CHE 378: Heat and Mass Transfer

Spring 2014
Exam 1 Review Sheet
Three modes of heat transfer
o Conduction transfer of energy from more energetic particles to adjacent less
energetic particles as a result of interactions (vibrations, collisions) between
particles
Q
Fouriers Law: q kT
A
o Convection Energy transfer between a surface and the adjacent liquid or gas in
by bulk motion (forced and natural convection)
Q
Newtons Law of Cooling: q
h(Ts T )
A
o Radiation Energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves

Stefan-Boltzman Law:

Q
Ts4
A

Conservation of Energy
o Equation of Thermal Energy
Du

q p v v : g
Dt
A
B
C
D
E

A: Rate of internal energy gain per unit volume

B: Rate of internal energy input by conduction per unit volume
C: Reversible rate of internal energy increase per unit volume by compression
D: Irreversible rate of internal energy increase per unit volume by viscous
dissipation
E: Rate of heat generation per unit volume
o Heat Conduction Equation
Constant physical properties, no phase change
Applicable for a solid, incompressible fluid, or fluid at constant pressure with
no bulk motion
T
C p
k 2T g
dt
k
T
or
2T g where the thermal diffusivity is given by
C p
dt

Steady, One-Dimensional Conduction

o Plane wall: Temp varies linearly with x and is not a function of k, q and Q are
constants and are independent of x
o Cylinder: Temp is logarithmic (not linear) with respect to r, q varies as 1/r and is
not constant, Q is constant and independent of r
o Sphere: Temp varies as 1/r, q varies as 1/r2, Q is constant and independent of r
Thermal Resistance
T
o Q
R
o Plane wall: R

L
kA

r2
r1
o Cylinder: R
2Lk
ln

o Sphere: R

r2 r1
4kr1 r2

o Convection: R

1
hA

o Overall heat transfer coefficient: U

o Resistors in series: Rtotal Ri
i

o Resistors in parallel: Reffective

1
1

R
i

1
Rtotal A

Finned Heat Exchangers

o Used to promote heat loss from a hot surface to the surrounding fluid
o Most effective when k is high, h is low, when fluid is a gas instead a liquid, and
when transfer is by natural rather than forced convection
o Minimum Q (no fin so heat loss occurs at base area)
Q min 2Bwh(Tw Ta )
o Maximum Q (if fin is uniformly at wall temp Tw)
Q max 2wLh(Tw Ta )
o Efficiency of fin
Q

Q max
o Temp varies exponentially with z
Steady, One-Dimensional Conduction with Internal Heat Generation
o Materials with internal heat generation cannot be represented by a thermal circuit
element
o Plane wall: Temp distribution is parabolic, q and Q are dependent on x
o Cylinder: Temp distribution is parabolic
k
o Critical radius r * i
h
Below r*, additional material acts like a fin by increasing surface area for
convection
Above r*, conduction dominates and additional material acts like insulation
Dimensionless Numbers

hLc
conductive resis tan ce of solid

k solid convective resis tan ce of fluid

heat conduction rate in solid
t
o Fourier Number: X Fo 2
Lc rate of energy storage in solid
o Biot Number: Bi

Transient Heat Transfer

T Ta
To Ta
hAt
Dimensionless time variable:
VC p
x
Dimensionless length:
L
Lumped capacitance method (Bi << 1), e
Solution for long times (XFo > 0.1): one term approximation using Heisler charts
y
Solution for short times or a semi-infinite medium: erf

2 t
Penetration length ( T 4 t ): distance at which goes from surface
temperature to nearly the initial temperature (0.99).

o Dimensionless temperature:
o
o
o
o
o