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NANOTECHNOLOGY
What is Nanotechnology
35 atomi di xenon
Richard Feynman
K. Eric Drexler
Richard Feynmann:
What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating
and controlling things on a small scale.
As soon as I mention this, people tell me about electric
motors that are the size of a finger nail, and that there is
a device on the market which can write the Lords prayer
on the head of a pin. But thats nothing; thats most
primitive I want to discuss the staggeringly small world
below.
K. Eric Drexler usa il concetto di assemblatori, dei nanobot capaci di assemblare materiali e
dispositivi partendo dagli atomi, in pratica si tratta di dispositivi in grado di costruire qualsiasi
cosa, compreso se stessi: per rendere compatibile la creazione utile di oggetti con i tempi
dellassemblaggio da parte di un nanobot (anche prendendo spunto da assemblatori
efficientissimi come le DNA polimerasi) bisogna considerare la necessit di avere
contemporaneamente al lavoro miriadi di assemblatori, per cui gli assemblatori devono
soprattutto assemblare loro stessi.
Nanotubi di carbonio
Nanotubi di
carbonio
Molecola di Fullerene
(C60)
Propriet
Dimensioni: 0.6-1.8 nm (tubi singoli)
Resistenza: oltre 20 volte pi del migliore acciaio
Flessibilit: molto superiore alle fibre di carbonio
Elettricit: conducono fino a 1000 volte pi del
rame
Stabilit: resistono fino a 2800C
Costi: 150 volte pi delloro
Future applicazioni
Nanocircuiti: autoaggregazione per formare circuiti 100 volte
pi piccoli di quelli attuali
Sonde chimiche: per scansionare le molecole
Muscoli artificiali: 100 volte pi forti di quelli umani
Nanopinze: per afferrare le molecole
Nanobilance: per pesare gli atomi
Celle a combustibile: per immagazzinare idrogeno
GRAFENE
un materiale costituito da uno strato
monoatomico di atomi di carbonio (avente cio uno
spessore equivalente alle dimensioni di un solo
atomo).
Le scoperte sul grafene e le sue applicazioni
(realizzazione di un transistor) conseguite nel 2004
sono valse il premio Nobel per la fisica 2010 ai due
fisici Andre Geim e Konstantin Novoselov
dell'Universit di Manchester.
Uno strato ideale di grafene consiste esclusivamente di celle esagonali; strutture di
tipo pentagonale o ettagonale costituiscono infatti dei difetti. In particolare, in
presenza di una cella pentagonale isolata, lo strato planare di grafene si deforma
fino ad assumere una forma conica; se invece le strutture pentagonali sono 12 si
ha la formazione di un fullerene. Allo stesso modo la presenza di una cella isolata
ettagonale causa una deformazione che trasforma la struttura planare in una sella.
Quindi l'inserimento controllato di tali celle pentagonali o ettagonali permette la
realizzazione di strutture molto complesse. Nanotubi di carbonio a singola parete
possono essere considerati come dei cilindri di grafene; talvolta alle estremit di
questi nanotubi si possono trovare delle strutture emisferiche, costituite da fogli di
grafene contenenti 6 strutture pentagonali, che fungono da "tappo".
[Fonti: wikipedia 2013]
Graphene's high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency make it a candidate for
transparent conducting electrodes
Graphene oxide membranes allow water vapor to pass through, but have been shown to be
impermeable to all other liquids and gases including helium. This phenomenon has been
used for further distilling of vodka to higher alcohol concentrations, in a room-temperature
laboratory, without the application of heat or vacuum. Research suggests that graphene
filters could outperform other techniques of desalination by a significant margin.
Theoretically graphene makes an excellent sensor due to its 2D structure.
Owing to high thermal conductivity of graphene, it could be used as additives in coolants.
It is believed that graphene could be used to produce ultracapacitors with a greater energy
storage density than is currently available.
Graphene's modifiable chemistry, large surface area, atomic thickness and molecularly
gatable structure make antibody-functionalized graphene sheets excellent candidates for
mammalian and microbial detection and diagnosis devices.
The most ambitious biological application of graphene is for rapid, inexpensive electronic
DNA sequencing. Integration of graphene (thickness of 0.34 nm) layers as nanoelectrodes
into a nanopore can solve one of the bottleneck issues of nanopore-based single-molecule
DNA sequencing.
Una ricerca della Brown University afferma la potenziale tossicit del grafene per l'uomo, il
quale intaccherebbe e danneggerebbe le cellule umane
Small Surface/VolumeRatio
10 m
1 m
100 nm
Large Surface/VolumeRatio
Micromachines
Human hair
Bulk
Nanoparticles
10 nm
1 nm
Molecules
Blood cell
Bacteria
Pigments
Virus
Visible
Light
Smoke
Particle
Protein
Dispersions
Colloids
DNA
(width)
O
H
Atoms
0,1 nm
Nanotech:
purposeful tool or process to engineer matter on a scale between
Working Group Nanotechnology
appr.
and
100
properties
Dr. Pter1Krger
May
2009 nm,
Seite 2 to achieve modified or new sized dependent
peter.krueger@bayerbms.com
Funding
2000 The Clinton administration announces NNI, the National Nantotechnology Initiativelarge funding now available for projects in nanotech (started in 2001)
2003 Beginning of European Framework Programme 6th (FP6, 2003-2006), strongly
financing nanotechnological research. Significant funding to nanotechnology was also
granted through FP5 (1998-2002). In 2007 the FP7 begun, with substantial funding for
nanotechnology and converging technologies.
In the US
Number of Articles
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25000
Rest of World
United States
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Rest of World
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1998
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Others
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Japan
USA
1992
1800
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0
1990
Number of Patents
Year
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0.0
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
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1997
Year
6.0
% "nano*" articles
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
Spiegazione:
-il materiale idrofobico
-c una struttura superficiale
(20-100 m)
Trattamenti superficiali che ottengono questo tipo di risultato sono stati sviluppati nel laboratorio di
George Whitesides ad Harvard
EFFETTI DI SCALA
Molte propriet fisiche hanno una dimensione caratteristica. Quando una particella (o una
dimensione di un oggetto) diventa pi piccola di questa dimensione, allora mostra propriet
nuove e caratteristiche.
Ad esempio,la struttura elettronica, la conduttivit, la reattivit, la temperatura di fusione, le
propriet meccaniche cambiano quando la dimensione delle particelle scende sotto una soglia
critica. Le nanoparticelle sono pi piccole della lunghezza donda della luce e interagiscono con
essa con effetti quantistici: il loro colore non dipende solo dal materiale, ma anche dalle loro
dimensioni. Gi nelle vetrate delle chiese medievali, si usavano nanoparticelle di ossidi metallici
per colorare: oggi si utilizzano perch sono spesso molto pi colorate (o fluorescenti) dei
corrispettivi coloranti organici e durano molto pi a lungo.
Why cant we just scale down machines, build the same mechanical
parts only smaller? Stickiness, Brownian motion, surface to volume
ratio, weird quantum forces
Water, at the nanoscale, is not the free flowing liquid we are used to in the
macroscale. Tiny objects in water are surrounded by a sticky viscous fluidmore like molasses.
The properties of fluids at the nanoscale become dominated by viscosity.
In order to move forward, the volume of fluid we have to move out of the
way, in a given time, varies like the velocity (v) times the area (a).
Momentum (p) is mass times velocity. Mass is density () times volume.
Inertial force is;
Force = dp/dt ~ av
Force of viscosity is; F= av, where is the liquid viscosity.
The ratio gives Reynolds number;
(Inertial Force)/(Viscous Force) = av/
As you can see for a smaller surface area (a), the ratio gets smaller and
hence the effect of viscosity gets greater and will affect the motion of the
small object more.
A bacterium is a million times smaller than a human, so the bacterium feels
water one million times more viscous than we do!
Brownian Motion
Top-down
Sfruttando strumentazioni complesse e grandi si possono costruire oggeti
sempre pi piccoli
(ad esempio usando la litografia, le microscopie a sonda, le pinzette ottiche, gli
assemblatori molecolari)
Bottom-up
Si pu codificare linformazione dellassemblaggio in mattoni intelligenti,
molecole o gruppi di molecole che poi autonomamente si trovano, si
riconoscono e formano strutture via via pi grandi e complesse. (come agitare
un sacco di mattoni e aprendolo trovarci dentro una casa costruita)
[filmato]
Nano in Construction
http//www.nanodynamics.com/encement.php
Additive to ordinary cement
Reduces shrinkage of pre-fabricated structures
Rapid set times
Significant increase in compressive strength
Minimizes energy consumption and carbon
footprint by reducing material requirements
Low-impact manufacturing process
http://www.nanotechproject.org
Benefit:
- Stronger
- More stable
- More power
Avoids electrostatics
[filmati]
Besides all the small SMEs, some samples how big industries benefit
from nano-inside:
LOreal
LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics company, is devoting about $600
million dollars, of its $17 billion dollar revenues, to Nano patents, and
has patented the use of dozens of nanosome particles 800 times
smaller than a human hair as delivery systems for nutrients. With 192
patents in Nanotechnology, LOreal now ranks No. 6 among
Nano patents in the United States. At LOreal factories,
nanosize bits are being created with high-pressure
machinery that fires droplets of material at the
speed of sound
http://www.nanoscienceinstitute.com/NanoCosmetics.htm
Shiseido
Shiseido independently developed the "nano-coating technology" in 1988
to treat the powder surface with an ultrathin film. The technology improved
the functions of cosmetics in various ways: the color production and
dispersibility of colored powder were improved and the smell change was
reduced
(http://www.shiseido.co.jp/e/ken/develop/dvp_fti.htm)
and a wide range of SME, selling e.g. nano enhanced sol-gel based nail coatings
http://www.nanotechproject.org
http://www.nanotechproject.org
Un inventario dei prodotti contenenti componenti nanotech
presenti sul mercato: [link] http://www.nanotechproject.org
Documenti 2012 dellFDA con raccomandazioni per i prodotti
dellindustria alimentare(link) e cosmetica (link) riguardo alle
nanotecnologie.
Primea Ring
Company: Saeco USA Inc.
What They Say
Nanotechnology: Standard on all Primea machines, nanotechnology ensures the milk
frothed inside the machine does not adhere to any of the internal components. A silver
ion coating inhibits the milk from building up on the internal facets of the machine. By
touching the appropriate icon, the machine will perform a cleaning cycle using the
nanotechnology to remove any milk that may be left in the machine after frothing or
steaming.
Nanotea
Company: Shenzhen Become Industry & Trade Co., Ltd.
Prepared with nano-technology, the nano-tea can release effectively all the excellent
essences of the tea, thus boosting the adsorption (adsorbing viruses, free radicals,
cholesterol and blood fat) and annihilation of viruses through penetration so that a
good supplement of selenium can be achieved and the selenium supplement function
can be increased by 10 times.
http://www.nanotechproject.org
Nanoceuticals Artichoke Nanoclusters RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
Nanoceuticals Citrus Mint Shampoo RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Health and Fitness > Personal Care
Nanoceuticals Hydracel RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
Nanoceuticals Microbright Tooth Powder RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
Nanoceuticals Microhydrin Products RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
Nanoceuticals Silver 22 RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
Nanoceuticals Slim Shake Chocolate RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Food
Nanoceuticals Spirulina Nanoclusters RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Food and Beverage > Supplements
NutraFirm Body Wash and Lotion RBC Life Sciences, Inc. Health and Fitness > Cosmetics
[filmato]
Semantica?
Brownian motion
Activated conformational change (molecules
folding up in a certain way)
E.g.: Photosynthesis uses all the above tricks to
convert solar power into usable energy for
cells.
Montemagno e collaboratori
Paralleli: un ribosoma ed una catena di montaggio robotizzata
ensemble
activity
z
z
frequency
activity
time
Single molecule
z
frequency
activity
activity
time
Microscopia a fluorescenza
di singole molecole
Trends in Healthcare
Modern Issues:
-We are getting older and sicker
-Demand of care is growing
-We dont take good care of ourselves
-We expect better choices
HEALTHY LIVING AND HEALTHY AGEING
-Prevention and earlier diagnosis
-More precise and individualized treatment
-Integral disease management tailored to the medical conditions of the patient
-Inclusive healthcare tailored to the setting: hospital->home, urban & remote
-Engaged and empowered patients, participating in their own treatment
(prevenzione
secondaria)
MagForce
Nanotechnologies AG:
Nano-Cancer-Therapy
No. 1 worldwide in the field of
nanotechnology cancer treatments
Cancer therapy without side-effects (can
be combined with
conventional treatments)
20 years of basic research
Cost-efficient and simple application
Ongoing licensing studies
www.magforce.com
[movie]
Curiox Biosystems:
DropArray
Technology platform for the convenient and cost-efficient
miniaturization of aqueous bioassays
Thousand-fold reduction of material and reagent required;
reduction of reaction time by a factor of ten
Possible reduction of the research costs for drug
discovery by 50%
Chip and bench-top station
First commercialization success in May 2008:
sales partnership with Biobud, Korea, 2009:
DropArray units sold in Singapore
www.curiox.com
Needs in nanomedicine
A number of academic centers of excellence in nanomedicine exist, but with no
adequate resources and expertise for the development and no access to market
I.
Demographic changes, cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative & muscoloskeletal diseases are expected to be the major cost-causing diseases.
II.
Taking this into account, nanomedicine innovations are likely to reduce future health costs if
they:
reduce personnel costs, for example by reducing the required days of in-patient care
On the other hand, nanomedicine innovations are lilely to have no major effect or even increase
future health care costs if they
aim at disease of minor cost relevance such as infections or diseases with a low
prevalence and incidence, or
come as add-on technology, which offers only a small health effect at significant
costs so that the cost-benefit ratio is unfavourable, or
A nanomechanical biosensor
Cost Considerations for Nanomedicine Applications
Example: Cardiovascular disease
With 30 % of the projected deaths the leading cause of death worldwide
Due to huge number of patients, even small effects will result in large cost
impacts
Main cost drivers are intensive care for chronic patients and rehabilitation for
stroke patients
Potential nanotechnology innovations which may offer a cost reduction:
nanobiosensors
sensitivity
Cellular Uptake of
Nanoparticles
Often, most nanoparticles do not interact
with cells unless their surface is bound to
cell-interacting molecules
Possible health benefits must be balanced against possible adverse health effects,
social and ethical issues.
Health risks of nanoparticles
Engineered nanoparticles can pose health risks such as the exposure to ultrafine dust particles
poses health risks for humans, such as Natural Nanoparticle sources (e.g. salt spray from the
ocean) & produced (e.g. cooking, material fabrication, diesel exhaust).
Generally 2 forms of application of nanoparticles need to be distinguished with respect to
exposure and possible health risks:
Nanoparticles bound into a chemical matrix, such as a polymer or a metal. Unless
nanoparticles are released due to chemical processes or wear, these materials are
generally considered safe
Free nanoparticles in the air or in fluids that can be takn up by the body via the lung, skin
or the intestinal tract.
Nanoparticle emission can occur during R&D activities, manufacturing, use, and after
use/during disposal, and after their dispersion in the environment.
Receptor-targeted
Nanoparticles
Non-targeted
Nanoparticles
Bioaccumulation?
Accumulation of a substance within a
species due to lack of degradation or
excretion
Most nanoparticles are not biodegradable
If nanoparticles enter organisms low in the
food chain, they may be expected to
accumulate in organisms higher in the food
chain
Need to understand possible health
effects of nanoparticle exposure!
Nanoparticle Aggregation
In complex aqueous environments,
many types of nanoparticles undergo
aggregation
Biological interactions with aggregated
nanoparticles similar to bulk materials
Potential Effects?
Inhaled particles induce inflammation
in respiratory tract, causing tissue
damage. Example: Inhalation of silica
particles in industrial workers causes
silicosis.
Possible Induction of
Auto-Immune Disorders
Phagocytosis
Macrophage
Macrophage
Phagocytoses Foreign
Material, Binds C3BC5B
Produces Antibodies
Lymphocyte
Instructs lymphocytes to
generate antibodies against
phagocytosed material
YAntibodies
Le forme di prevenzione