ELECTROCHEMISTRY

AND
REDOX REACTIONS
(PAPER 3)

JOHOR 2007
1. An experiment is carried out to investigate the effect of concentration of ions
on the selective
discharge of the ions at the electrodes. The setup of apparatus of the
experiment are shown in
Diagram 1.

The experiment is carried out by using copper(II) chloride solutions of 1.0 mol
dm"3 and 0.001 mol dm-3. The gas collected at anode is tested with damp blue
litmus paper and glowing splinter.

(a) Complete the Table 1 by stating the observations and related inferences in
the experiment.

Electrolyte

Copper(II) chloride solution of 1.0

mol dm-3

Observations at anode
Damp blue litmus paper :

Glowing splinter:

Damp blue litmus paper :

Copper(II) chloride solution of 0.001
mol dm-3
Glowing splinter:

TABLE 1
[3 marks]
(b) State the colour change of copper(II) chloride solution when experiment is
carried out.
[3 marks]
(c) Complete Table 2 based on the experiment.
Name of variables Action to be take
(i) Manipulated
(i) The way to manipulate variable:
variable:

(ii) Responding
variable:
(iii) Fixed variable:

(ii) What to observe in the responding variable:

(iii) The way to maintain the fixed variable:

[6
marks]
(d) State one hypothesis for the experiment.

[3 marks]

SBP 2007
2. Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment to construct the
electrochemical
series by measuring the potential difference of a few pairs of copper and
metal M in a simple
3

voltaic cell using 1.0 mol dm

copper(II) sulphate solution as an electrolyte.

The result gained is shown in the table 2

Cell

Metal pairs Cu / M

Voltage cell / V

I
II
III
IV
V

Cu / Fe
Cu/Al
Cu/Mg
Cu / Zn
Cu / Cu

0.8
2.1
2.7
1.1
0.0
TABLE 2

(a) State a hypothesis of the experiment.

Negative
terminal
Iron, Fe
Aluminium, Al
Magnesium, Mg
Zinc, Zn
Copper, Cu

[3 marks]
(b) Based on Table 2, arrange all the metals according to descending order of
electropositivity.
[3 marks]
(c) What is the inference that can be made from voltage cell V.
[3 marks]

(d) The diagram below shows simple voltaic cell IV before and after an
experiment.

What can you observed in cell IV?

[3
marks]
(e) Predict the voltage cell if zinc and aluminium are used to construct
electrochemical series.

[3
marks]

JOHOR 2008
2. A student carried out an experiment to investigate the effect of type of
electrodes on the
product formed during electrolysis.
Both the carbon anode and cathode were weighed.
Copper(II) sulphate solution was electrolysed using carbon electrodes for 30
minutes.
Both the carbon anode and cathode were weighed again.
The experiment was repeated using copper electrodes.
Diagram 2.1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis of copper(II)
sulphate solution
using carbon electrodes.

Diagram 2.2 shows the set-up of apparatus for the electrolysis of copper(II)
sulphate solution using copper electrodes.

(a) Write the observations at the anode and cathode for both the electrolysis.

Type of
electrodes

Observations

Anode:

Carbon
Cathode:

Anode:

Copper
Cathode:

[3 marks]

(b) Based on the observations at the carbon cathode and copper cathode in both
experiments, what
inference can be made?
[3 marks]
(c) Write the half-equation that may occur at the anode for both carbon and
copper electrodes.
Carbon anode:
Copper anode:
[3 marks]
(d) State the operational definition for the reaction that takes place at the carbon
anode and copper
anode.
[3 marks]
(e) Describe the change that you would see in the copper(II) sulphate solution
using carbon
electrodes if the time for the experiment is extended to 45 minutes.

[3 marks]
(f) Classify all positive and negative ions that are found in the copper(II) sulphate
solution.
[3
marks]

PAHANG 2009
Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus used in an experiment to determine
the position of different metals in the electrochemical series by measuring the
voltage of different pairs of metals.
The experiment is repeated by replacing metal M with metals N, P and Q and salt
solution of M with the respective salt solutions of N, P and Q. The copper
electrode is the positve terminal in all the experiments.

Diagram 1.2 shows the voltmeter readings of all the experiments.

(a) Record the voltmeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.2.
[3 marks]
(b) Construct a table to record the voltmeter reading for the different pairs of
metals.

[3
marks]
(c) State one hypothesis based on this experiment.
.
[3 marks]

(d) State the observations that can be made for this experiment after 20 minutes
at:
(i) The negative terminal:
(ii) The positive terminal:
(iii) The copper(II) sulphate solution:
[3 marks]
(e) Explain your answer for (d) (iii).

[3 marks]
(f) State the operational definition for the position of metals in the
electrochemical series.

[3 marks]
(g) For this experiment, state:
(i) The manipulated variable
(ii) The responding variable
(iii) The constant variable
[3
marks]
(h) Based on the voltmeter readings, arrange all the metals in ascending order of
their
electropositivity.
[3 marks]
(i) The experiment is repeated by using different pairs of metals as shown in
Table 1. Predict the
positive terminal and the voltage for each pair of metals by completing the
table.
Pair of Metals
M and N
N and P
M and P

Positive Terminal

Table 1

Voltage / V

[6 marks]

(j) The following is a list of chemical substances:

Sodium chloride
Silver chloride
Zinc sulphate
Lead(II) sulphate

Classify these substances into substances that can be made as an electrolyte

and substances that cannot be made as an electrolyte.

[3
marks]

TERENGGANU 2009
1. The diagram 1 below shows the set-up apparatus of the experiment to
investigate the effect of
metal on rusting of iron, when it is in contact with other metals. Three iron
nails coil with different
metals are placed separately into three test tubes A, B and C, the test tube D
as a control. Each of
the test tubes is filled with a agar-agar solution containing a small amount of
phenolphthalein and
potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution. The apparatus is set aside for one
day.

Table below shows the result of the experiment is set aside after 1 day.

Test tube

Intensity of
blue colour

None

None

Very high

Low

Pink
colouration

Present

Present

Present

Present

Inference

(a) State the hypothesis for this experiment.

[3
marks]
(b) For this experiment, state:
(i) The manipulated variable:

(ii) The responding variable:

(iii) The constant variable:

[3
marks]

(c) Based on the observations, complete the inferences in the table above.
[3 marks]
(d) Write half-equation in oxidation and reduction for the rusting of iron.
Oxidation :
Reduction :
[3 marks]
(e) State the operational definition for the rusting of iron.

[3
marks]
(f) State the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution.

[3
marks]
(g) Explain why rusting of iron is the redox reaction.

[3
marks]
(h) Explain why the present of pink colour all over the test tube.

[3
marks]
(i) State the change of the oxidation number of iron occurs in test tube C.
[3
marks]
(j) Based on this experiment classify the metals can provide sacrificial protection
and metals that
cannot provide sacrificial protection to iron.

[3 marks]
(k) State three ways to control rusting of iron.

[3
marks]

JOHOR 2010
1. Table 1.1 shows the observation in five test tubas used to investigate the
effect of other metals on
rusting. A mixture of jelly solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll), K 3Fe(CN)6
solution and
phenolphthalein were used as medium in each test tube.The observations
were recorded after
one day.

(a) State the observation and Inference for each test tube.
Test
Observation
tube
1
2

Inference

3
4
5
[6
marks]
(b) Based on this experiment, explain why there Is a difference In observation
between test tube 2
and 3.

[3 marks]
(c) State the hypothesis for the experiment.

[3 marks]

(d) For this experiment, state:

(i) The manipulated variable:
(ii) The responding variable:
(iii) The constant variable:
[3
marks]
(e) State the operational definition for the rusting of Iron nail.
[3 marks]
(f) Magnesium, copper, zinc and tin were used in this experiment to investigate
the effect of other
metals on the rusting of Iron nails. Classify the metals by completing Table 1.2.

Metals that inhibit rusting

Metals that speed up rusting

Table 1.2
(g) An Iron nail was placed on a moist cotton to Investigate the time taken for the
Iron nail to rust
completely. The observations are shown below.

(i) State the relationship between the time taken and the amount of rust formed.
[3 marks]
(ii) The iron nail will take 5 days to rust completely In the water. Predict the time
taken for the iron
nail to rust completely if it is placed in salt solution.
.
[3 marks]
(h) In another experiment the pairs of metals In test tube 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
dipped into dilute
sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and were connected to a voltmeter. The reading of the
voltmeter are
shown in Diagram 1.

Based on diagram 1, record the voltmeter readings in Table 1.3

Pairs of metal

Positive
terminal

Voltmeter reading
(V)

Magnesium and
Iron
Iron

Iron and copper Copper

Iron and zinc

Iron

Iron and tin

Tin

Table 1.3

[3 marks]
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the voltaic cell using magnesium and iron
with dilute sulphuric
acid as electrolyte.

[3 marks]

KEDAH 2011
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the position of metals in
the reactivity
series. Solid potassium manganate(VII) is heated to produce oxygen gas to
react with metal
powder. The experiment is carried out using powdered metals of
magnesium,aluminium, zinc and
copper.

Table 1.1 shows the observations of the experiment.

(a) Write the observations for the reaction of copper powder with oxygen gas in
Table 1.1. [3 marks]
(b) Complete Table 1.2 for all the variables involved in this experiment.

Variables
(i) Manipulated variable:

Actions to be taken
(i) The method to control the manipulated
variable:

(ii) Responding variables:

(ii) What to observe in the responding variables:

(iii) Controlled variable:

(iii) Method to maintain the controlled variable:

Table 1.2
[6 marks]
(c) State the hypothesis for the experiment.
[3 marks]
(d) State the function of the glass wool.
[3 marks]
(e) State the operational definition for the reactivity of metal powder with
oxygen.
[3 marks]

(f) Based on the observations in Table 1.1, arrange magnesium, aluminium, zinc
and copper in
descending order of reactivity towards oxygen.

[3 marks]
(g) Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to construct the Electrochemical
Series. The voltage
produced when dipping the copper and magnesium electrodes into the
solution is measured. The
experiment is repeated by replacing magnesium with aluminium and zinc.

(i)

Copper(II) sulphate solution is an electrolyte.

Classify the ions that exist in copper (ll) sulphate solution into cation and
anion.
Cation

Anion

[3 marks]

Diagram 1.2 shows the readings of three voltmeters each using different
metals paired with copper.
Diagram 1.2

(ii) Based on Diagram 1.2, record the voltmeter readings in Table 1.3
Pair of metals
Cu and Mg
Cu and Zn
Cu and Al

Negative terminal
Magnesium
Zinc
Aluminium

Voltage/V

[3
marks]
(iii) Based on the voltmeter readings, arrange magnesium, aluminium, zinc and
copper in ascending
order of tendency to release electrons.

Tendency to release electron increases

[3 marks]

The experiment is repeated using the pair of metals : magnesium and zinc
Predict the voltmeter
reading.

[3
marks]

MARA 2011
1 Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for three sets of experiment to
investigate the effect of
copper and magnesium on the rusting of iron, Fe.

Diagram 1.1

(a) State one observation that can be obtained from each set of the experiment
in Table 1.2.
Set
I
II

Observation

III
Table 1.2
[3 marks]
(b)(i) State the inference for each set of the experiment in Table 1.3.
Set
I

Inference

II
III
Table 1.3
[3 marks]

(b) (ii) Based on the experiment, arrange the three metals in ascending order of

electropositivity.

[3 marks]
(c) For the experiment, state:
(i) The manipulated variable:

(ii) The responding variable:

(iii) The constant variable:

[3 marks]
(d) State the hypothesis for the experiment.

[3 marks]

(e) Another experiment is conducted by coiling the iron nail with silver.
Predict the observation for this experiment compared to the experiments in
Table 1.1.

[3 marks]

(f) State the operational definition for the rusting of iron in the experiment.

[3
marks]
SBP 2011

1. Two experiments were carried out by a group of students to investigate the

effect of the type of
electrodes on the product formed during electrolysis.

Experiment I
Electrolysis using carbon electrodes and 0.01 mol dm -3 copper(II) chloride
solution is used as an electrolyte.

Experiment II
Electrolysis using copper electrodes and 0.01 mol dm -3 copper(ll) chloride
solution is used as an electrolyte.

Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the set-up of the apparatus for both
experiments.

(a) Complete the Table 1 by stating the observation for both experiments.
Experiment
I
II

Observation at anode
Table 1
[3

marks]
(b) State the inference from the observation in 1(a) for Experiment II.
[3
marks]

(c) State the hypothesis for the experiment.

[3 marks]
(d) Based on the experiment, state
(i) the manipulated variable:
(ii) the responding variable:
(iii) the constant variable:
marks]

[3

(e) If 0.01 mol dm-3 copper(ll) chloride solution in Experiment I is replaced by 1.0
mol dm-3 copper(II)
chloride solution, predict the product formed at the anode.
[3 marks]

TERENGGANU 2011
2. Diagram 2 shows the set-up apparatus of the experiment to investigate the
effect of metal on
rusting of iron, when it is in contact with other metals. A mixture of jelly
solution, potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution and phenolphthalein were used as
medium in each test
tube. The apparatus is left aside for one day.

Diagram 2

(a) Complete the Table 2 by stating the observations in the experiment.

Test tube
Intensity of
blue colour
Intensity of

Very high

II
None

III
High

IV

None

None

pink colour
Table 2
[3
marks]
(b) Based on the observation in test tube III, state the inference.
[3
marks]
(c) State the operational definition for the rusting of iron.
[3
marks]
(d) A metal X is placed below copper in Electrochemical Series.
Predict one observation when the metal X is coiled with iron nail and
immersed in mixture of jelly
solution, potassium hexacyano ferrate (III), K3Fe(CN)6 solution and
phenolphthalein.
[3
marks]
(e) State the relationship between the intensity of blue colour and the rate of

rusting.
[3
marks]
(f) Classify the following metals into metals that inhibit rusting of iron and metals
that speed up
rusting of iron.
Aluminiu
Lead
m
Silver
Tin
Metals that inhibit rusting of iron

Metals that speed up rusting of

iron

JOHOR 2011
1. Table 1 shows the observations in three test tubes used to investigate the
effect of other metals
on rusting. A mixture of jelly solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(lll),
K3Fe(CN)6 solution and
phenolphthalein were used as medium in each test tube. The observations
were recorded after
one week.

(a) State one inference for each test tubes I, II and III.
Test tube I:
Test tube II:
Test tube III:
[3 marks]
(b) For this experiment, state:
(i) The manipulated variable:

(ii) The responding variable:

(iii) The constant variable:
[3 marks]
(c) State the hypothesis for the experiment.
[3 marks]
(d) State the operational definition for the rusting of iron nail.

[3 marks]
(e) Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment.

Predict an observation for the experiment after a week.

[3 marks]

PERLIS 2007

Diagram 2.1 above shows the decreasing order of electropositivity of metals from
metal P, Q, R, S, T to U based on the potential difference between two metals.
Plan an experiment to determine the position of these metals in The
Electrochemical Series.
Your planning should include the following aspects:
(a) Aim of the experiment
(b) All the variables
(c) Statement of the hypothesis
(d) List of substances and apparatus
(e) Procedure of the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data.
marks]

[17

KEDAH 2007
3.
The electrochemical series for zinc, magnesium, copper
and iron can be constructed by measuring the potential
difference between them.
Plan an experiment to construct the electrochemical series for the metals.
Your planning must include the following items :
(i) Aim of the experiment
(ii) Statement of the hypothesis
(iii) All the variables
(iv) Lists of substances and apparatus
(v) Procedure
(vi) Tabulation of data
[17 marks]
TERENGGANU 2007
The further the distance between two metals in the
electrochemical series, the bigger the potential difference.

You are given the copper strip, lead strip, iron strip, zinc strip, aluminium strip,
magnesium strip and copper(lI) sulphate solution.Referring to the statement
above, plan a laboratory experiment to construct the electrochemical series of
the potential differences using different pair of metals.
Your explanation should include all the followings:
(a) Aim of the experment
(b) All the variables
(c ) Statement of the hypothesis
(d) List of materials and apparatus
(e) Procedure of the experiment

(f) Tabulation of data

[17 marks]

SBP 2007
A more electropositive metal acts as a sacrificial metal
which corrodes itself to protect iron from rusting
You are given the iron nails, magnesium ribbon, zinc strip, copper strip and tin
strip. Referring to the situation above, plan a laboratory experiment to
investigate the effect other metals on the rusting of iron.
Your planning must include the following items :
(i) Statement of the problem
(ii) Statement of the hypothesis
(iii) All the variables
(iv) Lists of materials and apparatus
(v) Procedure of the experiment
(vi) Tabulation of data
marks]

[17

MARA 2010
2. Diagram 2 shows a galvanised zinc roof which is made from iron coated by
zinc layer and a food
can made from iron coated by tin layer. Both galvanised zinc roof and food
can are not easily
corroded.

Referring to the above example, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate

the effect of other
metals on the rusting of iron.

You are given iron nails, magnesium ribbon, zinc strip, coppcr strip and tin
strip.
.
Your planning should include the following:
(a) Statement of problem
(b) All the variables
(c) Statement of hypothesis
(d) List of substances and apparatus
(e) Procedure of the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data
[17
marks]

KEDAH 2010
3 Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to study the effects of metals X and Y
on the rusting of iron.

Referring to the information above, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate

the effect of
named metals X, Y on the rusting of iron.
Your planning should include the following aspects:
(a) Aim of experiment
(b) All the variables
(c) Hypothesis

(d) List of materials and apparatus

(e) Procedure
(f) Tabulation of data
marks]

[17

KELANTAN 2007
3. Table 4 shows some example of the oxidising agent solution

OXIDIZING AGENT SOLUTION

Chlorine water
Acidified Potassium manganate(VII) solution
Acidified Potassium dichromate(VI) solution
Bromine water
TABLE 4

You are also provided with the potassium iodide solution as a reducing
agent and all the apparatus needed in the experiment to investigate redox
reactions in terms of the transfer of electrons at a distance.
You are required to plan an experiment to investigate the relationship between
the strength of oxidizing agent and the deflection of galvanometer's needle.

Your planning should include the following aspects:

(a) Aim of the experiment
(b) Statement of the hypothesis
(c) All the variables
(d) List of materials and apparatus
(e) Procedure of the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data
[17 marks]

MARA 2011

3. Diagram 3 shows a situation faced by Mr. Ahmad at a rest area.

The above situation shows an application of a type of voltaic cell in daily lives.
Plan a laboratory experiment to construct the Electrochemical Series using a
voltaic cell. You are required to use the following metals; copper, iron,
magnesium and zinc.
Your planning should include the following aspects:

(a) Aim of experiment

(b) All the variables
(c) Statement of the hypothesis
(d) List of susbstances and apparatus
(e) Procedure for the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data
marks]

[17

SBP 2012
3. Diagram 3 shows one method used to prevent the rusting of iron.

Diagram 3
Table 3 shows the observations when iron is in contact with different type of
metals for a few days.
Metal in contact with iron
Metal R
Metal S

Observation
Blue colour is formed
Pink colour is formed
Table 3

Based on above information, plan one experiment to investigate the effect of

other metals on the rusting of iron .
Your planning should include the following aspects;
(a) Problem statement

(b) All the variables

(c) Statement of the hypothesis
(d) List of substances and apparatus
(e) Procedure for the experiment
(f) Tabulation of data

TERENGGANU 2011
3. A student inserted copper plate and zinc plate into a lemon and connects it
to a voltmeter. She
noticed that voltmeter needle deflected.

Based on the situation above, plan a laboratory experiment to construct the

Electrochemical Series based on the potential difference between two metals.
You are given copper (II) sulphate solution, magnesium strip, zinc strip, iron strip,
lead strip and copper strip.
Your planning must include the following items:
a) Aim of the experiment
b) All the variables
c) Statement of the hypothesis
d) List of materials and apparatus
e) Procedure of the experiment
f) Tabulation of data
JOHOR 2011
3. Diagram 2 shows some samples of battery. Battery is a voltaic cell that can be
built using any two
different metals and suitable electrolyte.

Diagram 2
Voltmeter reading of voltaic cell depends on the pair of metals used as
electrodes.
Plan a laboratory experiment to investigate that different pairs of metal
produce different
voltage of a voltaic cell.:
(a) Problem statement
(b) All the variables
(c) Hypothesis
(d) List of material and apparatus
(e) Procedure
(f) Tabulation of data