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Activity A
Activity B
Activity C
Activity B
Activity A
Activity C
Historical Origins
Developed by Dupont
and Remington Rand
in the 1950s to
manage plant
maintenance projects
Prof. John W. Fondahl,
Stanford University
adapted CPM for
Construction in 1961
ES
EF
Activity A
TA
LS
LF
Activity A
TA
EF
Activity A
TA
EFA = ESA + TA
EFA = 10
Activity A
i
j
Activity C
i
Activity B
ESB
ESc ? = 10
EFb = 8
Vi
LFB
Activity B
i
Activity C
LSC =6
Vj
LFC
LF
Activity A
TA
LSA = LFA - TA
Concept 2: 12 Relationships
4 categories of relationships
4 x 3 = 12 relationships
Finish-Start Relationships
No lag
1 day
+ve lag
1 day
14
Place Forms
3 days
Remove Slab
Shoring
2 days
-1
Excavate
1 day
Pour
Foundations
-ve lag
Start-Start Relationships
1 day
Place
Forms
1 day
Prepare
Rebar
3 days
Excavate
2 days
1 day
6 months
Design
3 months
Pour
Foundations
No lag
+ve lag
1 Year
Construct
+ve lag
Finish-Finish Relationships
1 day
Grade
End-Sems
4 months
No lag
Prepare
Final
Grades
1 day
Grade
End-Sems
1 day
4 months
Prepare
Final
Grades
+ve lag
Start-Finish Relationships
1 day
Interior Wood
Paneling
2 days
No lag
Interior
Carpeting
More on Relationships
Lags can be represented as percentages
Most Relationships are Can relationships
2 days
A
2 days
B
Concurrent Activities
Test Mock-up Wall
Build Forms
Assemble Rebar
Concurrent Activities
Erect Masonry Wall
1 day
1 day
Install In-Wall
Electrical Conduits
Concurrent Activities
Dig holes for trees
1 day
1 day
Plant Trees
Concurrent Activities
Erect Masonry Wall
-1 day
1 day
Install In-Wall
Electrical Conduits
Concurrent Activities
Erect Masonry Wall
-1 day
1 day
Install In-Wall
Electrical Conduits
Concurrent Activities
Haul Fill Dirt
Concurrent Activities
Haul Fill Dirt
Representing Activities
Early Start
Activity
Number/Free
Float
Early Finish
Late Start
Total Float
Late Finish
An Example Network
1
A
Start
D
Finish
E
F
B 6
D 2
Finish
E 3
Start
F 4
C 2
A 3
9
B 6
8
D 2
9
Finish
E 3
Start
4
F 4
8
C 2
A 3
0
B 6
3
8
D 2
9
9
Finish
E 3
Start
0
0
0
4
F 4
9
7
6
8
C 2
Introduce Floats
0
A 3
0
B 6
3
8
D 2
9
9
0
0
Finish
E 3
Start
0
0
0
4
F 4
9
7
6
8
C 2
7 1 9
A 3
0
B 6
3
8
D 2
9
9
0
0
Finish
E 3
Start
0
0
0
4
F 4
9
7
6
8
C 2
7 1 9
B
D
Start
Finish
Start
C 2
D 2
B 4
H 6
E 4
F 6
G 3
K 2
Finish
A 3
0
5
C 2
Start
B 4
8
E 4
10
4
F 6
10
13
G 3
14
16
K 2
H 6
D 2
14
16
16
Finish
A 3
3
0
C 2
6
Start
0
B 4
0
10
14
10
13
G 3
F 6
7
13
13
16
K 2
E 4
4
14
H 6
D 2
0
14
16
14
16
16
Finish
16
16
16
Introduce Floats
0
A 3
3
0
C 2
6
Start
0
5
8
6
B 4
0
14
8
0
8
10
10
13
G 3
F 6
13
13
16
K 2
E 4
4
14
H 6
D 2
0
14
16
14
16
16
Finish
16
16
16
A 3
3
0
C 2
6
Start
0
5
8
6
B 4
0
14
8
0
8
10
10
13
G 3
F 6
13
13
16
K 2
E 4
4
14
H 6
D 2
0
14
16
14
16
16
Finish
16
16
16
Floats
Free Float?
Free Float is the amount of time an activity
can delay but not delay the termination of
the project nor delay the start of any
following activity
FFi = Min ESj EFi , j
7
B 2
7
2
FFA = 1
A 2
5
12
6
C 6
9
15
Total Float
Total Float is the amount of time an
activity can delay but not delay the
termination of the project
TFi = LSj ESi
7
B 2
7
2
TFA = 5-2 = 3
TFB = 7-5 = 2
TFC = 9-6 = 3
A 2
5
12
6
C 6
9
15
Interfering Float
Interfering Float is the time span in which
the completion of an activity may occur
and not delay the termination of the
project, but within which completion will
delay the start of some following activity
The portion of total float which affects
other activities but not the project finish
date.
INTFi = TFi FFi
7
B 2
7
2
TFA = 3
FFA = 1
INTFA = 3-1 = 2
A 2
5
12
6
C 6
9
15
Independent Float
Independent Float is the time an activity
might delay and not delay the termination
of the project, not delay the start of any
following activity and not be delayed by
any preceding activity
INDFj = Min ESk ( k) Max LFi ( i) - Tj
A 2
22
D 2
14
C 2
22
B 6
28
E 6
16
Cs Independent Float
A
INDC = 20162=2
B
C
D
E
14
16
18
20
22
Time
A 2
Lag = 4
Lag = 3
B 6
3
11
As SF and FNF
SFA=0-0=0
FNFA=7-2=5
TFA=?
Lag = 3
A 2
0
B 6
3
11
Lag = 4
0
A 4
Start
0
E 7
G 1
C 3
D 2
F 5
Finish
12
B 8
4
0
Start
0
A 4
0
19
E 7
12
12
19
19
G 1
C 3
4
12
19
D 2
10
20
12
F 5
12
14
19
20
20
Finish
20
20
20
Floats
Activity ES EF LS
LF
TF FF INTF INDF
12
12
12
10
12
12
19
12
19
12
14
19
19
20
19
20
Float Analysis
Float of a path = CPM duration path duration
Average Float = Average of total floats
Is too much float a good thing?
Too much float indicates construction sequence is not
efficient
15
22
B 8
E 7
0
13
23
24
24
Start
A 4
C 3
G 1
Finish
10
13
23
D 2
F 5
Start
C 2
D 2
B 4
3 days
H 6
E 4
2 days
F 6
G 3
K 2
Finish
Start with all the arrows that enter the activity from the left
For FS arrows use the EF of the preceding activity
For SS arrows, use the ES
Add or subtract lags from these arrows (add negative lag,
subtract positive lags)
The maximum of these is the ES
To find EF
Start with all the arrows that enter the activity from the right
For FF arrows use the EF of the preceding activity
For SF arrows, use the ES
Add or subtract lags from these arrows
The maximum of these and the (ES + Duration) value is the
EF
Start with all the arrows that exit the activity from the right
For FS arrows use the LS of the succeding activity
For FF arrows, use the LF
Add or subtract lags from these arrows
The minimum of these is the LF
To find LS
Start with all the arrows that exit the activity from the left
For SS arrows use the LS of the succeding activity
For SF arrows, use the LF
Add or subtract lags from these arrows
The minimum of these and the (LS - Duration) value is the
LS
1 day
Forward Pass
A 3
0
6
C 2
Start
3 days
B 4
2 days
8
E 4
12
6
F 6
12
15
G 3
15
17
K 2
H 6
D 2
15
17
17
Finish
Backward Pass
1 day
A 3
0
0
C 2
3
Start
0
6
3 days
B 4
1
2 days
12
15
12
15
G 3
F 6
14
14
17
K 2
E 4
15
H 6
D 2
0
15
17
15
17
17
Finish
17
17
17
Introduce Floats
1 day
A 3
0
0
C 2
3
0
0
Start
0
6
6
9
3 days
B 4
1
15
2 days
9
12
12
15
G 3
F 6
14
14
17
K 2
E 4
5
15
H 6
D 2
0
15
17
15
17
17
Finish
17
17
17
Critical Path
1 day
A 3
0
0
C 2
3
0
0
Start
0
6
6
9
3 days
B 4
1
15
2 days
9
12
12
15
G 3
F 6
14
14
17
K 2
E 4
5
15
H 6
D 2
0
15
17
15
17
17
Finish
17
17
17
Thank You