Workshop Thermocouple

Thermocouple thermometry
June, 2014
Dr. Yong-Gyoo Kim
Center for Thermometry,
Division of Physical Metrology
Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science
Better Standards, Better Life
Part I. Heat and Temperature

1. Unit and Scale of Temperature
2. Heat Transfer and Thermal Properties
1. Unit and scale of Temperature
Lord Kelvin
Ludwig Boltzmann
1.1 What is temperature ?
Temperature
Degree of hotness or coldness of objects

intuitively
Exactly, level of thermal energy (kT)
k : Boltzmann constant
Kinetic energy due to a microscopic motion of

particles, energy due to phonon
mv2 = kT
Phonon: quantum mechanical description of an

elementary vibrational motion
Heat is caused from the vibration of particles
Temperature is a quantitative description of this

vibrational motion.
Some examples of temperature

Temperature
Kelvin
Degrees Celsius
100 pK
273.149 999 999 900 C
Triple point of water
273.16 K
0.01 C
Suns visible surface
5,778 K
5,505 C
Lightening bolts channel
28 kK
28,000 C
Suns core
16 MK
16,000,000 C
Thermonuclear weapon peak temperature
350 MK
350,000,000 C
Core of a high-mass star on its last day
3 GK
3,000,000,000 C
CERNs proton vs nucleus collisions
10 TK
10 1012 C
1.4171032 K
1.4171032 C
Coldest temperature achieved
Universe 5.3911044 s after Big Bang
The first thermometer

In 1594, G. Galilei
A type of gas thermometer
Volume change with temperature
1.2 Unit of temperature

International unit: K or oC
Absolute thermodynamic scale : Kelvin, K
degree Celsius (oC)
Common and practical unit
1 oC = 1 K
K = 273.15 + oC
Non SI unit
Fahrenheit scale: oF
In Europe and USA
oF = oC x 9/5 + 32
Rankine scale: oR
Chemical engineering in USA
oR = K x 9/5
degree Celsius (oC)
A. Celsius (Sweden ) in 1742
Ice point : 100 oC
Water boiling point : 0 oC
Divided into 100 parts
In 1744, M. Strmer
After Celsius passed away
Reverse the two fixed point value
Ice point :0 oC, boiling point : 100 oC
Currently used with Kelvin internationally
Kelvin, K
For a reversible Carnot engine,

Heat efficiency is proportional to temperature
Q2 T2
=
Q1 T1
Absolute temperature ,T, is defined as above.
For ideal gases,
PV = constant x T
At T = 0, volume of gas should be zero.
For real gases, extrapolated volume goes to zero

(T = 0 K).
Volume vs Temperature (Charles Law)
T[K]
10
1.3 Temperature scale

Before 1954, Celsius scale used
Ice point and boiling point of water
After 1954, thermodynamic scale used

Triple point of water (TPW) was defined as definition of
temperature scale
TPW
273.16 K
Definition of temperature scale

The unit of thermodynamic temperature, the kelvin,
symbol K, is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
water
11
Triple point cell of Water
12
History of temperature scale
ITS-27
ITS-48
Current temperature scale
PLTS-2000
Down to TPW of H2 (13.81 K)

11 fixed-points
Change of interpolation equation of standard thermometer
ITS-90
Change of Ag fixed-point value

Change of interpolation equation of pyrometer
Include several secondary fixed-points
IPTS-68
Boiling point of oxygen (-182.970 oC) ~ radiation thermometer range

6 fixed-points
Down to 0.9 mK
Mise en Pratique of Kelvin (MeP-K)
Current definition of Kelvin
13
Classification of thermometers
Primary vs. Secondary
Primary : Clear equation of state
Measurement of thermodynamic temperature
Secondary : Temperature-dependent parameter (voltage, current, length, etc)
Resistance thermometer, thermocouple, etc.
14
Standard vs. Industrial thermometer

Standard : Realization of temperature scale
Gas thermometer
Vapor pressure thermometer
Standard platinum resistance thermometer
Pyrometer
Industrial : Except for the standards

Thermocouple, Glass thermometer, Thermistor, etc
15
2. Heat Transfer and Thermal Properties

Temperature measurement is just measurement of the
heat exchange between thermometer and system.
16
2.1 Heat transfer

3 transfer mode
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
17
A. Conduction
transfer of thermal energy between regions of matter due to a
temperature gradient
In solid, liquid, gas, and plasma
Vibration of solid atoms, collision or diffusion of liquid (gas) atoms
(molecules, radicals)
Heat flow rate (watt, W)
T
Q = kA
x
k : thermal conductivity (W/m K )

A : area
T : temperature gradient
x : distance
18
Thermal conductivity, k, of various materials
19
Thermal conductivity, k, of various materials

Material
Silica Aerogel
Air
Wood
Hollow Fill Fibre Insulation
Alcohols and oils
Thermal conductivity
W/(mK)
Material
0.004 - 0.04
0.025
0.04 - 0.4
0.042
0.1 - 0.21
Thermal epoxy
1-7
Glass
1.1
Soil
1.5
Concrete, stone
1.7
Ice
Polypropylene
0.25
Sandstone
Mineral oil
0.138
Stainless steel
Rubber
0.16
Lead
LPG
0.23 - 0.26
Thermal conductivity
W/(mK)
Aluminum
2
2.4
12.11 ~ 45.0
35.3
237 (pure)120180 (alloys)
Cement, Portland
0.29
Gold
318
Epoxy (silica-filled)
0.30
Copper
401
0.12 - 0.177
Silver
429
Epoxy (unfilled)
Water (liquid)
0.6
Diamond
900 - 2320
Thermal grease
0.7 - 3
Graphene
(4840440) - (5300480)
20
B. Convection
transfer of heat from one place to another by the physical
movement of fluids
In liquids, gases
Natural (free) convection
Forced convection by fan, pump, etc
Heat flow rate (watt, W) between solid and fluid
Q = hA(Ts Tenvironm )
h : convection heat transfer ( W/m2K)

A : area
Ts : surface temperature of solid
Tenvironm: temperature of fluid far from the surface
21
Some examples of convection

Mantle convection
Heat sink radiator
Foehn phenomenon
Atmospheric convection
22
Convection heat transfer coefficient, h, of some phases
h [Wm-2 K-1]
Process
Gases
2 25
Liquids
50 1 000
Gases
25 250
Liquids
50 20 000
Boiling or
condensation
2 500 100 000
Free Convection
Forced Convection
Convection with phase
change
23
C. Radiation
Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves with continuous spectrum
All matter higher than absolute zero temperature
Sunlight is thermal radiation generated by the hot plasma of the Sun.
Stefan-Boltzmann law
E = T4
E : energy radiated per unit area (W/m2)
: emissivity
: Stefan-Boltzmann constant
T: Absolute temperature
24
2.2 Thermal properties

Three important properties
Thermal conductivity, heat capacity, latent heat
25
A. Heat capacity (C)

Heat (q) required to raise the temperature by 1 K
C = q/(T2-T1)
Higher C, larger q need more time to stabilize

For fast measurement, sensor having higher k and smaller C
required.
26
Heat capacity of some materials

Material
Copper
Gold
Silver
Aluminum
Zinc
Tin
Mercury
Stainless steel
Silicon
water
Ice
Pyrex
Alumina (Al2O3)
Magnesia (MgO)
Polystyrene
Silicone oil
Per unit mass

JK-1kg-1
385
129
235
903
389
227
139.3
480
712
4 179
2 040
835
800
960
1 300
1 548
27
Per unit volume

JK-1cm-3
3.44
2.49
2.47
2.44
2.78
1.66
1.88
3.83
1.65
4.17
1.88
1.85
3.04
3.46
1.37
1.45
B. Latent heat
Heat associated with phase change

solid liquid gas
Fixed-points use latent heat of materials
28
Simple melting and freezing of pure solid
melting plateau
Freezing
temperature
temperature
Melting
freezing plateau
supercooling
and recovery
time
For melting, Qin = latent heat

For freezing, Qout = latent heat
Basically, Tmelting = Tfreezing
time
But little difference due to impurities, solid structure
During freezing, supercooling and recovery observed
Require more heat for solidification at initial to overcome the surface energy
between solid and liquid
There is a critical size for nucleation of solid
29
Nucleation in pure metal

freezing
Liquid
Liquid
Solid
Energy
G1
G2 = G1 + G
S,L: solid, liquid

V: volume
A : surface area
: surface energy
r : radius of solid
Lv : latent heat
T : undercooling
Gibbs free energy change, G
G = Vs Gv + ASL SL
Gv = GvL GvS
4
= r 3 Gv + 4r 2 SL
3
Lv T
Tm
Critical value to solidify
2 SLTm 1
*
r =
Lv T
3
16 SL
Tm2 1
G =
2
2
3
L
T
(
)
v
30
2.3 Errors in Use of Thermometers

Thermometer indicates the temperature of a system.
In many cases, perfect measurement is not possible.
No thermal equilibrium between thermometer and system
Insertion of thermometer disturbs the equilibrium.
Possible and common errors
Immersion errors
Heat capacity errors
Settling response errors
Lag errors with steadily changing temperature
Radiation errors
31
A. Immersion errors
Thermometer stem, sheath and lead wires are acting as path
for a continuous heat flow.
Heat absorbed by thermometer
Heat lost from thermometer
A simple model for error
Tm = (Tamb Tsys ) K exp(

Temperature profile
along thermometer stem
32
L
)
Deff
Tsys : Temperature of system

Tamb : Temperature of ambient
L : depth of immersion of sensor
Deff: effective diameter of thermometer
K : constant (~ 1)
Relative immersion error

For K = 1
For 1 % accuracy
Relative temperature error (%)
For 0.01 % accuracy
33
to 10 diameters + sensor
length
For 0.0001 % accuracy,
Immersion (diameter)
length
length
Highest level using fixedpoint measurement
B. Heat capacity errors

If a thermometer is immersed into system, the temperature of
system should be changed to lower or higher temperature.
This is due to heat flow to (from) thermometer from (to) system.
In adiabatic condition (there is no heat flow !),
Tmeasured
Ct
(Tini Ts )
= Ts +
C s + Ct
T
: Measured temperature
Ts : Temperature of system
Tini : Initial temperature of thermometer
Cs, Ct : heat capacity of system and thermometer
measured
Tini, Ct
equilibrium
Ts, Cs
Tmeasured
system
34
C. Settling response error
Temperature
In practical cases, for control system, it will take time to

replace heat change of thermometer.
If insufficient time is allowed, error due to response will
occur.

Tm = (Tini Ts ) exp
0
1/e
Tm : temperature error
Ts : Initial temperature of system
Tini : Initial temperature of thermometer
: time
0 : 1/e time constant
Time
35
Relative error
For 1 % accuracy
Percentage relative temperature error
industrial
Wait 5 0
For 0.01 % accuracy

laboratory
Wait 10 0
For 0.0001 %
accuracy,
Standard lab
Wait 15 0
Time (units of 0)
36
Part II. Thermocouple Thermometry

1. Thermoelectric Effects
2. Type and Features of Thermocouples
3. Measurement Systems
4. Errors and Usage
5. Calibration and Uncertainty
37
1. Thermoelectric Effects
Seebeck effect
Temperature difference Electric power
Peltier effect
Electric power Temperature difference
Thomson effect
Combine of above two effects
38
1.1 Seebeck effects

In 1821, T.J.Seebeck found
Hot
current
Cold
B
A and B are two different metallic wires.
39
Basic principle
For a single conductor under the temperature gradient
Th
Tc
Th side is in higher thermal energy state than Tc.

So, electrons in Th side move toward Tc side.
Then, number of electrons in Tc side is larger than those in Th
side. It means a non-equilibrium state.
Finally, there is a driving force for the movement of electrons
in Tc side toward Th side.
This is the thermoelectric voltage, in other words, Seebeck
voltage.
40
Temperature coefficient
Seebeck coefficient, S (voltage per oC)
Th
Tc
E depends on the material and temperature gradient.
E
S = lim
t = 0 t
41
For a specific material

Th
Tc
Temperature is an intrinsic property, so it is continuous.
E = S (t )dt
42
Thermocouple itself is.batteries !
Temperature
A series of batteries which is operated using

temperature gradient.
Position
43
Circuit analysis
Two different conducting wires
Single conductor can not be used as a thermocouple.
EA
T1
T0
EB
Enet = EA + EB
T1
T0
T0
T1
= S A dt + S B dt
T1
= ( S A S B )dt = T S
T0
44
Enet
Same wires are connected to the circuit.

EA
EC
T1
T2
EB
T0
EC
Enet = EC + EA + EB + EC
T1
T2
T1
T0
T0
T1
T2
T1
= SC dt + S A dt + S B dt + SC dt
T2
= ( S A S B )dt = T S
T1
If T1 = zero ?
45
Enet
Some part is damaged.

EA
EA
T1
T2
T3
T0
Enet
EB
Enet = EA + EA'+ EB
T1
T2
T3
T2
T1
T0
T0
T1
T2
T3
T2
T1
= S A dt + S A' dt + S A dt + S B dt + S B dt + S B dt
T1
T2
T3
T0
T1
T2
= ( S A S B )dt + ( S A' S B )dt + ( S A S B )dt

T1
T2
T3
T0
T1
T2
T3
T2
T0
T1
Let SA = SA + S
Enet = ( S A S B )dt + ( S A + S AB S B )dt + ( S A S B )dt

= ( S A S B )dt + (S AB )dt
If T1 = T2 ?
46
Ideal vs Practical
For ideal and homogeneous wires
E only depends on the temperature gradient and Seebeck
coefficients.
For practical thermocouples

E = f(t, S, x)
t : temperature
S : Seebeck coefficient
x : position
Due to the thermoelectric inhomogeneity

Epractical = Ehomo + Einhomo
47
Thermoelectric inhomogeneity
Caused from the factors affecting the Fermi energy level of
material
Composition change
Oxidation or evaporation
Structural change
Defects
Plastic or Elastic deformation
Produced in the local area

No temperature gradient, No effects !
48
Calibration uncertainty by KRISS, Type S

0.6
0.5
UncertIainty / C
Type S
Ref TC
Other factors
Inhomogeneity
Combined
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
12
TC
49
14
16
18
20
22
Calibration uncertainty by KRISS, Type R

0.6
Ref TC
Inhomogeneity
Other factors
Combined
Uncertainty / C
0.5
Type R
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0
TC
50
Calibration uncertainty by KRISS, Type S

6
Uncertainty / C
Type B
Ref TC
Inhomogeneity
Other factors
Combined
0
0
TC
51
Change of inhomogeneity with temperature
Type S / R t/c
Little dependence on temperature

within 0.01 %
Possible to estimate
inhomogeneity at whole
temperature range.
2002 Temperature Symposium by M. Ballico
52
KRISS Inhomogeneity Test System
Vertical Liquid bath
Operation temperature : 180

oC ~ 200 oC
Maximum immersion depth of

43 cm
Stepping motor driven by

computer
Bath temperature is monitored

by F250 thermometer.
Emf is measured using

Keithley 2000 DMM.
Ice point as reference

temperature
TCs are protected using quartz

tubes.
Motor
Motor
controller
TCs
Thermometer
Ice
bath
DMM
Control PC
Bath
53
Example 1, Type S thermocouple
Emf difference (Em - E180 oC) /V
Type S
0
Inhomogeneity =
-20
0
-40
-2
-60
-4
-80
-6
-100
-8
E = 1.8 V
E
100 %
E180o C E25o C
1.8
100 %
1273.3 142.6
= 0.159 %
-10
-120
100
200
300
400
-140
0
100
200
300
400
500
Immersion depth /mm
(0.00159 10756.5) / 2
Uncertainty at 1100 oC due to inhomogeneity =
3
(Rectangular distribution)
= 4.94V
= 0.42o C
54
Example 2, Type B thermocouple

Type B
Emf difference (Em - E180 oC) /V
-2
E
Inhomogeneity =
100 %
E180o C E25o C
E = 2.2 V
-4
-6
-8
-10
2.2
100%
140.5 + 0.3
= 1.56 %
-12
-14
0
100
200
300
400
500
Immersion depth /mm
Uncertainty at 1500 oC due to inhomogeneity

(Rectangular distribution)
(0.0156 10099.1) / 2
3
= 45.5V
=
= 3.93o C
55
Dependency of inhomogeneity in KRISS

Type
Combined Uncertainty
/oC
Uncertainty from
Inhomogeneity /oC
Dependency
3.45
2.87
83 %
3.91
3.42
86 %
0.47
0.44
93 %
0.40
0.36
90 %
0.49
0.46
93 %
0.53
0.50
94 %
56
2. Type and Features of thermocouples

Letter-designated
Noble metal thermocouples
Base metal thermocouples
Non letter-designated
Pure metal thermocouples
W/Re thermocouples
Others
57
2.1 Thermocouple Types

Temperature vs. Emf relation of commercial
thermocouples
EMF (mV)
100
80
60
K
N
40
20
R
S
0
-20
-250
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

Temperature (oC)
58
2.2 Features of Thermocouples

Composition
Type
+
Properties
-
S
R
B
Pt90Rh10
Pt87Rh13
Pt70Rh30
Pt
Pt
Pt94Rh6
Most stable in air.

o
o
S and R can be used to 1450 C, B is to 1700 C.
Very sensitive to the metallic impurities.
Should not be used in vacuum without protecting tube.
Ni90Cr10
(Chromel)
Ni95(Mn,Al,Si)5
(Alumel)
Most well-known thermocouple.

In air or inert atmosphere.
Severe degradation at high temperature
Ni84.5Cr14.2Si1.3
(Nicrosil)
Ni95.5(Si,Mg)4.5
(Nisil)
Alternative to the type K

Enhance the high temperature stability
Newest developed one
T
J
E
Cu
Fe
Ni90Cr10
Cu55Ni45
(Constantan)
T is usually used in low temperature range, below 0 C.

J and E are rarely used.
59
Non Letter-designated
Composition
Type
+
Au/Pt
Pt/Pd
Au/Pd
Properties
-
Au
Pt
Au
Pt
Pd
Pd
Very high purity wires (5N up)

Strong resistance to the composition change
Most stable and accurate thermocouples
W3Re/W25Re
W97Re3
W75Re25
W5Re/W26Re
W95Re5
W74Re26
Up to 2300 C
Specially designed ones for very high temperature.
Only for inert, vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere
More than several hundreds of thermocouples
60
3. Measurement Systems
Thermocouple probe
Reference junction
Insulator and protecting tube
Compensating wire
Readout
61
3.1 Thermocouple Probe

Sheath vs. Unsheathed
Quick connector
Reference thermocouple
62
Color codes
63
3.2 Reference junction
Silicon oil
Stability of 5 mK
64
Cold junction
3.3 Protecting tube

Temperature
Strength
Surrounding atmosphere
Material composition of protecting tube
Chemical composition of environment
For base metal TCs, metallic tube
For noble metal TCs, ceramic tube
65
Some insulators
66
3.4 Compensating wire

Economic point of view
For noble metal thermocouples
Type
B
S, R
K
J
E
T
N
Composition
+
Copper
Copper
Chromel
Iron
Chromel
Copper
Nicrosil
Copper
Copper Alloy
Alumel
Constantan
Constantan
Constantan
Nisil
67
Temperature
error
0 ~100
0 ~ 200
0 ~ 200
0 ~ 200
0 ~ 200
-60 ~ 100
0 ~ 200
0
5.0
2.2
2.2
1.7
1.0
2.2
3.5 Readouts
Digital volt(multi)meters (0.1 V resolution)
Digital indicators (with internal reference
Junction)
68
4. Errors and Usage
Error tree of thermocouple

69
4.1 Composition change at high temperature
Type S, 1400 oC, 1440 h

Negative
leg
SEM image
Negative : 95% Pt + 5% Rh
Positive
leg
(originally 100 % Pt)
70
4.2 Thermocouples in different atmosphere

Test temperature: 1600 K
Type
Temperature
Result
change
- 19 ~ -28 K Completed
Gas
Time /h
Argon
10,000
Vacuum
1,610
- 1.5 K
Failed
Air
10,000
- 4.9 K
Completed
Argon
10,000
- 7 ~ - 18 K
Completed
Vacuum
2,780
- 3.2 K
Failed
71
4.3 Effects of microstructual change of type K

Chromel : Short-range ordering
of Cr between 200 oC ~ 600 oC
Chromel
Increase of emf due to shortrange ordering

Alumel
Net emf
72
4.4 Effects of protecting materials

Thermocouples in various
protecting tubes at about
1000 oC
Type S in Pt10Rh, Pt20Rh,
Inconel, S.steel
Type B in Inconel and
S.steel
73
4.5 Annealing treatments
-1450 oC, 1 h
-1100 oC, 10 h
Emfannealed-Emfas-received
~ 2 oC difference
Temp. Diff /K
Standard annealing
0
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature /oC
74
1000
1200
4.6 Inhomogeneity of type K and N

1/4", IN Sheath, Type N, Grounded junction
190
182
180
180
Temperature / C
170
Temperature / C
1/4", IN Sheath, Type K, Grounded junction
48 oC
160
150
1000 h
600 h
300 h
As-received
140
178
176
1000 h
600 h
300 h
As-received
174
130
172
0
100
200
300
400
500
Immersion depth /mm
100
200
300
400
Immersion depth /mm
1000 oC annealing treatment with time

Type K: inhomogeneous temperature variation of about 48 oC
Type N: very small change ( ~ 1 oC)
75
500
5. Calibration and Uncertainty

Calibration method
Procedures of comparison calibration
Uncertainty of calibration
76
5.1 Calibration method

Fixed-point method
At the defining fixed-points by ITS-90
Comparison method
Compare with the standard (reference)
77
5.1.1 Fixed-point method

Most accurate method
o
PtPd thermocouple at Cu Point (1084.62 C)

13247
13246
Emf /V
o
0.05 C
13245
13243
Freezing cell
Pd V (=1 mK)
Standard deviation: 0.02
13244
TC wire
13242
15:40
16:00
16:20
Time /h.min
Typical freezing curve

78
16:40
Calibration uncertainty of thermocouple

Expanded uncertainty (k=2)
Temperature/ C
Au/Pt
Pt/Pd
231.928 (Sn)
0.02 C
419.527 (Zn)
0.02 C
660.323 (Al)
0.03 C
961.78 (Ag)
0.03 C
0.04 C
1084.62 (Cu)
0.05 C
1154 (Fe/C)
0.15 C
1324 (Co/C)
0.65 C
0.65 C
1554.8 (Pd)
0.8 C
0.03 C
S, R, B
0.03 C
0.03 C
o
o
o
o
79
0.04 C
o
0.05 C
o
0.06 C
o
0.08 C
o
0.09 C
o
0.2 C
o
5.1.2 Comparison calibration

Most common method
Compare with Reference thermometer in
furnace or liquid-bath
PRT s
Thermocouples
Liquid-in glass thermometers
Bi-metal etc.
80
Calibration uncertainty by comparison calibration
Sensors
Temperature range
Expanded uncertainty
(k=2)
0 oC ~ 1100 oC
0.2 oC
1100 oC ~ 1554 oC
2.0 oC
-80 oC ~ 0 oC
16 mK
0 oC ~ 250 oC
16 mK
250 oC ~ 550 oC
20 mK
S, R, B
IPRT
81
Type of calibration
Single point
At a specific temperature
Temperature vs. temperature (or emf)
Multiple points
Point to point calculation
Make a result at each calibration temperature
Continuous calculation
Make a result with finite temperature interval

Normally, interpolation used
Above the maximum point, extrapolation applied
It is very general to calculate the deviation emf.
It is used to minimize the interpolation error.

Deviation emf = Measured emf Standard emf
Standard emf is from the reference table (ASTM E230, IEC 584-1)
82
5.2 Procedures of comparison calibration

Inspect the test item
Place the reference standard and test item into the
temperature enclosure
Set the temperature enclosure to specified temperature
Confirm the temperature stable
Read the indications from reference and test item
Repeat
83
Step 1 : Visual inspection
84
Step 2 : Dismentle
85
Step 3 : Cleaning
86
Step 4 : First heat treatment
87
Step 5 : Wire insertion
88
Step 6 : Re-assemble
89
Step 7 : Making hot junction
90
Step 8 : Second heat treatment
91
Step 9 : Ice point preparation
92
Step 10 : Installing pyrex tubes for ice point
93
Installation of thermocouples
Weld the hot junctions
Or, use the temperature
Welding
equalizing block made of Pt

Install at the uniform
temperature zone
Pt block
94
Measurement procedures
From low to high temperature
Measure if temperature change is below (0.05 ~ 0.1)
oC/min
Repeat 10 times at each point

About interval of 100 oC ~ 200 oC is suitable.
95
Plot the deviation emf with temperature

12
Ei = Ex - Er
10
Deviation Emf /V
E = (Ex Es)+ Efit

E : deviation emf
Ex : DUT emf
Er : standard emf
Efit :interpolation fit
correction
Efit
E(=a0+a1t+a2t2+a3t3)
6
4
2
Example of interpolation fit of the

deviation emf
0
200
400
600
800
Temperature /oC
96
1000
1200
Making a new reference function
E = E + E
= (c0 + c1t + .+ c8t8) + a0+a1t+a2t2+a3t3
= ( c0+a0) + (c1+a1)t + (c2+a2)t2 + (c3+a3)t3
+ c4t4 + . + c8t8
97
5.3 Uncertainty of calibration

Comparison with reference thermocouple
Normally Pt/Rh-based noble thermocouples are
used as reference thermometer.
Au/Pt or Pt/Pd can be used as higher grade
standards.
98
5.3.1 Measurement equation
Ed = (Ex Es) + Efit
(1)
Ed : Deviation emf /V
Ex : Measured emf of DUT /V
Es : Standard emf of DUT /V
Efit : Correction due to interpolation /V
99
Measured emf of DUT
Ex = Em,x + Eex + Ert,x
(2)
Em,x : Read emf of DUT

Eex : Correction due to compensation(extension) wire
Ert,x : Correction due to room temperature
compensation
100
Standard emf of DUT
Es = f(tr)
tr = g(Em,r + Ert,r)
(3)
(4)
tr : Reference temperature from the certificate of reference

thermocouple /oC
f(tr) : Standard emf from the IEC table
Em,r : Measured emf of reference thermocouple
Ert,r : Correction due to room temperature compensation
101
Combined Standard Uncertainty
uc ( Ed ) = u 2 ( E x ) + u 2 ( Es ) + u 2 (E fit )
(5)
u ( E x ) = u 2 ( Em, x ) + u 2 (Eex ) + u 2 (Ert , x )
(6)
u ( Es ) = u 2 ( f ) + 2u 2 (tr )
(7)
2
2 2
2 2
u (t r ) = u ( g ) + u ( Em ,r ) + u (Ert ,r )
(8)
: Coefficient of voltage with temperature, V/oC

: Reverse of , oC/V
102
5.3.2 Example of Comparison
Reference(REF): type R, DUT: type S

Calibration at 8 points (230 oC, 500 oC, 600 oC, 700 oC, 800 oC, 890 oC, 980
oC, 1060 oC)
10 measurements at each point
Calibration uncertainty and long term stability of REF are 0.4 oC (k =2) and
0.1 oC.
Calibration uncertainty and long term stability of DVM(Res. 0.1 V) are 10
V/V (k = 2) and 20 V/V.
The accuracy of selector switch is 0.5 V, and extension wires are not used.
Two thermocouples are welded at their measuring junction.
The stability of ice point (water and ice mixture) is 0.05 oC.
The inhomogeneity of DUT at 180 oC is 0.078 %.
The maximum deviation of interpolation is 0.15 V.
The combined standard uncertainties are calculated at each point.
In this case, we calculate the uncertainty at 1060 oC.
103
Results of calibration
Reference thermocouple
Cal.
point
()
DUT
Deviation
emf
Temperature
/
Standard
deviation
/
230
1 887.30
246.25
0.21
1 840.62
0.18
1839.26
1.36
500
4 465.73
499.37
0.23
4 230.18
0.27
4225.86
4.32
600
5 578.02
599.26
0.31
5 235.63
0.39
5229.98
5.65
700
6 745.01
699.80
0.24
6 279.13
0.24
6271.93
7.20
800
7 955.13
799.91
0.35
7 351.66
0.36
7342.8
8.86
890
9 217.93
900.40
0.42
8 462.70
0.40
8452.49
10.21
980
10 258.31
980.54
0.46
9 372.94
0.45
9361.89
11.05
1 060
11 328.53
1 060.84
0.58
10 304.97
0.69
10293.77
11.20
Average
Average
104
Standard
deviation
/
Standard
emf from
IEC table
5.3.3 Standard uncertainty of DUT, u(Ex)

Standard uncertainty of emf measurement, u(Em,x)
u 2 ( Em, x ) = u 2 ( EVD , x ) + u 2 ( EVC , x ) + u 2 ( EVL , x ) + u 2 ( ERe, x )
+ u 2 ( ESC , x ) + u 2 ( EEN , x ) + u 2 ( E IH ) + 2u 2 (t hj )
u(EVD,x): Resolution of DVM

u(EVC,x): Calibration uncertainty of DVM
u(EVL,x): Long-term stability of DVM
u(ERe,x): Repeatability of measurement
u(ESC,x): Accuracy of selector switch
u(EEN,x): Electrical noise
u(EIH): Inhomogeneity of DUT
u(thj): Tip temperature difference due to temperature gradient
105
Standard uncertainty of compensation wire, u(Eex)
In case of using compensating or extension wires

Correction through the measurement of
temperature of connecting point/ Or apply the
specification
Direct measurement : - 2.3 V 0.3 V
u(Eex) = 0.15 V
Using the specification

5 oC
u (Eex ) =
3
In this case, it is not used.

106
Standard uncertainty of room temperature compensation, u(Ert,x)
Factor due to the change of reference point

Usually, use the ice temperature (0 oC)
Apply the rectangular distribution
In this case, it is 0.05 oC.
0.05 oC
u (Ert , x ) =
3
= 0.029 oC
ui ( y ) = 0.029 oC 5.40 V / oC
= 0.16 V
Apply the sensitivity coefficient of type S at 0 oC

107
5.3.4 Standard uncertainty of REF, u(Es)
Standard uncertainty of IEC table, u(f)

Internationally approved value, so it is zero.
Uncertainty reference temperature, u(tr)

From the calibration certificate of reference
thermocouple
tr = g(Em,r + Ert,r)
108
5.3.4.1 Uncertainty of reference temperature, u(g)

Certificate of reference thermocouple
Normal distribution
In this case, it is 0.4 oC (k = 2).
u ( g ) = 0.2 oC
109
5.3.4.2 Uncertainty of reference temperature, u(tr)

Standard uncertainty of emf measurement, u(Em,r)
u 2 ( Em,r ) = u 2 ( EVD ,r ) + u 2 ( EVC ,r ) + u 2 ( EVL ,r ) + u 2 ( ERe,r )
+ u 2 ( ESC ,r ) + u 2 ( EEN ,r ) + 2u 2 (t LS )
u(EVD,r): Resolution of DVM

u(EVC,r): Calibration uncertainty of DVM
u(EVL,r): Long-term stability of DVM
u(ERe,r): Repeatability of measurement
u(ESC,r): Accuracy of selector switch
u(EEN,r): Electrical noise
u(tLS): Long-term stability of reference thermocouple
110
Room temperature compensation, u(Ert,r)
In this case, it is 0.05 oC.

Note
5.29 V / oC
ui ( y ) = 0.029 C
13.48 V / oC
0.05 oC
u (t hj ) =
3
= 0.029 oC
= 0.011 oC
Coefficients at ice point and 1060 oC are different each other.

Apply the coefficient of type R thermocouple at each temperature
111
5.3.5 Interpolation, u(Efit)
Uncertainty due to curve fit to get a deviation

function
Apply the maximum difference between the
measured and fitted value
Apply the rectangular distribution
Apply the maximum difference as the half width of
distribution
In this case, it is 0.15 V.
0.15 V
u (E fit ) =
= 0.09 V
3
112
5.3.6 Combined Standard Uncertainty uc(Ed)
u ( E x ) = u 2 ( Em , x ) + u 2 (Eex ) + u 2 (Ert , x )
= 4.67 2 + 0.0 2 + 0.16 2 V
= 4.67 V
u ( Es ) = u 2 ( f ) + 2u 2 (t r )
Sensitivity of DUT
u (t r ) = u 2 ( g ) + 2u 2 ( Em ,r ) + 2u 2 (Ert ,r )
= 0 + 11.73 0.218 V
= 2.56 V
2
Note !
= 0.2 2 + 0.074 2 1.012 + 0.392 2 0.029 2 oC

= 0.218 oC
uc ( Ed ) = u 2 ( E x ) + u 2 ( Es ) + u 2 (E fit )
= 4.67 2 + 2.56 2 + 0.09 2 V
= 5.33 V
113
5.3.7 Uncertainty budget u(Ex)

Std.
uncertainty
Sensitivity
coefficient
u(xi)
ci
10304.97
4.676
10304.97
4.67
Quantity
Estimated
Xi
xi
Ex
Em,x
Uncertainty
ui(y)
4.67
4.67
Distribution
Deg.
Freedom
Normal
Normal
EVD,x
0.03
0.03
Rectang.
EVC,x
0.05
0.05
Normal
EVL,x
0.12
0.12
Rectang.
ERe,x
0.22
0.22
Normal
ESC,x
0.58
0.58
Rectang.
EEN,x
0.58
0.58
Rectang.
EIH
4.58
4.58
Rectang.
thj
0.058
11.73 /
0.68
Rectang.
Eex
Rectang.
Ert,x
0.029
0.16
Rectang.
1
5.40 /
114
Uncertainty budget u(Es), u(Efit)

Quantity
Xi
Estimated
xi
10 293.77
Es
Std.
uncertainty
u(xi)
Sensitivity
coefficient
ci
Uncertainty
ui(y)
Distribution
Deg.
Freedom
Normal
Normal
0.2 oC
Normal
0.086 oC
Normal
2.56
2.56
f(tr)
tr
0.218 oC
11.73 /
g(tr)
0.2 oC
Em,r
1.16
0.074 oC/
2.56
EVD,r
0.03
0.03
Rectang.
EVC,r
0.06
0.06
Normal
EVL,r
0.13
0.13
Rectang.
ERe,r
0.18
0.18
Normal
ESC,r
0.58
0.58
Rectang.
EEN,r
0.58
0.58
Rectang.
tLS
0.058
13.48 /
0.78
Rectang.
Ert,r
Rectang.
Rectang.
Efit
0.14
0.029
0.09
0.392
1
115
0.011 oC
0.09
5.3.8 Uncertainty with temperature

Calibration point
/
Combined standard
uncertainty /
Expanded
uncertainty (k = 2)
/
Expanded
uncertainty (k = 2)
/
246.25
2.55
5.10
0.58
499.37
3.19
6.38
0.64
599.26
3.51
7.02
0.69
699.80
3.87
7.74
0.73
799.91
4.27
8.54
0.79
900.40
4.70
9.40
0.84
980.54
5.07
10.14
0.88
1 060.84
5.33
10.66
0.91
116
5.3.9 Report of uncertainty

Choose the maximum uncertainty among the calculated
values
Expanded uncertainty is determined with k = 2.
In this case, U95 = 0.9 oC
117
Further reading
T.D. McGee, Principles and methods of temperature measurement,
1988, John Wiley & Sons
J.V.Nicholas and D.R.white, Traceable Temperatures, 2nd edition,
2001, John Wiley & Sons
Manual on the use of thermocouples in temperature measurement, 4th
edition, 1993, ASTM
118

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Thermocouple thermometry

Part I. Heat and Temperature

Better Standards, Better Life

1. Unit and scale of Temperature

Better Standards, Better Life

1.1 What is temperature ?

Degree of hotness or coldness of objects

Exactly, level of thermal energy (kT)

Kinetic energy due to a microscopic motion of

Phonon: quantum mechanical description of an

Heat is caused from the vibration of particles

Temperature is a quantitative description of this

Better Standards, Better Life

Some examples of temperature

273.149 999 999 900 C

Triple point of water

Suns visible surface

Lightening bolts channel

Thermonuclear weapon peak temperature

Core of a high-mass star on its last day

CERNs proton vs nucleus collisions

Coldest temperature achieved

Universe 5.3911044 s after Big Bang

Better Standards, Better Life

The first thermometer

Better Standards, Better Life

1.2 Unit of temperature

Better Standards, Better Life

degree Celsius (oC)

A. Celsius (Sweden ) in 1742

Ice point : 100 oC

Water boiling point : 0 oC

Divided into 100 parts

After Celsius passed away

Reverse the two fixed point value

Ice point :0 oC, boiling point : 100 oC

Currently used with Kelvin internationally

Better Standards, Better Life

For a reversible Carnot engine,

For real gases, extrapolated volume goes to zero

Volume vs Temperature (Charles Law)

Better Standards, Better Life

1.3 Temperature scale

After 1954, thermodynamic scale used

Definition of temperature scale

Triple point cell of Water

Better Standards, Better Life

History of temperature scale

Current temperature scale

Down to TPW of H2 (13.81 K)

Change of Ag fixed-point value

Boiling point of oxygen (-182.970 oC) ~ radiation thermometer range

Mise en Pratique of Kelvin (MeP-K)

Current definition of Kelvin

Better Standards, Better Life

Primary vs. Secondary

Primary : Clear equation of state

Measurement of thermodynamic temperature

Secondary : Temperature-dependent parameter (voltage, current, length, etc)

Resistance thermometer, thermocouple, etc.

Better Standards, Better Life

Standard vs. Industrial thermometer

Industrial : Except for the standards

Better Standards, Better Life