Outline

Review
Voltage Amplifiers
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Single time Constant (STC) Networks
Summary
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Review
Amplifier Saturation
NonLinear Transfer Characterstics(T.F) and
Biasing
Circuit Models for Amplifiers

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Different Types of Amplifiers

Voltage Amplifier
Current Amplifier
TransConductance Amplifier
TransResistance Amplifier

Voltage Amplifier
Input resistance Ri
Output resitance R0
Open circuit voltage gain AVo

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Voltage Amplifier (Input section)

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Voltage Amplifier (Input section)

Inorder not to lose a significant portion of the
input signal in coupling the signal source to
the amplifier input ,the amplifier must be
designed to have input resistance Ri must
greater than Rs

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Voltage Amplifier (Input section)

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Voltage Amplifier (Input section)

Ri >> Rs

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Voltage Amplifier (Output section)

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Voltage Amplifier (Output section)

Using voltage divider rule

Voltage Gain is given by

Voltage Amplifier (Output section)

Voltage Gain is given by

Inorder not to lose gain in coupling amplifier output

to a load, the output resistance R0 should be smaller
than the load resistance RL

Ro <<RL

 Overall voltage Gain vo /vs can be found by

using

Frequency Response of Amplifiers

A linear amplifier fed at its input with a sinesine

wave signal V and frequency
i

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Frequency Response of Amplifiers

Whenever a sine-wave
wave signal is applied to a
linear circuit ,the resulting output is sinusiodal
with the same frequency as the input
The output sinusoid will have different
amplitude and will be shifted in phase relative
to the input

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Frequency Response of Amplifiers

Two plots w.r.t frequency on X-axis
X
Magnitude plot
Phase plot
This plots together called as Bode plots

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Magnitude plot

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Phase Plot
Phase plot

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Amplifier Bandwidth

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STC Networks
An STC network is one that is composed of ,or
can be reduced to, one reactive component
(capacitance or inductance) and one resistance
An STC network formed by of an capacitance C
and a resistance R has a time constant =CR

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STC Networks
An STC network formed by of an capacitance C
and a resistance R has a time constant =CR

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STC Networks
An STC network formed by of an inductance L
and a resistance R has a time constant =L/R

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STC Networks
Most STC networks can be classified into two
categories
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter

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STC Networks Filters (ideal)

lowpass

highpass

bandpass

bandstop

STC Networks Filters

Filters (Realistic
(Realistic)
lowpass

highpass

bandpass

bandstop

STC Networks

This passes low frequency sine wave inputs

with little or no attenuation at w= 0
Attenuates the high frequency input sinusoids

This is a Low pass Filter

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STC Networks

This attenuates low frequency sine wave

inputs with little or no attenuation at w= 0
Passes the high frequency input sinusoids
This is a High pass Filter
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Low Pass Filter

Consider the circuit below.
+

VI

C
_

VO
_

Low pass filter circuit

1
VO ( jw)
jwC

1
V ( jw)
R
i
jwC

1
1 jwRC

Low Pass Passive Filter

1
VO ( jw)
jwC

1
V ( jw)
R
i
jwC

1
1 jwRC

Substituting j
=s

Low Pass Passive Filter

Substituting 0 = 1 / RC
0 = Corner Frequency

Design Low pass Filter for sub woofer with

cutoff frequency 150Hz
Hz

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High Pass Passive Filter

Consider the circuit below.

+
Vi

C
R

VO
_

High Pass Filter

VO ( jw)
R

1
V ( jw)
R
i
jwC

jwRC
1 jwRC

High Pass Passive Filter

VO ( jw)
R

1
V ( jw)
R
i
jwC

jwRC
1 jwRC

Substituting j
=s

High Pass Passive Filter

Substituting 0 = 1 / RC
0 = Corner Frequency

Active Filter

Active Element

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BJT
Amplifier

MOS
Amplifier

OPAMP
Amplifier

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Frequency response of STC networks

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Frequency response of STC networks

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Example
Original signal
Low-pass filtered

High-pass filtered

Band-pass filtered
Band-stop filtered