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Multiple access
f*grl.v-
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l-
(a)
_F
:
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ffi
'lffi_.
l frequency
(b)
TDMA
Code
cDMA
trme
(a) Frequency
Figure5.3 The principleof multipleaccess.
divisionmultipleaccess(FDMA).(b)
Time divisionmultiple accessODMA). (c) Codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA).(B: channel
(transponder)
bandwidth.)
The use of such codes has the effect of broadening the carrier spectrum in
comparison with that which it would have if modulated only by the useful
information. This is why CDMA is also sometimes called Spread Spectrum
Multiple Access (SSMA).
Several types of multiple access as defined above can be combined; Figure 6.4
illustrates the range of combinations.
282
Multiple access
BASICTECHNIOUES
FRECIJENCY
D I V I S I O N( F D M A )
FREOUEI.ICY
/T]ME
0tvtstoN (FoITDMAI
FREOUENCY/
(FolcoMA)
(FDIToICoMA
)
TIMEOIVISION
(ToMA)
SHOWING
SIGNAL
IN TIME
OCCUPANCY
FREOUENCY
PLANE
t-T-t
FRAMEPERIOD
(J
z
tr, ,
I-lT
AAI
Hl I
|!
cooEolvtsloN
I(SYSTEMBANDW|DTH) (CDMA)
t_l
TIME
Figure 6.4 Combination of the three fundamental types of multiple accessinto hybrid access
types.
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ir
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290
Multiple access
INTERMODULATION
PRODUCTS
A R EG E N E R A T E D
carriers increases, the bandwidth allocated to each carrier must decrease and this
leads to a reduction of the capacity of the modulating multiplexed signal. As the
total capacity is the product of the capacity of each carrier and the number of
carriers, it could be imagined that the total capacity would remain constant. But it is
not; the total capacity decreases as the number of carriers increases. This results
THROUGHPUT
f/4
NUMBER
OFACCESSES
ii
IF
t:
Figure 6.11 Throughput of an FDMA transmission; the curve indicates the relative variation of
the total capacity of a transponder with a bandwidth of 36 MHz as a function of the number of
accesses/that is tl're number of carriers of FDM /FM/FDMA type. The value indicated as 700Vo
represents the total capacity of the multiplex which modulates the carrier for the case of single
accessto the repeater channel, operated at saturation.
2?2 (
24
cHAFTER
6 MULn?tEAccEss
Satellite
ffi
---'+
TDMAstream
fromsatellite
One frame
Incomingbit
293
tr'"";;1
->--?l^
B o=IR I
userbitstreamsto A
B
a
7f,M,
I AAA
N
ffi
bit rate : R3
The value of R is high when the burst duration is short and consequently the
transmission duty cycle (TBITF) of the station is low. Hence, for example, if
R u :2 M b i t/s
a n d (fF /Ta) :10, modul ati on occurs at 2j Mbi tl s. N oti ce that R
represents the total capacity of the network; that is the sum of the station capacities
in bitls. If all stations have the same capacity, the duty cycle QFITil represents the
number of stations on the network.
It can now be seen why this type of access is always associated with digital
transmission; it is easy to store bits for a frame period and to empty a digital
memory in the shorter period of one burst. Performing this type of processing on
analogue information is not easy.
The structure of a burst can be seen in Figure 6.13 and is further detailed in Figure
6.14.This consists of a header, or preamble, and a traffic field. The header has several
functions:
-To
permit the demodulator of the receiving earth station, in the case of coherent
demodulation, to synchronise its local oscillator to the received carrier. For this
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without disrupting its operation.They must also be able to track changesin the timir
the frame causedby motion of the satellite toward or away from the earth station. l
earth station must also be able to extract the data bits and other information from I
transmissionsof other earth stationsin the TDMA network. The transmitted-bunQ
e'ontaig;ynchronizatioa aryl-ldeqgf-q4-tlgl in{oryation--that-help-reeelving-Ea4LSta
TDMA.sys-t9m,
bufthesleqte{
{r9 ditrig[lty!ffiqufilg *a maftiai!fit"{1ql11
CBTR
UW
fiY
vowIvow
SC
Digitalspeech channels
M Satellitechannels
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0 1 1 12 1 3 1 41 5 16
FIGURE 6.9 Structure of an Intelsat traffic data burst. A satellite channel is a block of si
teen 6-bit samples from one terrestrial speech channel" Other blocks in the traffic burst ar
used to synchronizethe PSK demodulator,the bit clock,and the frame clock in the receiv
{CBTR,UW) and to provide communication links between earth stations (TTY SC, and VC
CBTR,carrier and bit timing recovery;UW, unique word; TTY teletype;SC, satellitechanr
VOW, voice order wire.
zln
cHAprER6 MuLnpLEAccEss
EXAMPLE 6.3.2
As an example,considera typical VSAT earth station in the United Stateswhich is part of a TDt,l,t'
network using a 54 MHz bandwidth transponderon a domestic Ku-band GEO sateuite.The
VSAT
earth station has a i m antennathat transmits a single 64 kbps signal at 14 GHz. Let's assume
d
the TDMA network usesQPSK modulation and that all transmittershave a symbol rate of 30 MbauC,
We will set (C/N),,' at 20 dB, and then calculate the required uplink transmit power. The following
.1
system pafameterswill be used:
Earth station antennagain : 41.5 dB, satellite antenna gain (on axis) : 32.0 dB, edge
beam loss = 3 dB, path loss at 14 GHz : 2O7.ldB, receivernoise bandwidth : 30 MHz. transpon,
noise temperature: 500 K, atmosphericand other losses = 1.0 dB.
The uplink power and noise budgetsare
: p, dBW
Earth stationantennagain at ll GHz = 41.5 dB
: 32.0dB
Satelliteantenna
Earth station transmit power
Transponder
noisebandwidth
Transponder
noisetemperature
Transponder
inpurnoisepower
-3.0 dB
-1.0dB
-207.1dB
Pt - 137.6dBw
= -228.6 dBWK/Hz
: 74.gdBHz
- 2?.0dBK
:
:
=
-
: -126.9dBW
The above example illustrates a key problem with TDMA for any small earthsH
tion: uplink transrnitpower.No one is going to equip a l-m VSAT stationwith a 1200-[
transtnitter.Apart frorn the excessivecost,FCC regulationin the United Statesdo not
small VSAT statiottsto transmit more than 2 W to limit interferenceto adjacentsatelli
If we changethe multiple accesstechniquefor just two earth stations,so thate
transtnits a burst of QPSK signal at 64 kbaud for half the tirne, the uplink transmi
power requirementis doubledto 4.1 dBW or 2.6 W. This makeswidebandTDMA an
likely choicein VSAT networks,and limits the numberof stationsthat can sharea
frame in a low earth orbit satellitetelephonesystem.The lridium LEO systemwasd,
signed to use a hybrid TDMA-FDMA multiple accessschemeat L band to combine
small numberof digital telephonetransmissions
inro a 50-kbpsQPSI<signal.Similar
niquesare used in someVSAT networks.
EXAilPLE o.3.3
In Example 6"2.1, three identical large ea:th stations shareda single 36-M*zbandwidth
der using FDMA. The three earth stations transmitted signals with powers and bandwidths
(TDMA)
6.3NME DIVISIONMULNPLE
ACCESS
245
by
B _ 15MHz P , : 1 2 5W : 2 1 . 0d B W
f r , - l 0 MH z P , : 8 3 W : l 9 . 2 d B W
fi, = 5 MHz P, = 42W : 16.2dBW
StationA:
StationB:
StationC:
The transponder total power output was 16 dBW with 3-dB outputbackoffand 105-dB
transpondergain.
The three earth station accessesto the transponderare changed to TDMA, with a frame length
of 1.0 ms, a preamble time of l0 p.s, and a guard time of 2 pr.s.There is no referenceburst in the
TDMA frame. The signals are transminedusing QPSK, and within the earth stations the bit rates
of the signals are
Station A:
Station B:
Station C:
Ru= 15.0Mbps
Ru= 10.0Mbps
Rr = 5.0Mbps
i fi .':\
Calculate the burst duration and symbol rate f*o-re:c_h-qanlrslation, and the_earthllaggll transmltterp-uEurpo**jequired
if the qansponQgroutp11,q
U-1ci9f is set at 1.0 On ana-tnJ gain of the
transponderwith this output backoff is 104 dB. Compare the uplink (C/N) ratios in the transponder
for FDMA and TDMA operation given that station A's transmissionhas a (C/N)"p ratio of 34 dB
when the transponder is operated in FDMA.
The transpondermust carry a total bit rate of 15 't l0 + 5 = 30 Mbps within the 1"0-ms
frames. Thus each frame canies 30 Mbps x 0.001 s : 30 kb" The three preamble and guard times
take up 3 X (10 + 2) : 36 p,s in each frame, leaving 1000 * 36 = 964 ps for transmissionof
data' Hence the burst bit rate is
' '
!w
KlHz
r, Mbps.
rrl-.
: 30kb/9& p,s : 31.12
Rbburr,
Since we are using QPSK for the transmissions,the burst symbol rate on the link is
, signal in a SCPC-FDMA
,.iJ", noise bandwidth of
the transPonder, measured
: 31.12Mbps/2 :
R,bursr
15.56Msps
Each of the stations must transmit at the same burst rate of 15.56 Msps. The burst lengths
can be calculated from the time available in each frame for data transmission and the number of
bits each station must send in a I ms TDMA frame" The time available for data transmission is 964
ps, which must be shared in proportion to the number of bits each station sends in a frame. The
number
orbits
inarram;;,::T:''"
for anY small td
i-;;;"
{-
isgiven
berow
arrame
ff$il:;;;
StationB:
Stz"tion
C:
witha lzoGw'rj
T:: ;:'f
gtwork
i6-MHz bandwidth-tnt
Jl".r, *o bandwidths
rA -
"f"
IB
tc -
Each station must ransmit at the same symbol rate of 15.56 Msps, regardlessof the number of
bis dentper frame. In the previous FDMA example, a transponderoulput power of,20 W = 13 dBW
was achievedwith a total earth gation power of 250 W = 24 dBW and a transpondergain of 105 dB.
With mMA, we are using a I dB tansponder output backoff, and a transponder gain of 104 dB, so
the transponderoutput power is now 16 - 1 : 15 dBV/, an increaseof,2 dB, and we have lost I dB
of gain in the transponder.This requires an earth station oulput power, frbm each earth station, of
P,", = 24 + 2 + I = 27 W : 500W
305
THROUGHPUT
(/.)
100
NUMBEROF ACCESSES
Figure 6.21 The efficiency of the INTELSAT/EUTELSAT TDMA system; the 100% value
indicated for a single accesscorresponds to the capacity of the single carrier which passesthrough
the transponder and is transmitted continuously.
5.5.6 Conclusion
Time division multiple access (TDMA) is characterised by access to the channel
during a time slot. This has certain advantages:
-At
each instant the satellite repeater channel amplifies only a single carrier which
occupies all of the repeater channel bandwidth; there are no intermodulation
products and the carrier benefits from the saturation power of the channel.
-Transmission throughput remains high for a large number of accesses.
-There is no need to control the transmitting power of the stations.
-All stations transmit and receive on the same frequency whatever the origin or
destination of the burs| this simplifies tuning.
TDMA, however, has certain disadvantages:
-The