Statistics is a branch of Science that deals with Collection, Organization,

Presentation, Computation and Interpretation of data.

Definition of basic terms
Division of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics deals with the collection, organization, presentation and

computation of data to describe the sample under investigation

Inferential Statistics gives information, inferences and implications regarding

the population by studying its representative sample

Data is a set of observation, values, elements or objects under consideration

Population is a complete set of all possible observation or elements.

Sample is a small representative cross-section of the population

Parameter is an arbitrary constant whose value characterizes a member of a

system

Sampling method is the process choosing a representative part of the

population

VARIABLE is a statistical quantity that is capable of assuming several values

Kinds of Variables

Discrete are variables whose values can be counted such as the number of
enrollees.

Continuous variable on the other and may progress from one value to the next
without a break and may be represented by a whole number or a fraction

Independent and Dependent variable are two variables are independent, if the
occurrence of the first is not relative to the existence of the second.

LEVEL OF DATA MEASUREMENT (ways of classifying data)

Nominal level are referred to as categorical data frequency data, attribute data
or enumeration data.

Ordinal level involves data that may be arrange in some meaningful order.

Interval level of measurements is like the ordinal like the ordinal level but
meaningful amounts of differences or equality can be determined between data.
This level may lack an inherent zero starting point.

Ratio level of measurement actually the interval level modified to include the
inherent zero starting point.

Summation Notation
3

X i=X 1 + X 2+ X 3
i=1

Read as the summation of all x I, ranging from 1 to 3

KINDS OF DATA

Primary Data refer to information which are gathered directly from an original
source or which are based on direct or first-hand experience

Secondary data refer to the information which are taken from published or
unpublished data which are previously gathered by other individuals or agencies

Internal data taken from the companys own records of operation such as sales,
records, personnel records, etc.

External data that comes from outside sources and not from the companys
owns record.

Kind of data according to the arrangement

Raw data are unarranged data

Array data are data that are arrange

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Direct or Interview Method is method of person- to- person exchange between

the interviewer and interviewee.

Indirect or questionnaire method is a written responses are given to prepared

questions intended to elicit answer to the problem of a study

Registration method is gathering information forced by a certain laws.

Experimental method is used when the objective is to determine the cause and
effect relationship of certain phenomena under controlled condition

Observation method mostly used to observes the behavior of person

organizations and their outcome.