Introduction to Geoinformatics

L-5. GIS

Data Collection

Dr. Gyrgy SZAB associate professor

Budapest University of Technology and Economy

Department of Photogrammetry and Geoinformatics
gyszabo@eik.bme.hu

Contents
OVERVIEW
Reviewing the main methods of GIS data capture and transfer and introduces key
practical management issues.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Primary (direct measurement) and secondary (derivation from other sources) data
capture for both raster and vector data types
Describe data collection workflows;
Understand the primary data capture techniques in photogrammetry, remote sensing
and surveying;
Be familiar with the secondary data capture techniques of scanning, manual
digitizing, vectorization,, and COGO feature construction;
Understand the principles of data transfer, sources of digital geographic data, and
geographic data formats;
Analyze practical issues associated with managing data capture projects.

Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, Rhind (2011): Geographical Information Systems and Science
CH 9. pp. 229-249.

The six component parts of a GIS

The Cost of Data Capturing

(up to 85% of the total cost)

Data

Stages in data collection projects

Data Collection Workflow

Planning includes establishing user requirements, garnering
resources, and developing a project plan.
Preparation involves obtaining data, redrafting poor-quality
map sources, editing scanned map images, removing noise,
setting up appropriate GIS hardware and software systems to
accept data.
Digitizing and transfer are the stages where the majority of
the effort will be expended.
Editing and improvement covers many techniques designed
to validate data, as well as correct errors and improve quality.
Evaluation is the process of identifying project successes and
failures.

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Relation of GIS Extent and the Type of

Data Capturing
Scale

1000000

Importance/ cost/ technological complexities of GIS

data collection
Primary data collection techniques: surveying, GPS,
photogrammetry, remote sensing, inertial and mobile
measuring systems

Global
Geographyt
[10m-km]

100000

Regional
Topography
10000

1000

Advantage: good quality, precision, actuality

Disadvantage: slow, expensive

[dm-m]

Local
Municipality
Utility
[cm-dm]

Type and Importance of GIS data

Collection

Secondary data collection techniques: digitizing,

scanning, transfer from existing data sources
Techology

Advantage: cheap, relatively fast

Disadvantage: quality, actuality limitations

Surveying
Fotogrammetry
Remote sensing

Raster Data Capture

Photogrammetry ...

Remote sensing (Photogrammetry) is a technique used to derive information about the

physical, chemical, and biological properties of objects without direct physical contact
Information is derived from measurements of the amount of electromagnetic radiation
reflected, emitted, or scattered from objects.
Properties:
Resolution is a key physical characteristic of remote sensing systems.
Spatial resolution refers to the size of object that can be resolved and the most usual measure is the pixel size.
Spectral resolution refers to the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are measured.
Temporal resolution, or repeat cycle, describes the frequency with which images are collected for the same area.

Aerial photography is equally important in medium- to large-scale projects

Photographs are collected by analog optical cameras and later scanned, or by digital
cameras
Aerial Photographs are usually collected on an ad hoc basis
Can provide stereo imagery for the extraction of digital elevation models
Advantages are
- Consistency of the data
- Availability of systematic global coverage
- Regular repeat cycles

Disadvantages are

Resolution is often too coarse

Many sensors are restricted by cloud cover

Aerial Photogrammtery

Typical photogrammetry workflow

The sensors applied the visible part of the electromagnetic

spectrum and the central perspective geometry to form an
image.
Photo interpretation: primary semantic interpretation of image
content: interpretation of vegetation, artificial and other natural
objects based on gray tone or color, texture, size, pattern,
shadows
Photogrammetrical mapping: primary geometric interpretation
of image content: digitizing the accurate positions of the object
by correcting the perspective and height distortions.
Technology: Flight planning, 3D orientation of images, stereo
compilation
Products: 3D vector maps, digital surface models (grid, contour
line, profile), opthophoto
(Reproduced by permission of GeoTec Media)

L 5. GIS Data Collection

1. Tivadar aerial image

Methods and Products

z
y
x

O2

1
c

pontos an
merleges felvtel

r . mo
r . mo
mo mretarnyszmmal felnagytott ortofot

P3
r

alaprajz az
ortofotn

P
ona
l

P1
szi

ntv

4. Tivadar Complex 3D model

Orto rectification
vettsi centrum

Z
Y
X

Zeiss Photogrammetric Camaras

L 5. GIS Data Collection

LH Systems Digital Camera

Microsoft Vexcel UltraCam-XP

Z/I Imaging Digital Cameras

DMC, RMK-D

Master Cone

4 RGB,NIR Color Cone

Panchromathic cone

High Res PAN

True Color
Color Infrared

Remote Sensing ...

80% side overlap

60% strip overlap

Remotesensing Technology
The active or passive sensors applied the wide part
of the electromagnetic spectrum (microwave,
visible, infrared) and special geometry (point
scanning, line scanning, panoramic images) to
form an image.
Sensors, Imaging: SPOT, LANDSAT, IKONOS
different geometric, radiometric, time resolution
Corrections: radiometric, geometric
Automatic image interpretation: color
enhancement, Classification, Segmenting

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Spatial and temporal characteristics

of commonly used Earth observation
remote-sensing systems and their sensors

Elektromagnetic spectrum

(Source: John Jensen)

NASA Earth Observation

Typical reflectance signatures for water, green

vegetation, and dry soil

(Source: After Jones C. 1997. Geographic Information Systems and Computer

Cartography. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Longman)

Budapest Landsat TM Image

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Landsat TM Supervised Classification

Derived Land Cover Map

2D, 3D Field Data Collection

Surveying

GPS applications

Ortogonal observations

Polar observations

Components: satellites in orbit, control network,

ground receiver
Accuracy limitations: P Code, C/A Code,
Absolute, Differential, geometrical arrangement
Applications: Geodetic accuracy survey control
point determination, Mobile navigation of cars,
ships, airplanes

Necessity of geodetical network

Time, money -> Cost

GPS

GPS Theory
Code distance
Phase distance
Station

c = f =

2
.
T

origin
Based on electromagnetic propagation

Time measurement:

Code observation (C/A, P code) - navigation 9 nsec flutcuation/nap 10**-13 rel. Acc.
Phase observation (L1, L2) - surveying

~ 2.7 m

Doppler slepp - movements

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Observation types: absolute, relative

Operational Systems

(x3,y3)

3-1

1-2

NAVSTAR USA global system 1978, full service 1995

Galileo EU test phase, operational 2013
Beidou China local test system
COMPASS China global system
GLONASS Russia global system
IRNSS India regional system
QZSS Japan regional system

(xA,yA)

2-3

(x2,y2)

(x1,y1)

Mobile Maping Systems

Producing near real-time 3D digital terrain model
Components: Navigation part: GPS, IMU, Imaging
part: digital camera, laser scanner, video, RS sensor,
Integration unit: component control , and data storage
Platforms: Ship for hydrology data collection, Car for
road data collection, Airplane for complex regional
terrain modeling, Satellite for global monitoring

Lidar System Theory

(Light Detection and Ranging)
V=50-200 m/s
Lidar Scanner

Vide

Szkesfehrvr:
Lidar and Photogrammetry Integration

GPS + IMS
X,Y,Z Fi,Om,Ka

Lidar point cloud (2x 45 M point, 5-10 point/m2), Ortophoto (20Mpixel, 0,5m RGB,
NIR), Surveying base map (3Mbyte), Terrestrial lidar (25M pont/ha 2500 point/m2)

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Scanning
Digitizing Maps

Preparation-cartographic quality, clean,

Scanning geometric, radiometric calibration, resolution, accuracy,
Data editing thinning and vectorization, separation to line, symbol and noise ,
error correction, coding, forming topology,
Integrating image data in GIS scanned maps, documents, photographs,
satellite data, video images ,
Advantage easily performed, rapid compilation,
Disadvantage - manipulation of large raster files, missing attribute linking, poor
intelligence, required good map quality, complex equipment, expertise required

Preparation-highlight the theme,

Digitizing - transformation, manual processing,
Data editing error correction, forming topology,
Advantage - inexpensive equipment, little training, poor
map quality,
Disadvantage - tedious, time consuming

Batch vectorization of a
scanned map

(A) original raster file

Examples of human errors in digitizing

(A) undershoots and overshoots

(B) invalid polygons

(B) vectorized polygons

Adjacent raster cells

with the same attribute
values are aggregated.
Class boundaries are
then created at the
intersection between

(C) sliver polygons

Error induced by data

cleaning. If the tolerance level
is set large enough to correct
the errors at A and B, the loop
at C will also (incorrectly) be
closed.

Mismatches of adjacent
spatial data sources that
require rubber sheeting

L 5. GIS Data Collection

Comparison of data access by translation and direct read

GIS Data from External Sources

One of the biggest problems with data obtained from external sources is that they can be
encoded in many different formats.
Many tools have been developed to move data between systems and to reuse data
through open application programming interfaces (APIs).
More than 25 organizations are involved in the standardization of various aspects of
geographic data and geoprocessing
ISO (International Standards Organization) is responsible for coordinating efforts
through the work of technical committees TC 211 and 287
In Europe, CEN (Comit Europen de Normalisation) is engaged in geographic
standardization.
OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) is a group of vendors, academics, and users
interested in the interoperability of geographic systems
Geographic data translation software must address both syntactic and semantic
translation issues.
Syntactic translation involves converting specific digital symbols (letters and numbers)
between systems.
Semantic translation is concerned with converting the meaning inherent in geographic
information.

NSDI National Spatial Data Infrastructure

Evaluation of Topographic IS >

EU INSPIRE

Topographic systems concept

ATKIS

German
Basic
Map 1:5000

Feature Catalogue

Symbol Catalogue

Rules of depiction of topographic

information in the DLM

Rules for cartographic representation

of the information in the DKM

capturing
modelling

D Digital
L Landscape
M Models
E
D
B
S

cartographic
process

Uniform
Data
Base
Interface
User of digital data

L 5. GIS Data Collection

D Digital
T Topographic
K Map

preparation
for output

German Land Management

System

Map

T
I
F
F

Infrastructure for Spatial Information

in Europe

Relationship between quality, speed, and

price in data collection
Price

DIRECTIVES
DIRECTIVE 2007/2/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL
of 14 March 2007
establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community
(INSPIRE)

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L 5. GIS Data Collection

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