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ANTHROPOLOGY
1
MONTHLY
NOTES
August
24,
2015
INTRODUCTION
TO
SOCIOLOGY
&
ANTHROPOLOGY
v What
is
sociology?
Socius
(group,
partners,
associates,
friends)
+
logos
(study)
v Auguste
Comtes
contribution
Father
of
sociology
v Sociology
as
a
science
Influence
of
natural
sciences
&
scientific
method
Use
of
empirical
data
and
theory
v Areas
of
Sociology
1. Social
organization
Looking
at
parts
of
society
that
forms
groups
2. Social
psychology
Behavior
of
an
individual
influenced
by
society/a
social
group
3. Social
change
&
social
disorganization
Examples
Social
change
Globalization
Inflow
of
western
&
other
cultures
Revolution
Coup
d
etat/Oakwood
mutiny
Mcdonaldization
of
the
world
Social
disorganization
Crime
Increase
in
%
of
unemployed
4. Human
ecology
How
people
are
influenced
by
social,
empirical
&
physical
environment
5. Population
or
demography
Demography:
study
of
population
Conducting
a
census
so
that
the
government
knows
how
to
allocate
the
countrys
funds
&
needs
of
the
population
August
26,
2015
6. Sociological
theory
&
method
Applying
theories
in
explaining
social
life
Example
Karl
Marx
(Labor
theory
of
value):
value
of
product
comes
from
labor
2
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7. Applied
sociology
Apply
sociology
in
areas
wherein
it
isnt
commonly
used
in
Example
Sociologists
can
participate
in
market
research
v What
is
anthropology?
Main
concern
is
man
Anthropos
(man
or
human
being)
+
logos
(knowledge)
v Branches
of
Anthropology
A. Physical/Biological
Anthropology
Racial
history
Racism
cases
Paleontology
Fossils
&
how
they
lived
before
Human
genetics
How
are
they
related?
Possibility
of
people
having
the
similar
genetic
traits
despite
living
in
different
places
Possible
cause
of
disease/s
in
relation
to
their
genes
&
lifestyle
B. Cultural
Anthropology
Ethnography
Description
of
culture
through
immersion
(participant
observation)
Ethnology
Doing
2
or
more
ethnographies
&
comparing
their
results
Social
anthropology
Comparing
ethnologies
through
time
Involves
study
of
social
institutions
C. Archaeology
Fossils
Remains
of
plants/animals/humans
Artifacts
Man-made
objects
* Archaeology
vs.
History
Archaeology
Theories
about
the
past
based
on
fossils
&
artifacts
History
Written
data/stories
about
the
past
SOCIOLOGY
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D. Linguistics
Culture
shapes
language
Example
Bomba
1970
porn
stars
2007
(after
9/11)
bomb
that
explodes
2013
smoking
weed
September
7,
2015
v Anthropology
as
a
science
Holistic
in
nature
Concerned
with
ALL
the
dimensions
of
humanity
(evolutionary,
socio-cultural,
political,
economic,
biological,
etc.)
Studies
the
WHOLE
condition
of
human
beings
(past,
present,
and
future)
Analysis
of
a
particular
humans
environment/society,
including
climatic
conditions,
economic
patterns,
and
socio-political
features
v Relationship
of
sociology
and
anthropology
with
other
social
sciences
Botany,
paleontology
&
zoology
Analyzing
plant
and
animal
remains
found
along
with
human
bones
and
artifacts
Physics,
chemistry
&
geology
Identify
and
date
fossils
&
artifacts
Humanities
Can
provide
documents
or
information
pertinent
to
the
culture
that
is
being
studied
History
Tracing
&
interpreting
historical
development
Placing
past
events
in
their
social
&
cultural
contexts
Psychology
Offers
psychologists
a
wider
factual
base
where
theories
or
assumptions
may
be
applied
&
tested
Economics
Used
and
presented
by
anthropologists
in
a
broader
perspective
to
fully
understand
economic
patterns
and
activities
across
time
and
space
Political
science
Can
be
utilized
in
examining
government
structure
and
system
to
develop
an
understanding
of
the
world
in
general
and
socio-
political
systems
in
particular
4
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v Relationships
between
sociology
and
anthropology
Both
discipline
synthesize
and
generalize
data
about
human
behavior
and
social
systems
Both
are
related
to
the
humanities
v Methods
of
inquiry
in
the
two
sciences
1. Empirical
investigation
Knowledge
through
direct
experience
or
investigation
2. Objectivity
Data
must
be
presented,
analyzed,
and
interpreted
independently
of
the
researchers
own
beliefs
and
value
judgments
3. Ethnical
neutrality
No
ethnic
biases
4. Sociological
imagination
Link
between
biography
&
history
v Scientific
investigation
1. Identification
of
the
problem
Example
What
are
the
factors
that
cause
violence
against
women?
2. Gathering
of
data
a. Observation
Very
common
in
the
fields
of
sociology
&
anthropology
Makes
use
of
different
senses
to
study
a
social
phenomenon
or
group
of
persons
b. Participant
observation
Staying
&
living
in
the
community
being
studied
c. Interview
Very
commonly
adopted
in
sociology
&
anthropology
May
be
either
structured
or
unstructured
Best
method
used
when
dealing
with
sensitive
cases
like
violence
against
women
d. Historical
method
When
in
need
of
background
information
about
past
events
of
the
people
of
social
phenomena
e. Comparative
method
Example
What
are
the
factors
that
cause
violence
against
women
in
Brgy.
Forbes
&
Brgy.
Tondo?
f. Archival
research
Utilizes
old
records
&
documents
kept
in
archives
g. Content
analysis
Use
of
any
document
in
general
SOCIOLOGY
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3. Analysis
of
data
Makes
inferences
about
certain
social
phenomena
From
these,
recommendations
are
given
v Relevance
of
sociology
&
anthropology
1. Introduces
to
us
various
concepts
&
principles
vital
in
our
understanding
of
culture
&
society
2. Expands
overview
of
the
world,
thereby
appreciating
society
and
culture
better
3. Makes
us
understand
better
why
people
of
different
groups
&
cultures
behave
the
way
they
do
4. Gives
us
the
insight
that
our
group
is
different
from
others
5. Helpful
in
promoting
inter-ethnic
and
cultural
understanding.
Can
promote
national
unity
&
progress,
and
international
understanding
through
the
promotion
of
cross-cultural
knowledge
v Some
of
the
pioneers
of
the
two
disciplines
1. Auguste
Comte
French
philosopher
Father
of
sociology
Coined
the
term
sociology
(socius
+
logos)
Published
the
book,
Positive
Philosophy
Stages
of
development
of
all
knowledge
about
humanity
Law
of
Three
Stages
1) Theological
phase
2) Metaphysical
phase
3) Scientific
phase
Advocated
positivism
Necessary
for
rebuilding
a
society
on
a
rational
basis
2. Emile
Durkheim
French
sociologist-anthropologist
First
French
academic
sociologist
who
obtained
a
doctorate
degree
in
sociology
(1892,
University
of
Paris)
Emphasized
the
Structural
Functionalism
in
anthropology
Stressed
importance
of
empiricism
&
rigorous
method
in
building
a
scientific
base
to
understand
society
Best
works:
o LAnnee
Sociologique
(journal,
1898-1914)
o Division
of
Labor
in
Society
(book)
Rapid
social
changes
&
the
specialized
division
of
labor
produce
social
strains
o Rules
of
Sociological
Method
(book)
6
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o Suicide
(book)
Suicide
can
only
be
understood
by
analyzing
society
Four
types
of
suicide
(egoistic,
altruistic,
anomic
&
fatalistic)
o The
Elementary
Forms
of
the
Religious
Life
(book)
3. Karl
Marx
German
philosopher,
political
economist,
historian,
political
theorist,
sociologist,
communist,
and
revolutionary
Founder
of
communism
Communist
Manifesto
Written
with
Friedrich
Engels
History
is
a
continuous
struggle
between
the
conflicting
ideas
and
forces
Necessary
to
achieve
social
change
All
aspects
of
society
(work,
religion,
government,
law,
and
morality)
are
economically
conditioned
&
controlled
by
capitalism
Capitalism,
as
Marx
argued,
will
end
through
organized
actions
of
an
international
working
class
4. Max
Weber
German
lawyer,
politician,
scholar,
political
economist,
and
sociologist
Profoundly
influenced
sociological
theory
Works:
o The
Protestant
Ethic
and
the
Spirit
of
Capitalism
Religion
is
one
of
the
non-exclusive
reasons
for
the
different
ways
Occidental
and
Oriental
cultures
have
developed
o The
Religion
of
India:
The
Sociology
of
Hinduism
and
Buddhism
o Theory
of
Social
and
Economic
Organization
o Politics
as
a
Vocation
State
is
an
entity
claiming
monopoly
on
the
legitimate
use
of
violence
Verstehen
method
Sociologist
must
not
only
employ
objective
methods,
but
also
ascertain
the
subjective
meanings
that
people
attach
to
their
own
behavior
and
that
of
others
5. Ferdinand
Toennis
Born
in
Schleswig,
Germany
Spent
academic
life
at
the
University
of
Kiel
First
most
important
writing
is
about
his
social
theory
of
Gemeinshaft
and
Gesellschaft
(1887)
SOCIOLOGY
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Types
of
social
groups
&
types
of
societies
Gemeinshaft
Willed
into
being
because
of
sympathy
among
its
membranes,
or
the
expression
of
the
will
Gesellschaft
Arbitrarily
willed
group
that
arises
to
attain
some
definite
end
6. William
Graham-Sumner
Famous
sociologist,
anthropology,
scholar,
and
an
influential
professor
(Yale
University)
Author
of
Folkways
and
the
Science
of
Society
(extensively
studies
of
folkways)
Taught
political
economy,
now
known
as,
economics
Introduces
the
term
ethnocentrism
Intended
to
express
his
anti-imperialist
sentiment
7. A.R.
Radcliffe-Brown
English
social
anthropologist
Theory
of
Structural
Functionalism
Basic
concepts
in
the
structure
of
primitive
societies
Anthropological
fieldworks:
o The
Andaman
Islanders
o The
Social
Organization
of
Australian
Tribes
o Structure
and
Function
in
Primitive
Society
Made
Anthropology
a
college
subject
8. Friedrich
Engels
German
social
scientist,
author,
political
theorist,
and
philosopher
Father
of
the
Communist
Theory
Established
alongside
Karl
Marx
The
Condition
of
the
Working
Class
in
England
(1844)
Study
on
the
working
class
of
Victoria
England
Other
works:
o Socialism:
Utopian
and
Scientific
o Origin
of
the
Family,
Private
Property
and
the
State
9. Bronislaw
Malinowski
Polish-born
anthropologist
Conducted
ethnographic
studies
in
New
Guinea
when
he
was
stranded
there
during
World
War
I
Gave
birth
to
Argonauts
of
the
Western
Pacific
(book,
1922)
Advocates
data-gathering
procedure
through
the
natives
point
of
view
This
method
later
developed
into
a
research
approach
(participant
observation)
8
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10. Thorstein
Veblen
American-Norwegian
sociologist
and
economist
A
primary
mentor
of
the
institutional
economics
movement
Along
with
John
R.
Commons
Impassioned
critic
of
the
American
economy
The
Theory
of
the
Leisure
Class
(book)
Concepts
on
conspicuous
consumption,
ostentatious
display,
trained
incapacity,
predatory
culture,
absentee
ownership,
and
discretionary
control
Showed
intense
appreciation
for
workman-like
performance
and
time-saving
machinery
11. Pitirim
Sorokin
Russian-American
sociologist
Was
a
scholar
of
international
reputation
Became
a
professor
at
several
Russian,
Czech,
and
American
universities
Founded
the
Department
of
Sociology
(Harvard
University)
Sought
to
provide
a
complete
account
of
psychologically
and
philosophically
oriented
sociology
Works:
o Contemporary
Sociological
Theories
o Fads
and
Foibles
in
Modern
Sociology
and
Related
Sciences
o Social
and
Cultural
Dynamics
12. Talcott
Parsons
American
sociologist
Taught
at
Harvard
University
(1927-1973)
Action
Theory
A
general
theory
for
the
study
of
society
Based
on
the
methodological
theory
of
analytical
realism
Human
action
is
not
conceived
to
be
completely
free
but
is
grounded
in
and
circumscribed
by
norms
or
ultimate
principles
of
action
v Development
of
Sociology
&
Anthropology
in
the
Philippines
o Anthropology
Ethnographic
data
were
provided
through
the
historical
writings
of
the
early
cultures
and
society
in
the
Philippine
archipelago
of
the
early
chroniclers
like
Pigafetta,
Loarca,
Placencia,
and
Fr.
Chirino.
Archaeological
explorations
were
undertaken
by
various
groups
like
that
led
by
a
Frenchman,
Alfred
Marche
(19th
century)
SOCIOLOGY
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NOTES
o Sociology
Sociology
was
introduced
to
the
Philippines
by
Fr.
Valentin
Marin
when
he
initiated
a
course
on
criminology
in
UST
(1896)
Prof.
Salt
introduced
a
course
on
social
ethics
in
UP
(1908)
Dr.
Clyde
Heflin
introduced
sociology
at
the
Siliman
University
(1919)
Serafin
Macaraig,
the
first
Filipino
to
receive
a
doctorate
degree
in
Sociology,
published
his
Introduction
to
Sociology,
which
became
the
first
textbook
in
UP
(1939)
A
group
of
Filipino
educators
and
visiting
professors
in
the
different
regions
organized
the
Philippine
Sociological
Society
(1952)
The
Research
Foundation
of
Philippine
Anthropology
and
Archaeology
was
established
(1960)
The
Philippine
Social
Science
Council
was
formed
to
consolidate
the
Philippine
social
science
resources
(1968)
Researches
were
undertaken
along
different
aspects
of
social
and
cultural
life.
Pioneering
along
this
work
were
Mary
Hollnsteiners
Dynamics
of
Power
in
a
Philippine
Municipality;
Frank
Lynchs
Four
Readings
on
Philippine
Values;
Agaton
Pals
Rural
Peoples
Responses
to
Change;
Buenaventura
Villanuevas
The
Barrio
and
Self-
Government;
Francis
Madigans
The
Farmer
Said
No;
Jaime
Bulataos
Split
Level
Christianity;
F.
Landa
Jocanos
Sulod
Society;
and
a
few
others.
(1960s-1970s)