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Introduction
What is a pitot tube?
The pitot tube was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early
18th century and was modified to its modern form in the mid-19 th century by the
French scientist Henry Darcy.
Why is it most often located on the left wing of an aircraft?
To give accurate airspeed readings, the pitot tube of an aircraft is placed
at a location where there is relatively undisturbed airflow. Behind the propeller
would clearly be a bad location! A location under the wing is pretty good spot. It
is located on the left wing since it is a shorter distance to the instrument panel
than the right side. But some aircrafts have pitot tubes on both sides.
Cant pilots just use Global Positioning System (GPS) to measure
their airspeed?
Airspeed readings from a GPS can be off by less than 25% than the
readings from a pitot tube and this amount of error can create a dangerous
situation.
III.
IV.
Types
A variety of special forms of the pitot tube have been evolved. Included
are the compact tube for boundary layer measurements and shielded totalpressure tubes. The latter are insensitive to angle of attack up to 40 degrees.
A reversed pitot tube, also known as pitometer, has one pressure
opening facing upstream and the other facing downstream.
The pitot-venturi flow element is capable of developing a pressure
differential 5 to 10 times that of a standard tube.
V.
Calculations
Velocity (V0) at the tip of a pitot static tube is given by:
V 0=C 2 gh=C 2 gc ( PT P S )/ 0
With gases at velocities above 60 m/s, compressibility becomes important
and the equation should be:
pi
p0
2 gc k p0
( )
k1 0
V 0=C
Where C = coefficient, dimensionless
gc = dimensionless constant
h = dynamic pressure
g = local acceleration due to gravity
pi = impact pressure
p0 = local static pressure
P0 = fluid density
V
M=
kRT
TT
k 1 2
=1+
M
TS
2
PT
k 1 2 (k1 )/ k
=(1+
M )
PS
2
VII.