Tut Frame Concrete English

Tutorial
Concrete Frame
Scia Engineer
Release:
2008.0
Req. Module:
ESA.00
Base Modeller
ESAS.00
Linear Statics 2D
ESACD.01.*
RC Beams & Columns Analysis
ESACDT.01
CAD Reinforcement Beams & Columns
Manual:
Scia Engineer
Tutorial Frame Concrete
Revision :
03/2008
Scia Engineer
The information contained in this document is subject to modification without prior notice.
No part of this document may be reproduced, transmitted or stored in a data retrieval system,
in part or in total, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose
without the express permission in written from the publisher. SCIA Software is not liable for
any direct or indirect damages resulting from imperfections in the documentation and/or the
software.
Copyright 2008 SCIA Software. All right reserved.
Scia Engineer
WELCOME
INSTALLATION
INTRODUCTION
GETTING STARTED
Starting a project ......................................................................................... 7
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Save, Save as, Close and Open ................................................................. 9
GEOMETRY INPUT
10
Input of the geometry................................................................................ 10
MODIFYING THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE
21
Modifying the view .................................................................................... 21
INPUT OF THE CALCULATION DATA
25
Load Cases and Load Groups.................................................................. 25

Loads ......................................................................................................... 27
Combinations ............................................................................................ 32
CALCULATION
34
Linear calculation ...................................................................................... 34
RESULTS
35
Viewing results .......................................................................................... 35
CODE CHECK
39
Buckling parameters ................................................................................. 40

Concrete calculation ................................................................................. 45
DOCUMENT
61
POSTFACE
65
Scia Engineer
Welcome
Welcome to the Scia Engineer Tutorial Frame Concrete. Scia Engineer is a calculation
program running under Windows XP/Vista with a large range of application: from the check
of simple frames to an advanced design of complex projects in steel, concrete, timber and
other materials.
The program performs the calculation of 2D/3D frames, including the cross-section check for
both concrete and steel structures and connection check for steel structures. Apart from
frames, it is also possible to design plate structures, including advanced concrete calculations.
The entire process of calculation and design is integrated in one program: geometry input,
input of the analysis model (loads, supports, etc.), linear and non-linear calculation, output of
the results, check of members and optimisation in accordance with various national standards,
generation of the calculation report, etc.
Scia Engineer is available in three different versions:
Licensed version
The licensed version of Scia Engineer is protected by (i) a

dongle, a coded plug, which is installed in the parallel or
USB port of your computer or by (ii) a software license
which is installed on your network.
Scia Engineer has a modular structure. The user chooses
from the different available modules and composes a
calculation program that perfectly matches their needs.
In the general product overview of Scia Engineer you will
find an overview of the different available modules.
Demo version
If no protection is found, the program automatically starts

in a demo mode. The features of this demo mode are:
All projects can be entered:
The calculation is limited to projects containing 25
members, 3 plates/shells and two load cases,
The output contains the watermark Unlicensed software,
Projects that have been saved in the demo version cannot
be opened in the licensed version.
Student version
The student version offers for all modules the same

possibilities as the licensed version. It is also protected by
a dongle or through a software license.
The output contains a watermark Student version.
Projects that have been saved in the student version cannot
be opened in the licensed version.
Scia Engineer
Installation
System requirements
For the installation of Scia Engineer, your system must comply with the following system
requirements:
Hardware requirements
Processor speed
Processor Pentium IV - 1Ghz

(Recommended: Pentium IV - 3Ghz)
RAM
Graphical card
512 MB (recommended: > 1Gb)

64 MB, OpenGL support
Free disk space for program
350 MB
Free disk space for projects and

temporary files
200 MB
(the required space can amount up to several GB for
very large projects)
Software requirements
MS Windows
We recommend to install the latest available Service

Pack for these operating systems
XP / 2003 / Vista
Other requirements
For the installation of Scia Engineer, you will need to have at least Power-User rights. To
work with Scia Engineer, you need normal user rights. The user also must have read and write
access to the Scia Engineer folders.
The General Setup Program of the CD-ROM will automatically start when you insert the CDROM in your CD-ROM player. You will obtain a menu listing all available software on the
CD-ROM. Follow the instructions on the screen to install Scia Engineer.
Scia Engineer
Introduction
The example of this Tutorial can be followed in any of the three versions of the program.
Before you continue, you need to be familiar with the use of your operating system, e.g.
working with dialog (windows), menu bars, toolbars, status lines, mouse, etc.
This Tutorial describes the main functions of Scia Engineer for the input and calculation of a
2D concrete frame.
First, we will explain how to create a new project and how to model the structure. After the
input of the geometry and loads, the structure will be calculated and you will be able to review
the results. Next, the input of the buckling parameters is discussed and then we will proceed
with the calculations.
Finally, we will teach you how to draw up a calculation report.
The figure below shows the analysis model of the structure that will be modelled:
Scia Engineer
Getting started
Starting a project
Before you can start a project, you first need to start the program.
Starting the program
1.
Double-click the Scia Engineer shortcut on the Windows Desktop.

Or:
2.
If the shortcut has not been installed, click [Start] and choose Programs > Scia Engineer
2008> Scia Engineer.
If no protection is found, a dialogue will appear, explaining the reason why no protection has
been found. A second dialogue will list the restrictions of the demo version. Click [OK] in
both windows.
For this Tutorial, we will start a new project.
Starting a new project
1.
When the dialogue Open appears, click [Cancel].
2.
Click on the New
icon in the toolbar.
The Project dialogue appears. Here you can select which kind of project you want to start.
3.
Choose Structure and click [OK].
Now, the Project data dialogue appears. Here, you can enter general data about the project.
Scia Engineer
4.
In the Data group, enter your preferred data. These data can be indicated in the output, e.g. in
the document and on the drawings.
5.
For the Project level, choose: Standard and for the Model: One.
6.
button below the National Code to set a default standard for the project.
Click on the
This standard will determine the available materials, combination rules and norm checks. For
the project of this Tutorial, choose EC-EN. The window Codes in project will appear.
a)
Click on the [Add] button.

The dialogue Available National Codes appears.
b) Select the EC-EN flag and click [OK].

You will return to the Standards in project window and EC-EN is added.
c)
Select the flag with the EC-EN label.
d) Select the option Active Code and click [Close].

You will return to the Project data window and EC-EN will be the active standard.
7.
Select Frame XZ in the Structure field.

The structure type (Frame XZ, Frame XYZ, Plate XY, General XYZ, etc.) will restrict the
input possibilities.
8.
In the Material group, select Concrete.

Below the Concrete item, a new item Material will appear.
9.
In the list box, choose C25/30.
10. Confirm your input with [OK].
Notes:
On the Basic data tab, you can set the project level. If you choose standard, the program will only
show the frequently used basic functions. If you choose advanced, all available functions will be
shown.
On the Functionality tab, you can choose the options needed. In this way, the non-selected
functionalities are filtered out from the menus, so that the program is easier to use.
On the Combinations tab, you will find the values for the partial safety factors. For this Tutorial, we
will use the default settings.
On the Protection tab, you can protect your project at opening or saving using a password.
Scia Engineer
Project management
Save, Save as, Close and Open
Before we start entering the structure, we first need to discuss how to save a project, how to
open an existing project and how to close a project. When executing the project of this
Tutorial, you can save the project at any time. In this way, you can leave the program and
resume the project from that point on afterwards.
Saving a project
Click on icon
on the toolbar.
If the project has not been saved yet, the dialogue Save as will appear. Click on the arrow
in the list box Save in to select the disk where you want to save the project. Select the
folder where the project should be saved. Enter the file name in the File name field and
click [Save] to save the project.
If you click the
icon a second time, the project will be automatically saved under the
same name. If you choose File > Save as in the main menu, you can enter another disk,
folder and name for the project file.
Closing a project
To close a project, choose File > Close in the main menu.

A dialogue box will be opened, asking you if you want to save the project. Depending on
your choice, the project will be saved and the active dialogue will be closed.
Opening a project
Click on icon
to open an existing project.
A list of projects will appear. Select the desired project and click [OK] (or double-click
on the project to open it).
Scia Engineer
Geometry input
Input of the geometry
If a new project is started, the geometry of the structure must be entered. The structure can be
entered directly, but you can also use templates with parametric blocks, DXF files and other
formats.
Profiles (cross-sections)
When entering one or more 1D members, a profile type is immediately attributed to each
beam. By default, the active profile type is proposed. You can open the profile library to
activate another profile type. If no profile type is defined when you give the command to add
a member, the profile library is automatically opened.
Adding a profile
1.
Click on the Cross-Sections
The Cross-Section Manager is opened. If no profiles have been entered in the project, the
New Cross-Section window will automatically appear.
2.
Click Concrete in the group Available Groups.
3.
In the group Available items of this group, you can choose a rectangular section
4.
Click [Add] or
to add the profile to the project. The Cross-Section window appears.
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5.
In this window, you can change the properties of the rectangular section. Enter 500mm for
height H and 350mm for width B.
6.
Click [OK] to confirm, the profile is added to the Items in Project group.
7.
A second rectangular section with height H 400mm and width B 200mm is added in a similar
way.
8.
Click [Close] in the New Cross-Section window, the Cross-Section Manager appears.
9.
Click [Close] to close the Cross-Section Manager and to return to the project.
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Geometry
Structure Menu
1.
When a new project is started, the Structure Menu is automatically opened on top of the
Main Window. If you want to change the structure later on, you must double-click on the
Structure item in the Main Window.
2.
In the Structure Menu you can choose from different members.
To model the frame, you first must enter the columns. Next, the beams on top and in the middle of
the columns are entered.
Entering a column
1.
Use the Column option in the Structure Menu to enter a new column.
2.
In the cross-section field, choose the first entered section RECT (500,350).
3.
The column length is 7m.
4.
The insertion position is by default set to Bottom so that the bottommost point determines the
position of the column.
5.
Confirm your input with the [OK] button.
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6.
The column is positioned in the origin of the coordinate system. You must enter the
coordinates 0;0 in the Command line and then press <Enter> to confirm your input.
7.
A second column is entered in a similar way at position 6;0
8.
End the input using the <Esc> key.
9.
After the input of an entity in Scia Engineer, the entity is always selected. The columns for
instance obtain a magenta colour. To clear the selection, press the <Esc> key once more.
Notes:
The properties of selected members can be displayed and modified in the Property Window.
If no sections are defined in the project when you give the command to insert a member
(column, beam, etc.), the New Cross-Section window will automatically appear.
You can either end the input by pressing the <Esc> key or by clicking on the right mouse
button.
With the Zoom All
icon in the toolbar you can display the entire structure.
When both columns are entered, you can start entering the beams. The start- and end-points of the
beams are already known, i.e. the centre and the end point of the column. Therefore, the beams do not
have to be entered through the coordinates, but you can use the Cursor Snap Settings.
Cursor Snap Settings
1.
Click on the Cursor Snap Settings icon

in the Command line or click the
button in the lower right corner of the screen. The Cursor Snap settings window appears:
2.
Check the options a) and b), so that you can pick the centres and end points of members in this
project.
3.
Click on [OK] to confirm.
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Now, the beams can be entered.
Entering a beam
1.
To enter a new beam, use the function Horizontal Beam in the Structure Menu.
2.
In the section field, choose the second section RECT (400,200).
3.
The beam length is 6m.
4.
The insertion position is by default set to Begin so that the left point determines the position
of the beam.
5.
Confirm your input with [OK].
6.
Now click with the mouse on the centre of the left-hand side column to enter the beam:
7.
The upper beam is entered in a similar way by clicking the top node of the left-hand side
column.
8.
Press <Esc> to end the input.
9.
Press <Esc> once more to clear the selection.
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Hinges
In this project, there are pinned connections between the beams and the columns. As you have
chosen the Frame XZ structure type, this means that by default the members will be connected
to each other with fixed ends. Therefore, any hinges must be manually entered.
Entering hinges
1.
Use the Hinge on beam option in the Structure Menu to enter the hinges.
2.
The hinges are entered on both sides of the beams, so that you have to choose Both for
Position.
3.
To obtain a hinge, the rotation fiy is set to Free, the translations remain Fixed.
4.
5.
The hinges are added by clicking with the left mouse button on both beams (one by one).
6.
7.
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Scia Engineer
Supports
The input of the geometry can be completed by entering the supports. Both column bases are
modelled as fixed supports.
Entering supports
1.
Use the option Support in node in the Structure Menu to enter the supports.
2.
To model the fixed ends, both the translations and the rotation are set to Rigid.
3.
4.
You can simply select both bottom nodes by drawing a box with the mouse from the left-hand
side to the right-hand side:
5.
6.
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Scia Engineer
Notes:
If you draw the box from the left-hand side to the right-hand side, only entities that are
completely in the rectangle will be selected. If you draw the rectangle from the right-hand
side to the left-hand side, the entities which are completely in the rectangle as well as the
entities that intersect the rectangle will be selected.
The toolbar on the Command line displays a set of predefined supports. In this project, we
could have used for instances the Fixed Support
icon.
Check Structure data

After the input of the geometry, the input can be checked for errors by means of the function
Check Structure data. With this tool, the geometry is checked for duplicate nodes, zero
beams, duplicate beams, etc.
Checking the structure
1.
Double-click on the Check Structure data function in the Structure Menu or click on the
icon on the toolbar.
2.
The Check of Structure data window appears, listing the different available checks.
3.
Click [Check] to carry out the checks.
4.
The Data Check Report window appears, indicating that no problems were found.
5.
Close the check by clicking [OK].
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Scia Engineer
Connecting entities
The start- and end-node of the top beam are the end nodes of the column. Therefore, this beam
is automatically connected to the columns.
The beam in the middle of the columns is not ending in nodes. The end nodes of the beam are
located in a point somewhere along the column and therefore are not yet connected to the
columns. In this paragraph, we will explain how to connect the members to each other.
To display the names of the beams and nodes, you can activate the labels by means of the
buttons in the Command line.
Activating nodal labels
Nodal labels are activated by means of the
icon at the bottom edge of the graphical
window.
Activating member labels
Member labels are activated by means of the
icon at the bottom edge of the graphical
window.
When you select column B1 with the left mouse button, the properties are displayed in the Property
Window:
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Scia Engineer
This window indicates that the Begin node is N1 and the End node N2. Node N5 is not part of the
column. To connect beam B3 to the columns, you must use the option Connect members/nodes.
Connecting entities
1.
Press <Esc> or click the Cancel selection icon
to ensure that no entities are selected.
2.
Double-click the Connect members/nodes option in the Structure Menu or click on the
icon on the toolbar.
3.
A dialogue will ask you if all entities are to be connected:
Answer [Yes].
4.
The setup window for the connection of structural entities appears:
The item Connect has to be checked.

5.
Click [OK] to connect the entities.
6.
A window appears to indicate the number of connected nodes:
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Scia Engineer
7.
Connected nodes are marked in the graphical window by red double-lines:
If you select for instance beam B3, the Property Window will show that node N5 connects
the beam to column B1 and that node N6 connects the beam to column B2.
Notes:
6.
If a possible active selection is not cancelled when the command Connect

members/nodes is used, the program will only search for nodes to be connected in
this selection and not in the whole project.
If the option Check structure data is activated in the setup window for connection of
structural entities, a check of the structure data will be done in the same way as
mentioned earlier.
Click [Close] at the bottom of the Structure Menu.
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Scia Engineer
Modifying the graphical representation

of the structure
Modifying the view
Scia Engineer offers multiple possibilities to change the graphical representation of the
structure. Below, we will discuss the main options:
Modifying the viewpoint
Setting the view direction
Using the magnifying glass
Modifying the view parameters through the View parameters menu
Modifying the viewpoint on the structure
Setting the viewpoint using the wheels. At the bottom right of the graphical screen, there are
three scroll buttons, two horizontal and one vertical. Using these scroll buttons, the structure
can be zoomed or rotated.
1.
To zoom-in or zoom-out the structure or to rotate the structure, click on the scroll button (the
cursor will change from an arrow into a hand), keep the left mouse button pressed and move
the scroll button.
Or
Setting the viewpoint using a key-mouse combination.
1.
Simultaneously press the CTRL key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to rotate
the structure.
2.
Simultaneously press the SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to pan the
structure.
3.
Simultaneously press the CTRL + SHIFT key + the right mouse button and move the mouse to
zoom in or to zoom out.
Note:
If a node is selected when the structure is being rotated, the structure will be rotated around
the selected node.
Setting a view direction with regard to the global coordinate system
1.
Click on the View in X-direction
icon to obtain a view in X-direction.
2.
Click on the View in Y-direction
icon to obtain a view in Y-direction.
3.
Click on the View in Z-direction
icon to obtain a view in Z-direction.
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Scia Engineer
The magnifying glass
Use
to zoom-in.
Use
to zoom-out.
Use
to zoom in a window.
Use
Use
to obtain a view of the entire structure.

to zoom on a selection.
Modifying the View Parameters through the View Parameters Menu
1.
In the graphical window, click the right mouse button. The following popup menu appears
(the popup menu may look differently depending e.g. whether a certain entity is selected, etc.):
Note:
If an element was previously selected, you can define a setting that only applies to the selected
elements (you will obtain an adapted popup menu).
2.
Choose the option Set view parameters for all. The window View Parameters Setting
appears. The dialogue contains several tabs.
View parameters Structure
Using the Structure tab, you can change the representation of the different entities.
In this tab, the following items are important for this project:
Style + colour: you can display the colours by layer, by material, by section or by CAD type.
Draw Cross-Section: use this option to display the symbol of the section on each beam.
Local axes Members 1D: this option activates the local axes of the members.
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View parameters Labels
With the tab Labels, the labels of the different entities can be displayed. In the Beam labels
group for instance, the following items can be displayed in the label:
Name: displays the name of the members in the label.
Cross-Section type: displays the type of section in the label.
Length: displays the length of the member in the label.
View parameters Shortcuts
The toolbar at the bottom edge of the graphical window includes a number of frequently used
options, amongst others:
Show/hide surfaces
Render geometry
to display the surfaces of the sections.

to obtain a rendered view of the beams
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Show/hide supports
Show/hide load
to display the supports and hinges.

to display the load case.
Show/hide other model data

Show/hide label of nodes
Show/hide label of members
Set load case for display
to display the model data (hinges, connected nodes)

to display the label of the nodes.
to display the label of the members.
to select the active (displayed) load case.
Fast adjustment of view flags on whole model

the View parameters menu.
to quickly get access to the options of
After rendering is switched on, the following structure is obtained:
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Input of the Calculation Data

Load Cases and Load Groups
Each load is attributed to a load case. A load case can contain different load types.
To each load case, properties are attributed, which are important for the generation of load
case combinations. The action type of a load case can be permanent or variable.
Each variable load case is associated with a load group. The group contains information about
the category of the load (service load, wind, snow, etc.) and its appearance (default, together,
exclusive). In an exclusive group, the different loads attributed to the group cannot act
together in a standard-related combination. For default combinations on the other hand, the
combination generator allows the simultaneous action of the loads of a same group.
The way, in which load cases are defined, is decisive for the load combinations created by the
generator. We recommend that you thoroughly read the chapter about loads and combinations
in the reference manual.
In this project, two load cases are entered:
- LC1: Permanent Load Case: Self weight of the beams + Weight of the Floor and Weight of
the Roof
- LC2: Variable Load Case: Service Load on the Floor
Defining a Permanent Load Case
1.
Double-click
in the Main Window.
2.
Before you can define loads, you must enter load cases first. Since this project does not
contain any load cases yet, the Load Case Manager will automatically appear.
3.
By default, the load case LC1 is created. This load is a permanent load of the Self Weight
load type. The self weight of the structure is automatically calculated by means of this type.
4.
Since you will also manually enter loads in the first load case of this project (Floor Weight and
Roof Weight), you must change the Load Type to Standard.
5.
In the Description field, you can describe the content of this load case. For this project, enter
the description Self Weight Structure.
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Defining a Variable Load Case
1.
Click
or
to create the second load case.
2.
Enter the description Service load.
3.
As this is a variable load, change the Action type to Variable.
4.
The Load Group LG2 is automatically created. Click

Load Group.
to display the properties of the
The EC1 load type determines the composition factors that are attributed to the load cases in
this load group. In this project, choose Cat A: Domestic.
5.
Click [Close] to close the Load Group Manager and to return to the Load Case Manager.
6.
Click [Close] to close the Load Case Manager.
Note: Load groups
Each load is classified in a group. These groups influence the combinations that are
generated as well as the standard-dependant factors to be applied. The following logic is
adopted.
Variable load cases that are independent from each other are associated to different variable
groups. For each group, you set the load category (see EC1). The combination factors from
the Eurocode are generated from the available load groups. When a generated combination
contains two load cases belonging to different groups, reduction factors will be applied for the
transient loads.
If the load is divisible, its different components are entered as individual load cases. As long
as the load combination does not contain any variable load belonging to another group, no
reduction factors may be applied. The different load cases of a divisible load are therefore
associated to one variable group.
Load cases of the same type that may not act together, are put into one group, which is made
exclusive, e.g. Wind X and Wind -X are associated to one exclusive group Wind.
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Loads
After the input of the Load cases, the Loads Menu will automatically appear.
The first load case includes three loads:
- Self weight of the beams
- Weight of the floor
- Weight of the roof
Varying between load cases
Activate LC1 by selecting this load case with the mouse pointer in the list box:
Entering the self weight as linear load
1.
Clear any possible selection by pressing <Esc>.
2.
Click on Linear force on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Linear force on beam
appears.
3.
In the field Type, choose Self weight. The Direction is the global Z-direction and the Gravity
coefficient is set to 1, so that the load is acting vertically downwards.
4.
5.
Now select all the beams using the mouse or the
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7.
8.
The self weight load is represented in brown:
The floor and roof weight is entered as a series of concentrated loads.
Entering a series of concentrated loads
1.
Click on Point force on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Point force on beam
appears.
2.
The floor beam is subjected to 6 concentrated loads of 6.5 kN each with a clearance of 1m.
The first concentrated load of the series is at 0.5m from the start-node of the beam.
3.
The Value of the concentrated load is changed to 6.5 kN.
4.
The coordinate definition is set to Absolute.
5.
The starting position Position x is changed to 0.5m.
6.
The series consists of 6 concentrated loads so that the Repeat (n) field is set to 6.
7.
The clearance Delta x between the concentrated loads is 1m.
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8.
9.
Select beam B3.
10. Press <Esc> to end the input.

11. Press <Esc> once more to clear the selection.
Note:
Loads, supports, hinges, etc. are considered as additional data, i.e. data that are additionally
added to entities such as nodes, beams, etc.
Similarly, the roof beam is subjected to concentrated loads of 2.5 kN. Therefore, the load of the floor
beam can be copied to the roof beam and adapted.
Copying loads
1.
Select one of the concentrated loads on the floor beam with the left mouse button. As this
concentrated load is part of a series, the entire series is automatically selected.
2.
Press the right mouse button, a popup menu appears:
3.
Choose the option Copy add data F1.
4.
Select the beam where this load should be copied: the roof beam.
5.
6.
Use the
Quick adaptation of view parameters on the entire structure icon at the bottom of the
graphical window to activate the Load Labels option in the Loads/Masses group. A normal load is
represented in green.
Now, the value of the roof load can be changed.
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Adapting a load
1.
Select one of the concentrated loads on the roof beam. As this concentrated load is part of a
series, the entire series is automatically selected.
2.
The properties of the series are displayed in the Property Window.
3.
Change the value from 6.5 kN to 2.5 kN.
4.
Confirm the change by pressing <Enter>.
After the input of the loads in the first load case, you can enter the service load. The floor beam is
subjected to the service load of 2kN/m.
Switching between load cases
Activate LC2 by selecting this load with the mouse pointer in the list box:
Entering a linear load
1.
Click on Line force on beam in the Loads Menu. The dialogue Line force on beam
appears.
2.
Change the type to Force and the value to -2 kN/m.
3.
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4.
Select the beam on which this load must be positioned: floor beam B3.
5.
6.
7.
Click [Close] to leave the Loads Menu and to return to the Main Window.
Note:
The Command line contains a set of predefined loads:

fast and simple input of loads.
, thus enabling a
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Combinations
After the input of the load cases, the load cases can be grouped in combinations. In this
project, two linear combinations are created, one for the Ultimate Limit State and one for the
Ultimate Serviceability State.
Defining Combinations
1.
Open the item Load cases, Combinations from the main menu and next the Combinations
menu.
2.
Since no combination has been entered yet, the window to create a new combination will
automatically appear.
3.
The Type of the combination is changed to EN-ULS. With this combination type, Scia
Engineer will automatically generate combinations in accordance with the complex
composition rules of the Eurocode.
4.
As Name choose UGT to provide a clear description of the combination.
5.
By means of the button [Add all] all load cases can be added to the combination.
6.
Confirm your input with [OK]. The Combination Manager is opened.
7.
Click
or
to create a second combination.
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8.
The Type of the combination is changed to EN SLS Characteristic. Change the Name in
GGT.
9.
10. Click [Close] to close the Combination Manager.
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Calculation
Linear calculation
As the analysis model is complete, you can now start the calculation.
Executing the Linear Calculation
1.
In the main menu open the item Calculation, mesh, next open the Calculation item.
2.
The window FE analysis appears. Click [OK] to start the calculation.
3.
After the calculation, a window appears to announce that the calculation is finished and the
maximum deformation and rotation for the normative load case is shown. Click [OK] to close
this window.
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Results
Viewing results
After the calculation is executed, the results can be viewed.
Viewing the Reactive Forces
1.
Double-click
in the Main Window.
The Results Menu appears.

2.
In the Supports group, choose Reactions.
3.
The options in the Property Window are configured in the following way:
The Selection field is set to All.
The Load type is set to Combinations and the Combination to UGT.
The Values are wanted for Rz.
The Extreme field is changed to Node.
4.
The action Refresh has a red background, i.e. the graphical screen must be refreshed. Click
button at the right of Refresh to display the results in the graphical window in
on the
accordance with the set options.
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5.
To display these results in a table, the Preview action is used. Click on

side of Preview to show the preview.
at the right
Note:
The Preview appears between the Graphical window and the Command line. This window can
be maximised to display more data at once.
Viewing internal forces on beam
1.
In the Results menu, open the Beams group and select Internal forces on beams.
2.
The Selection field is set to Current.
The Load type is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.
The Values are wanted for My.
The Extreme field is changed to Member.
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3.
Select the two beams B3 and B4 using the left mouse button.
4.
button next to Refresh to display the results in the graphical window in

Click on the
To change the display of the results, the settings of the Graphical Screen can be adapted.
Configuring the Graphical Screen
1.
In the Property Window, click the

graphical screen are opened.
button next to Drawing setup. The options for the
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2.
In the Display field, choose Filled.
3.
The Text angle is set to 0.
4.
Click [OK] to confirm your input.
5.
button next to Refresh to display the results in

In the Property Window, click the
the graphical window in accordance with the set options.
6.
Then click [Close] to leave the Results Menu.
7.
Press <Esc> to clear the selection.
Note:
To change the font size of the displayed results, you can use the Settings > Fonts menu. In
this menu, the different sizes of the displayed labels can be changed.
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Code check
The concrete modules of Scia Engineer contain a number of powerful tools to execute
calculations of concrete structures in accordance with the chosen standard.
The possibilities at a glance:
Input of advanced concrete data
Calculation of the slenderness
Reduction of M and V at the supports
Design calculation of the Theoretically Required Reinforcement
Input of the Practical Reinforcement
Capacity check
Stress/strain check
Crack check
Calculation of the physical non-linear (PNL) deformations
etc.
In this tutorial, we will only explain the basics of the concrete calculations. For more
information regarding the advanced concrete calculations, we refer to the Concrete Workshop.
Before you can start the concrete calculations, you must check the buckling parameters of the
beams. By means of the view parameters, the buckling lengths of the beams can be displayed
in the screen.
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Buckling parameters
Viewing the system lengths
1.
Use the left mouse button to select column B1, the left column of the truss.
2.
Then right-click on an arbitrary position in the workspace. You will obtain a menu listing the
possibilities for the selected entity.
3.
In this menu, select the

parameter settings appears.
4.
For drawing the cross-section profile at the system line activate Draw cross-section.
5.
To show the system lengths activate the options System lengths.
6.
Activate in Local axes the Member 1D option as well to display the local co-ordinate system
of the beam.
7.
8.
option. The window View
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The figure shows that the system length Ly for buckling around the strong axis is 3.5m and Lz
for buckling around the weak axis 7m.
Notes:
The system lengths are only proposed for elements that are connected to other beams in
their field. For elements consisting of one component, such as the horizontal beams of this
project, no system lengths are displayed.
The system lengths are automatically broken off at the supports.
To change the buckling data of a beam, the Buckling and relative lengths option is used.
Settings the buckling parameters
1.
Select both columns with the left mouse button.
2.
The Property Window shows the common properties of both entities. The Buckling and
relative lengths are set to Default.
3.
Click on the
button at the right of Buckling and relative lengths.
The Buckling data window appears.
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This window shows that the column is supported in the middle for buckling around the strong
axis and the centre column is not supported for buckling around the weak axis.
4.
Click on [Edit] to change the buckling data.

The Buckling and relative lengths window appears.
5.
On the General Settings tab, several data can be changed.

The Name field contains the name of the buckling parameter, in this case BC1.
Beta yy and Beta zz: in these fields, you can indicate whether the program must calculate
the buckling factor round the axis or whether you prefer entering this factor manually. The
third option allows for a manual input of the buckling length. The Support option can be used
to determine the buckling factor in accordance with the model column from the Eurocode.
zz: in this field, you can indicate the system length to be used for the weak axis.
Sway yy and Sway zz: in these fields, you can indicate if the beam is braced or not in the
direction regarded. When you choose the Settings option, the default settings are used.
Note:
The default settings for the buckling parameters are displayed below Concrete > 1D Member
> Setup > Design defaults. By default, both directions are unbraced.
def z and def y: in these fields, you can indicate the system length to be used for the relative
deformations.
6.
On the Buckling data tab, you can change the parameters in detail. As the columns consist of
2 parts, 3 positions are available: (1) at the beginning, (2) at the level of the floor beam and (3)
at the end.
For this project, we assume that the columns are not braced in both directions. Therefore, the
Non-braced property can be set to Yes both for the strong and the weak axis.
For this project, we also assume that the column is supported in the middle against buckling
around the weak axis. The zz property at position (2) therefore can be set to Fixed.
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7.
8.
The Buckling data window displays the changed buckling data. Click [Close] to close this
window.
The Property Window shows that buckling setting BC1 is used for the columns. The
graphical screen also shows the adaptation of the system length around the weak axis.
9.
Click <Esc> to clear the selection.
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When the buckling parameters are set, you can continue with the concrete calculations. Before
proceeding, deactivate the representation of the View parameters and the Local axes through
Quick adaptation of view parameters on the entire structure.
When the buckling data are adapted, you must recalculate the project. See chapter Linear
calculation.
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Concrete calculation
To open the Concrete Menu double-click at
in the Main Window.
Before starting the calculation of the theoretical reinforcement, concrete data can be added to
the beams. If no concrete data are entered on a beam, the default settings are used for that
beam.
Attributing Concrete Data
1.
Double-click
2.
Select floor beam B3.
in the Concrete Menu.
The window Concrete data appears.
In this window, the concrete properties of the beam can be changed, e.g. beam diameters,
concrete coverage, etc. By default, a diameter of 20mm is assumed for the longitudinal
reinforcement. By means of this diameter, the program will determine the lever arm to
calculate the theoretically required reinforcement.
For this project, the default parameters are used with the exception of the Torsion parameter.
Select the Advanced mode and find group Torsion. Unmark the option Design (check) for
torsion.
3.
Click [OK] to confirm your input. The concrete data are added to the selected beam.
4.
5.
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Notes:
Concrete data are additional data and therefore can be copied to other beams using the
Copy additional data
icon.
In the Concrete data the Advanced Mode can be activated. This option allows for adaptation
of complex data such as material parameters, shrinkage parameters, etc.
The default settings for the concrete data can be set with Concrete > 1D Member> Setup.
Displaying the Slenderness
1.
In the concrete menu click
2.
The Values are wanted for lambda y.
The Extreme field is changed to No.
3.
Select the left-hand side column B1 with the left mouse button.
4.
button next to Refresh to display the results in the graphical window in

Click the
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Theoretically required reinforcement
1.
In the concrete menu, open the group
and select
2.
3.

The Type of load is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.
The Values are wanted for As total req.
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4.
Select the left-hand side column B1 with the left mouse button.
5.
button behind Refresh to display the results in the graphical window in

Click the
The theoretically required reinforcement is shown, as well as a few warnings.
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6.
Click the
button behind Preview to display the Preview.
The preview indicates a total required reinforcement of 4 bars with diameter 20.
As already shown in the graphical window and in the preview, warnings have appeared during the
calculation of the theoretical reinforcement. These messages inform you about possible problems that
have occurred during the calculation.
Displaying the calculation info
1.
Click the
button behind Calculation info to see the warnings.
2.
By means of these messages, the design can be adapted, if necessary.
3.
Click [Close] to return to the structure.
By means of the Member design, the reinforcement results and the concrete parameters can be viewed
in detail in a section. In this project, this is shown for the centre of the floor beam.
Single check
1.
2.
Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button.
3.
Click the
beam.
button next to Refresh to calculate the theoretical reinforcement in the
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4.
Click the
button next to Preview to display the Preview.
5.
Click the
button next to Single check to view the results in a section.
6.
Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button, the window Single cross-section appears.
The position is at 3m, the centre of the beam.
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7.
Click the [Calculation] button to calculate the results in the section.
8.
By means of the tabs, the detailed results can be opened.
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9.
Click [OK] to close this window.
Apart from calculating the theoretical reinforcement, you can also position the practical
reinforcement in the beams.
Entering the practical reinforcement
1.
2.
To enter the practical reinforcement, you can open the group

select the item
.
3.
Alternatively, you can use the shortcuts

Add reinforcement on whole beam
icon.
4.
Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button, the Longitudinal Reinforcement Manager
appears.
5.
Confirm the displayed reinforcement template by clicking [Close]. The reinforcement is

shown in the graphical screen.
and then
in the Command line. Click the
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Notes:
Reinforcement data are additional data and therefore can be copied to other beams using
the Copy additional data
icon.
In the Longitudinal Reinforcement Manager, the user can add different templates.
Changing the view of the reinforcement
1.
Right-click on an arbitrary position in the workspace.
2.
In the menu that is opened, select the

parameter setting appears.
3.
On the Concrete tab, the reinforcement data are displayed under the heading Concrete and
Reinforcement. Change the options in the following way:
option. The window View
Set the option Stirrup Style to All.

The option Reinforcement Colour is set to Colour per diameters.
The option Reinforcement drawing type is set to 3D.
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4.
Adapting the Practical Reinforcement
1.
Select the Reinforcement layer of the stirrups by clicking with the left mouse button on the
circled digit 1
.
2.
Activate the properties of this Reinforcement layer in the Property Window by selecting
this entity with the mouse pointer in the list box:
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3.
Click the
appears.
4.
Click on the [New Part] button to enter a new part.
5.
Change the Distance [m] field for this part from 0.300 into 0.100 and confirm with <Enter>.
6.
Change the Numbers field from 1 to 5, confirm with <Enter>.
7.
Click [OK] to confirm your input.
button behind Edit Stirrup Distances. The window Stirrup zones
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The entered practical reinforcement now can be submitted to a capacity check.
Capacity check
1.

.
2.
3.
The options of the Properties window are configured in the following way:
. Next choose

For the Type of loads, choose Combinations and for the Combination choose UGT.
For Values, choose Check value.
Change the Extreme field to Member.
4.
Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button.
5.
Click the
the screen.
next to Refresh. The capacity check is carried out and then displayed on
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6.
Click the
7.
Select floor beam B3 with the left mouse button. The position is at 3m, the centre of the beam.
8.
Click the [Calculation] button to view the results in the section.
button behind Single check to view the results in a section.
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9.
By means of the tabs, detailed results can be opened
10. Click [OK] to return to the structure.
After the input of the practical reinforcement, a bill of reinforcement with the required amounts of
reinforcement bars can be displayed.
Displaying the Bill of reinforcement
3.
1.
Click
in the Concrete Menu.
2.
Click the
button behind Refresh in the Properties window.
Click the
button behind Preview. The Bill of reinforcement is displayed:
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_________________________________________________________________________________
The reinforcement in beams can be defined manually by the user as mentioned before or it can be
calculated automatically by the program.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Attributing Concrete Data
1.
2.
Double-click
3.
Select the roof beam B4. Then, a window with the member data for automatic design
appears and we use the default parameters for this project.
4.
Click [OK] to confirm your input. The concrete data are added to the selected beam.
5.
6.
___________________________________________________________________________________
Automatic member reinforcement design
1.
After the definition of the member data for automatic member reinforcement design,
double-click
2.
The Type of load is set to Combinations and Combination to UGT.
The Values are of the type Check value
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________________________________________________________________________________
This gives the following output for the roof beam:
Click the [Close] button at the bottom of the Concrete Menu to return to the Main Window.
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Document
In this final part of the tutorial, we will explain how a calculation report can be drawn up.
Formatting the Document
1.
In the Main Window double-click

window is opened on the screen.
or click
in the toolbar. The Document
The Project data are automatically displayed in the header of the document.
2.
Click the [New] button at the bottom of the Document Menu. The window New Document
item appears.
3.
By means of this window, several data can be added to the document.

Open the Libraries group and click on Materials. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the
document.
Click Cross-sections. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the document.
Open the Structure group and click Members. Click [<<< Add] to add this item to the
document.
Open the Results group and click Internal forces on beam. Click [<<< Add] to add this
item to the document.
4.
Click [Close] to close the New document item window and to return to the document.
The items that were added to the document are displayed in the Document Menu. The order of the
items can be changed by dragging them with the mouse. At the right-hand side of the screen, the
Preview of the document is shown
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Displaying results in the document
1.
In the Document Menu, click Internal forces on beam.

In the Property Window, the properties of this table are displayed. The parameters for
displaying the results in the Document are configured in the same way as the parameters for
viewing the results in the Results Menu.
The Selection field is set to All.
The Values are wanted for My.
The Extreme field is changed to Global.
2.
Click the
options.
button behind Refresh to display the table in accordance with the set
Click the [Close] button at the bottom of the Document Menu to close the document and to return to
the structure.
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Adding an picture to the document
1.
Click on the Print image
2.
Choose the Picture to document option in the list box to send the image, which is currently
displayed in the graphical screen, to the document.
The window Add items to document appears. All properties which can be changes are
displayed.
3.
Change the value for property Percentage of page to 50% and Fit to Fit to area.
4.
Confirm your input with [OK] so that the image is sent to the document.
5.
In the Main Window double-click

opens.
6.
In the Document Menu, click Picture. The image is displayed in the Preview of the
Document.
or click
in the toolbar. The Document
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7.
Click [Close] at the bottom of the Document Menu to close the document and to return to the
structure.
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Postface
In this book the basic functionalities of Scia Engineer for the input of a concrete frame,
including the concrete calculation, were introduced by means of an example.
After reading the text and executing the example, the user should be able to model and
calculate simple structures consisting of concrete beams.
For more detailed information about concrete calculations, we refer to the Concrete
Workshop.
65

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Tutorial

RC Beams & Columns Analysis

CAD Reinforcement Beams & Columns

Tutorial Frame Concrete

Starting a project ......................................................................................... 7

Save, Save as, Close and Open ................................................................. 9

Input of the geometry................................................................................ 10

MODIFYING THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE STRUCTURE

Modifying the view .................................................................................... 21

INPUT OF THE CALCULATION DATA

Load Cases and Load Groups.................................................................. 25

Linear calculation ...................................................................................... 34

Viewing results .......................................................................................... 35

Buckling parameters ................................................................................. 40

The licensed version of Scia Engineer is protected by (i) a

If no protection is found, the program automatically starts

The student version offers for all modules the same

Processor Pentium IV - 1Ghz

512 MB (recommended: > 1Gb)

Free disk space for program

Free disk space for projects and

We recommend to install the latest available Service

Double-click the Scia Engineer shortcut on the Windows Desktop.

Starting a new project

When the dialogue Open appears, click [Cancel].

Click on the New

icon in the toolbar.

Choose Structure and click [OK].

Click on the [Add] button.

b) Select the EC-EN flag and click [OK].

Select the flag with the EC-EN label.

d) Select the option Active Code and click [Close].

Select Frame XZ in the Structure field.

In the Material group, select Concrete.

In the list box, choose C25/30.

10. Confirm your input with [OK].

To close a project, choose File > Close in the main menu.

to open an existing project.

Click on the Cross-Sections

icon in the toolbar.

Click Concrete in the group Available Groups.

to add the profile to the project. The Cross-Section window appears.

In the Structure Menu you can choose from different members.

The column length is 7m.

Confirm your input with the [OK] button.

A second column is entered in a similar way at position 6;0

End the input using the <Esc> key.

With the Zoom All

icon in the toolbar you can display the entire structure.

Cursor Snap Settings

Click on the Cursor Snap Settings icon

Click on [OK] to confirm.

Now, the beams can be entered.

In the section field, choose the second section RECT (400,200).

The beam length is 6m.

Confirm your input with [OK].

Press <Esc> to end the input.

Press <Esc> once more to clear the selection.

Confirm your input with [OK].

Press <Esc> to end the input.

Press <Esc> once more to clear the selection.

Confirm your input with [OK].

Press <Esc> to end the input.

Press <Esc> once more to clear the selection.