Chapter 2 In Review

1. Answer:
Writing the differential equation in the form $y' = k(y + \dfrac{A}{k})$ we see that
the critical point
$-\dfrac{A}{k}$ is a repeller for $k > 0$ and an attractor for $k < 0$.
2. Answer:
$\dfrac{dy}{y}=\dfrac{4}{x}dx$
Given
$ln \, y = 4\, ln \, x + c =ln \, {x^4} + Take the Integral and simplify
c$\\
$y = c_1x^4$
We see that when $x = 0$, $y = 0$, so the initial-value problem has an infinite
number of solutions for
$k = 0$ and no solutions for $k \neq 0$.
3. Answer:
True; $y = \dfrac{k_2}{k_1}$ is always a solution for $k_1 \neq 0$.
4. Answer:
True;
$a_1(x)y + a_0(x)y = 0$
$a_1(x)dy+a_0(x)dy=0$
$\dfrac{dy}{y}=-\dfrac{a_0(x)}
{a_1(x)}dx$
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

Answer: The first-order differential

equation of the graph above is
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=(y-1)^2(y-3)^2$.

Given
Rewrite the equation
Separate variables

14.

Answer: The first-order differential

equation
of
the
graph
above
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=y(y-2)^2(y-4)$.
15.
When $n$ is odd, 0 is unstable since $x^n < 0$ for $x < 0$ and $x^n > 0$ for $x >
0$.
When $n$ is even, 0 is semi-stable since $x^n > 0$ for $x < 0$ and for $x > 0$.
When $n$ is odd, 0 is asymptotically stable since $-x^n > 0$ for $x < 0$ and $-x^n
< 0$ for $x > 0$.
When $n$ is even, 0 is semi-stable since $-x^n < 0$ for $x < 0$ and for $x > 0$.
16.

Using a CAS we
From the graph
$\dfrac{dP}{dt}
$P = 1.3214$ is
P(t) = 1.3214$.
17.

find that the zero of $f$ occurs at approximately $P = 1.3214$.

we observe that $\dfrac{dP}{dt} > 0$ for $P < 1.3214$ and
< 0$ for $P > 1.3214$, so
an asymptotically stable critical point. Thus, $lim_{t\rightarrow0}

18. a. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{x-y}{x}$ is a linear in $y$, homogeneous and

exact.
18. b. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{1}{y-x}$ is a linear in $x$.
18. c. $(x+1)\dfrac{dy}{dx}=-y+10$ is a linear in $x$ and $y$, separable and
exact.
18. d. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{1}{x(x-y)}$ is a Bernoulli in $x$.
18. e. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{y^2+y}{x^2+x}$ is a separable.
18. f. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=5y+y^2$ is a linear in $x$, separable and Bernoulli.
18. g. $y \, dy=(y-xy^2)dy$ is a linear in $x$.
18. h. $x\dfrac{dy}{dx}=ye^{\dfrac{x}{y}}-x$ is a homogenous.
18. i. $xy \, y+y^2=2x$ is a Bernoulli.
18. j. $2xy \, y + y^2= 2x^2$ is a homogeneous, exact and Bernoulli.
18. k. $y \, dx + x\, dy =0$ is a linear in $x$ and $y$, exact, separable and
homogeneous.
18. l. $\left(x^2 + \dfrac{2y}{x}\right)dx=(3-ln\,x^2)dy$ is an exact and linear in
$y$.
18. m. $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x}+1$ is a homogenous.
18. n. $\dfrac{y\,dy}{x^2\,dx}+e^{2x^3+y^2}=0$ is a separable.
19. $(y^2+1)dx=y \, sec^2x \, dy$
$(y^2+1)dx=\dfrac{y}{cos^2x}dy$
$cos^2xdx=\dfrac{y}{y^2+1}dy$
$\dfrac{1+cos\,2x}{2}dx=\dfrac{y}{y+1}dy$
$\dfrac{1}{2}x+\dfrac{1}{4}sin\,2x=\dfrac{1}

Since
$sec^2x=\dfrac{1}
{cos^2x}$
Separate variables
Since $cos^2x=\dfrac{1}{2}
(1+cos\,2x)$
Take the integral and simplify

{2}ln(y^2+1)+c$\\
$\dfrac{2x+sin \, 2x}{4}=\dfrac{ln(y^2+1)+c}
{2}$
$2(2x+sin \, 2x)=4(ln(y^2+1)+c)$\\
$2x+sin\,2x=2\,ln(y^2+1)+c$

Multiply
both
sides
by
$\dfrac{1}{2}$ and simplify

20. $y(ln\, x ln \, y)dx=(x\,ln\,x x\,ln\,y-y)dy$

$y\,ln\dfrac{x}
Simplify the given
{y}dx=\left(x\,ln\dfrac{x}{y}y\right)dy$
Since this is a homogeneous equation, so let $x=uy$, it follows that
$dx=u\,dy+y\,du$
and
the
differential
equation
becomes
$y\,ln
\,
u(udy+ydu)=(uy\, ln \, u-y)dy$ or $y\,ln\,u\, du=-dy$
$ln\,u\,du=-\dfrac{dy}{y}$
By simplifying the new equation
$u\,ln \, \left|u\right|-u=-ln\, \left|y\right| Separate variables
+c$
$\dfrac{x}{y}ln\,
\left|\dfrac{x} Since $u=\dfrac{x}{y}$ and simplify
{y}\right|-\dfrac{x}{y}=-ln\left|y\right|
+c$\\
$x(ln\,x-ln\,y)-x=-y\,ln\left|y\right|+cy$

21. $(6x+1)y^2\dfrac{dy}{dx}+3x^2+2y^2=0$
$(6x+1)y^2\, \dfrac{dy}{dx}+2y^3=- Separate variables
3x^2$
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}+\dfrac{2y}{(6x+1)}
Multiply both sides by $\dfrac{1}
= \dfrac{-3x^2}{6x+1}y^{-2}$
{(6x+1)y^2}$
The differential equation $\dfrac{dy}{dx}+\dfrac{2y}{(6x+1)}=\dfrac{-3x^2}
{6x+1}y^{-2}$ is Bernoulli.
$\dfrac{dw}{dx}+\dfrac{6}
Use $w=y^3$
{6x+1}w=-\dfrac{9x^2}{6x+1}$
$\dfrac{d}{dx}\left[(6x+1)w\right]=Use the integral factor which is $6x+1$
9x^2$
$(6x+1)w=-3x^3+c$\\
Take the integral and multiply both
$w=-\dfrac{3x^3}{6x+1}+\dfrac{c}
sides by $\dfrac{1}{6x+1}$
{6x+1}$
$y^3=-\dfrac{3x^3}
Since $w=y^3$

{6x+1}+\dfrac{c}{6x+1}$\\
$(6x+1)y^3=-3x^3+c$
Note: the differential equation is also exact.
22. $\dfrac{dx}{dy}=-\dfrac{4y^2+6xy}{3y^2+2x}$
$(3y^2+2x)dx+(4y^2+6xy)dy=0$

Multiply both sides by $3y^2+2x$ and

$dy$. Then add both sides by
$(4y^2+6xy)dy$
Let $M=3y^2+2x$ and $N=4y^2+6xy$, we see that $M_y=6y=N_x$, so the
equation is exact.
From $f_x=3y^2+2x$ we obtain $f=3xy^2+x^2+h(y)$.
Then $f_y=6xy+h(y)=4y^2+6xy$ and $h(y)=4y^2$ so $h(y)=\dfrac{4}
{3}y^3$.
Thus, one-parameter family of solutions is $3xy^2+x^2+\dfrac{4}{3}y^3=c$.
23. $t\dfrac{dQ}{dt}+Q=t^4\, ln \, t$
$\dfrac{dQ}{dt}+\dfrac{1}{t}Q=t^3\,
ln\,t$
$\dfrac{d}{dt}\left[tQ\right]=t^4\,
ln\,t$
$tQ=-\dfrac{1}{25}t^5+\dfrac{1}
{5}t^5\, ln \, t +c$
$Q=-\dfrac{1}{25}t^4+\dfrac{1}
{5}t^4\, ln \, t +\dfrac{c}{t}$

Multiply both sides by $\dfrac{1}{t}$

Since,
the
integrating
$e^{ln\,t}=t$
Take the integral

factor

is

Multiply both sides by $\dfrac{1}{t}$

24. $(2x+y+1)y=1$
Letting $u=2x+y+1$
$\dfrac{du}{dx}=2+\dfrac{dy}{dx}$\\
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{du}{dx}-2$
$u\left(\dfrac{du}{dx}-2\right)=1$\\
$\dfrac{du}{dx}=\dfrac{2u+1}{u}$
$\dfrac{u}{2u+1}du=dx$
$\left(\dfrac{1}{2}-\dfrac{1}
{2}\dfrac{1}{2u+1}\right)du=dx$\\
$\dfrac{1}{2}u-\dfrac{1}{4}\, ln \left|
2u+1\right|= x+c$
$2u-ln \, \left|2u+1\right|=2x+c_1$
$4x+2y+2-ln\,
\left|4x+2y+3\right|
=2x+c_1$\\
$2x+2y+2-ln\,\left|4x+2y+3\right|
=c_1$

Take the derivative of $u$ and find

$\dfrac{dy}{dx}$
Substitute $u$ and $\dfrac{dy}{dx}$
and simplify
Separate variables
Take the integral

Multiply both sides by 4

Resubstituting for $u$ and simplify

25. $(x^2+4)dy=(2x-8xy)dx$
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{2x-8xy}

Multiply both sides by $\dfrac{1}

{x^2+4}$\\
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{2x}
{x^2+4}-\dfrac{8xy}{x^2+4} $\\
$frac{dy}{dx}+\dfrac{8x}
{x^2+4}y=\dfrac{2x}{x^2+4}$
$\dfrac{d}
{dx}\left[(x^2+4)^4y\right]=2x(x^2+4)
^3$
$(x^2+4)^4y=\dfrac{1}{4}
(x^2+4)^4+c$\\
$y=\dfrac{1}{4}+c(x^2+4)^{-4}$

{dx}$ and $x^2+4$ and separate

variables

Since the integrating factor is $

(x^2+4)^4$
Take the integral and multiply both
sides by $\dfrac{1}{(x^2+4)^4}$

26. $(2r^2\, cos \, \theta \, sin \, \theta+r\, cos\, \theta)d \theta+(4r+sin \, \theta2r \, cos^2 \theta)dr=0$
Letting $M=2r^2\, cos \, \theta \, sin \, \theta+r\, cos\, \theta$ and $N=4r+sin \,
\theta -2r \, cos^2\theta$, we see that $M_r=4r \, cos \, \theta \, sin \,
\theta+cos \, \theta=N_{\theta}$, so the differential equation is exact. From
$f_{\theta}=2r^2 \, cos \, \theta\, sin \, \theta+r\, cos \, \theta$ we obtain $f=r^2\, cos^2\theta+r\, sin\, \theta+h(r)$. Then $f_r=-2r\, cos^2\theta+sin \,
\theta+h(r)=4r+sin\, \theta 2r\, cos^2\theta$ and $h(r)=4r$, so $h(r)=2r^2$.
The solution is $-r^2\, cos^2\theta + r\, sin \, \theta + 2r^2=c$.
27. $sin\, x \, \dfrac{dy}{dx}+(cos \,x)y=0, y\left(\dfrac{7\pi}{6}\right)=-2$
The differential equation
\,x)y\right]=0$
$(sin\,x)y=c$\\
$y=\dfrac{c}{sin\,}$

has

the

form

$\left(\dfrac{d}{dx}\right)\left[(sin

Take the integral of $\left(\dfrac{d}

{dx}\right)\left[(sin \,x)y\right]=0$ and
simplify
The initial condition implies $c=-2\,sin\left(\dfrac{7\pi}{6}\right)=1$.
Thus, $y=\dfrac{1}{sin\,x}$, where $\pi<x<2\pi$ is chosen to include
$x=\dfrac{7\pi}{6}$.
28. $\dfrac{dy}{dt}+2(t+1)y^2=0, y(0)=-\dfrac{1}{8}$
$\dfrac{dy}{y^2}=-(t+1)dt$
Separate variables
$-\dfrac{1}{y}=-(t+1)^2+c$\\
Take the integral and simplify where $$y=\dfrac{1}{(t+1)^2+c}$
c=c$
The initial conditions $y(0)=-\dfrac{1}{8}$ implies $c_1=-9$, so a solution of
initial-value problem is $y=\dfrac{1}{(t+1)^2-9}$ or $y=\dfrac{1}{(t^2+2t-8)}
$, where $-4<t<2$
29. a. For $y<0$, $\sqrt{y}$ is not a real number.
29. b.
$\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\sqrt{y}$
$\dfrac{dy}{\sqrt{y}}=dx$
Separate variables
$2y=x+c$
Take the integral

Letting
$y(x_0)=y_0$
we
get
$c=2\sqrt{y_0}-x_0$,
so
that
$2\sqrt{y}=x+\sqrt{y_0}-x_0$ and $y=\dfrac{1}{4}(x+2\sqrt{y_0}-x_0)^2$.
Since $\sqrt{y}>0$ for $y\neq0$, we see that $\dfrac{dy}{dx}=\dfrac{1}{2}
(x+2\sqrt{y_0}-x_0) must positive$. Thus, the interval on which the solution is
defined is $(x_0-2\sqrt{y_0}, \infty)$.
30. a. The differential equation is homogenous and we let $y=ux$. Then
$(x^2-u^2x^2)dx+ux^2(udx+xdu)=0$\\
$dx+ux\, du=0$\\
$u\,du=-\dfrac{dx}{x}$\\
$\dfrac{1}{2}u^2=-ln\, \left|x\right|+c$\\
$\dfrac{y^2}{x^2}=-2\,ln\left|x\right|+c_1$.
The initial condition gives $c_1=2$, so an implicit solution is $y^2=x^2(22\,ln\left|x\right|)$.
30. b. Solving for $y$ is part (a) and being sure that the initial condition is still
satisfied, we have $y=-\sqrt{2}\left|x\right|(1-ln\,\left|x\right|)^{\dfrac{1}{2}}$,
where $-e \leq x \leq e$ so that $1-ln\,\left|x\right| \leq 0$. The graph of this function
indicates that the derivative is not defined at $x=0$ and $x=e$. Thus, the solution
of the initial-value problem is $y=-\sqrt{2}x(1-ln\,x)^{\dfrac{1}{2}}$, for
$0<x<e$.

31. The graph of $y_1(x)$ is the portion of the closed black curve lying in the fourth
quadrant. Its interval of definition is approximately $(0.7,4.3)$. The graph of $y_2(x)
$ is the portion of the left-hand black curve lying in the third quadrant. Its interval of
definition is $(-\infty,0)$.
32. The first step of Eulers method gives $y(1.1) \approx 9+0.1(1+3)=9.4$.
Applying
Eulers
methods
one
more
time
gives
$y(1.2)
\approx
9.4+0.1(1+1.1\sqrt{9.4}) \approx 9.8373$.

33. Since the differential equation is autonomous, all lineal elements on a given
horizontal line have the same slope. The direction field is then as shown in the
figure below.

It appears from the figure that the differential equation has critical points at $-2$
(an attractor) and at 2 (a repeller). Thus, $-2$ is an asymptotically stable critical
point and 2 is an unstable critical point.

34. Since the differential equation is autonomous, all lineal elements on a given
horizontal line have the same slope. The direction field is then as show in the figure
below.

It appears from the figure that the differential equation has no critical points.