces would continue to persist. Also, Arvind would be
condoning the violation of privacy of the individuals who were being spied upon. He may feel that he has
betrayed his nation by focusing only on his selfpreservation rather than the greater good.

Th

is

do

cu

en

Option 2: Instead of just relying on his seniors opinions, Arvind could seek to confirm whether the
espionage is really sanctioned by the upper echelons. Talking to the head of the organisation in this
matter would help as he would be better aware of the facts of the case. Also, his viewpoint on the
matter may help Arvind in framing a more balanced opinion on the matter. Arvind could do as the head
says but that could also mean doing nothing if the head asks him to do nothing, a course of action which
would not help address Arvinds crisis of conscience.
Option 3: Sending an anonymous letter to the press would ensure that Arvind would not be targeted by
any possible witchhunt and an important issue of public interest would also be highlighted. However, it
could also happen that the matter only helps to give fodder to the press and opposition parties to
embarrass the government, rather than leading to any concrete discussion on systemic changes in
intelligence procedures.
Option 4: Going to the press directly would be the most difficult thing to do for Arvind. He could land up
in detention like many other whistleblowers with his career ruined and his image sullied by accusations

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of treason. It may also happen that the intelligence apparatus of the country is weakened due to such
revelations. But at the same time, it may also happen that the citizens of the country realise the pitfalls
of such spying. Arvinds bravery may also help to inspire other whistleblowers and conscious citizens to
come forward and support his cause.
At the end of the day, Arvind should undertake the course of action which addresses both his inner
conflict and serves the wider public interest. Hence, before taking any action he should investigate
clandestinely to know more about the facts of the case. He should try to gauge the different viewpoints
on this matter by getting inputs from his peers without revealing any details of the case. Finally, if he is
convinced of the illegality of the spying, he should come out in the public with the details of the case and
proof of the governments complicity in the illegal spying operations. Through his words and actions,
Arvind should seek to stir a rational debate on the implications of such spying on individuals right to
privacy, political freedom and national security. Such a debate should refrain from simply attacking the
government on the issue and should instead lead to systemic/institutional changes to reform the
countrys intelligence apparatus.

You are a Head of Department in a premier University. Recently a clerical staff in your department was
terminated from the job as he was found under the influence of alcohol during office hours. In the
previous month there were a lot of complaints regarding his poor quality of work, tardiness and some
incoherent behavior. Later you came to know that this change in behavior was concurrent with the
death of his wife after a prolonged illness. It has also made him debt ridden. This may be further
compounded by the fact that he has a daughter to marry off soon and a differently abled son to take
care of.

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He desperately needs a job. He has applied for a position at a private University and has already given
your name as a reference. He pleads you to give him a good recommendation and not mention his
drinking, which he assures you is now under control. He also asks you to mention that he voluntarily
left the University to address a family medical crisis and that the University was pleased with his work.
You like this person and believe that he is a good worker when he is not drinking. But you doubt
whether he has really overcome his drinking problem.

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Valid arguments can be advanced, both, for rejecting his plea with the consequence that his condition
may become even worse and for accepting his plea with a noble intention, but keeping the third party
in dark. What could those arguments be? Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If
so, outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. (250 words)
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Approach:

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The answer must show an ethical conflict between the need to abide by the rules of recruitment (i.e.
Rule of Law) versus showing empathy and compassion for someone who due to taxing circumstances
may have astray the right path. Arguments both for and against the decision must be shown. Finally,
devise a mechanism wherein without compromising with the Rules and without keeping the other
institutions in dark, a compassionate solution may be created for the strayed man.
Answer:
Arguments for Rejecting the Plea of the ex-Clerical Staff:
The merit of this option is that it is strictly as per the Rules of the Recruitment. An alcoholic or even a
reasonable suspect should not be appointed. Thus Rule of Law is followed.
By rejecting the plea the HoD will be merely telling the Statement of Fact. It cannot be said that he is
rejecting the case of the exClerk. The private University may very well see the unfortunate episode as a

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gone by event. Thus after proper due diligence it may appoint the exClerk, provided he has given up the
drinking habit and making nuisance at work place, as claimed by him.
Since the HoD himself is not sure and he doubts whether the exClerk has overcome his drinking
problem, so by not rejecting his plea, he himself will remain in the crisis of conscience.
At a later stage the HoD will not be held responsible in any way if the performance of the clerk is found
substandard at the workplace.
Arguments for Accepting the Plea of the ex-Clerical Staff:
The merit in accepting his plea is that it shows compassion and empathy on part of the HoD.
Mechanically telling some Statement of Fact (i.e. the past facts) without suggesting the context and
some recent developments would actually undermine the spirit of the Rules and Regulations.
Even in our constitution there is no provision for Double Jeopardy. He has already been punished for
his misconduct. It is possible that after knowing the superficial facts of the case the prospective
employers may simply turn down his candidature thus punishing him again.

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The HoD must first ensure that the clerk has really overcome his problem. Ask him to produce a medical
certificate of rehabilitation. Alternately help him out in getting admitted to a rehabilitation centre. Since
he is not a habitual alcoholic and this problem has surfaced only very recently so it can be rectified soon,
if he is psychologically restored. For this he needs support of office colleagues.

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At the same time, an alcoholic cannot be appointed if his behavior at office place is influenced by his
drinking habits.

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So after ensuring that his rehabilitation doctor has given him a certificate, you recommend favorably for
him. The principle of Double Jeopardy requires that he cannot be punished twice. Also it is presumed
that after the sentence period a criminal or offender is as good as a normal law abiding citizen. If the
clerk is rehabilitated clinically for his alcohol habit then there is no point in subjecting him to the same
punishment or even symbolic dogma.

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This all may be politely but firmly explained to the prospective new employer. Explain the overall context
of his family circumstances when he took a wrong path. Otherwise he is a good worker. You may suggest
them to take an Undertaking from him regarding his rehabilitation and that any wrongdoing at
workplace under influence of alcohol will invite summary termination. )

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The above mentioned way might help the Head of the Department in getting out of the dilemma which
not only ensures that the exclerk might be able to get the job but also justifies his integrity and his
actions being consonant with his conscience.

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