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AcousticVelocitiesinPetroleumOils
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Authors
ZhijingWang(StanfordU.)|AmosM.Nur(StanfordU.)|MichaelL.Batzle(ArcoOil&GasCo.)
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/18163PA
DocumentID
SPE18163PA
Publisher
SocietyofPetroleumEngineers
Source
JournalofPetroleumTechnology
Volume
42
Issue
02
PublicationDate
February1990
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Summary
Resultsoflaboratoryexperimentsonacousticwavevelocitiesinoilsshowthatthemeasuredacousticvelocitiesarestrongfunctionsofboth
temperatureandpressure.Theexperimentalresultsarediscussedinlightofexistingliquidstatetheoriesandmodelstointerpretandunderstand
theacousticvelocitybehaviorsofoils.Correlationsaremadebetweenacousticvelocityandtemperature,pressure,APIgravity,andmolecular
weight.EmpiricalequationsareestablishedtocalculateacousticvelocitiesinoilswithknownAPIgravities.Variousapplicationsorpotential
applicationsoftheexperimentalresultsarealsodiscussed.
Introduction
Withtherapiddevelopmentsinseismicandwellloggingtechnologies,detailedstudiesonhydrocarbonresrvoirsaregettingmoreattention.In
recentyears,seismicboreholetoboreholetomography,3Dseismicreservoirimaging,seismicdelineationofreservoirfluidsaturations,seismic
evaluationandcharacterizationofhydrocarbonreservoirs,seismicmonitoringofproductionandEORprocessesintime,anddetailedborehole
soniclogginghaveallbeguntoemerge.Thesetechnologieswillbecomeroutineinthenearfuture.Usingthesenewmethodsandinterpreting
theirresults,however,requirethatweunderstandtheacousticpropertiesofreservoirfluidsandrocks.Unfortunately,theimportanceofthe
acousticpropertiesofreservoirliquidshasnotyetbeenrecognizedi.e.,thereareveryfewexperimentaldataonacousticvelocitiesincrudeoils
https://www.onepetro.org/journalpaper/SPE18163PA
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AcousticVelocitiesinPetroleumOilsOnePetro
andnosystematicstudies.Therefore,themainpurposeofthispaperistoprovideacousticwavevelocityinformationondifferentoils.
Wemeasuredacousticvelocitiesattheultrasonicfrequencyof800,000cycles/sec[800kHz]ineightdeadoilsandtworefinedpetroleum
hydrocarbonswithgravityrangingfrom5to62API[1.037to0.73g/cm3].Wealsomeasuredacousticvelocitiesinaliveorgassaturatedoil.The
experimentalresultsshowthatallvelocitiesinoilsstronglydependontemperatureandpressureandthatdissolvedgasessubstantiallyreduce
theacousticvelocitiesinliveoils.
Inthispaper,webrieflydescribetheexperimentalmethodandthepropertiesoftheoilsamplesusedintheexperiments,andweshow
theexperimentalresultsofacousticvelocitiesindeadandliveoils.Tounderstandandinterprettheacousticvelocitybehaviorsoftheoilsbetter,
wediscussvariousliquidstatetheoriesandmodelsandtherelationshipbetweenacousticvelocitiesandPVTmeasurements.Wecorrelate
acousticvelocitiesindeadoilswithtemperature,pressure,APIgravities,andmolecularweightsoftheoilsandestablishempiricalequationsto
calculateortoestimateacousticvelocitiesinoilsiftheAPIgravitiesareknown.Finally,wediscusspotentialapplicationsofourvelocityresultsin
bothgeophysicalandpetroleumengineeringaspectsandpresentconclusionsfromthisstudy.
Experiments
Fortheexperiments,weusedthepulsetransmissionmethodwithanapparatusconsistingofapulsegenerator/receiver,adigitaloscilloscope,
twoacoustictransducers,andapressurevessel.Electricalpulsesgeneratedbythepulsegenerator/receiverweresenttotheemitting
piezoelectrictransducer,whichconvertselectricalenergyintomechanicalvibrations.Aftertravelingthroughthefluidsample,theultrasonicwaves
wereconvertedbacktoelectricalsignalsbythereceivingtransducerandrecordedbythedigitaloscilloscope.Traveltimesoftheultrasonic
wavesthroughtheoilsampleweremeasuredwithaprecisionof0.05sec.Ultrasonicvelocitieswerecalculatedbyv(p,T)=L(p,T)/?t(p,T),
whereL(p,T)=distancebetweenthetwotransducerscorrectedforpressureandtemperatureand?t(p,T)=traveltimeoftheultrasonicwaves,which
isafunctionofpressureandtemperature.
Temperatureswerecontrolledbyaheatingcoilandatemperaturecontrollerandweremeasuredbytwothermocouplesconnectedtoadigital
meter.Theaccuracyofthetemperaturemeasurementswasabout1F[0.5C].Pressuresintheexperimentswerecontrolledbyanautomatic
fluidpumpandwerereadthroughadigitalpressuregaugewithanaccuracyofabout10psi[0.07Mpa].
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NumberofPages9
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