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1 AUTHOR:
Hussein Al Ghoul
Florida State University
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NUCLEAR ROTATIONS
HUSSEIN AL GHOUL and ARISTEIDIS TSARIS
December 5, 2011
where i is the angular velocity about the ith axis and Iij is the rank two tensor
representing the moment of inertia[2] . In quantum mechanics, however, the
rotational Hamiltonian is characterized by the angular momentum operator.
H=
X I2
i
2=
i
i
(2)
where =i is the angular momentum projection along the ith axis, and Ii are the
body-fixed angular momentum operators.
In what follows, we will be discussing the axially symmetric rotor and the triaxial
rotor. We expect to get the first from the latter by simply manipulating the
parameters in the triaxial rotor model.
1.1
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
These operators commute with each other and thus can be diagonalized simultaneously. If | JM Ki were the corresponding wave functions, then j(j+1), M
and K can be defined as the eigenvalues of J2 , Jz and I3 respectively. The
wavefunctions are therefore,
r
2J + 1 J
DM K ()
(7)
| JM Ki =
8 2
The D-matrices form a complete orthogonal set of wavefunctions and will be
later used for diagonalizing the rotational Hamiltonian of the model.
1.2
Deformation Parameters
X
X
Y (, )
R = R(, ) = R0 1 +
(8)
=2 =
In this model, the radius of the nucleus is expressed in terms of the Hill-Wheeler
deformation parameters and . Once we finish implementing these parameters
into (8), the radius then becomes[1]
r
2
5
R = R0 1 +
cos
(9)
4
3
where = 1,2,3.
A special case of a rotor, is that of an axially symmetric one. For this part, we
restricted ourselves to cases where = 0 and = 0. The Hamiltonian is
H=
I2
I2
I12
+ 2 + 3 .
2=1
2=2
2=3
2
(10)
I
(11)
2=1
2=3
2=1 3
However, since the =3 vanishes for = 0, we can define a new Hamiltonian HA
HA = H
I2
I2
I32
=
3
2=3
2=1
2=1
(12)
I
In this case the wave functions | IM Ki are the Wigner D-functions DM
K , and
[6]
are related as follows
I
I+K I
| IM Ki DM
DM K
K + (1)
(13)
The energies in this case are grouped in Rotational Bands which are characterized by K, the lowest of which corresponds to K = 0. When we examine the
wave function for the special case of K = 0, we notice that only even vlaues
of I are allowed. Generally speaking, I = K, K + 1, K + 2, .., and so on.
Consequently, the corresponding energy is
EIK = hIM K | H | IM Ki =
K2
I(I + 1)
2=1
2=1
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
We should notice that the wave function for K = 2 has the following form[2]
1
| I, M, K = 2i = (| I, M, K = 2i + (1)I | I, M, K = 2i
(19)
2
In general, the wave functions are directly related to the Wigner D-functions
I
DM
K in a manner similar to the one used for an axially symmetric rotor.
Applying this model to doubly even nuclei, and setting E(0) = 0 for I = 0, we
got the following Hamiltonian for I = 2
3G
6A
4
H=
4 3G 6A + 4F
Higher order Hamiltonians are obtained following the same procedure. As a
part of this project, we wrote a program that found, diagonalized, and simplified the Hamiltonians for higher orders of I. The obtained eigenenergies
for I = 2, 3, 4, 5 are plotted as functions of the deforming parameter in the
figure below. Notice the good agreement with the results from Davydovs and
Filippovs paper ([1]).
ri Y2 (i , i )
i=1
(20)
This operator can be expressed in terms of the Eulerian angles in the intrinP 2
sic reference frame using Y2 (i , i ) = D
Y2 (i0 , 0i )[1] . Applying the HillWheeler parametrization under the assumption of uniformally distributed protons within the nucleus, we obtained the following expression for the th component
D2 + D2
2
2 = eQ0 D0
cos +
Q
sin
(21)
2J + 1 J M
sin J K
J K
J K
C
cosCJK20
+ (CJK22
+ CJK22
)
2J 0 + 1 JM 2
2
(22)
0
| hJm
M 0 | Q | Jn M i | 2
(23)
M0
9
R21 22
2 (1 + R21 22 )2
cos 4 + 2 cos 2
1
, = cos1 p
2
9 8 sin2 3
(24)