6.

1 The states of matter

Matter exists in only three states:

6 Gases
Prepared by

_________
_________
_________

The most stable state of a particular

substance can be changed by
__________________________

Dr Mohd Zul Helmi Rozaini

University of East Anglia
University Malaysia Terengganu

6.2 Describing gases

6.2 Describing gases

Gases ________________________
____________________
This implies that the individual gas
atoms or molecules are free to move
anywhere within their container
Therefore the forces between them
____________________

The defining characteristic of gases is

the pressure they exert
The pressure (p) exerted by a gas is
dependent on:
______________
______________
______________

6.2 Describing gases

Pressure (p)
At any temperature above absolute zero,
atoms/molecules are always in motion

6.2 Describing gases

The atmosphere exerts pressure on the
Earths surface
The pressure of the

Pressure is the collective result of these

collisions

6.2 Describing gases

A
measures the
difference in
pressures exerted
by

6.2 Describing gases

The SI unit for pressure is pascal (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N m-2
A number of non-SI units are used:

6.2 Describing gases

The gas laws
-The atoms

The volume occupied by a gas changes in

response to changes in pressure,
temperature and amount of gas

6.2 Describing gases

Law
Determined the volume of
a gas is directly
proportional
to its

Law
Gas volume is directly
proportional to the
amount

6.2 Describing gases

Law
Boyle investigated gases in a J-shaped tube

Determined

6.2 Describing gases

The ideal gas equation
All four variables (p, V, T and n) can be
related using a single constant
This is known as the gas constant (R)
In SI units, R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
pV =
This is known as

WE6.1: Calculation of gas pressure

A 1.00 x 103 L steel storage tank
contains 88.5 kg of methane, CH4. If
the temperature is 25C, what is the
pressure of the inside tank?

6.3 Molecular view of gases

As gases are

molecules,the most important energy

component to consider is their kinetic
energy, Ekinetic
The kinetic energy of an object is
given by the equation:

WE6.2: PressurePressure- volume variations

A sample of helium gas is held at
constant temperature inside a cylinder
with a volume of 0.80 L when a piston
exerts a pressure of 1.5 x 105 Pa. if
the external pressure on the piston is
increased to 2.1 x 105, what will the
new volume be?

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Molecular speeds
A molecular beam
apparatus
measures the
speeds of
molecules in a gas

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Speed and energy
The energy of a molecule is related to its
speed
At a given temperature, all

6.4: Molecular kinetic energy

Determine the average molecular
kinetic energy and molar kinetic
energy of gaseous sulfur hexafluoride,
SF6, at 150C

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Average kinetic energy
The most probable kinetic energy is not
the same as the average kinetic energy
The average kinetic energy of gas
molecules depends on the temperature
of the gas

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Ideal gases
An ideal gas has the following two
characteristics:
The volume occupied by the molecules of an
ideal gas is negligible compared with the
volume of its container.
The energies generated by forces among
ideal gas

6.3 Molecular view of gases

How does an

gas behave?

Consider how changes in V, T or n affect the

pressure, p
In an ideal gas each molecule is
independent of all others

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Increasing the amount of gas:
Pressure is directly proportional to the
amount of gas
This

Lets consider the effect of changing one

property while holding the other
properties constant

6.3 Molecular view of gases

Changing the

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume

This agrees

6.3
Changing

view of gases
:

Pressure is directly proportional to

temperature
This is in agreement with

6.4 Additional gas properties

Determination of molar mass
The ideal gas equation can be combined
with n = m/M to find the molar mass of
an unknown gas
pV = nRT can be used

6.4 Additional gas properties

Gas
The density of a gas varies significantly
with the conditions
The ideal gas equation and n = m/M can
be combined and rearranged to obtain
an
:

This information can then be used

WE6.5: Molar mass determination

Calcium carbide, CaC2 is a hard, grey-black solid with

melting point of 2000C. It reacts vigorously with water to
produce a gas and a solution containing OH- ions.

A 12.8 g sample of CaC2 was treated with excess water and

resulting gas was collected in an evacuated 5.00 L glass bulb
with a mass of 1254.49 g. the filled bulb had a mass of
1259.70 and the pressure of the gas inside was 1.00 x 105
Pa when the temperature was 26.8C.

Calculate the molar mass of the gas and determine its

formula. (Assume that the product gas is insoluble in water,
and the vapor pressure of water is neglible in relation to the
pressure of the product gas)

6.4 Additional gas properties

The equation reveals three features of
gas density:
The density of an ideal gas increases linearly
with pressure at fixed temperature

The density of an ideal gas increases linearly

with molar mass at a given temperature and
pressure

Gas density has a significant effect on

interactions

WE6.6: Gas density

6.4 Additional gas properties

A hot air balloon will rise when the

density of its air is 15% lower than
that of the atmospheric air. Calculate
the density of air at 298 K and 1.0 x
105 Pa (assume that dry air is 78% N2
and 22% O2), and determine the
minimum temperature of air that will
cause a balloon to rise

6.4 Additional gas properties

Rates
The temperature of a gas determines
the average speed of the gas
molecules of which it is comprised

6.4 Additional gas properties

Effusion
The movement of molecules

To state this dependence quantitatively:

This is called the root-mean-square speed

6.4 Additional gas properties

Diffusion
The movement of one type of molecule

6.5 Gas mixtures

Daltons law of partial pressures
In a mixture of gases in which no chemical
reaction occurs, each gas

6.5 Gas mixtures

Gas behaviour
depends on the number
of gas atoms or
molecules but not on
their identity

6.5 Gas mixtures

Describing gas mixtures
Mole fraction (X)
The number of moles of a substance as a
fraction of the number of moles of all substances
in the mixture

The partial pressure of a component in a gas

mixture is its mole fraction

6.5 Gas mixtures

When referring to lower concentrations in
a gas mixture, scientists use parts per
million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb)
Mole fractions is moles per mole
ppm is moles per million moles
ppb is moles per billion moles
1 ppm is a mole fraction of

WE6.8: Working with (ppm

(ppm))
The exhaust gas from an average car
contains 206 ppm of the pollutant
nitrogen oxide, NO. If a car emits
0.125 m 3 of exhaust gas at 1.00 x 105
Pa and exactly 350 K, what mass of
NO has been added to the
atmosphere?

WE6.7: Gas mixture

Exactly 8.00 g of O2 and 2.00 g of He
place in a 5.00 L tank at 298 K.
Determine the total pressure of the
mixture, and find the partial pressures
and mole fractions of the two gases

6.6 Gas stoichiometry

The principles of stoichiometry apply
equally to solids, liquids and gases
No matter what phase substances are
in, their chemical behaviour can be
described in molecular terms

For gases,

10

WE6.9: Gas stoichiometry

WE6.5 described the synthesis of ethyne, C2H2, from calcium

carbide, CaC2. Modern industrial production of ethyne is
based on a reaction of methane, CH4, under carefully
controlled conditions. At temperature greater than 1600 K,
two methane molecules rearrange to give three molecules of
hydrogen and one molecule of ethyne

2CH4 (g) C2H2 (g)+ 3H2 (g)

A 50.0 L steel vessel, filled with CH4 to a pressure of

10.0x105 Pa at 298 K, is heated to exactly 1600 K to convert
CH4 into C2H2. What is the maximum possible mass of C 2H2
that can be produced?What pressure does the reactor reach
at 1600 K? Assume that both CH4 and C2H2 behave as ideal
gases under the conditions of the reaction.

6.6 Gas stoichiometry

WE6.10: limiting ragents in a

gas mixture
Margarine cn be made from natural oils
such as coconut oil by hydrogenation.
C57H104O6 (l) + 3H2 (g) -> C57H110O6 (s)
An industrial hydrogenator with a volume of
2.50 x 102 L is charged with 12.0 kg of oil
and 7.00 x 10 5 Pa of hydrogen,H2 at 473 K.
The reaction produces the maximum
amount of margarine. What is the final
pressure of H2 and what mass of margarine
will be produced? Assume that H2 behaves
as ideal gas under the reaction condition.

6.7 Intermolecular forces

The halogens
Exist as diatomic
molecules
Although they have similar
covalent bonding, bromine
and

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6.7 Intermolecular forces

When the average kinetic energy is large
enough, molecules remain separated from
and the substance is a gas
When intermolecular

6.7 Intermolecular forces

Real gases
The ideal gas model makes two
assumptions:

Neither of these assumptions is true for a

real gas

6.7 Intermolecular forces

6.7 Intermolecular forces

How close do real gases come to ideal

behaviour?

The ideal gas model can still be used to

discuss the properties of real gases, as long
as conditions do not become too extreme

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6.7 Intermolecular forces

6.7 Intermolecular forces

The van der Waals equation

A modified ideal gas equation that accounts
for attractive forces and molecular volumes

Adds two
Each correction term includes a constant that
has a specific value for every gas

WE6.12:Van der Waals

Gasses such as methane are sold and
shipped in compresses gas cylinders. A
typical cylinder has a volume of 15.0 L and
when full, contains 62.0 mol of CH4. after
prolonged use, 0.620 mol of CH4 remains
in the cylinder.
Use the Van der Waals equation to
calculate the pressures in the cylinder
when full and after use, and compare the
values to those obtained from the ideal gas
equation. Assume a constant temperature
of 27C

6.7 Intermolecular forces

Melting and boiling points
Can be used as indicators of the
strengths of intermolecular forces
The boiling point is the temperature at
which the average kinetic energy of
molecular motion balances the attractive
energy of intermolecular attractions
When the pressure is 1.013 x 105 Pa,
that temperature is the normal boiling
point

13

6.7 Intermolecular forces

6.7 Intermolecular forces

The conversion of a liquid into a gas is

called vaporisation
Condensation is the reverse process
At temperatures below the freezing point,
the molecules become locked in place
and the liquid solidifies. When the
pressure is
, that temperature
is the normal freezing point
Boiling

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
There are three general types:
Dispersion forces
The attractions between the negatively
charged electron clouds and the positively
charged nuclei of neighbouring molecules

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
Dispersion forces
Exists because the electron clouds of
molecules can be distorted

Dispersion forces are the net attractive

forces between

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6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
The magnitude of dispersion forces depends
on how easy it is to distort the electron cloud
of a molecule
This ease

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
For molecules with comparable numbers of
electrons, the shape of the molecule makes
an

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
Dispersion forces increase in strength
with the number or electrons

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
Dipolar forces

15

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces

Hydrogen bonds
There are two requirements:
First, there must be an electron-deficient
hydrogen atom that can be attracted to an
electron pair
Hydrogen atoms in O-H, F-H and N-H bonds
meet this requirement

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
Hydrogen bonds can form between
different molecules
Molecules can form more than one
hydrogen bond (eg glycine)
Hydrogen bonds can form within a
molecule (eg salicylic acid)
Hydrogen bonding is particularly
important in biochemical systems

6.8 Types of intermolecular

forces
Binary hydrogen compounds
It is both the strength and number of
hydrogen bonds that a binary hydrogen
compound can form which determines its
boiling point

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Summary
The three most important states of
matter are solid, liquid and gas
Gases occupy all of the space in
which they are contained
The pressure exerted by a gas is due
to the collisions of rapidly moving gas
atoms or molecules with the walls of
the container

Summary
In order to determine the kinetic
energy of a gas molecule, it is
necessary to measure the speed with
which it is moving
All gases have an identical molecular
kinetic energy distribution
Real gases approximate ideal
behaviour under certain conditions

Summary
Boyles Law, Charles Law and
Avogadros Law describe the
relationships between volume and
pressure, volume and temperature,
and volume and amount of a gas
respectively
The combination of these laws gives
the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT

Summary
The movement of gas molecules can
be described as either effusion or
diffusion
Each gaseous component in a mixture
of ideal gases exerts a partial
pressure
The mole fraction of a substance
equals the ratio of moles to the total
number of moles

17

Summary
Intermolecular forces are partially
responsible for the fact that real gases
do not exactly obey the ideal gas laws
The van der Waals equation for a real
gas makes corrections for the volume
of the gas molecules and for the
attractive force between them
Melting and boiling points give good
indications of the strength of
intermolecular forces

Summary
There are three general types of
intermolecular forces:
Dispersion forces
Dipolar forces
Hydrogen bonds

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