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INTRODUCTION
In the construction of all modern electrical installation, one ground is usually run
through the building to keep the impedance as low as possible low Impedance in
the ground is needed to make sure that the fuse blows when something gets short
circuited to ground wire, the protective earth connection should be able to carry
a heavy current to protect the user from live -to- chassis faults by ensuring that
the fuse or circuit breaker will operate .so the requirement is that the protective
earth conductors can carry a 25A fault current for at least 1 minute.
Unfortunately all buildings have big electrical equipment such as air conditioning
units, refrigerator, washer/driers and other high current devices connected to the
building ground.
A ground system means that there are grounding rods which are in
direct contact with the ground, and the metal conductors which connect
them to grounded parts of electrical installation.
2. DEFINITIONS:
Earthing: Connecting to the earth or ground.
Neutral Earthing: Connecting to earth, the neutral point, i.e. the star
point of generator transformer, neutral point of grounding transformer.
Reactance Earthing: Connecting the neutral point to earth through a
reactance.
Resistance Earthing: Connecting the neutral point to earth through a
resistance.
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Soil
Receptivity (ohm.cm)
100- 5000
Clay
200-10000
5000-100000
Surface limestone
10000-1000000
Limestone
500-400000
Shales
5000-10000
Sandstone
2000-200000
Granite, basalts
100000
Decomposed gneisses
5000-50000
Slates
1000-10000
2. Moisture content
Usually, the percentage of humidity or moisture content is in the range of
10-15% and soil treatment should be made to reach this value.
3. Salt Concentration
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Added salt %
Resistivity, ohm.cm
10700
0.1
1800
460
190
10
130
20
100
4. Temperature
The resistivity of the soil is also influenced by temperature
Temperature
C
20
10
0
0
5
-15
F
68
50
32 (water)
32 (ice)
23
14
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Driven rods can be driven to considerable depth down till moisture level
resulting in big reductions in resistance.
Seasonal variations are very much less with deep rods than with buried
electrode.
On a given area and to a given depth a small number of rods will
approach closely to the resistance of an infinite number of rods on the
same area, this would be the minimum resistance which could be obtained
without extending the area.
The connection between the earth rod and the earthed path can be quite
simple and easily inspected.
6. EARTHING SCHEMES
EARTHING SCHEMES
T-T
SCHEME
T-N
SCHEME
I-T
SCHEME
T-N-C
SCHEME
T-N-S
SCHEME
T-N-C-S
SCHEME
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6.2 TN SCHEME:
6.2.1 TNC SCHEME (4 wires) :
Its principle:
The transformer neutral is earthed; the electrical load frames are connected
to neutral.
The same conductor acts as a neutral
and a protective conductor.
This scheme is not permitted for
conductors of les s than 10mm2 & for
portable equipment.
Where:
neutral.
SCPD:
device.
When the neutral and the protective conductor are separated downstream
of part of the installation in the
TN-C system.
Note that:
The TN-S cannot be placed
upstream of the TN-C.
TN scheme operation:
An insulation fault on a phase
becomes a short-circuit and the
faulty part is disconnected by a
Short-Circuit Protection
Device (SCPD).
if a second fault occurs on another phase before the first fault has been
eliminated (see fig.b and c ), the frames of the loads in question are
brought to the potential developed by the fault current in the protective
conductor (PE) connecting them. The SCPDs (for the frames
interconnected by the PE) or the RCDs (for the frames with separate earth
connections) provide the necessary protection.
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7. CHOICE CRITERIA:
1st criterion:
No earthing scheme is universal.
To choose the earthing scheme, analyze every case separately.
The best solution often involves several different earthing schemes for
different parts of the installation.
2nd criterion :
It must satisfy the following fundamental criteria:
Protection against electric shock.
Protection against fire of electric origin.
Power supply continuity.
Protection against over voltage.
Protection against electromagnetic disturbances.
3rd criterion :
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4th criterion :
In terms of over voltage & electromagnetic disturbances (IT, TTANDTNS)
schemes are equally satisfactory.
5th criterion :
For an economic comparison all costs must be taken into account:
Including:
Design.
Maintenance.
Modification or extension.
Product losses.
8. SUMMARY:
R = 2
R=
8L
((ln ) 1)
2L
d
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Where:
R: Resistance of the electrode in ohms
: Soil resistivity in ohm meter
L: Length of the rod in meters
d: Diameter of the rod in meters
As our hotel locates on the red sea especially in Sharm el sheikh and
according to the previous factors that affecting the soil resistivity and as the
salt concentration is very high in our soil
So from the above tables we find that = 100 ohm.cm.
As we will use rod earthing electrode, so we will calculate the resistance of
this rod according to the following relation:
R=
8L
((ln ) 1)
2L
d
Where
R=0.325 ohm
As we find the value of resistance of one rod is very small which is very
good value so, we will use one rod with the above dimensions to earthing
our building and no need for more rods
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