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Sensory analysis
Guidelines for the use
of quantitative
response scales

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BS ISO
4121:2003

BRITISH STANDARD

ICS 67.240

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National foreword
This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 4121:2003 and implements it
as the UK national standard.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
AW/12, Sensory analysis, which has the responsibility to:
aid enquirers to understand the text;

present to the responsible international/European committee any

enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the
UK interests informed;

monitor related international and European developments and

promulgate them in the UK.

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A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.

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Cross-references

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The British Standards which implement international publications referred to

in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled
International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the Search
facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

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Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity

from legal obligations.

Summary of pages

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This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page,
pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 9 and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was last issued.

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BS ISO 4121:2003

This British Standard was

published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee on
26 November 2003
BSI 26 November 2003

ISBN 0 580 42970 9

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No.

Date

Comments

ISO
4121

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD

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Second edition
2003-11-15

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Sensory analysis Guidelines for the

use of quantitative response scales

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Analyse sensorielle Lignes directrices pour l'utilisation d'chelles de

rponses quantitatives

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BS ISO 4121:2003

Reference number
ISO 4121:2003(E)

OSI 3002

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BS
ISO 4121:2003
IS:1214
O3002(E)

ISO 3002

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ISO 3002 Allr ihgtsser edevr

Contents

Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1

Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1

Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1

General considerations ........................................................................................................................ 3

5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

Response scales ................................................................................................................................... 3

General ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Numerical and verbal response scales............................................................................................... 3
Dynamic response scales .................................................................................................................... 4
Pictorial response scales ..................................................................................................................... 4

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

Choice of response scale..................................................................................................................... 5

General ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Choice of unipolar or bipolar response scale.................................................................................... 5
Choice of continuous or discrete response scale............................................................................. 5
Equality of the response scale intervals ............................................................................................ 6
Quality of the measurements obtained using response scales....................................................... 6
Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................................ 6

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Annex A (informative) Application examples .................................................................................................. 7

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Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

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iii

Foreword

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ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

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The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

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ISO 4121 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 12, Sensory
analysis.

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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4121:1987), which has been technically
revised.

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ISO 4121:2003
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iv

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IS:1214 O3002(E)

Scope

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Sensory analysis Guidelines for the use of quantitative

response scales

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This International Standard provides guidelines describing quantitative response scales (where the response
obtained indicates the intensity of perception) and their use when assessing samples.
It is applicable to all quantitative assessment, whether global or specific and whether objective or hedonic.

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It is intentionally limited to the most commonly used measurement scales for sensory assessment.
It is necessary to distinguish between two common uses of the term scale: response scale (see 3.1), and
measurement scale (see 3.5).

Annex A gives examples of an application.

Normative references

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NOTE

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

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ISO 5492, Sensory analysis Vocabulary

ISO 6658, Sensory analysis Methodology General guidance

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ISO 8586-1, Sensory analysis General guidance for the selection, training and monitoring of assessors
Part 1: Selected assessors

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ISO 8586-2, Sensory analysis General guidance for the selection, training and monitoring of assessors
Part 2: Experts
ISO 8587, Sensory analysis Methodology Ranking

Terms and definitions

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BS ISO 4121:2003
INTENRATIONAL TSANDADR

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5492 and the following apply.
3.1
response scale
means (e.g. numerical, verbal or pictorial) by which an assessor registers a quantitative response
NOTE 1
In sensory analysis, this is a device or tool to capture the reaction of an assessor to some property such that it
can be converted into numbers.
NOTE 2

The term scale is widely used as being equivalent to the expression response scale.

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3.2
measure, verb
record the quantity of a property
3.3
measurement
action of measuring

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3.4
measurement
number resulting from the action of measuring

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3.5
measurement scale
formal relationship (e.g. ordinal, interval or ratio) between a property (e.g. the intensity of a sensory
perception) and the numbers used to represent values of the property (e.g. numbers registered by the
assessors or derived from the assessors' responses)
NOTE

The term scale is widely used as being equivalent to the expression measurement scale.

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3.5.1
ordinal scale
scale in which the order of the values allocated corresponds to the order of the intensities perceived for the
property being assessed

EXAMPLES

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NOTE
The size of the difference between two values cannot be assumed to reflect the difference between the
perceived intensities. Neither can the ratio of two values be assumed to reflect the ratio of the perceived intensities.
Richter scale of earthquake intensity and Beaufort scale of wind strength.

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3.5.2
interval scale
scale which, in addition to possessing the attributes of an ordinal scale, is distinguished by the fact that equal
differences between numerical values correspond to equal differences between properties measured (in
sensory analysis, perceived intensities)

EXAMPLES

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NOTE
Larger values correspond to larger perceived intensities and the size of the difference between two values
reflects the size of the difference in perceived intensity of the property being measured. However, a numerical value of
zero may not indicate a total absence of the property and the ratio of two values cannot be assumed to reflect the ratio of
the perceived intensities.
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales.

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3.5.3
ratio scale
scale which has the properties of an interval scale but for which, in addition, the ratio between the values
allocated to two stimuli is equal to the ratio between the perceived intensities of these stimuli

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ISO 4121:2003
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NOTE 1

With this scale, a numerical value of zero designates total absence of the property.

NOTE 2
The ratio scale is the only case for which it is meaningful to say that one result is, for instance, ten times as
great as another.
EXAMPLES

Kelvin temperature scale, mass and length scales.

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3.6
referencing
use of one or more specified standards to designate particular values (numeric or semantic) on the response
scale
NOTE 1
A specified concentration of sucrose in water may correspond to a specified numerical value on a scale of
sweetness.
A reference is not always physical (e.g. a hedonic ideal).

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3.7
end effect
tendency of assessors to under-use or over-use the extremities of the response scale

NOTE 2

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NOTE
The most usual end effect is for assessors to avoid using the highest and lowest scale values, one reason
being to leave responses available for future, extreme samples that do not, in fact, occur.

General considerations

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All methodologies that use response scales should take the following into account:

the usual general conditions under which sensory analyses should be carried out; refer in particular to the
International Standards concerning general guidance for sensory analysis (ISO 6658), layout of test
rooms intended for sensory analysis (ISO 8589), selection and training of assessors and experts
(ISO 8586-1 and ISO 8586-2);

specific standards that use the relevant scale, for example, sensory profiles (ISO 6564, ISO 13299) or
classification (ISO 8587).

Response scales
General

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5.1

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5.2

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A distinction can be made between numerical, verbal, dynamic and pictorial scales. However, all types of
response scale are usually translated into numbers for the purposes of analysis and interpretation (see
Figure 1).

Numerical and verbal response scales

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Numerical and verbal response scales are the types most commonly used in sensory analysis. Some
examples are shown in Figure 1. For more details, see [4] and [5].
Each assessor gives a response either by selecting it on a questionnaire (e.g. by circling the appropriate
response or by marking the appropriate box) or by producing it (e.g. by writing down a number to represent
the perceived intensity or by marking a position on a line).

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ISO 4121:2003
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Line scales permit unlimited fineness of differentiation among responses and are examples of continuous
scales, whereas category scales allow only certain predefined responses and are examples of discrete scales
(see 6.3).

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5.3

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Figure 1 Examples of response scales

Dynamic response scales

Pictorial response scales

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5.4

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Dynamic response scales are continuous scales used, for example, to record the intensity of a perception as it
changes over time. The assessor may move a cursor along an intensity scale using a computer mouse or
joystick, or may adjust a potentiometer, or the spacing of his or her fingers.

Pictorial response scales are discrete scales. They are often presented in the form of a series of stylized faces
that illustrate different expressions from extreme liking to extreme dislike. They are often used for hedonic
tests conducted with children whose reading and/or understanding capacities are limited.

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ISO 4121:2003
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The assessor indicates the face to the person conducting the experiment or selects it himself/herself. The
various expressions are then converted into numbers in order to be processed (see [6]).

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Choice of response scale

6.1

General

The choice of response scale depends on the objectives of the study, the products being studied and the
panel.

easily understood by the assessors,

easy to use,

discriminating, and

unbiased.

Choice of unipolar or bipolar response scale

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6.2

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Whatever response scale is adopted, it is necessary that it be

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The polarity of a scale is defined by the location of the neutral or zero point:

in a unipolar scale, the neutral or zero point is located at one end of the scale;

in a bipolar scale, the neutral or zero point is located at the centre of the scale.

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A bipolar scale is used when the intensity of a property can differ in either direction from a neutral or ideal
value. For example, a bipolar scale may run from Not sweet enough to Too sweet, whereas a unipolar
scale may run from Not at all sweet to Extremely sweet.

Choice of continuous or discrete response scale

6.3.1

Continuous scale

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6.3

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When constructing bipolar scales, an inappropriate choice of scale anchors can produce a scale that does not
form a true continuum and has no logical centre point. Avoid the use of anchors that are not based on a single
attribute (e.g. dark brown to bright red) unless they lie on a recognized sequence of stages or grades of the
product.

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Assessors may be asked to make numerical responses on a continuous scale, meaning that numbers with
fractional parts can be used. Line scales are typically 15 cm (6 in) long, labelled at each end with the extreme
values of the attribute being assessed. The assessor responds by marking the line in the position
corresponding to the perceived intensity. The marked position is converted to a number by the analyst.
A continuous scale gives assessors an opportunity to express small differences in judgement. On the other
hand, the task may seem more difficult than using a category scale and transcription of the data takes longer
unless an automatic data acquisition system is available.

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6.3.2

Discrete scale

In the case of discrete scales, it has been observed that:

the smaller the number of categories, the greater the end effect, which therefore diminishes the
discriminatory capacity of the scale (see [7]);

assessors with little training consider a discrete (9-point) scale easier to use than a continuous (15 cm)
scale (see [8]);

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9-point hedonic scales may be more discriminating than 7- or 5-point scales (see [9] and [10]);

the response times of the assessors and the repeatability of responses are independent of the number of
graduations (see [9] and [10]).

6.4

Equality of the response scale intervals

There is no direct relationship between the response scale used and the measurement scale that corresponds
to the values recorded. Thus the same response scale can lead to values that are only ordinal (unequal
intervals) or that are on an interval scale (equal intervals).

6.5

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In sensory analysis, it is the perception of a property that is assessed, not the property itself, and it is
impossible to be certain that equality of the intervals has been achieved. While it is quite usual to interpret the
results as if they correspond to an interval or ratio measurement scale, this interpretation should be expressed
in each specific case as a working hypothesis.

Quality of the measurements obtained using response scales

a)

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Irrespective of the response scale, the quality of the measurements depends on the manner in which they
were obtained. The aspects to be considered are as follows.
Training level of the assessors

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See ISO 8586-1 and ISO 8586-2.

Assessors should be trained to represent equal differences in perception by equal differences on the
response scale and to use the entire response scale in a homogeneous manner in order to minimize end
effects.
Assessors may also be trained to associate particular levels of perception with corresponding scale
values, particularly in sensory profiling.
Presentation of the samples

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b)

See the general considerations relative to presentation of samples in ISO 6658.

Statistical analysis

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6.6

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For statistical processing of the recorded data, see ISO 8587 for the Friedman test and standard textbooks
(such as [11]) for analysis of variance.

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Annex A
(informative)
Application examples

A.1 Objective and procedure

First take the following decisions.

Should the presentation of samples be monadic or comparative?

b)

Which response scale will be used?

c)

Which measurement scale will be assumed?

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A.2 Example 1

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a)

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The objective is to quantify the differences in sweetness among five samples of chocolate bar.

This shows a comparative presentation using a unipolar, continuous response scale.

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An example of a reply form is shown in Figure A.1. An interval scale measurement is assumed.

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ISO 4121:2003
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Figure A.1 Reply form for Example 1

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A.3 Example 2
This shows a sequential, monadic presentation using a numerical, unipolar, discrete response scale.

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Each sample will have its own response form, for example as shown in Figure A.2. An interval scale
measurement is assumed.

Figure A.2 Reply form for Example 2

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The choice of the type of response scale depends on the assessors' degree of training and on the objectives
of the study. It does not depend on the method of presentation being comparative or monadic.

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Bibliography

ISO 6564, Sensory analysis Methodology Flavour profile methods

[2]

ISO 8589, Sensory analysis General guidance for the design of test rooms

[3]

ISO 13299, Sensory analysis Methodology General guidance for establishing a sensory profile

[4]

LAWLESS, H.T. and HEYMANN, H.H. Sensory evaluation of food: Principles and practices. Chapman and
Hall, New York, 1998

[5]

MEILGAARD, M., CIVILLE, G.V. and CARR, B.T. Sensory evaluation techniques, 3rd ed. CRC Press,
London, 1999

[6]

SPAETH, E.E., CHAMBERS, E.IV and SCHWENKE, J.R. A comparison of acceptability scaling methods for
use with children. Product Testing with Consumers for Research Guidance: Special Consumer Group.
ASTM STP I 1 55, L. S. Wu and A. D. Gelinas, Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, 1992

[7]

KSTER, E.P. Odeurs et dsodorisation dans l'environnement. Martin, G. and Lafont, P. Eds.,
Lavoisier, Tec. & Doc. , 1991

[8]

LAWLESS, H. and MALONE, G. The discriminative efficiency of common scaling methods. J. Sensory
Studies, 1, 1986, pp. 85-98

[9]

JONES, L.V., PEYRAM D.R. and THURSTONE L.L. Development of a scale for measuring soldiers' food
preferences. Food Research, 20, 1955, pp. 512-520

[10]

KROLL, B.J. Evaluating rating scales for sensory testing with children. Food Technology. 11, 1990,
pp. 78-86

[11]

LEA, P., NS, T. and RDBOTTEN, M. Analysis of variance for sensory data. Wiley, New York, 1997

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[1]

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