To the value of the coefficient insiden the Pipe referred to the outside surface of the Pipe.

Rumus
Replacing the resistances in the las Two terms by film coefficients,
Rumus
Solving for
Rumus
And
Rumus
When the Hot fluid is insiden the Pipe these become
Rumus
And
Rumus
Isothermal representatif of heating and cooling. In streamline flow when a fluid flows
isothermally, the velocity distributif is assumed to be parabolic. When a given quantity of
liquid is heated as it travels along a Pipe, the viscosity near the Pipe wall is lower than that of
the bulk of the fluida. The fluida near the wall travel at a daster velocity than it would in
isothermal flow and modifies the parabolic velocity
Gambar
Distribution as indicated by the heating Cure in Big. 5.4. Ir the likuid Isa cooled, the reverse
occurs: the fluida near the wall flows at a blower velocity than in isothermal flow, producing
the velocity distribution indicated for cooling. For the liquid to flow Moore rapidly at the wall
during heating som of the liquid near the Center axis of the Pipe must
Flow outward toward the wall to maintain the increased velocity. This is a radial velocity
component which actually modifies the natur of the streamline flow. if data for heating an Oil
in a given temperature range ari plotted as in Big. 3.10 together Alt data for cooling the Oil in
the Sam temperature range, Two families of points are obtained. The data colburn undertook
to convert bot heating and cooling data to a singlet isothermal line. he was able to employ a
basic equation of the for of Eq. (3.32) by multiplying the Rights-hand term by the
dimensionless ratio (......) where ... is the viscosity at the caloric temperature and ... is the
viscosity at an arbitrary film temperature defind for streamline flow by
Rumus
And for turbulen flow by
Rumus
Sieder and State undertook the correlation of a large quantity of data in tube, rather Than
Pipes, and obtained a dimensionless factor (....) where ... is the vicosity at the tube-wall
temperature ... using the sieder and State Corrections, Eq. (3.32) for streamline flow becomes

Rumus
Equation (3.26) for turbulent flow becomes
Rumus
By incorporating the correlation factor for heating and cooling in this manner a single Curve
is obtained for both heating and cooling, since the value of .... is greater than 1.0 for liquid
heating and blower than 1.0 for liquid cooling. Inasmuch as the viscosities of gases increase
rather Than decrease Alt higher temperature, the deviations from the isothermal velocity
distribution ari the reverse of liquids.

PROBLEMS
5.1. For a concentric-pipe heat-transfer apparatus having a I-in. IPS inner pipe
film coefficient hi has been computed to be 10.0 Btu/(hr)(f t2)(oF). By suitable
calculation three different fluids, when circulated through the annulus, will have film
coefficients of 10.0, 20.0, and 200, respectively. Neglecting the resistarlce of the pipe,
does the value of the annulus coefficient affect the value of the overall coefficient?
5.2. (a) For values of hi = 100 and h, = 500, what error results in the calculated
value of Ufor a concentric-pipe heat-transfer apparatus having a 2-in. IPS inner
pipe when the metal resistance is obtained from Rm = Lm/kmA instead of (2.3/2akm)
1 Colburn, A. P., Trans. AIChE, 29, 174-210 (193
2 Sieder, E. N., and G. E. Tate, Ind. Eng. Chem., , 1429-1436 (1936).
logDz/D1 and when the pipe resistance is omitted entirely. (b) What are the errors
when the coefficients are hi = 10 and h, = 50 ?
5.3. Calculate the LMTD for counterflow in the following cases in which the hot
fluid is cooled from 200 to 100oF and the cold fluid, heated through an equal range in
each case, is (a) 90 to 140F, (b) 80 to 130F, and (c) 60 to 110F. Observe the nature
of the deviation of the LMTD from the arithmetic means of the two terminal differences
in each case.
5.4. A hot fluid is cooled from 245 to 225F in each case. Compare the advantage

of counterflow over parallel flow in the size of the LMTD when a cold fluid is to be
heated from (a) 135 to 220F, (b) 125 to 210F, and (c) 50 to 135F.
5.5. 10,000 lb/hr of cold benzene is heated under pressure from 100F by cooling

9000 lb/hr of nitrobenzene at a temperature of 220F. Heat transfer will occur in a

concentric-pipe apparatus having a 11/4-in. IPS inner pipe 240 ft long. Tests on
similar equipment transferring heat between the same liquids indicates that a value of
U = 120 based on the outside surface of the inner pipe may be expected. (a) What
outlet temperatures may be expected in counterflow? (b) What outlet temperatures
may be expected in parallel flow? (c) If part of the concentric pipe is removed leaving
only 160 lin ft, what outlet temperatures may be expected in counterflow?
5.6. Benzene is to be heated in a concentric-pipe apparatus having a 11/4-in. IPS
inner pipe from 100 to 140F by 8000 lb/hr of nitrobenzene having an initial temperature

of 180F. A value of U= 100 may be expected based on the outside surface of

the pipe. How much cold benzene can be heated in 160 lin f t of concentric pipe (a) in
counterflow, (b) in parallel flow? (Hint.Trial-and-error solution.)
5.7. Aniline is to be cooled from 200 to 150F in a concentric-pipe apparatus having
70 ft2 of external pipe surface by 8600 lb/hr of toluene entering at 100F. A value of
U = 75 may be anticipated. How much hot aniline can be cooled in counterflow?

5.8. In a counterflow concentric-pipe apparatus a liquid is cooled from 250 to

200F by heating another from 100 to 225F. The value of U1,at the cold terminal,

is calculated to be 50.0 from the properties at the cold terminal, and Uzat the hot
terminal is calculated to be 60.0. At what fluid temperatures should Ube computed
to express the overall heat transfer for the entire apparatus?
5.9. In a counterflow concentric-pipe apparatus a liquid is cooled from 250 to 150F

by heating another from 125 to 150F. The value of UIat the cold terminal is 52 and
at the hot terminal UI is 58. At what liquid temperatures should Ufor the overall
transfer be computed?

5.10.The calculation of the caloric t>emperatures can be accomplished directly by

evaluating a' and b' in U= a'(1 + b't) for a given temperature range. If the hot
liquid in Prob. 5.8 always provides the controlling film coefficient, what are the
numerical values of the constants at and b'?
5.11.A 40oAPJ kerosene is cooled from 400 to 200F by heating 34oAPI crude oil
from 100 to 200F. Between what caloric temperatures is the heat transferred, and
how do these deviate from the mean?
5.12.A 35o API distillate used as a heating oil is cooled from 400 to 300oF by fresh
35oAPI distillate heated from 200 to 300oF. Between what caloric temperatures is
the heat transferred, and how do these deviate from the mean?

NOMENCLATUREFORCHAPTER5
A
Heat-transfer surface or outside surface of pipes, ft2
at'
B', b'

External pipe surface per foot of length, f t

Constants in the equation U= a' (1 + b't)