Planning and Design of Sewage

PLANNING
AND
DESIGN
OF
SEWAGE SYSTEMS
VITUS BERING DANMARK
Planning and design of sewage systems
Table of contents
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
DESIGN .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
CHECK LIST BY ARRANGEMENT OF SEWAGE SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 4
ARRANGEMENT OF HEIGHT CONDITIONS ........................................................................................................ 5
THE PLANE PIPE LAYOUT................................................................................................................................ 6
DRAIN IN STREET AREA .................................................................................................................................. 6
...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
PLACING OF PIPES ...................................................................................................................................... 8
ARRANGEMENT IN RELATION TO FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................ 8
PIPES CROSSING FOUNDATION........................................................................................................................ 9
SPECIAL DEPTH DEMANDS .................................................................................................................... 10
FROSTHENSYN ............................................................................................................................................. 10
TRAFFIC CONSIDERATION ............................................................................................................................ 10
CONSIDERATIONS FOR OTHER SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................... 10
LOSS OF HEIGHT ....................................................................................................................................... 11
BY DRAIN PLACES ........................................................................................................................................ 11
CLEANING.................................................................................................................................................... 12
CODE OF PRACTICE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................. 12
IMPROVEMENT OF CLEANING ACCESSES ...................................................................................................... 12
ACCESSIBILITY OF CLEANING SPOTS ............................................................................................................ 13
SITING AND DISTANCE BETWEEN CLEANING SPOTS ...................................................................................... 13
CHANGE OF DIRECTION OF LYING PIPES......................................................................................... 15
CONNECTION TO LYING PIPES............................................................................................................. 16
CONNECTION OF LYING PIPES TO LYING PIPES .............................................................................................. 16
EXAMPLES OF SOLUTIONS .................................................................................................................... 17
EXTERNAL ROOF DOWNPIPE ......................................................................................................................... 17
DRY PIPES .................................................................................................................................................... 17
CONNECTION OF MORE GULLYS ................................................................................................................... 17
DRAIN FROM EXTERNAL BASEMENT STEPS................................................................................................... 18
PREPARATION OF DRAIN PROJECTS.................................................................................................. 19
SEWER PLANS .............................................................................................................................................. 19
PURPOSE ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
DRAWING BASIS ........................................................................................................................................... 19
EXAMPLE OF SEWER PLAN.................................................................................................................... 20
SIGNATURES FOR SEWER PLANS......................................................................................................... 22
Page 2
Preface
This publication Planning and design of sewage systems is worked out to act as a reference book in connection with design of sewer plans.
The publication first of all applies to constructing architect students, because the material is
chosen from all the questions, which arise in connection with the daily work in the constructing architect study.
Great importance is attached to short descriptions and belonging illustrations, so that the
publication can be used as reference during the work making a rational sewage system.
The text is not new, as all text and illustrations are chosen from SBI-direction 185, Drainage installations. 2. edition, 1997.
Vitus Bering Danmark

April 2004
Jens Peder Pedersen
Page 3
Arrangement of the sewage system

Design
By design all conditions concerning drainage installations are determined so detailed; that
the installation is unambiguous determined and can be made according to the project material.
The project has to explain all conditions concerning the building regulations, environmental legislation, codes of practice etc. and the special conditions concerning the topical
building.
The design should among other things determine the installation in connection with the
buildings and their surroundings, dimensions and slope and state specifications for all
components and joining methods.
Check list by arrangement of sewage systems
1. Procure all necessary information e.g.:
a reasonable good drawing material
information about all drain places and their use and ventilation conditions
information about existence of harmful substances
information about main sewer and connection conditions
information about prohibition, easements, building lines, etc.
2. Make decisions about special components and systems, e.g perimeter drain, and examine placing possibilities and levels etc.
3. Choose experimentally a connection place.
4. Examine the slope conditions
where is the most dangerous point?
which slope can be used?
how big loss of height should be noticed by the drain places, in pipes and
components and by connection?
will there be special demands for depth, e.g for extension?
do you have damming in main sewer, and which safety heights should be
fulfilled?
is the available slope enough?
5. Choose if necessary another connection place.

6. Mahe decisions about pumping:
but only, if it is absolute unavoidable.
remember, that pumping could also be necessary for perimeter drain.
7. Sketch a pipe layout (track):
take care of foundations and other building components.
take care of other pipes and systems.

Page 4
8.
9.
take care of systems on neighbour property.
Arrange slope conditions:
try to obtain plenty, uniform slopes.
avoid big slope changes.
consider savings in digging depths by downlead and similar.
Make use of available materials but also notice the restrictions, they could present.
10. Arrange possible drain systems and their connections.

11. Be sure, that the system is easy to clean, where this is important.
12. Be sure, that you have easy access to the places, where it is needed because of inspection and draining etc.
13. Examine, if all pipe crossings are possible.
Arrangement of height conditions

The most dangerous point in a drain installation is the one, which is most difficult to drain,
either because it is placed deep or because it is placed far away. The drain installation
should as well as possible be made without pumping. It is therefore decisive, if the available height difference between the connection level and the most dangerous point is sufficient, so that the pipes can be laid with minimum slope.
Arrangement of slope
If the available slope is plenty, the slope should be shared out from the most dangerous
point to the connection point. The most simple is to place the pipe straight between the two
points. This solution is very often the most expensive, because the digging work will be
bigger, see figure 1.
Figure 1. Straight pipe between floor drain and street sewer (A) causes a deeper well and
and extra digging work corresponding the hatched area.
Page 5
In practice it is inconvenient with a lot of slope changes and also changes of direction in a
pipe. Therefore as a rule it is very often chosen to place the pipes straight passing more
branches and only changing slope in wells.
The plane pipe layout
The economi is of course a main factor by arrangement of a drain system. This means
among other things, that the pipe length should be as short as possible and the pipe layout
as simple as possible.
An assignment can almost always be solved in many ways. Still certain main principles are
common:
the most important pipes should be led the shortest possible way to main sewer
pipes
the layout should be in a way, that the accumulating pipes are led tight past the
most important installation groups
the cleaning possibilities for the accumulating pipes should be good and the cleaning access easy accessible
the pipe system should as well as possible be ventilated.
Inlet
The design is started by determining all inlet places in the system, that is all drain objects,
floor drains, standing pipes and roof downpipes and terrain drains etc. furthermore it is
important to prove, where the system is ventilated or can be ventilated.
Some inlets are quite firm, e.g. drain objects as wc, while other inlets can be moved a little,
if it causes better solutions. This will often involve floor drains and gullys.
In the interests of accessibility the pipes should be led outside the building, as direct as
possible. This is not an absolute demand, if it makes the drain system unreasonable expensive, see figure 2 next page.
Drain in street area
Rain water pipes: In principle all drains (except for service pipes) should be kept inside
private property, this is behind property-line and also behind building line and etc.
Where a building is placed up to property-line along street, and permission is given to
place roof downpipes and open light shafts in footpath outside property-line, it will normally also be permitted to lead footpath pipes along the building and to place gullys here.
Very often this area is called light shaft zone, and is about 0,5 m. Even if there are no
light shafts and in this area, perimeter drains, rain water pipes and gullys can be placed
here. On the contrary waste water pipes must not be led here, and also the same for floor
drains led to a gully.
Cleaning wells: Private cleaning wells are normally not allowed in the street area.
Page 6
Figure 2. Example of pipe layout in connection with strip building.
Page 7
Placing of pipes
In figure 3 are shown some recommend distances between building components and pipe
system outside the building.
Figure 3. Placing of pipes outside the building and recommended distances to bilding etc.
a
states normal distance to building, but it can be both smaller and bigger, depending of
other installations, neighbour site and foundations.
b states a reasonable smallest distance to building overhang practically to give space
for digging-up.
c states normal distance between pipes in separate system, still depending of placing of
wells.
Arrangement in relation to foundations

Drain installations should normally be placed in a way, that the foundation of a building is
not inadmissibly reduced. Guidelines for this are stated in Code of practice for fuondation,
DS 415. It is worth noting that concept buildings also include pipes for e.g. water, gas and
district heating and other drain pipes. Given that according to the Code of Practice, we talk
about modified foundation class (single-family houses), you can follow the guidelines in
figure 4.
Temporary excavations along existing foundations must not be lower than the boundary
surfaces, shown in figure 4. If the limitations in the depth can not be respected, the pipes
must be laid in a bigger distance from the foundations, or the foundation must be led
deeper down. The first solution is normally the cheapest.
See figure 4 next page.
Page 8
Figure 4.Boundary surfaces for excavations along foundations in clay soil.

Pipes crossing foundation
Pipes, which are crossing foundations, must not be casted in the foundations, and they
must not be placed below the lower edge of the foundation. The pipes are led through a
recess with 50-100 mm air gap around the pipes. If pipes cross below the lower edge of the
foundation, foundation downleads have to be made, as shown in figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5. Foundation downlead for pipes, which cross a foundation below the lower edge
of the foundation.
Figure 6. Stepping in foundation downlead by deep pipes.
Page 9
Special depth demands

Frost regards
To avoid the water in a pipe to freeze, the pipe should be at least 0,75 m below terrain,
measured to internal pipe bottom level. Same depth for water level in gullys.
In more cases can smaller depths be used:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dry pipes for roof water

Water traps or gullys in basement steps etc.
Insulated pipes
Drain pipes by heated buildings
Dry pipes are roof water pipes or pipes from cheat wells before gully or other permanent
water filled part. These pipes can be placed as high as the conditions allow, e.g. in a depth
of 0,3 0,4 m close to buildings, where ground milling will not be done.
Water traps in protected basement steps can be placed with water trap in normal depth,
which means about 250 mm below floor. in gullys in basement steps the distance from
grating to water surface should be 400 mm. This is based on experience. Strings around
basement steps are led 0,6 m down below floor level, which give access for ground heat
form below. Furthermore drains in smaller basements will get a heat gain from neighbouring heated basement rooms. If the location is exposed, the drain can be made as a bending,
which is led to a gully outside the basement steps.
Pipes below building can be placed in very small depth, provided that they are not exposed
for frost. The same also below crawlways, but it depends on the construction of the crawlway and the location and insulation.
Insulation of frost exposed pipes can be made with plates of insulation material above and
around the pipes.
Drain pipes, which are placed near to a heated building, should be frost safe with a depth
of 0,6 m.
Traffic consideration
A depth of 0,75 m will not always be defensible below areas with traffic. For each pipe
type and material information must be found in catalogues about permissible smallest
depth regarding traffic load, or special calculations of strength must be made.
Considerations for other systems
Crossing of other pipes in the ground can, if the drain pipe is plaved lowest, cause lower
levels than normal.
Page 10
Loss of height
By drain places
For drains in floor or by ground deck special form pieces are normally used, e.g. bendings
or water traps, which cause a loss of height compared with the floor level. Normally you
try to obtain that the muffs of lying ground pipes are free of the floor construction.
A loss of height of 250 mm will in most cases be sufficient, but both bigger and smaller
losses of height can be actual depending on the form pieces that are used, see figure 7.
Figure 7. Loss of height below level of basement floor (GK) is calculated to the course
level (L):
By a duckfoot bending can normally be calculated with 250 mm, when the duckfoot
bending is placed with lower edge of coupling in floor level.
b By a floor drain followed by a water trap should be calculated with at least 250 mm
and often more, depending of the used parts.
c By a floor drain with build in water trap followed by a bending, the loss of height can
be from 250 - 400 mm.
d A pipe always has to be laid so deep below floor, that its coupling will not be embedded in concrete, especially with heavy traffic on the floor.
Page 11
Cleaning
Code of practice requirements
The Code of Practice makes demands about that all parts of the drain installation can obtain easy cleaning. The cleaning should be made without essential inconvenience and
without risk of damage and health risk. The cleaning accesses should be easy to localize,
easy accessible and easy to serve. The Code of Practice does not make specific demands
about number or placement of the cleaning accesses, and by the planning you can in that
way take into consideration, which cleaning methods are used. No matter the cleaning possibilities, the installation should be made in a way, that the risk for settlement is small.
Improvement of cleaning accesses
Cleaning accesses can be of many different constructions, and in the following there are
mentioned som of the most common.
Manholes
Manholes are the traditional cleaning access for pipes in ground. A manhole is by Arbejdstilsynet defined as a well with an internal diameter of 1,25 m and an access opening
of at least 0,6 m. In connection with one- and two family houses, linked houses and alike
wells with a diameter of 1,00 m can be used as manholes.
Cleaning- and inspection wells in plastic
VA-approved cleaning- and inspection wells in plastic can be used as cleaning access. The
diameter is normally 300 400 mm, and the depth should with the present systems not
exceed 4 m for the sake of the strength.
Cleaning spots
Cleaning spots are form pieces with a removable cover. Cleaning spots take part of the
VA-approved drain systems. The cover can be secured with screws, bolts with thread or in
another way. See figures 8 and 9.
Figure 8. Inspection piece of plastic
Figure 9. Inspection piece of cast

iron and stainless steel
Page 12
Cleaning branch pipes

Cleaning branch pipes can be made of ordinary branch pipes, where a not-used branch is
provided with a removable cover (end plate for muff). In figure 10 are shown examples of
cleaning brance pipes placed in ground. Similar constructions can be used in buildings.
Figure 10. Inspection branch pipe. A og B can with tight cover be used in the open air,
whith no traffic load. C og D can be used indoor.
Accessibility of cleaning spots
Cleaning accesses should be easy to localize. They should be clearly indicated and if possible with the dimensions marked in the drawing, and they should be easy to find, which
means placed visible. Covers on manholes and cleaning wells should have measures in
proportion to buildings or other fixed terrain objects. The covers should in garden areas be
raised so much above terrain, that they are not hidden by soil or plantation. There should
be easy access to the cleaning accesses. They should not be placed in locked rooms, store
rooms and similar places. There should be sufficient free height and free area for transport
of cleaning tools, and so that the cleaning work can be done in a reasonable way. Placing
of cleaning accesses in crawl spaces can normally be accepted. The cleaning work can
cause pollution etc. of the surroundings, and this should be respected by the placing of the
cleaning accesses. Cleaning accesses must not be placed in living rooms or in kitchens in
restaurants, store rooms for food and similar, where health risk can arise. Pipes, which are
shared for more dwellings, should be cleaned from cleaning accesses, which are placed
inside every single dwelling.
Siting and distance between cleaning spots
Cleaning accesses should be placed suitable from the design of the part of the drain system, they shall serve. The best cleaning conditions you get, when the pipes, that are most
exposed for chocking, e.g. pipes from wc and kitchen sink, are led directly to cleaning
well. See figure 11.
Page 13
Figure 11. Pipes, that are most exposed for blocking, should be led directly to cleaning
well.
A: Good solution. B: Bad solution.
The number of changes of direction in pipes between two cleaning accesses should be limited. Normally it will be acceptable, that you have two 45 bendings and a duckfoot bending between two cleaning accesses. By connection of branch pipes to an accumulating
pipe, the length of the branch pipe should not exceed 10-15 meter. The number of and the
size of the changes of direction should be as small as possible, e.g. max. 45 for pipes with
more installation objects, and max. 90 for pipes with one installation object, see figure 12.
Branch pipes are difficult to clean, and changes of direction increase the risk for blocking
Figure 12. Limitation of length and number of changes of direction of branch pipe.
The distance between two cleaning accesses can be adjusted according to the chosen cleaning method. By normal drain installations, where it could be necessary to clean with cleaning-split, the cleaning accesses in wastewater pipes should be placed the following places:
In pipes in floor or below ground deck with a distance of at highest 20 m.
By change between standing and lying accumulating pipes in building.
After total change of direction of 90 no matter the distance to the next cleaning access.
In ground outside the building, so that the distance between the cleaning accesses is at
highest 40 m. Longer distances can be accepted, if it can be shown, that normal used
cleaning tools can be used. The distance between the last cleaning access in building
and the first in ground should at highest be 20 m.
Page 14
In building by change from pipe in building to pipe in ground.
Cleaning of rain water pipes is not so required. Still, cleaning accesses should be used in
rain water installations, so that the service pipe can be cleaned.
Change of direction of lying pipes

In pipes, which are connected to one installation object, form pieces with a change of direction of at highest 88, can be used. See figure 13.
When sharp changes of direction increase the risk of blocking, you should be careful with
pipes, that are very exposed for blocking, e.g. pipes from wc and kitchen sink. The bigger
radius the bending has, the more the risk for blocking is reduced. Therefore only 88 bendings with big radius should be used by change of directiopn in coupling pipes.
Figure 13. Change of direction of 88o can be used for pipes, which are only connected to
one installation object. A: Bad solution. B: Good solution.
In pipes, where more than one installation object is connected, you should use bendings,
which are at highest 45. Is the change of direction 90, a straight piece of pipe of at least
0,3 m should be insert between the bendings, see figure 14.
Figure 14. By changes of direction of 90 should be used two 45 bendings with a straight
piece of 0,3 m between the bendings.
Changes of direction of more than 90 should be made in manholes. Special form pieces
can be used on those conditions, which are stated in the VA-approval.
Page 15
Connection to lying pipes

Connection of lying pipes to lying pipes
Connection is mainly made with VA-approved form pieces in cleaning- and inspection wells or in
manholes.
Figure 15. Double branch pipes should not be used in lying pipes.
By connection in cleaning- and inspection wells built on the spot are used connection angles, which
are smaller than 60, and opposite connections should be displaced in proportion to each other, so
that flooding is avoided, see figure 16.
Figure 16. In wells build up on the spot, opposite connections should be displaced compared to each other, and the connection angles have to be smaller than 60.
Page 16
Examples of solutions
External roof downpipe
Figure 17. Roof downpipe connection to gully
Dry pipes
Figure 18. Dry pipes to the same gully
Connection of more gullys
Figure 19. Pipe layout from more gullys
Page 17
Drain from external basement steps
Figure 20. Floor drain without water trap led to gully outside the basement steps. Good
solution.
Figure 21. Floor drain with water trap led directly to the sewer system. Less good solution.
Page 18
Preparation of drain projects

Sewer plans
A building work, and also a drain work, must not be started without permission from the
local authorities. To acquire permission, an application has to be sent in, according to the
building regulations. This application has to be attended by a drawing, which shows possible existing and/or designed drain systems. This is called a sewer plan.
Sewer plans can contain information about as well installations in building as in ground,
which means both sanitary work and sewer work.
Purpose
A sewer plan has more purposes. As mentioned it should:
1. Form the basis of evaluation of the legality of the project compared with valid laws
and codes of practices and other provisions.
Furthermore it should:
2. Form the basis of material counting and evaluation of different work contributions,
which means pricing and arrangement of timetable.
3. Form the basis of execution of the work.
4. Form the basis of operation- and maintenance arrangements and future changes.
The sewer plan is very often supplemented with e.g. specifications and conditions etc., especially in the interests of point 2 and 3. This can be reasonable in purpose of expressing
special wishes or demands. But it is needless, if it is only a rattling off of the laws and
codes, which already are valid.
Drawing basis
The natural basis for a sewer plan is a building drawing (plan drawing) of the lowest storey, e.g. a basement plan. By bigger buildings with complicated foundations if possible a
foundation plan. The drawing basis should also include necessary cross sections, among
other things to be able to evaluate the proportions of the foundations. Furthermore a site
plan showing property-lines and adjoining roads is very often necessary to illustrate connections to main sewer pipes etc. Building drawings should contain sufficient informations
about levels on terrain and building parts (floor levels etc.).
Drain installations can be divided into internal installations (in building) and installations
in ground. By tradition these two domains are handed over to authorized professions: the
plumber and the sewer contractor. The border between these two professions is as a rule
the change by the floor against ground.
A drain project will very often contain the whole drain installation. Internal pipes are
drawn in the building drawings, but is very often detailed in diagrams of the drain installation, see figure 22 while pipes in ground are drawn in the basement- or foundation plan.
Page 19
Figure 22. Diagram of drainage installations
Example of sewer plan

A sewer plan should contain so many superscriptions and measurers etc., that the stated
systems can be built without further informations except for such that as usual are mentioned in a description (material and lying demands etc.). In figure 23 is shown an example
of a sewer plan. The superscriptions in the sewer plan is first of all distances, measures,
levels, dimensions, slopes and materials etc., and itn is of course possible to include further
more detailes. Still the drawing can very easy loose som clearness, if it is overloaded with
superscriptions. The extent of the superscriptions should be limited to the absolute necessary. Levels, which can be calculated without trouble from already given information,
should be avoided. Frequent superscriptions of common occurrence can be given in a unifying information, e.g.:
All abstract pipes are 110 mm PVC, which are laid with at least 20 o/oo.
Shortenings (of materials, objects etc.) are used as much as possible.
Superscriptions should be made with readable writing, so that it is clear, where it belongs.
See example of a sewer plan, figure 23 in next page.
Page 20
Figure 23. Example of sewer plan.
Page 21
Signatures for sewer plans

Signature
Remarks
New pipes
Separate system
Waste water system (solid line)
Rain water system (interrupted line)
Heavy line.
Perimeter drain (interrupted line with dots)

Heavy line.
Crossing pipes
The line for the lowest pipe is interrupted.
Bottom level should be insert parallel with
the pipe, it belongs to.
Water trap.
Existing pipes
Existing systems (short interrupted lines,
no matter which system)
Thin line.
Existing system, which is dismantled.

Cork. = Corking.
Wells and intercepting traps etc.

Cleaning- and inspection wells with bottom trenches.
Diameter of upleading pipe is 315 mm.
Bottom level 19,08 is well centre.
Manhole with bottom trenches and attached rain water inlet (plasher). Diameter
1,25 m (cone- and cover diameter are
normally not stated).
Bottom level 17,20 is well centre.
Levels for pipe lead-in can if necessary be
stated.
Page 22
Signature
Remarks
Wells and intercepting traps etc.

Gully (circular) with water trap and tight
cover.
With sand- and catch pit.
Diameter 300 mm.
Level to water trap (water level) 9,28.
Bottom level for inlet 10,05.
Gully (circular) with water trap and and

grating for surface inlet.
Diameter 300 mm.
Level for water surface 10,45.
Roof downpipe gully (gully with bending)

with water trap and cover.
Diameter 200 mm.
Floor drain with circular drain basin
(without water trap).
Floor drain with square drain basin (with
water trap).
Connection diameter should be stated.
Page 23

Planning and Design of Sewage

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Planning and Design of Sewage

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

PLANNING

VITUS BERING DANMARK