Short story

For the Gershwin piano and violin piece, see Short Story than it was in Poes era. Other denitions place the max(music).
imum word count of the short story at anywhere from
1,000 to 4,000. In contemporary usage, the term short
A short story is a brief work of literature, usually story most often refers to a work of ction no shorter
than 1,000 and no longer than 20,000 words. Stories
written in narrative prose.[1] Emerging from earlier oral
words are sometimes referred to as
storytelling traditions in the 17th century, the short story of fewer than 1,000 [5]
short short stories, or "ash ction.
has grown to encompass a body of work so diverse as
to defy easy characterization. At its most prototypical As a point of reference for the genre writer, the Science
the short story features a small cast of named characters, Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America dene short story
and focuses on a self-contained incident with the intent length in the Nebula Awards for science ction submisof evoking a single eect or mood.[2] In doing so, short sion guidelines as having a word count of fewer than
stories make use of plot, resonance, and other dynamic 7,500.[6]
components to a far greater degree than is typical of an Longer stories that cannot be called novels are sometimes
anecdote, yet to a far lesser degree than a novel. While considered novellas or novelettes and, like short stories,
the short story is largely distinct from the novel, authors may be collected into the more marketable form of colof both generally draw from a common pool of literary lections, often containing previously unpublished stotechniques.
ries. Sometimes, authors who do not have the time or
money to write a novella or novel decide to write short
stories instead, working out a deal with a popular website
or magazine to publish them for prot.

Short stories have no set length. In terms of word count

there is no ocial demarcation between an anecdote, a
short story, and a novel. Rather, the forms parameters
are given by the rhetorical and practical context in which
a given story is produced and considered, so that what
constitutes a short story may dier between genres, countries, eras, and commentators.[3] Like the novel, the short
storys predominant shape reects the demands of the
available markets for publication, and the evolution of the
form seems closely tied to the evolution of the publishing
industry and the submission guidelines of its constituent
houses.[4]

2 Characteristics
As a concentrated form of narrative prose ction, the
short story has been theorised through the traditional elements of dramatic structure: exposition (the introduction of setting, situation and main characters), complication (the event that introduces the conict), rising action, crisis (the decisive moment for the protagonist and
his commitment to a course of action), climax (the point
of highest interest in terms of the conict and the point
with the most action) and resolution (the point when the
conict is resolved). Because of their length, short stories
may or may not follow this pattern. For example, modern
short stories only occasionally have an exposition, more
typically beginning in the middle of the action (in medias res). As with longer stories, plots of short stories
also have a climax, crisis, or turning point. However, the
endings of many short stories are abrupt and open and
may or may not have a moral or practical lesson. As with
any art form, the exact characteristics of a short story will
vary by creator. Short stories tend to be less complex
than novels. Usually a short story focuses on one incident; has a single plot, a single setting, and a small number of characters; and covers a short period of time. The
modern short story form emerged from oral story-telling
traditions, the brief moralistic narratives of parables and
fables, and the prose anecdote, all of these being forms

The short story has been considered both an apprenticeship form preceding more lengthy works, and a crafted
form in its own right, collected together in books of similar length, price, and distribution as novels. Short story
writers may dene their works as part of the artistic and
personal expression of the form. They may also attempt
to resist categorization by genre and xed formation.

Length

See the article novella for related debate about length.

Determining what exactly separates a short story from
longer ctional formats is problematic. A classic denition of a short story is that one should be able to read
it in one sitting, a point most notably made in Edgar Allan Poe's essay "Thomas Le Moineau (Le Moile)" (1846).
Interpreting this standard nowadays is problematic, since
the expected length of one sitting may now be briefer
1

3 HISTORY

of a swiftly sketched situation that quickly comes to its

point. With the rise of the realistic novel, the short story
evolved in a parallel tradition, with some of its rst distinctive examples in the tales of E. T. A. Homann. The
character of the form developed particularly with authors
known for their short ction, either by choice (they wrote
nothing else) or by critical regard, which acknowledged
the focus and craft required in the short form. An example is Jorge Luis Borges, who won American fame with
"The Garden of Forking Paths", published in the August
1948 Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine. Another example is O. Henry (author of "Gift of the Magi"), for whom
the O. Henry Award is named. American examples include Flannery O'Connor, John Cheever, and Raymond
Carver.

History

French translation).
The mid 17th century in France saw the development of
a rened short novel, the nouvelle, by such authors as
Madame de Lafayette. In the 1690s, traditional fairy tales
began to be published (one of the most famous collections
was by Charles Perrault). The appearance of Antoine
Galland's rst modern translation of the Thousand and
One Nights (or Arabian Nights) (from 1704; another
translation appeared in 171012) would have an enormous inuence on the 18th-century European short stories of Voltaire, Diderot and others.

3.2 17901850
There are early examples of short stories published separately between 1790 and 1810, but the rst true collections of short stories appeared between 1810 and 1830 in
several countries around the same period.[7]

The rst short stories in the United Kingdom were gothic

tales like Richard Cumberland's remarkable narrative
The Poisoner of Montremos (1791).[8] Great novelists
Short stories date back to oral storytelling traditions
like Sir Walter Scott and Charles Dickens also wrote some
which originally produced epics such as Homer's Iliad and
short stories.
Odyssey. Oral narratives were often told in the form of
rhyming or rhythmic verse, often including recurring sec- One of the earliest short stories in the United States was
tions or, in the case of Homer, Homeric epithets. Such Charles Brockden Brown's Somnambulism from 1805.
stylistic devices often acted as mnemonics for easier re- Washington Irving wrote mysterious tales including "Rip
call, rendition and adaptation of the story. Short sections van Winkle" (1819) and "The Legend of Sleepy Holof verse might focus on individual narratives that could low" (1820). Nathaniel Hawthorne published the rst
be told at one sitting. The overall arc of the tale would part of his Twice-Told Tales in 1837. Edgar Allan Poe
emerge only through the telling of multiple such sections. wrote his tales of mystery and imagination between 1832
and 1849. Classic stories are "The Fall of the House of
Fables, succinct tales with an explicit moral, were said
Usher", "The Tell-Tale Heart", "The Cask of Amontilby the Greek historian Herodotus to have been invented
lado", "The Pit and the Pendulum", and the rst detective
in the 6th century BCE by a Greek slave named Aesop,
story, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue". In "The Philosthough other times and nationalities have also been given
ophy of Composition" (1846) Poe argued that a literary
for him. These ancient fables are today known as Aesops
work should be short enough for a reader to nish in one
Fables.
sitting.[9]
The other ancient form of short story, the anecdote, was
In Germany, the rst collection of short stories was by
popular under the Roman Empire. Anecdotes functioned
Heinrich von Kleist in 1810 and 1811. The Brothers
as a sort of parable, a brief realistic narrative that emGrimm published their rst volume of collected fairy
bodies a point. Many surviving Roman anecdotes were
tales in 1812. E. T. A. Homann followed with his own
collected in the 13th or 14th century as the Gesta Rooriginal fantasy tales, of which "The Nutcracker and the
manorum. Anecdotes remained popular in Europe well
Mouse King" (1816) is the most famous.
into the 18th century, when the ctional anecdotal letters
In France, Prosper Mrime wrote Mateo Falcone in
of Sir Roger de Coverley were published.
1829.
In Europe, the oral story-telling tradition began to develop into written stories in the early 14th century, most
notably with Georey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and
3.3 18501900
Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. Both of these books
are composed of individual short stories (which range
from farce or humorous anecdotes to well-crafted liter- In the latter 19th century, the growth of print magazines
ary ctions) set within a larger narrative story (a frame and journals created a strong demand for short ction of
story), although the frame-tale device was not adopted between 3,000 and 15,000 words.
by all writers. At the end of the 16th century, some of In the United Kingdom, Thomas Hardy wrote dozens of
the most popular short stories in Europe were the darkly short stories, including "The Three Strangers" (1883), "A
tragic "novella" of Matteo Bandello (especially in their Mere Interlude" (1885) and "Barbara of the House of

3.1

Predecessors

3.4

19001945

Grebe" (1890). Rudyard Kipling published short story

collections for grown-ups, e.g. Plain Tales from the
Hills (1888), as well as for children, e.g. The Jungle
Book (1894). In 1892 Arthur Conan Doyle brought the
detective story to a new height with The Adventures of
Sherlock Holmes. H. G. Wells wrote his rst science ction stories in the 1880s. One of his best known is "The
Country of the Blind" (1904).
In the United States, Herman Melville published his story
collection The Piazza Tales in 1856. "The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was the title story
of Mark Twain's rst book one year later. In 1884,
Brander Matthews, the rst American professor of dramatic literature, published The Philosophy of the ShortStory. At that same year, Matthews was the rst one to
name the emerging genre short story. Another theorist
of narrative ction was Henry James. James wrote a lot of
short stories himself, including "The Real Thing" (1892),
Maud-Evelyn and The Beast in the Jungle (1903). In
the 1890s Kate Chopin published short stories in several
magazines.
The most prolic French author of short stories was Guy
de Maupassant. Stories like "Boule de Suif" (Ball of
Fat, 1880) and "L'Inutile Beaut" (The Useless Beauty,
1890) are good examples of French realism.
In Russia, Ivan Turgenev gained recognition with his
story collection A Sportsmans Sketches. Nikolai Leskov
created his rst short stories in the 1860s. Late in his
life Fyodor Dostoyevski wrote "The Meek One" (1876)
and "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man" (1877), two stories with great psychological and philosophical depth.
Leo Tolstoy handled ethical questions in his short stories, for example in "Ivan the Fool" (1885), "How Much
Land Does a Man Need?" (1886) and "Alyosha the Pot"
(1905). The greatest specialist of the Russian short story
however was Anton Chekhov. Classic examples of his realistic prose are "The Bet" (1889), Ward No. 6 (1892),
and "The Lady with the Dog" (1899). Maxim Gorky's
best known short story is "Twenty-six Men and a Girl"
(1899).

3
Tek Singh are aesthetic masterpieces which continue to
give profound insight into the nature of human loss, violence and devastation.
In India, Rabindranath Tagore published short stories,
on the lives of the poor and oppressed such as peasants,
Women and villagers under colonial misrule and exploitation.
In Poland, Bolesaw Prus was the most important author
of short stories. In 1888 he wrote "A Legend of Old
Egypt".
Machado de Assis, one of the majors novelist from Brazil
was the most important short story writer from his country at the time, under inuences (among others) of Xavier
de Maistre, Lawrence Sterne, Guy de Maupassant. In
the end of the 19 th century the writer Joo do Rio became popular by short stories about the bohemianism.
Writing about the former slaves, and very ironical about
nationalism, Lima Barreto died almost forgotten, but became very popular in the 20th century.
In Portuguese literature, the major names of the time are
Almeida Garrett and the historian and novelist Alexandre
Herculano. Still inuential, Ea de Queiroz produced
some short stories with a style inuenced by mile Zola,
Balzac and Dickens.

3.4 19001945
In the United Kingdom, periodicals like The Strand Magazine and Story-Teller contributed to the popularity of
the short story. Hector Hugh Munro (18701916), also
known by his pen name of Saki, wrote satirical short stories about Edwardian England. W. Somerset Maugham,
who wrote over a hundred short stories, was one of the
most popular authors of his time. P. G. Wodehouse published his rst collection of comical stories about valet
Jeeves in 1917. Many detective stories were written by
G. K. Chesterton, Agatha Christie and Dorothy L. Sayers. Short stories by Virginia Woolf are "Kew Gardens"
(1919) and Solid Objects, about a politician with mental problems. Graham Greene wrote his Twenty-One Stories between 1929 and 1954. A specialist of the short
story was V. S. Pritchett, whose rst collection appeared
in 1932. Arthur C. Clarke published his rst science ction story, "Travel by Wire!" in 1937.

The prolic Indian author of short stories Munshi Premchand, pioneered the genre in the Hindustani language,
writing a substantial body of short stories and novels in a
style characterized by realism and an unsentimental and
authentic introspection into the complexities of Indian society. Premchand's work, including his over 200 short
In Ireland, James Joyce published his short story collecstories (such as the story Lottery) and his novel Godaan
tion Dubliners in 1914. These stories, written in a more
remain substantial works.
accessible style than his later novels, are based on careful
A master of the short story, the Urdu language writer observation of the inhabitants of his birth city.
Saadat Hasan Manto, is revered for his exceptional depth,
In the rst half of the 20th century, a number of highirony and sardonic humour. The author of some 250 short
prole American magazines such as The Atlantic Monthly,
stories, radio plays, essays, reminiscences and a novel,
Harpers Magazine, The New Yorker Scribners, The SatManto is widely admired for his analyses of violence, bigurday Evening Post, Esquire, and The Bookman published
otry, prejudice and the relationships between reason and
short stories in each issue. The demand for quality short
unreason. Combining realism with surrealism and irony,
stories was so great and the money paid for such so
Mantos works such as the celebrated short story Toba
well that F. Scott Fitzgerald repeatedly turned to short-

4
story (as Matthews preferred to write it) writing to pay
his numerous debts. His rst collection Flappers and
Philosophers appeared in book form in 1920. William
Faulkner wrote over one hundred short stories. Go Down,
Moses, a collection of seven stories, appeared in 1941.
Ernest Hemingway's concise writing style was perfectly
t for shorter ction. Stories like "A Clean, Well-Lighted
Place" (1926), "Hills Like White Elephants" (1927) and
"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936) are only a few pages
long, but carefully crafted. Dorothy Parker's bittersweet
story Big Blonde debuted in 1929. A popular science
ction story is "Nightfall" by Isaac Asimov.

3 HISTORY
Stegner's short stories are primarily set in the American West. Stephen King published many short stories
in mens magazines in the 1960s and after. The 1970s
saw the rise of the postmodern short story in the works
of Donald Barthelme and John Barth. Traditionalists including John Updike and Joyce Carol Oates maintained
signicant inuence on the form. Minimalism gained
widespread inuence in the 1980s, most notably in the
work of Raymond Carver and Ann Beattie.
Canadian short story writers include Alice Munro, Mavis
Gallant, and Lynn Coady.

In the United Kingdom, Daphne du Maurier wrote

Katherine Manseld from New Zealand wrote many of suspense stories like "The Birds" (1952) and "Don't Look
short stories between 1912 and her death in 1923. "The Now" (1971). Roald Dahl was the master of the twist-inDolls House" (1922) treats the topic of social inequity.
the-tale. Short story collections like Lamb to the Slaughter
Two important authors of short stories in the German lan- (1953) and Kiss Kiss (1960) illustrate his dark humour.
guage were Thomas Mann and Franz Kafka. In 1922 the In Italy, Italo Calvino published the short story collection
latter wrote "A Hunger Artist", about a man who fasts for Marcovaldo, about a poor man in a city, in 1963.
several days.
In Brazil, the short story became popular among female
Rynosuke Akutagawa (1892-1927) is called the Father
writers like Clarice Lispector, Lygia Fagundes Telles,
of the Japanese short story.
Adlia Prado, who wrote about their society from a femiIn Brazil, the most famous modern short story writer is nine viewpoint, although the genre has great male writers
Mrio de Andrade. At the time, Paulistan writer Antnio like Dalton Trevisan, Autran Dourado Moacyr Scliar and
de Alcantra Machado became very popular from his col- Carlos Heitor Cony too. Also, writing about poverty and
lection of short stories titled, Brs, Bexiga e Barra Funda the favelas, Joo Antonio became a well known writer.
(1928), about several Italian neighborhoods, but now he Other post-modern short ction authors include writers
is mostly read in just So Paulo. Also, novelist Graciliano Hilda Hilst and Caio Fernando Abreu. Detective literaRamos and poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade have sig- ture was led by Rubem Fonseca. It is also necessary to
nicant short story works.
mention Joo Guimares Rosa, wrote short stories in the
Portuguese writers like Mrio de S-Carneiro, Florbela book Sagarana using a complex, experimental language
Espanca and Fernando Pessoa wrote well-known short based on tales of oral traditional.
stories, although their major genre was poetry.

Portuguese writers like Virglo Ferreira, Fernando

Goncalves Namora and Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen are among the most inuential short story writers from 20th-century Portuguese language literature.
3.5 After 1945
Manuel da Silva Ramos is one of the most well-known
names of postmodernism in the country. Nobel PrizeThe period following World War II saw a great owerwinner Jos Saramago published few short stories, but
ing of literary short ction in the United States. The New
became popular from his novels.
Yorker continued to publish the works of the forms leading mid-century practitioners, including Shirley Jackson, The Angolan writer Jos Luandino Vieira is one of the
whose story, "The Lottery", published in 1948, elicited most well-known writers from his country and has several
the strongest response in the magazines history to that short stories. Jos Eduardo Agualusa is also increasingly
time. Other frequent contributors during the last 1940s read in Portuguese-speaking countries.
included John Cheever, John Steinbeck, Jean Staord, Mozambican Mia Couto is a widely known writer of post
and Eudora Welty. J. D. Salinger's Nine Stories (1953) ex- modern prose, and he is read even in non-Portuguese
perimented with point of view and voice, while Flannery speaking countries. Other Mozambican writers such as
O'Connor's story "A Good Man is Hard to Find" (1955) Suleiman Cassamo, Paulina Chiziane and Eduardo White
reinvigorated the Southern Gothic style. Cultural and so- are gaining popularity with Portuguese-speakers too.
cial identity played a considerable role in much of the
short ction of the 1960s. Philip Roth and Grace Pa- The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges is one of the most
ley cultivated distinctive Jewish-American voices. Tillie famous writers of short stories in the Spanish language.
Olsens "I Stand Here Ironing" (1961) adopted a con- "The Library of Babel" (1941) and "The Aleph" (1945)
sciously feminist perspective. James Baldwins collection handle dicult subjects like innity. Two of the most
Going to Meet the Man (1965) told stories of African- representative writers of the Magical realism genre are
American life. Frank O'Connors The Lonely Voice, an also widely known Argentinan short story writers: Adolfo
exploration of the short story, appeared in 1963. Wallace Bioy Casares and Julio Cortzar.

5
The Uruguayan writer Juan Carlos Onetti is known as one
of the most important magical realist writer from Latin
America.
In Colombia, the Nobel prize laureate author Gabriel
Garcia Marquez is the main novelist and short story
writer, known by his magical realist stories and his defense of the Communist Party in his country.
The Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, also a Nobel
prize winner, has signicant short story works.
The Egyptian Nobel Prize-winner Naguib Mafouz is the
most well-known author from his country, but has only a
few short stories.
Japanese world-known short story writers include
Kenzabur e (Nobel prize winner of 1994), Yukio
Mishima and Haruki Murakami.

Short lms, often rewritten by other people, and

even as feature-length lms, such is the case of
"Children of the Corn", "The Shawshank Redemption", "The Birds", "Brokeback Mountain", "Who
Goes There?", "Duel", "A Sound of Thunder", "The
Body", "Total Recall", "The Lawnmower Man",
"Hearts in Atlantis", and "The Secret Life of Walter
Mitty".
Television specials, such as "12:01 PM" (1993 television movie), "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet" (October
11, 1963, on The Twilight Zone), "The Lottery", and
"Button, Button" (on The Twilight Zone).

7 See also
Anthology

eShort
Jamie Krakover dened eshorts in The Writers
Lens:[10]
" For those unfamiliar with eshorts, they
are short stories ranging from 12-150 pages,
usually linked to a series. They vary in price
from free to $3.99 and are available in electronic format only. The stories told in eshorts
are often told from a perspective other than
the main character in a series or tell of a side
event that is loosely linked to the overall story.
They are a great way for readers to revisit their
favorite stories and characters in a new light.
Stories of this nature normally would require
a collection before they could be printed but
because of the emergence of ebooks and their
pricing scheme, they are available almost as
quickly as authors write them.

Recognition

Alice Munro, master of the contemporary short story

according to her citation for the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, said she hopes the award would bring readership
for the short story in general.[11]

Adaptations

Short stories have frequently been adapted for:

Radio dramas, as on NBC Presents: Short Story
(195152). A popular example of this is "The
Hitch-Hiker", read by Orson Welles.

Conte cruel
Drabble
Essay
Flash ction (also called microction)
Irish short story
Literary journal
Mini saga
Novella
Sketch story
Tall tale
Vignette

8 References
[1] Short story. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2012-05-27.
[2] Poe, Edgar Allan (1984). Edgar Allan Poe: Essays and
Reviews. Library of America. pp. 56977.
[3] Cuddon, J. A. (1999). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary
Terms and Literary Theory (3rd ed.). London: Penguin.
p. 864.
[4] Abrams, M. H. (1999). Glossary of Literary Terms (7th
ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace. pp. 286287. ISBN
0-155-05452-X.
[5] Deirdre Fulton (2008-06-11). Who reads short shorts?".
thePhoneix.com. Retrieved 2013-06-06. each of their
(less-than-1000-word) stories
[6] Complete Nebula Awards Rules Including the Ray Bradbury and Andre Norton Awards (Revised & Updated)".
sfwa.org. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

10

[7] Short Story in Jacob E. Safra e.a., The New Encyclopdia Britannica, 15th edition, Micropaedia volume 10,
Chicago, 1998.
[8] Internet Book List :: Book Information: Oxford Book of
Gothic Tales.
[9] Poes The Philosophy of Composition: a Study Guide.
Cummingsstudyguides.net. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
[10] Krakover, Jamie (April 4, 2012).
nomenon. The Writers Lens.

The Eshort Phe-

[11] Munro (2013). Telephone. Nobel Prize.

Bibliography
Browns, Julie, ed. (1997). Ethnicity and the American Short Story. New York: Garland.
Goyet, Florence (2014). The Classic Short Story,
1870-1925: Theory of a Genre. Cambridge U.K.:
Open Book Publishers.
Gelfant, Blanche and Lawrence Graver, ed. (2000).
The Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century
American Short Story. Columbia University Press.
Hart, James and Phillip Leininger, ed. (1995). Oxford Companion to American Literature. Oxford
University Press.
Ibez, Jos R, Jos Francisco Fernndez and Carmen M. Bretones, ed. (2007). , Contemporary Debates on the Short Story. Bern: Lang.
Iftekharrudin, Farhat, Joseph Boyden, Joseph
Longo and Mary Rohrberger, ed. (2003). Postmodern Approaches to the Short Story. Westport, CN:
Praeger.
Kennedy, Gerald J., ed. (2011). Modern American
Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lohafer, Susan (2003). Reading for Storyness: Preclosure Theory, Empirical Poetics, and Culture in the
Short Story. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Magill, Frank, ed. (1997). Short Story Writers.
Pasadena, California: Salem Press.
Patea, Viorica, ed. (2012). Short Story Theories:
A Twenty-First-Century Perspective. Amsterdam:
Rodopi.
Scoeld, Martin, ed. (2006). The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

EXTERNAL LINKS

Watson, Noelle, ed. (1994). Reference Guide to

Short Fiction. Detroit: St. James Press.
Winther, Per, Jakob Lothe, and Hans H. Skei, ed.
(2004). The Art of Brevity: Excursions in Short Fiction Theory and Analysis. Columbia, SC: University
of South Carolina Press.

9.1 Still often cited

Eikhenbaum, Boris, How Gogols Overcoat is
Made in Elizabeth Trahan (ed.) (1982). Gogols
Overcoat : An Anthology of Critical Essays,. Ann
Arbor, MI: Ardis.
Hanson, Clare (1985). Short Stories and Short Fictions, 1880-1980. New York: St. Martins Press.
LoCicero, Donald (1970). Novellentheorie: The
Practicality of the Theoretical. (About the German
theories of the Short Story) The Hague: Mouton.
Lohafer, Susan and Jo Ellyn Clarey, ed. (1990).
Short Story Theory at a Crossroads. Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University Press.
Mann, Susan Garland (1989). The Short Story Cycle: A Genre Companion and Reference Guide. New
York: Greenwood Press.
OConnor, Frank (1963). The Lonely Voice: A Study
of the Short Story. Cleveland, OH: World Publishing
Company.
OFAOLIN, Sen (1951). The short story. Cork:
Mercier, 1948; New York, Devin-Adair.
Rohrberger, Mary (1966). Hawthorne and the Modern Short Story: A Study in Genre. The Hague: Mouton.

10 External links
The Short History of the Short Story by William Boyd
The Contemporary Short Story (1957 - 2013) chart
The Classic Short Story, 1870-1925. Theory of a
Genre Open Book Publishers, Cambridge UK, 2014

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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11.2

Images

File:Book_collection.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg

License: CC0 Contributors: http://www.openclipart.org/cgi-bin/navigate/education/books (note: the link no longer works since reorganization of the OpenClipArt website). Original artist: Original author: AJ Ashton (on OpenClipArt). Code xed by verdy_p for XML
conformance, and MediaWiki compatibility, using a stricter subset of SVG without the extensions of SVG editors, also cleaned up many
unnecessary CSS attributes, or factorized them for faster performance and smaller size. All the variants linked below are based on this
image.
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

11.3

Content license

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