Lesson1

TheBasicsofArc
Welding

LESSONI,PARTB
1.8.5.2

Thetransformerinaweldingmachineperformsmuchthesameasalargepower

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planttransformer.Theprimaryvoltagecomingintothemachineistoohighforsafe

Lesson2
CommonElectric
ArcWelding
Processes
Lesson3
CoveredElectrodes
forWelding
MildSteels

welding.Therefore,itissteppeddowntoauseablevoltage.Thisisbestillustratedwithan
explanationofhowasingletransformerworks.
1.8.5.3

Intheprecedingparagraphs,wehavefoundthananelectricalcurrentcanbe

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inducedintoaconductorwhenthatconductorismovedthroughamagneticfieldto
producealternatingcurrent.Ifthisalternatingcurrentispassedthroughaconductor,a

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pulsatingmagneticfieldwillsurroundtheexteriorofthatconductor,thatisthemagnetic
fieldwillbuildinintensitythroughthefirst90electricaldegrees,orthefirstcycle.Fromthat
point,themagneticfieldwilldecayduringthenextquartercycleuntilthevoltageorcurrent

Lesson4
CoveredElectrodes
forWeldingLowAlloy
Steels

reacheszeroat180electricaldegrees.Immediately,thecurrentdirectionreversesandthe

Glossary

magneticfieldwillbegintobuildagainuntilitreachesamaximumat270electricaldegrees
inthecycle.Fromthatpointthecurrentandthemagneticfieldagainbegintodecayuntil
theyreachzeroat360electricaldegrees,wherethecyclebeginsagain.

Lesson5
WeldingFillerMetals
forStainlessSteels

1.8.5.4

Ifthatconductoriswoundaroundamaterialwithhighmagneticpermeability

(magneticpermeabilityistheabilitytoacceptlargeamountsofmagneticlinesofforce)
suchassteel,themagneticfieldpermeatesthatcore.See
STEELCORE

Figure14.Thisconductoriscalledtheprimarycoil,andif

Lesson6
Carbon&LowAlloy
SteelFillerMetals
GMAW,GTAW,SAW

voltageisappliedtooneofitsterminalsandthecircuitis
completed,currentwillflow.Whenasecondcoiliswound

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SECONDARY
COIL

460V

80V

aroundthatsamesteelcore,theenergythatisstoredin
thisfluctuatingmagneticfieldinthecoreisinducedinto

Lesson7
FluxCoredArc
ElectrodesCarbon
LowAlloySteels

PRIMARY
COIL

80
TURNS

460
TURNS

thissecondarycoil.
BASICTRANSFORMER

1.8.5.5

Itisthebuildupandcollapseofthismagnetic

fieldthatexcitetheelectronsinthesecondarycoilofthe

FIGURE14

transformer.Thiscausesanelectricalcurrentofthesamefrequencyastheprimarycoilto

Lesson8
Hardsurfacing
Electrodes

flowwhenthesecondarycircuitiscompletedbystrikingtheweldingarc.Rememberthat
alltransformersoperateonlyonalternatingcurrent.
1.8.5.6

AsimplifiedversionofaweldingtransformerisschematicallyshowninFigure15.

Thiswelderwouldoperateon230voltsinputpowerandtheprimarywindinghas230turns

Lesson9
Estimating&
ComparingWeld
MetalCosts

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ofwireonthecore.Weneed80voltsforinitiatingthearcinthesecondaryorwelding
circuit,thuswehave80turnsofwireinthesecondarywindingofthecore.Beforethearc
isstruck,thevoltagebetweentheelectrodeandtheworkpieceis80volts.Rememberthat
nocurrent(amperage)flowsuntiltheweldingcircuitiscompletedbystrikingthearc.

Lesson10
ReliabilityofWelding
FillerMetals
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