CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Introduction
During lifting heavy object using lifting eye, force are applied direct to the
lifting eye surface. In this chapter, an overview of lifting eye will be discussed.
Then, a review on Rosette gauge theory will be done to have better understanding.
The review also includes structural analysis for lifting eye. Finite element analysis
of lifting eye will be discussed before proceeding on the review of the
experimental methods.

2.2

Overview on Design of Lifting Eye

In the study, one of four lifting eyes for lifting the TSS block 2 from land
to onboard FPSO will be analyze to check the stress occurs. The lifting eyes for
the TSS block 2 are fabricated as insert plate at the top edge of the structure as
shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 TSS Block 2 Lifting Eyes Position and Detail.

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In designing the lifting eyes, the following item should be done and keep
the stress less than the allowable stresses
At the hole: Bearing stress, Shear stress, Tensile stress, Hertz Bearing stress
At the base: Shear stress, Tensile stress, Bending stress, Combined bending stress
and tensile stress, Von-Mises stress
The important thing to know before designing lifting eye is the lifting
load/weight. Determine the lift weight, W, multiply it by an impact factor, and
then divide it by four to obtain the lift load, F, for each lug. The impact factor used
in this case is 2.
Thus:
F=

2W
=0.5 W
4

In lifting, the standard shackles with safe working load rating will be use.
The dimension of the shackle selected will be determine the lug pin diameter, d,
the lug thickness, T, at the pin joint, and the lug projection, L, to provide clearance
between the shackle and the vessel. Although the lug pin may be conservatively
sized so that it can take some bending as well as shearing, it is best to keep the
difference between the shackle dimension, G, and the lug thickness, T, to a
minimum.
Equation determine lug pin diameter from either the commercial shackle
size:
2F
2F
;d (
)
2

Equation determine lug plate thickness t from

F
F
t ;t
3 dt
3 d t

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Figure 2.2 TSS Block 2 Lifting Eye Concept Design

Figure 2.3 Scaled Specimen Lifting Eye Concept Design for Experimental Method to
Suit with Testing Machine in Lab.

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Figure 2.4 Lifting Eye Design Standard

Eye Pin Shearing :
F
F 2
= ( )
2
d d
d
2(
)
4
Eye Plate Tensile :
F
F 1
= ( )
3 d ( t) d 3 t
Eye Pin Bearing :
F
F
1
= (
)
d (t+2 t 1) d t +2 t 1

Eye Tensile :
F
F
1
= (
)
2 d (t +2 t 1 ) d 2(t +2t 1)
Eye Shearing :
F
F
1
= (
)
2 1.5 d (t +2 t 1 ) d 3(t +2 t 1 )

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2.3

Review on Rosette Strain Gauge Theory

The rosette strain gauge will be used during the experimental analysis to

get the data on the scaled specimen. The strain rosettes consist of two or more colocated strain gauges oriented at a fixed angle with respect to each other. Rosettes
typically involve 2, 3, or 4 strain gauges with relative orientations of 30 0, 450, 600
or 900. Figure 2.5 shows some examples of rosette gauge.

Figure 2.5 Typical Rosettes Strain Gauge

In the experimental analysis the rectangular rosette strain gauges will be
used. The rectangular rosette strain gauge consists of the 3 direction strain gauges
oriented at 450 to each other as legs of an equilateral triangle. Figure 2.6 shows the
gauge orientation with gauges A, B and C 45 0 apart. The strain transformation
equation from the principal axis to gauge A at , gauge B at +450 and gauge C at
+900, yielding 3 equation in 3 unknowns. Figure 2.7 shows the Mohrs circle for
strain used to illustrate the calculation of principal strains from the corrected
strains collected off a rectangular rosette strain gauge.

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Figure 2.6 Rectangular Rosette Strain Gauge Orientation

The principal strain is given by:

1,2 =

A + C 1

( A B)2 +( B C )2

2
2

2 B + C
1
= tan1 A

2
A C

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Figure 2.7 Mohrs Circle for a Rectangular Rosette
2.4

Review on Principal Stresses

It is necessary to use the stress-strain relations to express the stress

components in term of the strain components to determine the stress strain state.
For linearly elastic (Hookean) behavior, it follows that the principal stresses can
be computed from the principal strains (shear strain is zero for this axis system):
1=

E
( 1 + 2)
( 12 )

2=

E
( 2 + 1)
( 12 )

And it should also be noted that for the Hookean material the principal
strain and stress directions coincide, so the results for the angle, , are unchanged
for principal stress directions.

2.5

Review on Experimental Method

In order to design reliable and safe lifting eye, experiments analysis must

be done to prove the estimated analysis results. Therefore, the scaled specimen
was fabricated and tested in lab for experimental methods. The scaled specimen
designed must be exactly same as well in order to obtain the desired result.
Comparisons will be made to identify the percentage of difference between the
actual and the estimated results because some errors will occur during analysis.
Static loading experimental test will be done to obtain the properties of the
lifting eye. The scaled specimen will be tested using INSTRON tension testing
machine and the base plate needs to bolt to the machine with 6 bolts as constraint

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part to hold the specimen when load applied. With applying the loads for both
tests, the deformation of the lifting eye can be observed.
The purpose of conducting this experimental testing is as comparison with
the numerical methods where mathematical approaches are not practical or
inaccurate. The loading application for scaled specimen only static load but for
TSS block 2 will incur a combination of several loading condition as mentioned
above.

2.6

Review on Noble Dentons guideline 0027- (GUIDELINES FOR

MARINE LIFTING OPERATION)

This provides guidelines on which the design and approval of marine
lifting operations may be based. It covers lifting operations by floating crane
vessels, including crane barges, crane ships, semi-submersible crane vessels and
jack-up crane vessels.

It refers to lifting operations inshore and offshore.

Reference is also made to lifting operations by land-based cranes for the

purpose of loadout onto a barge or other transportation vessel.
The guidelines and calculation methods set out in this report represent the
views of Noble Denton and are considered to be sound and in accordance with
offshore industry practice.

Operators should also consider national and local

regulations, which may be more stringent.

This includes guidelines for the safety factors to be applied, comments
on safe rigging practice and the information and documentation to be produced
by others in order to obtain Noble Denton approval.

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2.6.1

Load Factor
For any lift, the calculations carried out shall include allowances,

safety factors, loads and load effects as described in these guidelines. Below are
some of the load factors to be considered in this study.
Dynamic Amplification Factor

For lifts by a single crane in air, the DAF shall be derived from the
following Table

Skew Load Factor, SKL

For a lift system incorporating a single spreader bar using matched pairs
of slings a SKL of 1.05 is applicable

Yaw Factor

For a 2-hooks lift, with 2 slings to each hook, the load to each lift point
shall be multiplied by a yaw factor, to account the tolerances in lift radii
of the 2 hooks: Yaw Factor = 1.05

Center of Gravity Factor, COG

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For a 2-hooks lift (hook at the same vessel) the individual gross weight at
each hook shall be multiplied by the COG factor, to account for increased
loads due to the tolerances of the elevation in the crane hooks: COG
Factor = 1.1

2.7

Summary

In this chapter, literature reviews on lifting eye has been covered. Types of
lifting eye also reviewed. Besides, relevant reviews related to structural analysis
by numerical and experimental method and also load factor have been discussed.
Based on the understanding of the relevant literatures, methodology of the study
will be presented in Chapter 3.