Lecture Notes for CO2 (Part 2)

1-D STEADY STATE HEAT

CONDUCTION
Week 3/4

Wan Azmi bin Wan Hamzah

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Course Outcome 2 (CO2)

Students should be able to understand and
evaluate one-dimensional heat flow and in
different geometries

Lesson Outcomes from CO2 (Part 2)

To derive the equation for temperature
distribution in various geometries
Thermal Resistance concept to derive
expression for various geometries
To evaluate the heat transfer using thermal
resistance in various geometries
To evaluate the critical radius of insulation
To evaluate heat transfer from the rectangular fins

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS

Heat transfer through the wall can be modeled as
steady and one-dimensional.

for steady operation

In steady operation, the rate of heat transfer

through the wall is constant.
Fouriers law of
heat conduction
3

Once the rate of heat conduction is

available, the temperature T(x) at
any location x can be determined by
replacing T2 by T, and L by x.

Under steady conditions, the

temperature distribution in a plane
wall is a straight line: dT/dx = const.

Concept of Thermal Resistance

Heat conduction through wall
Increasing of R value will decrease
the Q value and vice versa

Conduction resistance of the wall:

Thermal resistance of the wall against
heat conduction.
Ohms Law

rate of heat transfer electric current

thermal resistance electrical resistance
temperature difference voltage difference
5

Newtons law of cooling for convection

Convection resistance of the

surface: Thermal resistance of the
surface against heat convection.
Schematic for convection resistance
at a surface.

When the convection heat transfer coefficient is very large (h ),

the convection resistance becomes zero and Ts T.
That is, the surface offers no resistance to convection.
6

A surface exposed to the surrounding air

might involves convection and radiation
simultaneously.

Total heat transfer at the surface is

determined by adding ( subtracting if
opposite direction) the radiation and
convection components

The convection and radiation resistances

are parallel to each other.

When TsurrT, the radiation effect can

properly be accounted for by replacing h in
the convection resistance relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad
Schematic for convection and
radiation resistances at a surface.

Radiation resistance of the surface:

Thermal resistance of a surface against
radiation.

hrad

Q
As Ts4 Tsurr
2
rad

Ts2 Tsurr
Ts Tsurr
As Ts Tsurr
As Ts Tsurr

Radiation heat transfer coefficient

Consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through

a plane wall that is exposed to convection on both sides.

The thermal resistance network in electrical analogy.

10

Temperature drop
The temperature drop is proportional to thermal resistance of the layer
from
rearrange to

U is the overall heat

transfer coefficient

The temperature drop across a layer is

proportional to its thermal resistance.

11

Multilayer Plane Walls

Often walls are made of several layers of different materials. The thermal resistance
concept can still be used for these composite walls.
This is done by developing a total thermal resistance for the wall.
The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer composite wall can be
expressed by:

12

Example of heat transfer to

wall 1

13

14

15

Problem
The roof of a house consists of a 15-cm-thick concrete slab
(k = 2 W/m0C) that is 15 m wide and 20 m long. The
convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the roof are 5 and 12 W/m2 0C, respectively.
On a clear winter night, the ambient air is reported to be at
10 0C, while the night sky temperature is 100 K. The house
and the interior surfaces of the wall are maintained at a
constant temperature of 20 0C. The emissivity of both
surfaces of the concrete roof is 0.9. Considering both
radiation and convection heat transfers, determine the rate
of heat transfer through the roof, and the inner surface
temperature of the roof.
If the house is heated by a furnace burning natural gas with
an efficiency of 80 percent, and the price of natural gas is
$1.20/therm (1therm=105,500 kJ of energy content),
determine the money lost through the roof that night during
a 14 hours period.

16

Assumptions: 1. Steady operating conditions exist, 2

The emissivity and thermal conductivity of the roof are
constant.
Properties: The thermal conductivity of the concrete is k
= 2 W/mC. The emissivity of both surfaces of the roof is
0.9.
In steady operation, heat transfer from the room to the
roof (by convection and radiation) must be equal to the
heat transfer from the roof to the surroundings (by
convection and radiation), that must be equal to the heat
transfer through the roof by conduction.

Q Q room to roof, convrad Q roof, cond Q roof to surrounding, convrad

17

Taking the inner and outer surface temperatures of the roof to be Ts,in and
Ts,out , respectively
4
Q room to roof, conv rad hi ATroom Ts ,in A(Troom
Ts,4in )

5 30020 Ts ,in 0.9 567 108 300 20 273 Ts ,in 273

4

Ts, in Ts, out

Ts, in Ts, out

Qroof, cond kA
2 300
L
0.15
Q roof to surr., conv rad ho ATs ,out Tsurr A(Ts,4out T4 )

12 300Ts ,out 10 0.9 567 108 300 Ts ,out 273 1004

18

Solving the equations above simultaneously gives

Q 37440 W, Ts,in 7.3 0C, Ts,out 2.1 0C

The total amount of natural gas consumption during a 14-hour period is

Qtotal Q t 37.440kJ 14 60 60s 1 therms

Qgas

22.36 therms
0.80 0.80
0.80
105500 kJ

The money lost through the roof

Money lost 22.36 therms $1.20/therms $26.8

19

Problem
Consider a house that has a 10-m 20-m base and a 4-m-high wall.
All four walls of the house have an R of 2.31 m2 0C/W. The two 10-m 4-m walls have no
windows. The third wall has five windows made of 0.5-cm thick glass (k = 0.78 W/m C),
1.2 m1.8 m in size. The fourth wall has the same size and number of windows, but they
are double-paned with a 1.5-cm-thick stagnant air space (k=0.026 W/m0C) enclosed
between two 0.5 cm-thick glass layers.
The thermostat in the house is set at 24 0C and the average temperature outside at that
location is 8 0C during the seven-month long heating season. Disregarding any direct
radiation gain or loss through the windows and taking the heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and outer surfaces of the house to be 7 and 18 W/m2 0C, respectively, determine the
average rate of heat transfer through each wall.
If the house is electrically heated and the price of electricity is $0.08/kWh, determine the
amount of money this household will save per heating season by converting the single-pane
windows to double-pane windows.

20

Solution

Assumptions: 1 Steady heat transfer , 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional,

3 Thermal conductivities of the glass and air are constant. 4 Heat transfer
by radiation is disregarded.

Properties: k = 0.026 W/mC for air, and 0.78 W/mC for glass.

Analysis:

1
1
Ri

0.003571 0 C/W
hi A 7 10 4
Lwall Lwall / k
2.31

0.05775 0 C/W
kA
A
10 4
1
1
Ro

0.001389 0 C/W
ho A 18 10 4

R wall

R total Ri Rwall Ro 0.003571 0.05775 0.001389 0.06271 0C/W

T1 T2 24 8 255.1 W
Q
Rtotal
0.06271
21

:
1
1
Ri

0.001786 0 C/W
hi A 7 20 4
Lwall Lwall / k
2.31

0.033382 0 C/W
20 4 512 1.8
kA
A
Lglass
0.005
Rglass

0.002968 0 C/W
kA
0.78 1.2 1.8
1
1
1
1
1

5
R eq 0.000583 0 C/W
R eq Rwall
Rglass 0.033382
0.002968

R wall

1
1
Ro

0.000694 0 C/W
ho A 18 20 4
R total Ri Req Ro 0.001786 0.000583 0.000694 0.003063 0 C/W
T1 - T2 24 8 5224 W
Q
R total
0.003063
22

Ri

1
1

0.001786 0 C/W
hi A 7 20 4

Lwall Lwall / k
2.31
R wall

0.033382 0 C/W
20 4 512 1.8
kA
A
Lglass
0.005
Rglass

0.002968 0 C/W
kA
0.78 1.2 1.8
Lair
0.015
R air

0.267094 0 C/W
k air A 0.0261.2 1.8
R window 2 Rglass Rair 2 0.002968 0.267094 0.27303 0 C/W
1
1
1
1
1

5
R eq 0.020717 0 C/W
R eq Rwall
Rglass 0.033382
0.27303
23

Ro

1
1

0.000694 0 C/W
ho A 18 20 4

R total Ri Req Ro 0.001786 0.020717 0.000694 0.023197 0 C/W

T1 - T2 24 8 690 W
Q
R total
0.023197

Q save Q singlepane Q doublepane 5224 690 4534 W

4534
Q save Q savet
kW
1000

7 30 24 hr 22851 kWhr

Money savings Energy saved unit cost of energy

24

22851 0.08 $1818

Problem

25

Solution

Assumptions: 1. steady state, 2. one-dimensional, 3. Thermal conductivities are

constant. 4 Thermal contact resistances at the interfaces are disregarded.

Properties: kA = kF = 2, kB = 8, kC = 20, kD = 15, kE = 35 W/mC.

Analysis :

0.01
L
R1 RA
0.04 0 C/W
kA A 2 0.12
0.05
L
R2 R4 RC
0.06 0 C/W
kA C 20 0.04
26

0.05
L
R3 RB
0.16 0 C/W
kA B 8 0.04

0.1
L
R5 RD
0.11 0 C/W
kA D 15 0.06
0.1
L
R6 RE
0.05 0 C/W
kA E 35 0.06
0.06
L
R7 RF
0.25 0 C/W
kA F 2 0.12
1
Requ, mid1
1
Requ, mid2

1
1
1
1
1
1

Requ, mid1 0.0250 C/W

R2
R3 R4 0.06 0.16 0.06

1
1
1
1

Requ, mid2 0.0340 C/W

R5
R6 0.11 0.05

Rtotal R1 Requ, mid1 Requ, mid2 R7 0.04 0.025 0.034 025 0.3490 C/W
27

T1 T2 300 100

572 W
R total
0.349

58

Q total 572
1.91105 W
0.12

Rtotal,1 R 1 R equ,mid1 0.04 0.025 0.065 0 C/W

Then the temperature at the point B, D and F meet
0
T1 - T T T Q R
Q

300

572

0
.
065

263
C
1
total,1
R total,1
28

R 572 0.25 143 0C

Q
T Q
7
R7

29

HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

Heat transfer through the pipe
can be modeled as steady
and one-dimensional.

The temperature of the pipe

depends on one direction only
(the radial r-direction) and can
be expressed as T = T(r).

Heat is lost from a hot-water pipe to

the air outside in the radial direction,
and thus heat transfer from a long
pipe is one-dimensional.
30

A long cylindrical pipe (or spherical

shell) with specified inner and outer
surface temperatures T1 and T2.

is the conduction resistance of the cylinder layer.

31

SPHERES

A spherical shell
with specified
inner and outer
surface
temperatures T1
and T2.

is the conduction resistance of the spherical layer.

32

The thermal resistance network for

a cylindrical (or spherical) in case
of convection from in and out
sides.

where

for a cylindrical layer, and

for a spherical layer

33

Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres

The thermal resistance

network for heat transfer
through a three-layered
composite cylinder
subjected to convection
on both sides.

34

Once heat transfer rate Q has been

calculated, the interface temperature
T2 can be determined from any of the
following two relations:

35