INTERNAL FORCES

AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

INTERNAL FORCES
T d
Todays
Objective::
Objective
Students will
be able to use
the method of
sections for
fo
determining
internal forces
in 2
2--D load
cases.

Chapter 10 Outline
Beams:
Beams:

Axial Force,
Force Shear Force &
Bending
g Moment
Shear Force & Bending Moment

Diagrams
Di

Relations between Distributed Load, Shear

Force & Bending Moment

W k4T
Week
Tutorial
t i l
P bl
Problems:

Chapter 10

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
Determining the forces & moments within a beam
subjected to an external load & reactions:
Cut the beam by a plane at an arbitrary cross section &
isolate the part of the beam to the left of the plane

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
The isolated part cannot be in equilibrium
unless it is subjected to some system of
forces & moments at the plane where it
joins the other part of the beam

i t
internal
l forces
f
& moments
t

Since the system of external

loads &

reactions on the beam is 22-D,

D we can
represent the internal forces & moments
by an equivalent system consisting of 2
components of force & a couple

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
Th componentt P parallel
The
ll l to
t the
th
beams axis is called

the axial force

The component V normal to the

beams
beam s axis is called

the shear force

The couple M is called

the bending moment

axial force, shear force &
bending moment on the part of the beam to the

Notice that the

right of the cutting plane are equal in magnitude but

opposite in direction to that on the left

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
axial force, shear
force & bending moment in the freefree-

The directions of the

body
y diagrams
g
are the established definitions of
the positive directions of these quantities
Ap
positive axial force P subjects
j
the beam to
tension
Ap
positive shear force V tends to rotate the axis
of the beam clockwise
A positive bending moment M tends to cause
upward curvature of the beams axis

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
Notice that a positive bending moment subjects the
upper part of the beam to compression,
shortening the beam in the direction parallel to its axis
& subjects the lower part of the beam to tension,
lengthening the beam in the direction parallel to its
axis

AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE

& BENDING MOMENTS
Determining the internal
i t
l forces
f
& momentt at a
particular cross section of a beam typically involves 3 steps:
1.Determine the external forces & moments draw the
free--body diagram of the beam & determine the
free
reactions at its supports.
supports If the beam is a member of a
structure, you must analyze the structure.
2. Draw the free
free--body
y diagram
g
of p
part of the beam cut
the beam at the point at which you want to determine the
internal forces & moment & draw the free
free--body diagram of 1
of the resulting parts. You can choose the part with the
simplest freefree-body diagram
diagram. If your cut divides a distributed
load, dont represent the distributed load by an equivalent
force until after you have obtained your free
free--body diagram
3. Apply the equilibrium equations use the equilibrium
equations to determine P, V & M.

EXAMPLE
For the beam shown below,
determine the internal forces & moment at

C.

EXAMPLE
Strategy
After determining the reactions at the
supports,
pp
, cut the beam by
y a plane
p
at
point C & draw the freefree-body diagram to
the left of the plane.
Then use the equilibrium equations to
determine the internal forces &
moments at C.

EXAMPLE
Solution
Determine the External Forces & Moments:
Moments:
Begin by drawing the freefree-body diagram of the beam &
determining the reactions at its supports:

EXAMPLE
Solution
Draw the Free
Free--Body Diagram of Part of the Beam:
free-body
y diagram
g
of
Cut the beam at C & draw the freethe left part, including the internal forces & moment
in their defined positive directions:

EXAMPLE
Solution
Apply the Equilibrium Equations:
From the equilibrium equations:

we obtain

EXAMPLE
We can check our results with

the freefree-body diagram of the part of

beam to the right of C:

EXAMPLE
The equilibrium equations are:

Confirming
g that

EXAMPLE
For the beam in Figure below, determine the
internal forces & moment at B.

EXAMPLE
Strategy
To determine the reactions at the supports,
supports
represent the triangular distributed load by
an equivalent force
force. Then determine the
internal forces & moment at B by cutting
th beam
the
b
by
b a plane
l
att B & d
drawing
i
th
the ffreefreebody diagram of the part of the beam to the
l ft off the
left
th plane,
l
i l di the
including
th partt off the
th
distributed load to the left of the plane.

EXAMPLE
Solution
Determine the External Forces & Moments:
Moments:
Draw the freefree-body diagram of the beam & represent
th distributed
the
di t ib t d load
l d by
b an equivalent
i l t force:
f

EXAMPLE
Solution
The equilibrium equations are:

Solving them, we obtain:

EXAMPLE
Solution
From the equilibrium equations are:

we obtain:
bt i

EXAMPLE
If you attempt to determine the
h iinternall
forces & moment at B by cutting the
f
freefree
-body
b d di
diagram off the
h b
beam at B, you do
d
not obtain the correct results
You can confirm
fi
that
h the
h resulting
l i
free
freef
body diagram of the part of the beam to
the left of B gives

PB = 0, VB = 120 [N] & MB = 360 [Nm]

The effect of the distributed load is not
properly accounted for on your freefree-body
diagram
di

EXAMPLE
You must wait until after
you have isolated part of
the beam before
representing distributed
l d acting
loads
ti
on that
th t partt by
b
equivalent forces

EXAMPLE
Consider
C
id a simply supported beam loaded
l d d
by a force:
Cut the beam at an arbitrary position x between
the left end of the beam & the load F:

EXAMPLE
Solution
Draw the Free
Free--Body
Diagram of Part of the
Beam:
Cut the beam at B & obtain
the free
free--body diagram.
Because point B is at the
midpoint of the triangular
distributed load, the value
of the distributed load at B
is 30 [N/m]. By
representing the distributed
load by an equivalent force

EXAMPLE
Applying the equilibrium equations to this free
free-body diagram, we obtain:

EXAMPLE
To determine the internal forces & moment
for values of x greater than L, we obtain a
free--body
free
y diagram
g
by
y cutting
g the beam at an
arbitrary position x between the load F & the
right end of the beam:

EXAMPLE
The results are:

EXAMPLE
The shear

force & bending

moment diagrams
g
are
simply the graphs of V & M
respectively, as functions of x:
They permit you to see the
changes in the shear force &
b di
bending
momentt that
th t occur
along the beams length as
well as their maximum (least
upper bound) & minimum
(greatest lower bound) values

Shear Force & Bending

Moment Diagrams
i
Thus we can determine the distributions of the
internal forces & moment in a beam byy
considering a plane at an arbitrary distance x from
the end of the beam & solving for P, V & M as
functions of x
Depending on the complexity of the loading, it
may be necessary to draw several free
free-body diagrams to determine the distributions
over the entire length of the beam
The resulting equations for V & M allow us to draw

tthe
e shear
s ea force
o ce & bending
be d g moment
o e t
diagrams

EXAMPLE
D t
Determine
i
the
th shear
h
fforce & b
bending
di
moment diagrams for the beam below.

EXAMPLE
Strategy
After determining the reactions at the supports,
cut the beam at an arbitrary position between
A & B to determine the internal forces &
moment for 0 < x < 2 [m]
[m].
Then
h
b
by cutting
i
the
h beam
b
at an arbitrary
bi
position between B & C, we can determine the
i
internal
l forces
f
& moment ffor 2 < x < 4 [m].
[ ]

EXAMPLE
Solution
Begin by drawing the freefree-body diagram of
th entire
the
ti beam
b
& representing
ti
the
th distributed
di t ib t d
force by an equivalent force:

EXAMPLE
Solution
From the equilibrium equations are:

we obtain
bt i the
th reactions:
ti

EXAMPLE
Solution

Cut the beam at an arbitrary position between A & B

& obtain
:

the freefree-body
y diagram
g

EXAMPLE
Solution
From the equilibrium equations:

we obtain:

EXAMPLE
Solution
Cut the beam at an
arbitrary position between
B & C & draw the freefreeb d di
body
diagram off the
h part
of the beam to the right of
the cutting plane:

EXAMPLE
Solution
From the equilibrium equations:

we obtain:

EXAMPLE
Solution
The shear force &
bending moment
g
are
diagrams
obtained by plotting
the equations for V &
M for
f the
h 2 ranges off
x:

EXAMPLE
When you obtain equations for the shear force
& bending moment in a beam that apply to
different parts of the beam,
beam as we did in this
example, there are 2 conditions you can often
use to check your results:
The shear force diagram of a beam is
continuous except at points where the
beam is subjected to a point force
The bending moment diagram of a beam
is continuous except at points where the
beam is subjected to a point couple

EXAMPLE
In this example, the equations we
obtained fir the bending moment M
for
0 < x < 2 [m] & for 2 < x < 4 [m]
must agree at x =2
2 [m]
[ ]

Checking, we have:
100(2) 20(2)2 [kNm] = 60(4 2) [kNm]:
[kNm]
120 [kNm] = 120 [kNm]

and we confirm that they agree.

QUIZ
1. In a multiforce member, the member is generally
subjected
j
to an internal _________.
A) normal force
B) shear force
C)) bending
g moment
D)) All of the above.
2. In mechanics, the force component V acting tangent
to, or along the face of, the section is called the
_________ .
A) axial force
f
B) shear force
C) normall fforce
D) bending moment

APPLICATIONS
Th
These
b
beams are
used to support the
rooff off thi
this gas
station.
Why
y are the beams
tapered? Is it because
of the internal forces?
If so, what are these
forces and how do we
determine them?

APPLICATIONS
A fixed column supports
this rectangular billboard.
Usually such columns are
wider at the bottom than
at the top. Why?
Is it
i because
b
off the
h
internal forces?
If so, what are they and
h
how
d
do we d
determine
t
i
them?

APPLICATIONS
The concrete supporting a
bridge has fractured.
What might have caused
the
h concrete to d
do this?
hi ?

How can we analyze or

design these structures to
make them safer?

INTERNAL FORCES
The design of any structural member
requires
q
finding
g the forces acting
g within
the member to make sure the material
can resist those loads.

For example, we want to

determine the internal forces
acting on the cross section at C.
First, we need to determine the
support reactions
reactions.
Then we need to cut the beam at C and
draw a FBD of one of the halves of the
beam. This FBD will include the
internal forces acting at C.
C Finally,
Finall
we need to solve for these unknowns
using the EofE.

INTERNAL FORCES
In two
two--dimensional cases, typical internal
loads are normal or axial forces (N,
(N
acting perpendicular to the section),
shear forces ((V,, acting
g along
g the surface),
),
and the bending moment (M).

The loads on the left and right sides of the section at C are equal in
magnitude but opposite
i in direction. This is because when the
two sides are reconnected, the net loads are zero at the section.

STEPS FOR DETERMINING

INTERNAL FORCES
1. Take an imaginary cut at the place where you need to
determine the internal forces. Then, decide which
resulting section or piece will be easier to analyze.
2. If necessary, determine any support reactions or
joint forces you need by drawing a FBD of the entire
structure and solving for the unknown reactions.
3. Draw a FBD of the piece of the structure youve decided
to analyze. Remember to show the N, V, and M loads
at the cut surface.
4. Apply the EofE
E fE tto th
the FBD (drawn in step 3) and solve
for the unknown internal loads.

EXAMPLE
Given:
The loading on the beam
beam.
Find:
The internal forces at point C.
Plan:
Plan:
Follow the procedure!!
Solution:
1. Plan on taking the imaginary cut at C. It will be
easier
s
to
o work
o with the left s
section
o (point
(po
A to
o the
cut at C) since the geometry is simpler.

2. We need to determine Ax and Ay using a FBD of

the entire frame.
FBD:

400 N
1.2 m

Ax

Ay

By
3m

2m

EXAMPLE
3. Now draw a FBD of the left section.
Assume directions for VC, NC and MC.
400 N
A
96 N

MC

1.5 m
C

NC
VC

4. Applying
pp y g the EofE to this FBD,, we get
g

Q
QUIZ
1. A column is loaded with a vertical 100 N force.
At which sections are the internal loads the same?

A) P, Q, and R
B)) P a
and
dQ

C) Q and R

100 N

D)) None of the above.

2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100 N
force. At which section are the internal
loads largest?
A) P
B) Q
C) R
D) S

P
Q
R
S

100N

QUIZ
Q
1. Determine the magnitude of the internal
loads (normal,
(normal, shear, and bending
moment)) at point C.
moment
A)
B)
C)
D)

(100 N,
N 80 N,
N 80 N
Nm)
m)
m)
(100 N, 80 N, 40 Nm)
(80 N, 100 N, 40 Nm)
(80 N,
N 100 N,
N 0 Nm
N
)

2. A column is loaded with a horizontal 100

N force. At which section are the internal
loads the lowest?
A)
B)
C)
D)

P
Q
R
S

100 N
80 N

0.5m
1m

P
Q
R
S

100N