HIPPOCRATES

VOL UM E IX
EDITED AND TRANSLATED BY

PAUL POTIER

HARVARD U NIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRJDGE, MAS ACHUSETTS

LONDON, ENGLAND

2010

COpyright 2010 by the Pre ident and Fellows

of Harvard Coli ge

All rigbts reselVed

CONTENTS

First publiShed 201 0

LOEB C SSICAL LIB RARY is l\ registered trademark
of the President and Fellows of Hluvllrd Coll e~e

INTRODuc r IO.

vii

BII3L10 CRAP HY

xi
1

ANATOMY
Library of Congre~s Control Number 2009935559

NATURE

F BONES

CIP data avnilable from th Library of Congress

LSB

978-0-674-99640-.3

Cumposed in ZephGreek and ZephText by

Technologies 'N lIJpogrophy, Merrimac, Mll$sachusetts.

Printed 0 11 acld-fil'.I! pope,.. lid bound by

TIle Maple-Vall Book MarlUfoct1l7;'lg Croup

HEART

51

EI HT MO T1-1S' CHILD

71

PRENOT IO NS

103

CR ISES

271

CRITI CAL DAYS

300

SUPERFETA: l ON

313

GIR LS

355

EXCISION OF T HE FET US

365

SIGHT

375

INDEX

389
v

Wc,ter n

ntari u .

llEPI
IX 80
'tl rE!

HEART

KAPAIH~ l

1. KapSt1') crx-ijp.a. fI-& OKO." 1rVpafl-~C;, )(pOt7JIJ SE

KO!TaKop7JC; CPOtptKa. Ka, 7TEPt/3E/3A(l.'Ta, xm;:wa AE'iO'"

Ita., f(nW Ev airrfiJ lrtPOII Ufl-LKPOII 01T0'iOIl OVPOII, WU'TE

S6eEt.. Ell KVU'TH rryv KapS':T)v o..Vo.U'TpEI/JEuOaL. 'YE'YlI"1/
'To., Sf. TOVrOV fllEKa, OKWC; OfanE'Ta.Ll p~uK7I tMv wc;2 'II
cPv>..a.Kfi EXEL 8 TO iiypa.<TJUJ. OKO<TOV P.a.>"tCTTo. Ka.t
"JTVf'''''~''1l aKO" . ToVrO
TO iryPOJl C)tOlJptH T, KClp8i."

'0"

[1TLVOVUCl, d.llaAClfl-/3avo,ull"1/ Kat aVClAIUKOIJUa j3

1TTovua TOV 7TVrJfl-0VO<; '1"6 1TO'l"OV.

Aa

2. TI'"H 'Yap WvOpW'TrOC; TO tMv 1TOAA()II it; II'T)SVII' 0

'Yap U'T0fl-aXOC; OKO'Oll xoalloc;, Kat EKSXETaL TO 7T A-ij
Ooe; Kat /J.uua 7TpouaLp0fI-E0a' 1TI.VEt SE KClt fS cpafW'Y'Yo.,
8' t" t 011 Kat OKOUOV
.,
~
\ ' f} t " . ,
,
,
TIJT 011 DE
av 1\0. OL OLa pVfl-TfC; EUPVEII'
1TWfl-a 'Yap aTpEKtc; T, E7n'YAWUUlc;. KlI." 8n]<TEL fI-E'bO V
1TOTOV OUSv. U7JfI-?/"iov TOVrO' 1]V 'Yap Tte; KVallet) 1)
fl-iATf{J cpopveal) vSwp Soi." SESU/J1')K!ln 1T!lVV 1T~'iV,

~ALU'Ta Sf CTVt, TO 'Yap KT"ijvoe; OUK furL II E7nfl-EAEe;

.I.. \ '
\
"
t"
,.,
"
Ov't',
o~ 'l'LI\OKaI\OV, f.7TEna OE EL ETt 7TLllovroe; allaTEfl-oLC;

\ A.
'
TOV a,f.L0v, ruPOL" all TOVTOII K)(PWUfI-1I011 -rfiJ 1TO'l"fiJ .
d

58

1. The heart, in its shape, is like a pyramid.. in colour.

deep red. It is enclosed in a smooth tunic which contains a
little urine-like liquid, 0 that you might imagine that th
h art dwells in a bladder. Thi.~ is so arranged in order th at it
may beat vigorously in safety, h~ving a.qu~nti~ of mo~sture
just sufficient to prot ct it agam t bemg tgmted. Tbl Uq
\~\.d the heart "QllSses thTOU~\ li.K urlne aft r \a~~i.~ u~
drink from the lung.
2. A person takes drink mostly into his gu t. for the oe
sophagus, b ing shaped like fun nel. r i ves the gr ate t
amount ofwhat we consume. but he also takes some drink
into his larynx, al though just a little and only as much as
escapes notic in flOwing in through the narrow opening:
for the epiglottis, being close cover, will not let mor f
the drink pass through. Here is proof: if som ne were to
mix wat r with blue or red colOUring and give it to a very
thirsty animal to drink-especially a pig, as this animal is
neither careful nor elegant- nd then, while the animal
was still drinking. ou were to cut its throat, you would find
this (I.e. the trachea) coloured by the drink. But this opera

....

Holkhamensis Gr. 92 (XVI c. ): Kpa.8i.TJ<; V.

2 F. E. Kind in Kapferer / Sticker, part 16. p. XXX: (Jti.Hera.~

V.
3 Del. Kudli n, p. 425, n. 1; these th ree
w rds are glosses taken over from Hesychius.
{lOl(TKTJplIlW ~

59

nEPI KAP t. IH!

HEART

aU' ov 7ra'VTO<; a vopo<; ~ XE~povpy;'a' OVKOVV a7rurr'..,,

tion might not be to every man's taste; n everth~ 1 s~, our
82 rlo v ~I-'ZV 1TEP~ TOV 1TOTOV, El WrpEI1T;:~H rr,v mJp~'Y'Yo.
'ru' n concerning what is drunk is not to be dlsmlssed ,
T~ allOprdrrl(;l. aua m;), iJowp ct]JatOf<; EVOpovovt 0XAOIJ
opl 0
th . d .
namely that in th human being it I~bricates .e WID prpe.
KaL {3ijxa 1TapXEL 1ToH'Ij/l; OVVEKa., 1>7]1-'1., a7T'CJ.V7"LKp'V
But how does it come that I1quid which rushes m reckle sly
Tijo; ava1T 1/ 0ij cP EPETa.t. TO yap OUI. Tij" pUl-"rw~ EUPOI',
provokes su b great trouble and coughing? Beca.use, as 1
aTE 1Tapa TOL)(OV i,01', aVK EviuraraL rii avaopt; 1"0ii
say. it oUides with the breath coming out. Wh~t. o~ the
other hand. Bows in through the narrow penmg. mas
TJlpor;, Ii Aa TLva KaL AEtTJI' ooov 0;' 1TapfxE~ T] hl.
much as it passes along the wall , is. not ~mp ded by th~ at~
ny~,<; TOVrO Of TO irypov d,'TT'CJ.YH 'TOV 1TVEVf'OPOS o.l-'fJ.
passing upward. but rather its mOil.te mng crect proVld s
T4i ~lpL .
Ill. irwith a kind ofsmooth path; this moisture th person
3. Tov I-'EV o~v "'Epa xP"'i, Y&O/-l-&OV OEpa1T(;fn-,).',
send.~ up from his lung along with the ai r.
o.Vtl.YK71 O'TTLUW 'T~/' aVr-rjv 0001' lK{3o.H ELV ivOw T/ya
. 3. ow whereas a p rson must of nee ssity "Pel the
yE' TO 8' lrrP(J/I, TO ,."Ev Ei.., 1'0/1 KovAd)V auTij" (i?TO'TTrVEt.
air. after it has fulfilled its office, back th rough the sa ~ e
TO 8' a~ f\w l"tfJ T,lpt Oupa~E XWPEELV Efj. TaUrn Ka~
passage bywhich he drew it in. the moisture he partly SpIts
oLaipE' TOil ovpaxolI,6 OKora v 'TTaA~vopO/-l-ET/ TO 1TVWjUt.
out i nto the sheath of th heart, and partly allows to go
back with the air to til outside. the br til in this process
'TTaALvOpO/-l-hL Of KaTd. oiK"T}v' ov ya.p f(TTLV rivOpw1TOV
raising the em mity (sc. of the epiglottis) as it Ro~s back.
</>ueTLo" 7'P01>~ Tavra' KW" yap ctvOPrdrrOV TPOcP~ d"E
It Row back according to the normal course. of events,
/-1-0" Ka/' iiowp Ttl c:.,~; aAAa /-I-aAAop TL/-I-wpiTJ
for
such substances are not nourisbing to a man S n~ture
'YEIIEO " 1T6.{}TJ<;
indeed. how could air and water be human nulnments,
4. nEp~ oE o~ 0 Aoyor;, .;, KapO'TJ /-I-vc; EUTL Kapra
crud as they are? Rather. they are the counterbaJan e to
lcrXVpo", ou T~ VWPI(;l, aAAa mA-ry/-l-aTL uapKo". Ka,
an inborn disposition.l
.
YQ.(TTlpa.<; lX n fnaKEKpLp.Evar; Ev ivL 'TTp,{3oAI(;l, ~II /-I-iv
4. Th subject ofthis discou rse, the heart, ~ a muscle of
particular strength, of flesh whi~ ~s not cordhke. but co~
illOa, 77, /1 Of [vOa' ovoiv S' fOLKO,UL/l aH 'ljAT/uUI. -r, I-'v
pressed. I t has two ventricles dlVLded fro m each other In
yap tv TOLU' OE60'iu," i'1n CTTop.a KETaL Ol-'LAEO'VUQ. rfi
one overing, olle on the on e side, tb other on the other.
iTlP'fl </>AE{3;', -r, Of OE,''Y) </>.,.,/-1-' TWV Ev AnLO'i.." .;, ya.p
These ventricles do not resemble one anot~er at all, for the
ne In the right parts- the right I mean of the parts on the
~ Linden after Foes' not B: EVOVpov V.
5 Lind n
ler

,vy_
ouo

Aemili us Portus' ernendation reported in Foes 01. 2, [1345]:

ti Parisinus Cr. 2255 (XIV c.) : ovpa.,bv V.

opl-'ii~ v.

1 I.e.

to the heat of th he31t ; see chapter 5 below.

60
til

84

nEP I KAPAIHI

HEART

7/'Q.ua I(apo'"f} T VrOUTL r1Jv lOfY1ll1 iP.7/'f7/'ot'YJTaL. aTo.p

7fOf 1(0. mlp.7/'aV WPlJl(oOl.w" 1(0.1 'Aa'YapwTEP"f} 'lToU~
rii~ iTip7J'" ouoE -rij.. l(ap8[TJ" IIEP.fTo.! rT,lJ fCT)(amJII,
aH' f'YKaTa'AEl/1TfL 'TOil OV{)(J:X.0lJ CT7'fPEOlJ, Ko.[1 ECT7'W
WU7/'EP I l[wBEJI 'lTpO(TEppap.p.EIIT).

left, lIS the entire heart has Its seatin these-lies up again~t
an orifice, b ing in contact with one of th two veins (vena
c.nv ). This (sc. right) ventricl is altogether WIde-cham
ber d nd much slacker than the other one, n r does it oc
'upy the e~:tremity of the heart, but rathe r it leaves ~l ex
tremi solid, and is as if stitched on from the outside.
.5. The other (Le. left) ventricle lies beneath for the
most part, nd is oriented especiall tow~ds the ~ ft
breast where its beat is visible. It bas a thICk en losmg
willi, ~d its interior is a p it which has the form ofa mortar.
This (sc. ventricle) is already clothed by the lung, for the
sa e of relief, and being thus co ered counte racts the un
mixed quality of its h at: for the lung is cold by nature, be
ing cooled fu rther by the inspired air.
6. Both ventricles are shaggy in their inte r parts and,
as it were, somewhat corroded , the left more 0 than the
righ t. Now in the right ventricl there is no inborn fi re, so
thllt it is no wonder that the left ventricle is the ro ugher,
beIng filled as it is with unmixed .6.re. Its coo truction is
also thicker as a m ans of pres erving the force orits h at.
7. The orifices into the ventricles are no t op n to view
unless someone clips off the apex of the auricles and the
top part of the heart; if he does clip them, double orifices
on the two ventricles will be revealed. ll, on the other
h nd, th wide vein running up from one of the ventricl s
uperio r vena cava) is cut away, it spo~ t~e view. ~ese
ventricles are the fo untains of a person s b mg. and nvers
pass from them tliiough the body to water its frame; these

of.

5. 'H
ETEfY1I l(iETaL lnrillEpfh p.& p.&'ALerra, Ka~
l(aT' l()lJwpi"f}lJ p.o.ALuTa P.EIJ p.a'~ apL(rTEp~, 01111 Kal
OLalTTlp.aI.IJfL TO fI.Ap.a. 'lTEpi.f30AOII Ot IXH 'lTaXll!', Kat
f36fJpOlJ EP.{3E{308pWTaL TO Eloo.. E'KEAOII o'Ap.~. tiHa
'Yap 7}O"f} KaL TOV 1T'vvP.OlJo<; illOUETaL fJRTa 7/'p olTTl lli"f}<;,
Kat KOAaeEL rT]1I aKpaUI:'f/lJ 'TOV BfPP.OV 7/'fpL{3aHop.EIIT)'
(, 'Yap 1T1IvtJ.-W v UUEt lfroxprJ.,. (iTap Kat 1fmx.OfUlJO<; rfi
EUr'lTVOn

6. ~Ap.w 'Yf p.~P Oo.CTf'a, TO. ElJOOlJ Kat W(T1rEp

lJ1rOOLa/3E/3pWp,ElJaL, KaL }LaHolI .;;.. OE6ii ~ AaLri. TO
'Yap lJU/1lJ'Toll Trlip OUK Ell rfi Of6ii, werrE <ou >8 fJavp.a
TP7J'XIJ'TEP'T} II 'YEllEufJaL rTJlI AaL~jI Ep.7/'AE"f}lI ovuav9
aKJ/-rOIJ. Tav.rv KaL mlxerop VOEOOP."f}Tat VAaKij<;
ftIJEKa -rij<; iCT)(llO" TOO BEPP.OV.

7. I'l"op.a.'Ta. 0' a1n-fiCTLlJ OVK apEC.J'YIUTLlI, Ei p.r) n<;

a'lTOKf,pfL 'l"tdll ova'l"wlI rT]v KOPl.ItPTIll 1O Ka~ -rij<; Kapo"f}"
n7l1 KEaAriv' iiv S' a7/'OKEip'D, avr}ufTat Ko.1. Owua
CT7'op.ara ffll. OVUL 'YlUTTipOLll. ~ 'Yap 'lTaxet"f} Af:.jJ EK
}L,ij.. riVo.f.}EOVCTo., 'lTAav~ rT,V OI/JLlJ, ~ II rilJaTp.T}8fj. atrat
'IT'TJ'Yo't (PUULO<; p()P6m-OV, Ka, 0;' 7/'OTo.P.01. vrav()a. alia.
TO CTtdp.a, 'l"OiULlJ apOEraL TO uKijlJO<;. OVrOL
KaL "";'11

of.

~ Add. Foes in note 20.

62

9 /L'TTAEYJII OJ1!T lllI

10 Uttr~ :

Duminil:
KllpO'''I1I V.

ECT'lTIIEOlJt:T(J.1I

63

ITEP( Kl

P~lH!

HEART

{w'I}l' q,fp01)(n 'Tef) o'l'()pw.rrrp, K7}1' auaV()fWULJJ , a'IT

l()al'IJ wv()pw'lTor;.

8. AYXOV S rr;<; EKq,VUtO<; 'TWV q,A4Jwv uWjJ4'TQ.

TfjUL KOtALTluw a/-Lq,L{3E{:H1Kau" /-LaA ()aKa aTJpayyw

SEa, Ii KA TjtUKf.'Ta.t /-LEV oiJaTa, 'TpTJ/-Lam Sf OUK {UT'V
OVcl:T'WV. rawa 'Ya.p 01)/< EVaK01JOVUW laxfj<;' EUTt SE
86

oP'Yal'a. 'Tot:uw iJ q,VUL<; o.P'lTCf.{Et 'TOV -ryfpa. Kat 'Tf SOKfW

'lTo'YJ/-La I XELp6J11aK'T r; o:yaOov' Ka'T'aUKEtj}(l./-LlJOr;
'Yap ux.fj/-La UTEpe(JII EUO/-LlJOV TO (T7TAa'YX."OV Std. 'TO
'lTLATjnKcWll TOU EW/-LaTor;, E'lTEL'T'a 'ITa I' EO" AKnKov,
'lTapf()TjKIJ awii> q,vuar; , KaOa'ITEp TOtU, xoal'OLUW
xa'AKfEr;, W<T'TE Std. 'T'oVrwv Xtpowat -rT,v 'lTvolj/l . 'T'eK/-L~
pLOV Sf 'T'OV Ao"ov -rT,v ~" 'Ya.p KapS["f}V ,Sotr; a./.I
pt'lTmCO/-Lf/J"fJV oVAO/-L~Afj , Ta. Sf ouam KaT' iSI.TjV ava
q,VUW/-Lf.va. TE Kat gV/-L'ITI.1'/"T'OVTa.

7'0

or

9. ALa 'Towa Sl CPTj/-LL Kat cp'Af{:Jl.a /kEV Epy a{f.'TaL TTJV

a/.la.'lTvo1)v Er; rryv o.pLerrfrilv KOLAI.TjV, apTTJpl.Tj S' Er; 'T~ V
aA TjV' TO 'Yap /ka.}..aKOV tA.K'TtKW'T'pOV Kat hnSo(nar;
X/.l. ExP'YJ Sf r,/-L'iv piiHo" Ta. E'lTLKEL/-LEva rfjr; KapSI."f} <;
SLa.pVXEuOaL {:J'Aa{:JEpov l.2 Eerrl. 'Yap TO ()Epp.OlI Ell TOZU,
SegLOtUL, werre Sta. -rr,/.I 'lTaO'YJ1I OUK E a{:Jl1 MET r;
0P'Y avov , r/.lll /-L-Y) 'ITIJ./-L'lTall Kpa:ry/Bfj WO TOV EUL' IITor;.

10. AOt'lT(Sr; Eerrw 0 Ao"or; I> rr;r; KapSI."f} V/-LiIlEr;

cUpavfEr;, lp'Y01J &'gLfJ.'IT'YJ'Y'YJ'T'oTa'TOv. u~vEr; 'Ya.p Kal. It}..
1..0 nVEr; Ev rfjUL KOLA.I.VUW OKOtOV apaXva SLa'ITETfEr;
{wUaIlTE<; 'lTaV'T"'f} TO. U'TO/-LaTa, K'T'TjSova<; E/-L{3aAAovuw
12

64

Potter: f3if3'A:ry fUJ. V

(sr. rivers) carry life to a person, and ifth y dry up. the per

so dies.
8. Near the place where til veins grow out of the heart
are bodies bestriding the cavities-soft. spongy things
called auricles, although they d not have channels in
them as real ars do. In fact, th se aurl I s do not tak in
sound, hut rather are th organs by which natur captures
the air. And I think this is the creation of a good hand
worker, ~ r when h recognized that the vi us was going
t be ofa solid frame on accoun t of the thickness of i sub
stan e, and then highly attractive. he added bellows to it,
just as bronze smiths do to their melting-pots, in order that
through these it would be able to handle the respimtion.
Pr of of this th ory: the heart, as you can see, mov as a
whol , but the auricles inflate and collapse individually.
9. For the sam reason I also assert dlat certain small
vetns (pulmonary veins) bring abou t the respiration that
enters the left ventricle, th artery (pulmonary art ry)
what enter5 the other one: what is soft is more attractive
and can expand. It i mo re n cessary in us for what lies
ov ,r the h art2 to be cool d, for heat is harmful to the right
pnrts, so that through its disposition th organ there does
lIot r ceive heat easily, in order not to b completely u b
dn d by what mes into it
10. Ther remains an ex-pIAnation of th heart's hidden
membranes, a work most wOIthy a the recounting. Now
membranes and certain other stTuctures in the cavities like
spider-webs (cordae tendineae) spread ou t and completely
encjrcJ the ori fices, and at tll same time s nd off fibres
2 P 'rhaps th e right ventricle (Errnerins ad loc.): 'ee chapter 4
above . This whole passage is very turbid.

65

llEPI KAPC,I

HI

HEART
int{) tlw solid heart (papillary muscles). These I believe to
be tile bands 0 the viscus and of the chambers. the origins
to the aortae. 3 There is a pair of th ese. to each of which at
its gat s three me mbranes are attached. rounded at their
margins and having the shape of semicircles. which in
coming together in some marvell us way lose the orifices
und set th limit of th aortae. And if someone knowledge
able th ancien t ri te were to take out the heart of a man
who had died, and draw back one oftllese (sc. memb ranes)
and in li ne the other one,4 neithe r water would be able to
go through into the heart nor air that was being forced
tIlId mor so in the case of those on the left, for the are
constructed more tightly, as is fi tting: for the intelligence
of man is established in tlle left cavity. and it r ules over the
;t of his soul.
11. This intelligence is nourished not froOl the gut by
foods . nd drinks, but by a pur and luminous bath coming
from a distillate of the blood. It obt ins its nutriment in
abundance from tllat which is most near. receiving it fro m
the hlood. transmitting its rays. and ~ eding as if on nour
ishme nt out of tlle stomach and the intestines. but in a way
not accordi ng to normal nature. t In order that the con
tents of tll artery do not send backfood in a state ofturb u
I neet. i t closes off the path to tll ventricle.s For the large

or

3 aofYM7 is little more than a variant of aprfJpL"I], and in mean

ing both seem to 0 'cupy a middle ground between bronchus and
artery; cf. Places In MatI 14. Coan Prenotions 394. and Diseases 11

54.
4 The mention of two rather than three valve cusps h re sug
gests a knowledge of the mitral va.lve .
.:; Or" rtery."

66

67

TIEP[ KAP6THJ:

HEART

rT,P yo.rrripo. Ko. TO. ElIT"po., Ka~ yifUL rpoc/>.ry<; aU

i}YEIl-OptKfj<;; . On 3f 01; rpic/>"1"at f3AE7T'O,MVC{l o.Zll-o.rt [~
~aA'f] apTl'lpt'f]J' S 3.ryAOp &3 a7l'07l'0.yEPTO rov
CT)(o.uO"icrr,<;; rr;<; aptrrrEpf,.. KmAi'f]r;, fP'rJll-t'f] c/>o.'Vffo.~
71'aua. 71')..~1I l wpo<; npo<; Ko.' XO A.ry<; ~o.pO.ry<;; Ko.~ TWV
V,MvwP, 71'fpt 6,P 7)S'r] Il-OL 'TrEc!>o.vro.t i} 3f af1TT1pf.'rJ OV
A,,~o.tll-ovuo.. ov3E i] 3f:~t'r] KOLH ,., . roVr~u Il-& oVV TQ
a:yyaC{l Ka.r EIl-OV voop li3" i} 71'pocpaui<; reov ull-ivwv .

artery feeds from the stomacil and tl~ intestines, and is

full of nutriment which is not sui table for the ruJmg powe r.
That it (i.e. the intelligence in the left ventricle ) i not
nouri hed by visible blood is made clear by the follOWing:
in ,In ani mal that has reached the state of rigor mortis,
wh n tbe left cavity is cut open , it appears completely
empty except for some serum and yellow bile. and the
membnm me ntioned bove, but the artery has no short
age bf blood, nor does the righ t caVity. ow to my mind,
this is the reason for the me mbranes in lhis cham ber.
12. The vessel (pulmonary art ry) whi h passes out of
the right (sc. entricle) is also controlled by th , meeting of
m mbrnnes, except that it, on a count of its weakness, is
not well fitted with doors. It ope ns into the lung, in order t
provide it with blood as nourishm .nt, but is closed into the
heart, although not by a completely tight jOint. so that
~ome air still goes in, but not very much. On the right the
heat is weak, being dominated by an admixture f cold; m
de d, blood is not warm by its nature any more than any
otb r liquid is. but rather it becom wann-il is only
thought by most people to be warm by nature.
About the heart, let this much be said.

MJOv,

12. TO S' o.~ c/>f:POll-fVOV fK

rr;<; 3f:~t.ryr;, 'VYOVTo., Il-EI'

TOVTO rfi ~vll-f3oAfi TWV VIl-EVWV. 71'A~jJ ou Kapr().
I-If}
II
,
' \ \' "
'"
" PrpUKV V7I'0 o.o-UEPf:t'r]<;. 0.1\ 1\ aVotYf:Tat Il-f:II ,,<; 1ivro

1"
....
J.....
A.. ~
f.I,Opa, w<; atll-a 'Tro.paCT)(Etll o.VTrp f:<; TT}IJ rp0'l''rJ IJ, KA"I.
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