LIST OF PREPOSITIONS

single words

common derived
term)

a
abaft

abeam

aboard

about

above

absent

across

afore

after

against

along

alongside

amid

amidst

among

amongst

an (see "a" for

around

as (also

anenst

and

concerning

despite

down

during

except

excluding

failing

following

for

forenenst

from

given

in

including

inside

into

like

mid (from

an
a

aside
astride
at
athwart
atop
barring
before
behind
below
beneath
beside
besides
between
beyond

but

by

chez

"amid".

Usually

used poetically.)

apropos ("apro
of"

conjunction)

consonants)

pos

es abbreviated as

apud

adverb

usage in front of

circa (sometim
"c." or "ca.")

is

midst (from

per

underneath

plus

unlike

"amidst". Usually
used poetically.)

minus

pro

until

modulo

qua

unto

near (also

regarding

up

round

upon

sans

versus,

"nigh")

next

notwithstandi
ng (also

used

postpositionally)

o' (apocopic fo
rm of of)

of

of

on

onto

commonly

save

since

than

through,

thru

"until",

via

vice, meaning
"in place of"

as
with

vis--vis

with (sometim
es

prosodic

opposite

out

times

to

toward

towards

under

Multiple words

written

as

"w/in" or "w/i")

without (some
times written as

pace
past

as

within (someti
mes

outside
over

written

"w/")

restrictions)

or

throughout,

till (same

"vs.",

or sports) as "v."

thruout (informal)

as

(principally in law

(informal)

abbreviated

"w/o")

worth

Two words

according to

far from

out from

ahead of

in

out of

apart from

outside of

as for

owing to

as of

prior to

as per

pursuant to

as regards

rather than

aside from

regardless of

astern of

right of

back to

subsequent to

because of

such as

close to

thanks to

due to

that of

except for

up to

to (contracted
as into)

inside of (note
that inside out is
an adverb, not a
preposition)

instead of

left of

near to

next to

on
to (contracted
as onto)

opposite of

opposite to

Three words

as far as is one example of the many expressions which can be

analyzed as as+adjective+as rather than a multiword preposition

as long as in the sense of if or since, rather than of the same length

as opposed to

as soon as

as well as

Preposition
+ (article) + noun + preposition

in accordance

in point of
with

written as "w/r/t")

with
respect
English has many idiomatic expressions that act as prepositions
that can be
to

in
spite
of

in addition
to
analyzed
as a preposition
followed by a noun (sometimes preceded by the

with
a view to
definite or, occasionally, indefinite article) followed by another
preposition.
Common examples include:
Archaic or infrequently used
anent

cum (Latin

qua (Latin

loan word)

loan word)

anti (Greek loa

n word)

ere

forby

fornenst

fornent

froward or fro

re or in

re (Latin
apud (Latin

loan

scholarly

works)
ayond

wards or fromwar

behither

sans (French

loan word)

tofore

toforn

twixt or 'twixt

ayont

word)

word,

restricted to use
in

loan

gainst or 'gain

(from betwixt)

st (from against)
betwixen

betwixt

biforn

'mongst (from

supplanted by to;

amongst)

used
or

contra (Latin

outwith

overthwart

pro (loan

loan word)
word)

some
archaic

contexts)

chez (French
loan word)

in

formal, religious,

neath or 'neat
h (from beneath)

unto (largely

Not fully grammaticized

concerning (alternate for "about", "with respect to")

considering (alternate for "given")

vis--vis (loan
word taken from
French)

regarding (alternate for "about", "with respect to")

worth

Preposition-like modifiers of quantified noun phrases

apart from

except

but

plus

save

Postpositions
ago as in "three years ago", sometimes considered an adverb rather

than a postposition

apart as in "this apart", also used prepositionally ("apart from this")

aside as in "such examples aside", also used prepositionally ("aside

from such examples")

away as in "three light years away", sometimes considered an adverb

or an adjective rather than a postposition

hence as in "three years hence", sometimes considered an adverb

rather than a postposition

notwithstanding also used prepositionally

on as in "three years on", also used prepositionally (some other

prepositions can also be used in the same constructs, such as "in")

through as in "the whole night through", also used prepositionally

withal archaic as a postposition meaning with

CONN
ECTO
RS

TRANSITIONS AND CONJUCTIONS

Meaning

Coordinating
Conjunctions (i
nside
a
sentence)

addition

And

cause/result

So, for

choice

Or, nor

Subordinating
Conjunction
(beginning a
dependent
clause)

if,
because,
since

when,
as,

similarities
concession

Yet

condition
opposites

But

although,
even
though
if, unless, even if
whereas, while

emphasis

example

conclusion

time

before,
after,
until,
when,
while, since

Transition
Words (at the
beginning of a
sentence)

in
addition,
additionally,
moreover,
furthermore
therefore, thus,
as a result, as a
consequence,
consequently
instead, on the
other hand
by comparison,
similarly, likewise
nevertheless

however,
instead,
nevertheless, on
the other hand,
in contrast
in
fact,
undoubtedly,
indeed,
in
particular
or example, as
an example, for
instance, as an
illustration
in
conclusion,
after all, all in all,
finally, overall, in
summary
then, next, later,
earlier

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

The

transition

words

like also,

in

addition,

and,

likewise, add

information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding

material.
to say nothing
of
in the
place

first

too
equally
important

not only ... but

also
as a matter of
fact

as

by the same
token

moreover
as well as
together with

again
of course

in like manner

to
likewise

in addition

and
comparatively

coupled with

also
then

corresponding
ly

equally

similarly

identically

furthermore

in the light of

uniquely

additionally

not
mention

like

in the same
fashion / way
first,
third

second,

to

Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is
evidence to the contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce
a change the line of reasoning (contrast).

although this
may be true

in contrast
diferent from

of course ...,
but

on the other
hand
on
contrary

after all

instead

but

whereas

(and) still

despite

unlike

conversely

or

otherwise

(and) yet

however

while

rather

albeit

nevertheless

besides

nonetheless

as much as

regardless

even though

notwithstandi
ng

the

at the same
time
in spite of
even
so
though

be that as it
may
then again
above all
in reality

although

Cause / Condition / Purpose

These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.
with this
mind
in the event
that

in

If
... then

in the
that

hope
unless

granted (that)
as / so long as

to the
that

end
when

on
(the)
condition
(that)

for fear that

for
the
purpose of

seeing / being
that

with
intention

in view of

this

whenever
in order to
while

because of

as

provided that

owing to

since

given that

inasmuch as

while

only / even if

due to

lest

so that

in case

so as to

Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce
examples as support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so
that an idea is cued to the reader.

in other words
to
put
diferently

it

for one thing

as
an
illustration

on
the
negative side
important
realize
another
point

to
with this
mind
key

first thing to
remember

in this case
for this reason
to
put
it
another way

notably
including
like

most
compelling
evidence

to be sure
namely

must
be
remembered

chiefly

that is to say
with attention
to

point
often
overlooked
to point out

by all means
on
the
positive side

truly
indeed
certainly
surely
markedly

in

such as

significantly

to
demonstrate

particularly
to emphasize
especially

in fact

explicitly

in general

specifically

in particular

to repeat
to clarify
to explain
expressly

in detail
to enumerate

surprisingly

for example

frequently

for instance

Effect / Consequence / Result

Some

of

these

transition

words

(thus,

then,

accordingly,

consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time words that are used to

show

that after a

particular

time

there

was

a consequence or

an efect.
Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The
other devices are placed before the consequences or efects.

as a result

thus

thereupon

under
those
circumstances

because the

forthwith

then

accordingly

hence

henceforth

in that case
for this reason
consequently
in efect
therefore
for

Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These

transition

words

and

phrases conclude, summarize and

or restate ideas, or indicate a final general statement. Also some

words (like therefore) from the Efect / Consequence category can be
used to summarize.

as
can
seen

be

for the most

part

ordinarily
usually

generally
speaking

after all
by and large
in fact

in the
analysis

to sum up

final
in summary

on the whole
all
things
considered

in conclusion
in any event
in short

as
above

in either case

shown
in brief

all in all

in the long run

in essence

given
points

to summarize

these

Obviously
on balance
Ultimately

as has been
noted

altogether

in a word

overall

Definitely

Time / Chronology / Sequence

These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting,
restricting, and defining time. They can be used either alone or as
part of adverbial expressions.

at the present
time

from time to
time

finally

henceforth

after

whenever

later

eventually

last

meanwhile

until

further

up
to
the
present time

till

during

to begin with

since

in time

in due time

then

prior to

as soon as

before

forthwith

as long as

hence

straightaway

in
the
meantime

since

sooner
later

or

at the same
time

in a moment
without delay
in the
place

first

all
of
sudden

when

by the time

once

whenever

about
next

until now

now

now that

at this instant
first, second

immediately

instantly
formerly

presently

suddenly

occasionally

shortly

quickly

Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first,

second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and
whenever) have other uses.

Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a
meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons.
The

numbers

are

also

used

to add

information or list

examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as

added time.

Space / Location / Place

These

transition

words

are

often

used

as

part

of adverbial

expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space.

Quite a few of these are also found in theTime category and can be
used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.

in the middle

adjacent to

further

to
left/right

opposite to

beyond

here

nearby

there

wherever

next

around

where

between

from

before

over

alongside

near

amid

above

among

below

beneath

down

beside

up

behind

under

across

the

in front of
on this side
in
distance

the

here
there

and

in
the
foreground
in
the
background
in the center
of

ADVE
RBS

always

never

regularly

frequently

normally

seldom

generally

occasionally

sometimes

hardly ever

often

usually

infrequently

rarely

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb

I always remember to do my homework.

He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.

When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could,

would, can, etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the
main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.

I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.

They might never see each other again.

They could occasionally be heard laughing.

We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:

Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:

Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties.

They never say 'thank you'.

We use ever in questions and negative statements:

Have you ever been to New Zealand?

I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been
Switzerland').

We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more

specific about the frequency:

- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every
other week

now

quarterly

often

then

weekly

rarely

today

yearly

regularly

tomorrow

always

seldom

tonight

constantly

sometimes

yesterday

ever

regularly

annually

frequently

usually

daily

generally

already

fortnightly

infrequently

before

hourly

never

early

monthly

normally

earlier

nightly

occasionally

eventually

finally

late

recently

first

later

since

formerly

lately

soon

just

next

still

last

previously

yet

ADVERBS THAT TELL US WHEN

Adverbs that tell us when are usually placed at the end of the
sentence.

EXAMPLES

Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.

I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.

I saw Sally today.

I will call you later.

I have to leave now.

I saw that movie last year.

Putting an adverb that tells us when at the end of a sentence is a

neutral position, but these adverbs can be put in other positions to
give a diferent emphasis. All adverbs that tell us when can be placed
at the beginning of the sentence to emphasize the time element.
Some can also be put before the main verb in formal writing, while
others cannot occupy that position.

EXAMPLES

Later Goldilocks ate some porridge. (the time is important)

Goldilocks later ate some porridge. (this is more formal, like a

policeman's report)

Goldilocks ate some porridge later. (this is neutral, no particular

emphasis)

ADVERBS THAT TELL US FOR HOW LONG

Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of
the sentence.

EXAMPLES

She stayed in the Bears' house all day.

My mother lived in France for a year.

I have been going to this school since 1996.

In these adverbial phrases that tell us for how long, for is always
followed by an expression of duration, while since is always followed
by an expression of a point in time.

EXAMPLES

I stayed in Switzerland for three days.

I am going on vacation for a week.

I have been riding horses for several years.

The French monarchy lasted for several centuries.

I have not seen you since Monday.

Jim has been working here since 1997.

There has not been a more exciting discovery since last century.

ADVERBS THAT TELL US HOW OFTEN

Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action.

They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs
(such as be, have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main
verb is "to be", in which case the adverb goes after the main verb.

EXAMPLES

I often eat vegetarian food.

He never drinks milk.

You must always fasten your seat belt.

I am seldom late.

He rarely lies.

Many adverbs that express frequency can also be placed at either the
beginning or the end of the sentence, although some cannot be.
When they are placed in these alternate positions, the meaning of the
adverb is much stronger.

Adverb
that
can be used in
two positions

Stronger
position

Weaker
position

frequently

I
visit
France frequent
ly.

I frequently visi
t France.

generally

Generally, I don't
like spicy foods.

I generally don't
like spicy foods.

normally

I
listen
to
classical
music normally.

I normally listen
to
classical
music.

occasionally

I
go
to
the
opera occasiona
lly.

I occasionally g
o to the opera.

often

Often, I jog in the

morning.

I often jog in the

morning.

regularly

I come to this
museum regular
ly.

I regularly come
to this museum.

sometimes

I get up very
early sometime
s.

I sometimes get
up very early.

usually

I enjoy being
with
children usually.

I usually enjoy
being
with
children.

Some other adverbs that tell us how often express the exact number
of times an action happens or happened. These adverbs are usually
placed at the end of the sentence.

EXAMPLES

This magazine is published monthly.

He visits his mother once a week.

I work five days a week.

I saw the movie seven times.

USING YET

Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences to indicate that

something that has not happened or may not have happened but is
expected to happen. It is placed at the end of the sentence or
after not.

EXAMPLES

Have you finished your work yet? (= simple request for information)

No, not yet. (= simple negative answer)

They haven't met him yet. (= simple negative statement)

Haven't you finished yet? (= expressing surprise)

USING STILL

Still expresses continuity. In positive sentences it is placed before the

main verb and after auxiliary verbs such as be, have, might, will. If
the main verb is to be, then place still after it rather than before. In
questions, still goes before the main verb.

EXAMPLES

She is still waiting for you.

Jim might still want some.

Do you still work for the BBC?

Are you still here?

I am still hungry.

ORDER OF ADVERBS OF TIME

If you need to use more than one adverb of time in a sentence, use
them in this order:

1: how long 2: how often 3: when

EXAMPLES

1 + 2 : I work (1) for five hours (2) every day

2 + 3 : The magazine was published (2) weekly (3) last year.

1 + 3 : I was abroad (1) for two months (3) last year.

1 + 2 + 3 : She worked in a hospital (1) for two days (2) every

week (3) last year.

all
any
both
each

ADVERB OF SEQUENCE

every
few
lots of
many

none
numerous
several
some

first
second
third

then
next
finally

first of all
after
after that

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

almost
absolutely
awfully*
badly*
barely
completely
decidedly
deeply
enough
enormously
entirely
extremely
fairly
far
fully
greatly
hardly

highly
how

incredibly
indeed
intensely
just
least
less
little
lots
most
much
nearly
perfectly
positively
practically
pretty*

purely
quite
rather
really
scarcely
simply
so
somewhat
strongly
terribly*
thoroughly
too
totally
utterly
very
virtually
well

Adverbs of degree are important modifiers. As you will soon see, they
are usually placed before the word they are modifying.

Examples of Adverbs of Degree

Adverbs of degree allow you to be very specific when writing, no

matter what the purpose. In the following examples, the adverbs of
degree have been italicized for ease of identification.

They were almost finished.

This cake is absolutely wonderful.

The temperature was barely above freezing.

ADVERBS OF MANNER

Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually

placed either after the main verb or after the object.

EXAMPLES

He swims well.

He ran quickly.

She spoke softly.

James coughed loudly to attract her attention.

He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)

An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct

object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the
end of the clause.

EXAMPLES

He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]

He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]

He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]

He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]

He gave us the money generously. [correct]

He generously gave us the money. [correct]

If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the
adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.

EXAMPLES

The child ran happily towards his mother.

The child ran towards his mother happily.

Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs

which have no object (intransitive verbs).

EXAMPLES

The town grew quickly after 1997.

He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.

These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly

after the verb: well, badly, hard, & fast

EXAMPLES

He swam well despite being tired.

The rain fell hard during the storm.

LITERARY USAGE

Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to

add emphasis.

EXAMPLES

He gently woke the sleeping woman.

She angrily slammed the door.

Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the

sentence to catch our attention and make us curious.

EXAMPLES

Slowly she picked up the knife.

Roughly he grabbed her arm.

accidentally
angrily
anxiously
awkwardly
badly
beautifully
blindly
boldly
bravely
brightly
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
closely
correctly
courageously
cruelly
daringly
deliberately
doubtfully
eagerly
easily
elegantly
enormously
enthusiasticall
y
equally
eventually
exactly
faithfully
fast
fatally
fiercely
fondly
foolishly
fortunately
frankly
frantically
generously

gently
gladly
gracefully
greedily
happily
hard
hastily
healthily
honestly
hungrily
hurriedly
inadequately
ingeniously
innocently
inquisitively
irritably
joyously
justly
kindly
lazily
loosely
loudly
madly
mortally
mysteriously
neatly
nervously
noisily
obediently
openly
painfully
patiently
perfectly
politely
poorly
powerfully
promptly
punctually
quickly
quietly
rapidly
rarely
really
recklessly

regularly
reluctantly
repeatedly
rightfully
roughly
rudely
sadly
safely
selfishly
sensibly
seriously
sharply
shyly
silently
sleepily
slowly
smoothly
so
softly
solemnly
speedily
stealthily
sternly
straight
stupidly
successfully
suddenly
suspiciously
swiftly
tenderly
tensely
thoughtfully
tightly
truthfully
unexpectedly
victoriously
violently
vivaciously
warmly
weakly
wearily
well
wildly
wisely

INDEF

SOMETHING: Maybe something was wrong all along.

SOMEBODY: And somebody washed out the cofee pot.

SOMEONE: Someone knocked at the door.

SOMEWHERE: Her mind was beginning to function somewhere near

normal.

ANYTHING: Maybe I shouldn't have said anything right there...

ANYBODY: There wasn't anybody to stop her.

ANYONE: She hadn't said anything to anyone.

ANYWHERE: He can't go anywhere anyway.

EVERYTHING: I have everything packed.

EVERYBODY: Everybody order what you want.

EVERYONE: Everyone was looking at her.

EVERYWHERE: It's not accepted everywhere, you know.

NOTHING: Nothing could be gained by dwelling on such thoughts.

NOBODY: Maybe it was nobody at all.

NO ONE: No one was home at the neighbor's.

NOWHERE: Andrea was nowhere to be seen.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS + ELSE

SOMETHING+ELSE: What you have on is fine, but if you want to

freshen up and wear something else, go ahead.

SOMEBODY+ELSE: Ha! that's the heel; we are in luck; here he

comes, or it's somebody else, that's certain.

SOMEONE+ELSE: If you weren't concerned about your own life, you

might have thought about your chances of taking someone else with
you.

SOMEWHERE+ELSE: We're going somewhere else to talk.

ANYTHING+ELSE: I never thought of him as being anything else but

a salesman until I saw him tonight, but he seems so... comfortable
now.

ANYBODY+ELSE: Nor was there any earthly reason why I as a sailor

should sleep two in a bed, more than anybody else

ANYONE+ELSE: Maybe she didn't want anyone else to know.

ANYWHERE+ELSE: They had never been anywhere else overnight

together.

EVERYTHING+ELSE: Was there nothing she could do that didn't give

her emotions and everything else away?

EVERYBODY+ELSE: Everybody lives in peace here, and loves

everybody else.

EVERYONE+ELSE: Almost everyone else had already left, so Sofia

and Lis volunteered to help.

EVERYWHERE+ELSE: It seemed to have melted the packed snow

and ice from before the house, for everywhere else the congealed
frost lay ten inches thick in a hard

NOTHING+ELSE: She was the maid, the baby sitter - nothing else in
his eyes.

NOBODY+ELSE: Theres nobody else.

NO ONE+ELSE: I had connections no one else did.

NOWHERE+ELSE:
craftsmanship.

Nowhere

else will

you

find

such

skillful

QUESTIONS WORD+ELSE

WHAT+ELSE: What else has happened to make you think she is

trying to break us up?

WHY+ELSE: "Why else would he be here?" she cut in.

WHO+ELSE: Who else had he told?

WHERE+ELSE: Where else did you go besides the barber shop?

WHEN+ELSE: When else will beach?

THATS-THIS IS

WHAT: That's easy for you to say.

WHY: I think that's why Juanjo feels the way he does about money.

WHERE: That's where my part came from.

This is where I met you

WHEN: That's when we all do things together.

WHO: that's who ye are speaking to, young man.

Who is this?" asked the Wizard, curiously.

EVER

WHATEVER: Maybe it was jet lag - whatever that was.

WHEREVER: I'll go wherever you go - and I'll be happy there.

WHENEVER: Just remember, I'll always be there whenever you

need me.

WHOEVER: I'm sure whoever did it, was feeling very conflicted about
now.

ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

PRESENTED BY

ASTRID CAROLINA SERJE GAITAN

PRESENTED TO

LIC. JULIO CESAR AMAYA

ENGLISH III

UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA DE BOLIVAR

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA

CARTAGENA DE INDIAS D.T. Y C.

SEPTEMBER/2015