BIPOLAR

JUNCTION
TRANSISTOR
Yunafiatul Aniroh S.T., M.Sc.

Bipolar Transistor Basics

There are two basic types of bipolar
transistor construction, PNP and NPN.

The Bipolar Transistor basic

construction consists of two PNjunctions producing three connecting
terminals, the Emitter ( E ), the Base ( B )
and the Collector ( C )
Bipolar Transistors are current regulating
devices. The principle of operation of the
two transistor types PNP and NPN, is
exactly the same
The arrow in the circuit symbol always
showing the direction of
conventional current flow between
the base terminal and its emitter
terminal

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Bipolar Transistor Basics

The transistor have two basic functions: switching (digital electronics) or
amplification (analogue electronics). Then Bipolar Transistors have the
ability to operate within three different regions:
Active Region

the transistor operates as an amplifier and Ic = .Ib

Saturation

the transistor is Fully-ON operating as a switch

and Ic = I(saturation)

Cut-off

the transistor is Fully-OFF operating as a switch and Ic = 0

Bipolar Transistor Configurations

Common Base Configuration has Voltage Gain but no Current Gain.

Common Emitter Configuration has both Current and Voltage Gain.

Common Collector Configuration has Current Gain but no Voltage Gain.

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Bipolar Transistor Basics

The Common Base (CB) Configuration

As its name suggests, in the Common Base or grounded base configuration,

the BASE connection is common to both the input signal AND the output
signal with the input signal being applied between the base and the emitter
terminals.

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Bipolar Transistor Basics

The Common Emitter (CE) Configuration

In the Common Emitter or grounded emitter configuration, the input

signal is applied between the base, while the output is taken from between
the collector and the emitter as shown.

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Bipolar Transistor Basics

The Common Collector (CC) Configuration

In the Common Collector or grounded collector configuration, the collector

is now common through the supply. The input signal is connected directly to
the base, while the output is taken from the emitter load as shown. This type
of configuration is commonly known as a Voltage Follower or Emitter
Follower circuit.

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Bipolar Transistor Basics

Relationship between DC Currents and Gains

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BJT Circuits at DC
BJT operation modes
The BJT operation mode depends on the voltages at EBJ and BCJ
The I-V characteristics are strongly nonlinear
Simplified models and classifications are needed to speed up the handcalculation analysis

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BJT Circuits at DC
Simplified models and classifications for the operation of the npn BJT
Cut-off mode:
iE = iC = iB = 0
vBE < 0.5 V and vBC < 0.4 V
Active mode:
vBE = 0.7 V and i B : i C : i E 1 : : (1 )
vCE > 0.3 V
Saturation mode:
vBE = 0.7 V and vCE = 0.2 V
i C /i B forced

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BJT Circuits at DC

Equivalent circuit
models :

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BJT Circuits at DC
DC analysis of BJT circuits

Step 1: assume the operation mode

Step 2: use the conditions or model for circuit analysis
Step 3: verify the solution
Step 4: repeat the above steps with another assumption if
necessary

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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