PAPER

NUMSER

sOCIETY OF PETROLEUMENGINEERS OF AIME

6200 North Central Expressway
Dallas, Texas 75206

SPE

3609

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO COmCTION

A Review

of

the

Concepts

Determining

and

~TNet

Methodology

of

Payi;

By
Richard H. Snyder, Member AIME, Core Laboratories,Inc.
American

@ Copyright 1971
Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum

Engineers,

Inc.

This paper was prepared for the 46th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AIME, to be held in New Orleans, La., Oct. 3-6, 1971. Permissionto copy is restrictedto an
abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract should contain
conspicuousacknowledgmentof where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhereafter
publicationin the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUMTECHNOLOGYor the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERSJOURNAL is
usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriatejournal provi$d agreement to give
proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and,

with the paper, may be consideredfor publicationin one of the two SPE magazines.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

A review of the methods of determining net pay in hydrocarbon-bearing

reservoirs is presented with emphasis
placed on the ultimate use of the net
pay map; i.e., for determining total
in-place hydrocarbons,
for the determination of the total energy balance
of the reservoir and evaluating seconThe use of
dary recovery prospects.
various logs, core data and test data
are discussed in conjunction with
The concalibration of the net pay.
cept of petrophysical
cut-off values
and approaches to their determination
An idealized reserare illustrated.
voir is mapped using net thickness,
pore volume and hydrocarbon pore volume
datums and the results compared.
The
results indicate that the mapping using
these different datums are essentially
compatible , dependent only on the inVolumetric
tended usage of the maps.
calculations are also made and the
results are compared and evaluated.

One of the most misunderstood

and
poorly defined terms used in reservoir
geology and formation evacuation is
The following
the concept of net pay.
discussion is an attempt to more precisely define this term, to demonstrate
methods of selecting net pay and show
that the intended use of the net pay
often determines how net pay is picked.
Several different systems of determining
net pay thickness and mapping techniques
for net intervals are illustrated using
Methods for caian example reservoir.
culating volumes of net pay from these
different types of maps are also discussed and compared.

References
of paper.

and illustrations

at end

DEFINITION

&

AND USAGE

To anyone faced with the task of

picking net pay in a reservoir the
first problem is concerned with defining
the various intervals and thicknesses
so that some degree of consistency beRefertween wells can be maintained.
ence to Figure 1 shows these intervals

A REVIEW
t

OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY

NET PAY
DETERMINING

and defines the different stratigraphic

gross and net terms commonly used in
the petroleum industry and also used
within this discussion.
As seen on the illustration,
the
gross interval of the formation spans
the distance between log marker a and
$2. The gross reservoir interval is the
distance between the top of the reser~f
~~.e
~e~~rv~ir,
b~se
voir a=d ~kL~
This interval contains both reservoir
and non-reservoir
rock; i.e., shale,
salt, anhydrite, gypsum, lignite, and
possibly dense limestones along with
The next smaller
the reservoir rock.
division defines the gross sand or
limestone interval or gross reservoir,
the interval in which the shales, salt,
The net interetc. have been removed.
val is the part of the reservoir that
contatns both hydrocarbons and water
and is porous and permeable reservoir
Finally the net sand interval
rock,
1S
the net
containing only hydrocarbons
There are many
oil pay or net gas. pay.
instances noted in the iiteratiire, i~
and in formaunitization discussions,
tion evaluation work that define net
pay in any or all of these categories.
The only difference between net oil pay
and net sand in this example is the
fact that an oilfw+,ker contact is
---- A in the S~E6
p~eaenL
whereas the diff~~ences between net sand and gross sand
is dependent on non-net reservoir rock.
Normally, the problem of net pay identification is not as simple as this
text-book example, mainly due to
the variations in stratigraphy,
especially lithology.
The main reason for determining
net pay is to obtain a numeric value
for the thickness term in the oil-inTherefore it follows
place formula.
the
that the reason Eor de~~l~pi~g
volumetric oil-in-place value determines the methods and parameters used
in defining net pay thickness.
For
example, the oil-in-place value is
used in many different ways; the principal use being for determining the
zm~-urLt~f -41
.* or gas av~ilahle fO~
primary production.
Other uses include determining the total amount of
oil and gas in place within a reservoir
so than an inventory of the total
energy of the reservoir can be estabOil-in-place
values also are
lished.
of interest in ascertaining
the amount
of hydrocarbons
that will be available
for secondary recovery,
Net pay values
car. alse be qsed for guides in field

OF
SPE 3609

development and as a unitization parameter . The following discussion is concerned with t-he effect these uses h~%e
~= the method of picking net PaY.
Volumetric

Oil-in-Place

The most common use of net pay is as

the thickness factor in the oil-in-place
equation and probably the majority of
net pay work is oriented towards this
This thickness value is the
factor.
most critical factor in oil-in-place
Certainly mistakes in
calculations.
porosity and water saturation can be
made and these erroneous values substituted into the equation, but these
errors are limited by maximum and minimum values inherent in these numbers;
matrix porosity must be between 1 and 2
percent and a maximum of 44 percent and
water saturation values cannot stray
much below 5 percent or much over 65
percent.
Therefore, it is the net pay
thickness that becomes the critical
value in the oii-in-piace equa~ioii as
4-L..-.
l%mits on this
LIICL- are no
number .

~Q=~~r~i~ing

Usually net pay for this application is selected with the idea that a
recovery factor will be applied to this
oil-in-place value.
The importance of this net pay
factor should be emphasized.
Estimates
of available oil and gas in place
throughout the world are most commonly
based on a volumetric oil-in-place
Current concern over United
number.
States, Russian and Middle Ease reserves
are based to a significant degree on the
accuracy of obtaining these net pay
numbers . One wonders as to the consistency between picking net for the huge
gas and oil fields in Russia, Siberia
a~d the Middle East in comparison to
the manner in which net sand is selected
from a deviated hole drilled off a Gulf
Coast platform to a salt dome for the
purpose of evaluating a lensing faulted
Miocene sand for the basis of a MER
hearing.
Determining

Total

Energy

A second reason for determining

net pay is concerned with defining the
total amount of hydrocarbons
in a reservoir so that the total energy of the
reservoir can be calculated.
In this
case both movable and non-movable oilin-place is desired.
Net pay values
for this application can be much higher

RTPHARD
.
.-4-..-. H,

S.FE 36G9

than for oil-in-place

calculations.
As
an example, net pay located in long
transition
zones
or
below producing
oillwater contacts is counted and included in this instance, but would
in
the previously
~rQh=bIy he excIuded
discussed volumetric oil-in-place
calIt is this movable plus nonculation.
-..-..L-l
riet pay *h4c-Irma==
..LA-....-w- tusecj in che
~uv=u-e
oil-in-place
calculation that should
check with material balance calculations.
Secondary

necovery

A third major reason for determining net pay in a reservoir is to evaluate the potential hydrocarbon avail~~~e for =e~ep.d=ry re~Qvery:
This
application
is especially important in
evaluating economics of waterflood
projects.
The method of picking net
pay in this case is slanted toward the
determination
of the amount of net pay
with favorable relative permeability
to the injection fluids, thus the major
criteria for determining net pay are
these favorable relative permeability
characteristics.
Miscellaneous

Uses of Net Pay

Finally, net pay determination

may
be used as a unitization parameter and
also net pay isopachous maps are used
as a guide for development drilling
programs and installation and design
of secondary recovery projects.
From the foregoing discussion, it
is important to realize that the net
pay can vary within a well dependent
on the ultimate usage of the net pay
value.
The net pay value checked by
material balance calculations can vary
from net pay for use in determining
oil-in-place available for primary
production, and both of these net pay
figures may vary significantly
from
net sand available for secondary
recovery operations.
METHODS

FOR DETERMINING

NET PAY

The basic or classic method for

selecting net involves the use of.S. P.
logs and/or Gamma Ray logs.
Using normal log criteria for determining the
the formations - or at
CQp and base Of
least changes in rock types - each
gross sand interval is marked on the
~Qg . These icterval thicknesses are
added and a total gross sand interval

SNYDER
Certain assumptions are
is obtained.
implied in this method; all the sand
is porous, permeable, and is capable
of contributing hydrocarbon,
no tar
shale parmats, bitumen, disseminated
ticles in pore spaces or any other
blocking or cementing materials are
present in the sand; consequently,
all
positive deflections are reservoir,
and all negative deflections are nonreservoir.
This is a valid technique if the
stratigraphic
section is a clean
alternating sandstone - shale sequence
with very porous and permeable clean
sand.
This is the classic manner of
picking net pay and is as valid as the
assumptions.
Classic areas for use of
this method are the Miocene Gulf Coast
sediments, the Woodbine of East Texas,
California Tertiary sandstones and the
This
Devonian sandstones of Algeria.
method is always the first step in any
net determination
work as it is in
essence separating non-reservoir
from
reservoir rock.
Often this is as
detaiied an aiitZl~SiS
Df
C=t
pay 2s is
necessary.
A more sophisticated method requires the use of porosity determining
logs in conjunction with the S. P. or
After the reservoir
Gamma Ray logs.
or gross sandstone reservoir is defined
from these lithology determining logs
only the porous - and probably permeable
interval of the porous rock is counted.
All types of porosity measuring
logs; Sonic, Microlog, Microlaterolog,
Density and Caliper may be used dependOnce
ing upon their availability.
these porosity indicating tools are
used it becomes necessary to define a
lower limit of porosity below which
the reservoir will not produce oil or
This
will not contain hydrocarbons.
porosity is commonly called the porosity
cut-off.
One effect of cut-off porosity and
logging tool sensitivity should be
mentioned ; if porosity logs are used
for making quantative estimates of
porous net sand, the lowest value of
porosity the log can measure automatFor
ically becomes a cut-off value.
example, certain wall resistivity
logs
have lower limits of sensitivity; below
which the log cannot measure porous
If these logs are used to
intervals.
quantatively evaluate net, only reservoir rock with porosity greater than the

A REVIEW
i

OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY

NET PAY
DETERMINING

-C-llmted
as
net
iower limits -will ~e -....
pay.
In other words - if the log shows
porosity the interval is net reservoir.
If no porosity is shown on the log,
then the interval is non-net.

This system again is adequate in

clean porous and permeable reservoirs
Best
with high porosity intervals.
results for this technique are found
in strongly contrasting porosity types
within sandstone or limestone reserThis technique is especially
voirs.
useful in alternating limestone-dolomite sequences where the porosity in
the dolomite interval is much greater
than the porosity in the interbedded
limestone.
The next step in defining net pay
is ~=corp~raring
COre analysis and
descriptions
with the porosity, S. P.,
With this data
and Gamma Ray logs.
two new and very important parameters
are available to help in defining what
is net pay, permeability and oil
saturation data.
Permeability
cut-off values can be
established and correlated with porosity cut-offs.
Also the lower depth
limits of oil saturation can be established which is necessary in describing
the total oil trapped in a reservoir.
Although resistivity logs can and are
used to determine these oil saturations, it is core analysis and core
descriptions
that are most useful in
reservoirs with long transition zones,
or with oil saturations many feet
below producing oil/water contacts.
Finally, in addition to all the
previously discussed logging tools and
core information,
the availability and
use of relative permeability
data in
ii~fi~ki~t~
net pay ~Q~t he
This type of data is very important in
evaluating the amount of reservoir
susceptible or compatible to waterflooding or other secondary recovery
schemes.
Permeability
to air of a
reservoir rock versus permeability
to
water or oil often makes significant
differences
in choosing cut-off
permeability.
Qe!ltiQn~de

One of the major factors that

influences the relative permeability
characteristic
of any formation is the
presence or absence of swelling clays,
so again the lithology of the formation
f~CtGi
in
detercan be a predorni.ii~tiiig
mination of net pay.
If the purpose of

OF
SPE 36C

defining net pay is to inventory the

amount of reservoir available and
susceptible to waterflooding
or gas
injection systems, a different method
and tools must be used to obtain reliable net thickness and consequent
oil-in-place volumes.
DETERMINATION

OF CUT-OFF

VALUES

From the previous discussion, itis

apparent that the net pay problem may
be re-defined into determining porosity
and/or permeability
cut-off values.
As
the intended usage of oil-in-place
determines the method of picking iist
pay, these uses also determine the
method chosen for delineating the cutoff value.
Normally, a permeability
and/or
porosity value is chosen as a cut-off
value based on intuitive judgment.
Often this method is sufficient,
especially when there is a large
difference between highest and lowest
values.
If the reservoir has a mixture
of 100s of millidarcy permeability
and
0.1 millidarcy permeability,
obviously
the 0.1 millidarcy is considered as the
Intuitively an occasioncut-off value.
al 2, 5 or even 10 millidarcy interval
will be considered below the cut-off.
A more difficult decision is required
if there are some 50 millidarcy
samIn this case, there
ples or intervals.
has to be something to make the decisior
as to whether it is net or non-net pay
other than just the 50 millidarcy
There are two facts
permeability value.
that can be used to include or exclude
obviOusiy,
if the 50
these samples.
millidarcy sample does not have oil or
gas saturation as reflected through core
analysis, oil staining, fluorescence,
odor or calculated oil saturation from
resistivity logs~ it can be excluded
and considered below the cut-off.
A
second calibration can be made using
D. S. T. andlor production tests.
If
the 50 millidarcy interval tests dry or
at some minimal or non-commercial
rate,
this permeability
or porosity can be
judged as at or below cut-off.
This
cut-off is applicable in the case of
defining net pay available for primary
production.
If an oil-in-place value
was needed for determining total energy
of the reservoir then the 50 millidarcy
interval would have to be included even
though oil andlor gas was not produced,
but oil saturation was present.

RI CHARD

SPE 3609
EXAMPLE

RESERVOIR

To see aii the effects of ?ks

usage of net pay and to show some mapping techniques for net pay in a simple
hypothetical reservoir has been developed and is used as an illustration.
The remainder of this discussion will
be concerned with this example reservoir,
The hypothetical
reservoir contain
20 wells.
Table I is a tabulation of
the basic data for these wells, including well identification,
top and base
of the reservoir in subsea depth, gross
thickness, net thickness, average
porosity, average water saturation and
calculated pore volume and hydrocarbon
pore volume.
Mapping

Techniques

Using this net thickness data for

each well, an fsopachous map of the net
thickness was drawn as shown by FigiiEe
2. This map was contoured using
straight interpretive contouring techniques as opposed to equi-distant or
The
mechanical contouring procedures.
map is interpretive in that the contouring parallels and honors the known
geologic information available on the
The reservoir could be a
reservoir.
channel sand development with thicker
net sand in the deeper portion of the
channel$ or the reservoir could be
double-mounded
sand bars with two
thick or high sand build-ups at the
top of the gross reservoir interval.
This type of map is normally
drawn in making the various net pay
analyses.
The advantages of such a
map is that contouring can be guided
by known geological principles and
facts.
For example, if the reservoir
is a channel sand and this formation
was known to be V shaped in cross
section rather than U shaped, the
appropriate geometry of the sand body
could be incorporated
into the contouring.
Sand bars, reefs, biostromes or
any of the myriad geometric shapes of
sedimentary bodies, all of which are
well known, can be readily incorporated
into the interpretive
contouring of net
pay isopachous maps.
Structural factors, such as roll-overs along fault
planes, suspected secondary mineralization or fracture planes and effects of
unconformity
surfaces can also guide
contouring and lead to more reasonable

SNYDER
The greatest disadinterpretations.
vantage in using net pay maps is not
i~, ~~,e --+**+-O hut in finding a
LubL.*..~
method for assigning of average pocosity
and water saturation values to the rock
volume.
In our example reservoir, the rock
isopackI
is
volume calculated from t&iS
7190 acre feet.
If we assign an arithmetic average porosity of 7.7 percent
calculated from the table, we have a
pore volume of 553.6 acre feet, and
using an arithmetic average water saturation of 54.3 percent we find we have
300.6 acre feet of oil in the reservoir.
A second mapping technique can also
be useful.
Using average porosity
values at the well locations and multiplying the fractional porosity values
by the wells net thickness results in
g nnl-a
=--- ~oi~~me datum far each well.
This
can be visualized as the feet of pore
space available for fluid storage at
--- ti-~ii
Th4
m
space Or p.0~~
eULh
j)C)i~8t.
..aAU
volume is contoured as shown on Figure
3. The advantage of this map is that
the porosity VaiueS fili the ~eS~~VGiZS
are automatically
volume weighted; however, as there are two parameters to
each datum, it becomes necessary to
contour this map mechanically,
and not
interpretively.
In the example reservoir, a volume
weighted pore volume of 623.5 acre feet
is calculated and by assigning the same
water saturation as was done in the
previous example, 338.6 acre feet of oil
is present in the example reservoir.
This is 11 percent higher than was previously found, the difference dependent
on the different contouring method;
mechanical versus the previously interpretive type and the volume weighting
of pore space in contrast to the arithmetically averaged value assigned in
the first case.
The advantage of this technique is
that the porosity values are weighted
and the contouring can be done mechanAgain if consistency and reproically.
ducibility
are needed, as Eor use iii
unitization work, this approach may be
desirable.
The next technique would be to
reduce this pore volume by the amount
of irreducible water saturation present
in the pore space and use this number
This calculation
as a mapping datum.

A REVIEW
6

OF THE CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGY

DETERMINING
NET PAY

results in values of hydrocarbon pore

This map
volume at each well location.
is presented as Figure 4. This map can
be visualized as tank or container
Advantages of this
filled with oil.
map are that both porosity and the
water saturation value are volume
~~~ghted,
From this map a total hydrocarbon
in place value of 342.7 acre feet has
been calculated, or only 1.2 percent
higher than the value calculated from
the pore volume map but 12 percent
higher than from the net isopachous
map .
The following technique will circumvent all of these problems by showing that through the use of structure
maps of the top and base of the reservoir and a net-to-gross
ratio, reliable
oil-in-place values can be calculated.
A structure map for the top and
base of the gross reservoir interval
are drawn and areas bet~ee~ ezcb. gtrluctural contour line are determined.
For our example reservoir, a structure
map on the top of the reservoir is
shown as Figure 5. The structure map
on the base of the formation is similar .
The addition of a few dry holes
along the perimeter of the field and
the problem of the sand body being
skewed off center from the structural
apex complicates the example reservoir
but demonstrates
the advantages of
this method.
The areas between the structure
contours for the top and base of the
reservoir are plotted versus height
above the oillwater contact, Figure
-..- -. .-6. Next th= aiea betwee~. +ke~lrw~s
is planimetered
and converted to a
gross reservoir volume.
An average
net-to-gross
ratio for the entire
reservoir is calculated from the basic
data in Table I and applied to the
gross column.
Using the same porositie
and fluid saturation data as in the
isopach map example, a volumetric oilin-place value of 349.9 acre feet is
This is only 10 percent
calculated.
higher than the lowest value calculated
using net pay isopach maps.
Two advantages of this method are
readily apparent; no isopach map is
needed , however, all the geological

OF

SFE 3609

data concerning geometry of the reservoir are incorporated

in the contouring
Secondly, the
of the structure maps.
ease in which average porosity data and
especially representative
water saturations can be assigned to the reservoir
on the basis of incremental net rock
volume above the oil/water contact.
If
capillary pressure data converted to
height are available, the assigning and
weighting of water saturation is probably the best and most representative
Figure 7 is a summary and
method.
comparison of the results of these four
techniques.
It appears from the foregoing
discussion that there is little percentage difference in the results of these
different gr=Phic=~ te~hnique~ for
determining oil-in-place volumetrically.
It also seems apparent that the techniqu
to use is one that best depicts the
poorest defined or most critical
variable.
If r~~ervoir geometry is the most
uncertain variable for example, then
the gross and net pay isopachs should
be used with interpretive contouring
rather than pore volume mapping and
Another example
mechanical mapping.
would be in the case of thin reservoirs
completely underlaid by a water level.
Then possibly the area versus height
approach using structure maps would be
most appropriate as water saturation
data could then be assigned in a more
representative
manner so that the
saturation data would be weighted by
reservoir volume in increments above
the water level.
Determination

of Reservoir

Volumes

Finally, after all the maps and

area versus height curves have been
drawn it then becomes necessary to
determine a numeric rock volume or
oil-in-place.
There are many techniques
for doing thisl, but normally either
gridding or planimetry is used to calcuWithin each of these
late volumes.
methods there are several ways of doing
this phase of the work.
The problems and techniques inherent in this, a most important facet
of the entire problem, of volumetric
oil-in-place,
could be the subject of
an entire paper, but will only be discussed very briefly here.

mm
&u

aAf)Q

4..4.

RICHARD
..

------

In gridding, area times thickness

can be estimated and integrated by eye
or through analog gridding counters,
-+.+i.t+~-l
......-----~Q~nLins Of random dots
within a grid, all at an amazing degree
In using planimetry,
of accuracy.
automatic and computerized digitizers
Even
or hand planimeters
can be used.
within the planimetry method there are
er
differing te~Flr~iq-UeS;CG?.ti~dCUS
summation of discrete areas planimetry,
and finally several differing calculating techniques can be uaed2.
Se e%-e=
in this phase of net sand determination,
multiple techniques are available, none
of which are standard or accepted as
Experience
the way to do the work.
f~ors
and time limitations, reproducibility of values, grid sizes and
efficiency all effect the choice of
methods for determining volumes.
What is the best way? In this
example we have calculated volumes
using standard planimetry techniques
and have used these figures in all the
volumetric calculations.
Also the maps
were gridded by eye-ball using
relatively small grid areas; i.e. ,
approximately
150 grids over the total
mapped area.
The results indicate
that there is little difference between
planimetry volumes using the summation
of areas and gridding.
The maximum
difference is 5 percent, but normally
is 1 to 2 percent, certainly within
the tolerance levels of the original
interpretation
of the data.
Can a
gross or net sand thickness be picked
on a Gamma Ray log less than one-half
a foot?
In a reservoir 10 feet thick,

H. SNYDER
this amounts to a tolerance of ~ 5
percent.
Are core analysis porosity
and permeability
or water saturation
reproducible
to ~ 5 percent?
Finally,
the ratio of the scale to the map to
the thickness of, or more astronomically, the percent of the reservoir
sampled by a 9-518 hole versus the
volume of sediments in 640 acres,
tolerance
accept~=ke~ a + 5
able.

percent

cIT?JMAQV
w..
. .. .. .

In summary, it is hoped that a

more precise definition of net pay has
been presented, and that an awareness
of the importance of the intended use
of net pay guides the manner of counting net pay, determining cut-off values
Through the
and mapping techniques.
use of an example reservoir it has been
demonstrated
that despite what datums,
averaging techniques or graphical
representation
of the reservoir are
made, results of oil-in-place
calculations are similar with maximum variations of 10 percent.
REFERENCES
1.

Campbell, J. M.: Oil Property

Evaluation, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
(1959) 135-137.

2.

Craft, B. C. and Hawkins, M. F.:

Applied Petroleum Reservoir
Engineeriitg,
P~eiltiC~Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
(1959) 27, 106.

TABLE 1 - BASIC WELL DATA

0
PERCENT

WELL
ID

(SUBSEA)

BASE
(SUBSEA)

GROSS
THICKNESS

1672

1712

40

5.0

0.20

70

0.06

1665

1703

38

15

5.5

0.83

40

0.50

1679

1716

37

6.0

0.42

70

0.13

1652

1694

42

10

5.0

0.50

60

6.23

1652

1697

45

22

6.5

1.40

25

1.11

1672

1721

49

7.9

0.71

60

0.28

1636

1688

52

10

6.0

0.60

70

0.18

1638

1698

60

10

7.4

0.74

65

0.26

1642

1689

47

15

8.0

1.20

40

0.72

10

1650

1688

38

19

7.9

1.50

35

0.98

11

i665

17D0

35

~~.z

n
K7
.<*

gg

0.10

12

1679

1726

47

18

11.0

1.98

45

1.09

13

1678

1721

43

11.5

1.03

55

0.46

14

1691

1731

40

20

9.5

1.90

40

1.14

15

1701

1751

50

9.1

0.36

80

0.07

16

1700

1752

52

11

9.0

0.99

45

0.54

17

1710

1767

57

8.3

0.25

70

0.08

18

1704

1760

56

13

8.8

0.11

45

0.06

19

1700

1757

57

iO.i

0.40

70

.~2
n

20

1698

1750

52

22

9.0

1.98

25

1.49

1673

1733

60

1665

1735

70

1715

1763

58

1690

1743

53

1710

1772

62

TOP

NET/GROSS
AVERAGE
g
AVERAGE
Sw

=
=
=

18.5%
8.09%
54.5.%

NET
nAv
rnl

Sw
.PF!RCF.NT
--------

Hcpv

SPor

R
L-m

GR

NET SAND

NET PAY

II I

~:,

,
,,
m
rl
LdJ
!1

~,

Fig.

Definition

of

reservoir

intervals.

E
+D

II

Fig.

Net

pay

isopachous

map

(Cl.

= loft).

1
,:

E
+
D

Fig.

Iso-pore

volume

map

(C.i.

= O.s

$~j.

E
+
D
+

V.L u

Fig.

Iso-hydrocarbon

pore

volume

map

(C.I.=0.5 HCPV).

Fig.

5 .

st~u~ture

Map top

of

reservoir

(Cl.

10

t).

1630

1640
Ii

,650V A

+ I660
IA

:-1670 v//,///~
s
C9
G
z 1680

TOP OF STRUCTURE

1690 -.-F Ar e-rntlm-rll

Dr
A

w>

Ilvv

>F>FL///////

/h\
I

()/w-1710

200

I000

800

600

400

I200

AREA-ACRES
Fig.

6 -

Height

reservoir

vs

area

volume

for
(from

determination
of 9roSS
structure
maps) .

I400

1600

1800

ROCK VOLUME
(A~c./
Ft.)

NET OIL

PORE

HYDROCARBON

STRUCTURE

SAND

VOLUME

PORE VOLUME

MAPS

7955
7190

(N/G = 18.5%)
\

623.5-

o
o
0
(1)

7.7

7.7
342,7-

so
(1 -SJ
H.C.P.V.

54.3

54.3

54.3

300.6

338.6

332.6

(!\C./Ft.)
Fig.

Comparison

of

r,~sults

of

mapping.