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nductance is one the three major types of loads found in alternating current circuits. Electricians need
to understand the impact on a pure inductive circuit and how current lags voltage when the effect is
applied in an AC circuit. This unit
explains how properties other than resistance can limit the flow of current.
introduces another measurement called impedance. Impedance is the total current-limiting effect in an
AC circuit and can be comprised of more than one element, such as resistance and inductance. Without an understanding of inductance, you will never be able to understand many of the concepts to follow in later units.
OUTLINE
171 Inductance
172 Inductive Reactance
173 Schematic Symbols
174 Inductors Connected
in Series
175 Inductors Connected
in Parallel
176 Voltage and Current
Relationships in an
Inductive Circuit
177 Power in an Inductive
Circuit
178 Reactive Power
179 Q of an Inductor
KEY TERMS
Current lags voltage
Induced voltage
Inductance (L)
Inductive reactance, (XL)
Quality (Q)
Reactance
Reactive power (VARs)
UNIT
17
Inductance
in AC
Circuits
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OBJECTIVES
PREVIEW
171
Inductance
Inductance (L) is one of the primary types of loads in AC circuits. Some
amount of inductance is present in all AC circuits because of the continually
changing magnetic field (Figure 171). The amount of inductance of a single
Magnetic field
FIGURE 171 A continually changing magnetic field induces a voltage into any conductor.
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
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Applied voltage
Induced voltage
Applied voltage
Induced voltage
FIGURE 174 The applied voltage and induced voltage are 180 degrees out of phase with
each other.
6
Ohmmeter
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
Ammeter
0.8 A
120 VAC
172
Inductive Reactance
Notice that the induced voltage is able to limit the flow of current through the circuit in a manner similar to resistance. This induced voltage is not resistance, but it
can limit the flow of current just as resistance does. This current-limiting property
of the inductor is called reactance and is symbolized by the letter X. This reactance is caused by inductance, so it is called inductive reactance and is symbolized by XL, pronounced X sub L. Inductive reactance is measured in ohms just
as resistance is and can be computed when the values of inductance and frequency are known. The following formula can be used to find inductive reactance:
XL 2 fL
where
XL inductive reactance
2 a constant
3.1416
f frequency in hertz (Hz)
L inductance in henrys (H)
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The inductive reactance, in ohms, is caused by the induced voltage and is,
therefore, proportional to the three factors that determine induced voltage:
1. the number of turns of wire;
2. the strength of the magnetic field;
3. the speed of the cutting action (relative motion between the inductor and
the magnetic lines of flux).
The number of turns of wire and the strength of the magnetic field are determined by the physical construction of the inductor. Factors such as the size of
wire used, the number of turns, how close the turns are to each other, and the
type of core material determine the amount of inductance (in henrys, H) of the
coil (Figure 177). The speed of the cutting action is proportional to the frequency (hertz). An increase of frequency causes the magnetic lines of flux to
cut the conductors at a faster rate and, thus, produces a higher induced voltage
or more inductive reactance.
EXAMPLE 171
The inductor shown in Figure 178 has an inductance of 0.8 H and is connected to a 120-V, 60-Hz line. How much current will flow in this circuit if
the wire resistance of the inductor is negligible?
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UNIT 17
120 VAC
60 Hz
Inductance in AC Circuits
0.8 H
Solution
The first step is to determine the amount of inductive reactance of the inductor:
XL 2 fL
XL 2 3.1416 60 Hz 0.8
XL 301.594
Since inductive reactance is the current-limiting property of this circuit, it can
be substituted for the value of R in an Ohms law formula:
I
E
XL
120 V
301.594
I 0.398 A
If the amount of inductive reactance is known, the inductance of the coil
can be determined using the formula
L
XL
2f
473
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EXAMPLE 172
Solution
The first step is to determine the inductive reactance of the circuit:
E
I
36 V
XL
0.2 A
XL
XL 180
Now that the inductive reactance of the inductor is known, the inductance
can be determined:
L
XL
2f
180
2 3.1416 400 Hz
L 0.0716 H
EXAMPLE 173
Solution
The first step in solving this problem is to determine the amount of inductance of the coil. Since the resistance of the wire used to make the inductor is negligible, the current is limited by inductive reactance. The inductive
reactance can be found by substituting XL for R in an Ohms law formula:
E
I
480 V
XL
24 A
XL
XL 20
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
Now that the inductive reactance is known, the inductance of the coil can be
found using the formula
L
XL
2f
NOTE: When using a frequency of 60 Hertz, 2 60 376.992. To simplify calculations, this value is generally rounded to 377. Since 60 hertz is
the major frequency used throughout the United States, 377 should be memorized because it is used in many calculations:
L
20
377 Hz
L 0.053 H
Since the inductance of the coil is determined by its physical construction,
it does not change when connected to a different frequency. Now that the
inductance of the coil is known, the inductive reactance at 400 Hertz can be
computed:
XL 2fL
XL 2 3.1416 400 Hz 0.053
XL 133.204
The amount of current flow can now be found by substituting the value of
inductive reactance for resistance in an Ohms law formula:
I
E
XL
480 V
133.204
I 3.603 A
173
Schematic Symbols
The schematic symbol used to represent an inductor depicts a coil of wire. Several symbols for inductors are shown in Figure 179. The symbols shown with
the two parallel lines represent iron-core inductors, and the symbols without
the parallel lines represent air-core inductors.
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Air-core inductors
Iron-core inductors
174
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
EXAMPLE 17 4
Solution
LT 0.6 H 0.4 H 0.5 H
LT 1.5 H
EXAMPLE 175
Solution
XLT 180 240 320
XLT 740
175
LT
L1
L2
L3
or
LT
1
1
1
1
L1
L2
L3
477
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Another formula that can be used to find the total inductance of parallel inductors is the product-over-sum formula:
LT
L 1 L2
L 1 L2
If the values of all the inductors are the same, total inductance can be found by
dividing the inductance of one inductor by the total number of inductors:
LT
L
N
Similar formulas can be used to find the total inductive reactance of inductors connected in parallel:
1
1
1
1
XLT
XL 1
XL 2
XL 3
or
XLT
1
1
1
1
XL 1
XL 2
XL 3
or
XLT
XL 1 XL 2
XL 1 XL 2
or
XLT
XL
N
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
EXAMPLE 176
Solution
LT
1
1
1
1
1
(1.788)
L T 0.559 H
LT
176
Induced voltage
479
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The greatest rate of current change occurs when the current passes
from negative, through zero and begins to increase in the positive direction
(Figure 1713). Since the current is changing at the greatest rate, the induced
voltage is maximum. As current approaches its peak value in the positive direction, the rate of change decreases, causing a decrease in the induced voltage.
The induced voltage will again be zero when the current reaches its peak value
and the magnetic field stops expanding.
It can be seen that the current flowing through the inductor is leading the
induced voltage by 90. Since the induced voltage is 180 out of phase with the
applied voltage, the current lags the applied voltage by 90 (Figure 1714).
Induced voltage
Circuit current
Applied voltage
Current flow
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
177
FIGURE 1715 Voltage and current relationships during different parts of a cycle.
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collapses. During the fourth time period, D, both the voltage and current are
negative. Power is again being used to produce the magnetic field. If the
amount of power used to produce the magnetic field is subtracted from the
power given back, the result will be zero.
178
Reactive Power
Although essentially no true power is being used, except by previously mentioned losses, an electrical measurement called volt-amperes-reactive (VARs) is
used to measure the reactive power in a pure inductive circuit. VARs can be
computed in the same way as watts except that inductive values are substituted
for resistive values in the formulas. VARs is equal to the amount of current flowing through an inductive circuit times the voltage applied to the inductive part
of the circuit. Several formulas for computing VARs are
VARs EL IL
EL2
XL
VARs IL2 xL
VARs
where
EL voltage applied to an inductor
IL current flow through an inductor
XL inductive reactance
179
Q of an Inductor
So far in this unit, it has been generally assumed that an inductor has no resistance and that inductive reactance is the only current-limiting factor. In reality,
that is not true. Since inductors are actually coils of wire, they all contain some
amount of internal resistance. Inductors actually appear to be a coil connected in
series with some amount of resistance (Figure 1716). The amount of resistance
compared with the inductive reactance determines the quality (Q) of the coil.
Inductors that have a higher ratio of inductive reactance to resistance are considered to be inductors of higher quality. An inductor constructed with a large wire
will have a low wire resistance and, therefore, a higher Q (Figure 1717). Inductors constructed with many turns of small wire have a much higher resistance
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
Pure inductance
Internal resistance
and, therefore, a lower Q. To determine the Q of an inductor, divide the inductive reactance by the resistance:
Q
XL
R
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Inductive reactance
(XL)
Resistance
(R)
FIGURE 1718 Coil impedance is a combination of wire resistance and inductive reactance.
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
Notice that the value of total impedance for the inductor is only 0.5 ohm
greater than the value of inductive reactance.
If it should become necessary to determine the true inductance of an inductor, the resistance of the wire must be taken into consideration. Assume that an
inductor is connected to a 480-volt 60-Hz power source and that an ammeter
indicates a current flow of 0.6 ampere. Now assume that an ohmmeter
measures 150 of wire resistance in the inductor. What is the inductance of
the inductor?
To determine the inductance, it will be necessary to first determine the
amount of inductive reactance as compared to the wire resistance. The total
current-limiting value (impedance) can be found with Ohms law:
E
I
480
Z
0.6
Z 800
Z
XL
2f
785.812
2 3.1416 60
L 2.084 henrys
485
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R (Resistance) 150 W
XL
(Inductive
reactance)
Z (Impedance)
800 W
FIGURE 1719 The inductive reactance forms one leg of a right triangle.
Summary
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UNIT 17
Inductance in AC Circuits
Inductive reactance is proportional to the inductance of the coil and the frequency of the line.
When inductors are connected in series, the total inductance is equal to the
sum of all the inductors.
When inductors are connected in parallel, the reciprocal of the total inductance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of all the inductors.
Review Questions
1. How many degrees are the current and voltage out of phase with each
other in a pure resistive circuit?
2. How many degrees are the current and voltage out of phase with each
other in a pure inductive circuit?
3. To what is inductive reactance proportional?
4. Four inductors, each having an inductance of 0.6 H, are connected in
series. What is the total inductance of the circuit?
5. Three inductors are connected in parallel. Inductor 1 has an inductance
of 0.06 H; Inductor 2 has an inductance of 0.05 H; and Inductor 3 has
an inductance of 0.1 H. What is the total inductance of this circuit?
6. If the three inductors in Question 5 were connected in series, what
would be the inductive reactance of the circuit? Assume the inductors
are connected to a 60-Hz line.
7. An inductor is connected to a 240-V, 1000-Hz line. The circuit current is
0.6 A. What is the inductance of the inductor?
487
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Practical Applications
Practical Applications
ou have the task of ordering a replacement inductor for one that has become
defective. The information on the nameplate has been painted over and cannot be read. The machine that contains the inductor operates on 480 V at a frequency of 60 Hz. Another machine has an identical inductor in it, but its nameplate
has been painted over also. A clamp-on ammeter indicates a current of 18 A, and a
voltmeter indicates a voltage drop across the inductor of 324 V in the machine that
is still in operation. After turning off the power and locking out the panel, you disconnect the inductor in the operating machine and measure a wire resistance of
1.2 with an ohmmeter. Using the identical inductor in the operating machine as
an example, what inductance value should you order and what would be the
minimum VAR rating of the inductor? Should you be concerned with the amount
of wire resistance in the inductor when ordering? Explain your answers.
Practice Problems
Inductive Circuits
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UNIT 17
Inductance (H)
1.2
0.085
0.65
3.6
0.5
0.85
0.45
4.8
Frequency (Hz)
60
1000
600
25
60
20
400
1000
Inductance in AC Circuits
Inductive
Reactance ()
213.628
4712.389
678.584
411.459
6408.849
201.062
2412.743
40.841
489