0

10

11

-2

-1

PTE

-1

Molar gas constant ................ 8.314510 J mol K

Pi ........................................... 3.1415926535897932
-34
Planck constants ................... 6.626075510 J s

H
Li

IIA

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Na

Be

Metal

Mg

Rb

Cs

Noble gas

Lanthanide

57

La

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

61

Nd

Fr

Ra

Ac

(223)

(226)

(227)

Th

Pa

232.04 231.04 238.03

62

Pm Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

3 IIIB 4 IVB 5
23
21
22

Sc

STANDARD STATE (25 C; 101 kPa)

Actinide

132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145)

87
88
89
93
90
91
92

Halogens element

Ne - gas
Hg - liquid

www.periodni.com

Sr
Ba

Alkaline earth metal

Transition metals

PTE

Ca

39.098 40.078
37
38
85.468 87.62
55
56

Chalcogens element

65

Tb

66

Dy

Fe - solid
Tc - synthetic

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

Ti

SYMBOL

Cr

Mn

Fe

VIIIB
9
10
27
28

Co

Ni

Al
11
29

IB 12
30

Cu

Y
70

Yb

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Lu

Hf

Ta

Re

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Zn
Cd

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Np

Pu

Am Cm Bk

Cf

Es

Fm Md

No

Lr

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

(244)

(243)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(259)

(262)

(267)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(277)

(276)

(281)

(280)

(285)

(258)

Ne

Si

Cl

Ar

Ga

Ge

69.723 72.64
49
50

In

Sn

As

Se

74.922 78.96
51
52

Sb

Te

Br

Kr

79.904 83.798
53
54

Xe

101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
83
86
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85

(237)

(247)

IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948

36
31
32
33
34
35

Tl

150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38
112
104
107
109
110
111
105
106
103
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
108
(247)

VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

8
9
10

IVA 15
7

10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180

13
15
16
17
18
14

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38
39
43
40
45
46
47
48
41
42
44
88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96
(98)
73
72
74
75
71

IIIA 14
6

H
1.0079

VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8
25
26
24

13
5

IA

Nonmetal

Semimetal

Alkali metal

He

GROUP (CAS 1986)

1

PERIOD

22.990 24.305
19
20

18 VIIIA
2
GROUP (IUPAC 1985)
ATOMIC NUMBER

6.941 9.0122
11
12

www.periodni.com

1. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction, all reactants and products must be known.
2. The total change of the oxidation number of the oxidized atoms must be same as the total change
of the oxidation number of reduced atoms
a) First determine oxidation numbers for every element on both sides of the equation.
b) Write down the electron-half-reactions for oxidation and reduction processes.
c) Write down the transfer of electrons.
d) Equilibrate charge on the left and right side
- in acidic media by adding H+ ions on the side where the electrons are.
- in alkaline media by adding OH- ions on the side opposite to one with electrons.
e) Check if there are the same numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on the left and right
side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding water molecules.
f ) Bring the half-reactions down to the same number of transferred electrons and make a sum
of the half-reactions.
3. Sum of the charges on left side must be equal to the right side of the summary equation.
4. Number of atoms for every particular element must be equal on both sides of the summary equation.

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

207.2

208.98

(209)

(210)

(222)

Copyright 2010 Eni Generalic, Split

www.periodni.com

1.0079 2
4
3

19

18

IA

1
1

17

16

www.periodni.com

-11

Constant of gravitation .......... 6.6725910 N m kg

3
-1
Molar volume of ideal gas ....... 0.02241410 m mol
-19
Elementary charge ................ 1.6021773310 C
Standard pressure ................. 101325 Pa

15

14

BASIC RULES FOR BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Absolute zero ........................ -273.15 C

23
-1
Avogadro constant ................ 6.022136710 mol
Base of natural logarithms ..... 2.718281828
-19
Electronvolt ........................... 1.602189210 J
-1
Faraday constant ................... 96485.309 C mol

13

12

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

10

11

-11

-2

-1

PTE

-1

Molar gas constant ................ 8.314510 J mol K

Pi ........................................... 3.1415926535897932
-34
Planck constants ................... 6.626075510 J s

H
Li

IIA

Na

Be

Metal

Mg

Cs

Noble gas

Lanthanide

57

La

58

Ce

59

Pr

60

61

Nd

Fr

Ra

Ac

(223)

(226)

(227)

Th

Pa

232.04 231.04 238.03

62

Pm Sm

63

Eu

64

Gd

3 IIIB 4 IVB 5
23
21
22

Sc

STANDARD STATE (25 C; 101 kPa)

Actinide

132.91 137.33 138.91 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145)

87
88
89
93
90
91
92

Halogens element

Ne - gas
Hg - liquid

www.periodni.com

Sr
Ba

Alkaline earth metal

Transition metals

PTE

Ca

85.468 87.62
55
56

Chalcogens element

65

Tb

66

Dy

Fe - solid
Tc - synthetic

67

Ho

68

Er

69

Tm

Ti

SYMBOL

Cr

Mn

Fe

VIIIB
9
10
27
28

Co

Ni

Al
11
29

IB 12
30

Cu

Y
70

Yb

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Lu

Hf

Ta

Re

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA 4.0026

8
9
10

IVA 15
7

Ne

10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180

13
17
18
15
16
14

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS

Si

Cl

Ar

IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948

36
31
32
33
34
35

Zn

44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.38
39
43
40
45
46
47
48
41
42
44
88.906 91.224 92.906 95.96
(98)
73
72
74
75
71

IIIA 14
6

H
1.0079

VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8
25
26
24

13
5

IA

Nonmetal

Semimetal

Alkali metal

He

GROUP (CAS 1986)

1

PERIOD

39.098 40.078
37
38

Rb

GROUP (IUPAC 1985)

ATOMIC NUMBER

22.990 24.305
19
20

18 VIIIA
2

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

6.941 9.0122
11
12

www.periodni.com

1. Write down the equation of the chemical reaction, all reactants and products must be known.
2. The total change of the oxidation number of the oxidized atoms must be same as the total change
of the oxidation number of reduced atoms
a) First determine oxidation numbers for every element on both sides of the equation.
b) Write down the electron-half-reactions for oxidation and reduction processes.
c) Write down the transfer of electrons.
d) Equilibrate charge on the left and right side
+
- in acidic media by adding H ions on the side where the electrons are.
- in alkaline media by adding OH- ions on the side opposite to one with electrons.
e) Check if there are the same numbers of hydrogen and oxygen atoms on the left and right
side, if they aren't equilibrate these atoms by adding water molecules.
f ) Bring the half-reactions down to the same number of transferred electrons and make a sum
of the half-reactions.
3. Sum of the charges on left side must be equal to the right side of the summary equation.
4. Number of atoms for every particular element must be equal on both sides of the summary equation.

Cd

Ga

Ge

69.723 72.64
49
50

In

Sn

As

Se

74.922 78.96
51
52

Sb

Te

Br

Kr

79.904 83.798
53
54

Xe

101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
83
86
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
84
85

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.05 174.97 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38
112
110
104
107
109
111
106
105
103
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
108

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

207.2

208.98

(209)

(210)

(222)

Np

Pu

Am Cm Bk

Cf

Es

Fm Md

No

Lr

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

Cn

(237)

(244)

(243)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(259)

(262)

(267)

(268)

(271)

(272)

(277)

(276)

(281)

(280)

Copyright
2010
Eni
Generalic, Split
Split
2010
Eni
Generalic,
(285) Copyright

(247)

(247)

(258)

www.periodni.com

1.0079 2
4
3

19

18

IA

1
1

17

16

BASIC RULES FOR BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Constant of gravitation .......... 6.6725910 N m kg

3
-1
Molar volume of ideal gas ....... 0.02241410 m mol
-19
Elementary charge ................ 1.6021773310 C
Standard pressure ................. 101325 Pa

15

14

www.periodni.com

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Absolute zero ........................ -273.15 C
23
-1
Avogadro constant ................ 6.022136710 mol
Base of natural logarithms ..... 2.718281828
-19
Electronvolt ........................... 1.602189210 J
-1
Faraday constant ................... 96485.309 C mol

13

12