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Conducting Polymers
1. Polyacetylene
a. Structure
Polyacetylene consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds between them, each with
one hydrogen atom. The double bonds can have either cis or trans geometry. The controlled synthesis of each isomer of the polymer, cispolyacetylene or trans-polyacetylene, can be achieved by changing the temperature at which the reaction is conducted.
b. Preparation
A variety of methods have been developed to synthesize polyacetylene, from pure acetylene as well as other monomers. One of the most
common methods uses titanium and aluminum catalysts, known as Ziegler-Natta catalysts, with gaseous acetylene.
c. Application
1. The discovery of polyacetylene as a conductive organic polymer led to many developments in materials science.
2. Conducting polymers are of interest for low-cost solution-processing for film-forming polymer
3. Both cis andtrans-polyacetylene show high thermal stability
2. Polypyrrole
a. Structure
b. Preparation
a. Most commonly Ppy is prepared by oxidation of pyrrole, which can be achieved using ferric chloride in methanol:
n C4H4NH + 2 FeCl3 (C4H2NH)n + 2 FeCl2 + 2 HCl
b. Conductive forms of PPy are prepared by oxidation ("p-doping") of the polymer:
(C4H2NH)n + x FeCl3 (C4H2NH)nClx + x FeCl2
c. Applications
a. PPy and related conductive polymers have two main application in electronic devices and for chemical sensors.
b. PPy is also potential vehicle for drug delivery.
c. The polymer matrix serves as a container for proteins.
3. Polyaniline
a. Structure
b. Preparation
Although the synthetic methods to produce polyaniline are quite simple, the mechanism of polymerization is probably complex. It can be
described as follows, where [O] is a generic oxidant:
n C6H5NH2 + [O] [C6H4NH]n + H2O
c. Applications
1. Has three distinct oxidation states with different colors and has an acid/base doping response due to which it is used as an attractive for
acid/base chemical vapor sensors, supercapacitors and biosensors.
2. Also used for applications such as actuators, supercapacitors and electrochromics.
3. They are suitable for manufacture of electrically conducting yarns, antistatic coatings, electromagnetic shielding, and flexible electrodes.
1. Polyimides
a. Structure
b. Preparation
Several methods are possible to prepare polyimides, among them:
The reaction between a dianhydride and a diamine (the most used method).
c. Applications
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are used in the electronics industry for flexible cables, as an insulating film onmagnet wire and for medical tubing.
The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature adhesive; it is also used as a mechanical stress buffer
An additional use of polyimide resin is as an insulating and passivation[4] layer in the manufacture of digital semiconductor
Used as bushings, bearings, sockets or constructive parts in demanding applications.
2. Polyarylsulphones
a. Structure
c. Applications
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Biomedical Applications of
1. Hydrogel: - The hydrogel can be defined as a crosslinked polymeric network which has the capacity to hold 2 water within its porous structure
Application of hydrogel in Biocompatibility tests
The biocompatibility of the hydrogels is generally associated with the hydrophilic nature of the same, which helps in washing off the toxic and
un-reacted chemicals during synthesis. The presence of water in the system makes it soft and rubbery which offers least frictional irritation and
provides a soothing effect when in contact with the physiological system
Application of hydrogel in hydrogels in drug delivery
When the drug bearing hydrogel comes in contact with aqueous medium, water penetrates into the system and dissolves the drug. Diffusion is
the main phenomena by which the dissolved drug diffuses out of the delivery systems to the surrounding aqueous medium. Diffusion is defined
as the movement of the individual molecules from the region of high solute concentration to a region of low concentration when the systems are
separated by a polymeric membrane
Application of hydrogel in wound healing
Hydrogel is a cross-linked polymer matrix which has the ability to absorb and hold water in its network structure. Hydrogels act as a moist
wound dressing material and have the ability to absorb and retain the wound exudates along with the foreign bodies, such as bacteria, within its
network structure. In addition to this, hydrogels have been found to promote fibroblast proliferation by reducing the fluid loss from the wound
surface and protect the wound from external source necessary for rapid wound healing.
Application of hydrogel in tissue engineering
Tissue engineering (TE) is a multidisciplinary approach and involves the expertise of materials science, medical science and biological science
for the development of biological substitutes (tissue/ organ). In practice, the patients cells are generally combined with a scaffold for generating
new tissue. A scaffold can be made up of either ceramic or polymer, which can be either permanent or restorable.