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Editor: Mela Ottaiano
Cover design by Maria Lilja
Interior design by Kelli Thompson
ISBN-13: 978-0-439-59025-9
ISBN-10: 0-439-59025-6
Copyright 2008 by e2 Publishing Services, LLC
All rights reserved. Published by Scholastic Inc.
Printed in the U.S.A.
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Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Chapter 1
Words That Cause Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Homographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Words Pronounced Differently as Different Parts of Speech . . . 28
Commonly Confused Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Nouns With Irregular Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Nouns That Are Always Plural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Collective Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Words With Silent Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Silent e Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Words Not Spelled as They Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 2
Vocabulary Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Prefixes (From Greek, Latin, and Old English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Suffixes (From Greek, Latin, and Old English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Roots (From Greek, Latin, and Old English) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Compound Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Clipped Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Common Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Acronyms and Initialisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Words From Mythology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Words Based on Names of People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Words Based on Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Words From Wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Portmanteau Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Words Shakespeare Added to the Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Words Coined From Literature and Movies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Contents
Chapter 3
Words From Other Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Words From African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Words From Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Words From Australian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Words From Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Words From Dutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Words From French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Words From German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Words From Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Words From Hindi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Words From Italian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Words From Japanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Words From Latin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Words From Native American Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Words From Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Words From Russian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Words From Sanskrit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Words From Scandinavian Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Words From Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Words From Turkish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Words From Yiddish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
French Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Latin Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Spanish-English Cognates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
British-American Words and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Chapter 4
Word Differences and Wordplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Shades-of-Difference Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Adjectives That Show Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Color Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Euphemisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
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Regionalisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Onomatopoeia Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Nouns and Adjectives for Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Palindromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Idioms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Words That Come in Nonreversible Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Two-Part Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Chapter 5
Jargon and Technical Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Business Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Media Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Computer Words and Technology Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Geography Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Music Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Health Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Art Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Measurement Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Sports Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Writers on Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Introduction
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Introduction
As you use this book, here are some activities you can do to
reinforce the lists:
A
fter
C
reate
S
tart
B
ring in examples of graphic novels. Have students discuss
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Chapter 1
Words That
Cause Problems
My students are
often confused by
homophones they
read. I need more
examples than the
ones provided in
my textbook.
Homophones
Homophones are words that sound alike but are spelled
differently and have different meanings.
Easy
A
aid
aide
help
assistant
ail
ale
be sick
a drink
ate
eight
aye
eye
yes
an organ for sight
10
bare
bear
not covered
a large animal
be
bee
to exist
an insect
beat
beet
to hit or defeat
a vegetable
been
bin
ast participle of be
p
a container
blew
blue
brake
break
part of a machine
that slows it down
smash
bread
bred
capital
capitol
seat of government
building where state
legislature meets
cell
sell
room in a prison
offer for sale
cellar
seller
basement
a person selling
something
cent
scent
sent
100th of a dollar
odor
past tense of send
cents
scents
pennies
odors
cheap
cheep
not expensive
s ound made by
young bird
chews
choose
grinds up food
pick
creak
creek
squeak
a stream
dear
deer
someone loved
an animal
dew
do
moisture
perform
die
dye
stop living
coloring
ewe
you
a female sheep
pronoun that refers
to the person being
addressed (Im
speaking to you)
fair
fare
flour
flower
for
fore
four
a preposition
t he front of something
the number after
three
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gnu
knew
new
an African antelope
past tense of know
opposite of old
groan
moan
grown pastparticiple of grow
H
dried grass
informal greeting
to perceive sound
this place
hi
informal greeting
high far above the ground
hole
whole
a hollow space
complete
hour
our
60 minutes
belonging to us
lie
to recline
lye a strong substance
used for cleaning
in
the opposite of out
inn atavern or small hotel
belonging to it
contraction of it is
pail
pale
a bucket
light; lacking color
pair
pear
two of a kind
a fruit
its
its
rap
to knock
wrap to cover with paper
or cloth
read the past tense of
the verb read; found
meaning in written
words
a color
red
right
correct
wright someone who makes
or repairs something
write to compose or put
words on paper
road
a path
rode past tense ofride
rowed past tense ofrow;
paddled
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11
a flower
paddles a boat
some
sum
not all
the total
son
sun
a male child
the star around which
Earth rotates
sea
the ocean
see to perceive through
the use of the eyes
to a preposition
showing direction
too
also
two the number between
one and three
toe
tow
altar
not strong
seven days
wood
timber
would is or was willing to
Target
A
air
heir
a mixture of gases
that we breath
someone who inherits
alter
B
aisle
Ill
isle
a passageway
I will
a small island
bail
bale
12
bark
barque
baron
barren
a nobleman
empty
base
bass
bottom of something
deep voice
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beach
beech
sandy shore
a type of tree
berth
a bed on a ship or
train
the beginning of life
birth
billed
build
s ent a statement of
charges
to construct
boar
bore
a male hog
to make someone
lose interest
board
bored
a piece of wood
not interested
born
brought into
existence; given life
past participle of bear
borne
cereal
serial
a breakfast food
a story published
in installments
(one part at a
time)
crews
cruise
cue
chute
shoot
cite
sight
site
clause
claws
a passage or
shaft
to fire or
discharge
t o name or
mention
the ability to see
a place or
location
a group of words
with a subject
and predicate
the curved nails
of an animal
queue
brews
bruise
bridal
bridle
but
butt
prepares a drink
a damaged and
discolored area on
the skin
relating to a wedding
leather straps to
control a horse
except
to hit or push
coarse
course
r ough; not
smooth
a path or route
colonel
kernel
a military officer
a grain of cereal
complement
compliment
t o go well with or
add to
praise
coop
coupe
a pen or cage
a car
core
corps
center; main
a military unit or
other group of
people
cymbal
symbol
a stockpile
money
council
counsel
a n assembly or
committee
to advise
a musical
instrument
a sign
days
doe
dough
a female deer
mixture of flour,
water, and other
ingredients
dual
duel
E
earn
urn
to make money
a vase
eaves
eves
cache
cash
a prompt or
signal to do something
a line of people
daze
borough part of a large city
burro
a small donkey
burrow a small hole in which
an animal lives
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13
grate
faint
feint
to pass out
to pretend
faun
a mythological
creature with the
body of a man and
the horns and legs
of a goat
a young deer
fawn
great
grater
greater
grease
Greece
feat
jam
jamb
a fruit spread
art of a window or
p
door frame
knead
need
t o press or work
dough to make a
smooth mass
to require
feet
flair
flare
style
to burn brightly
hail
hale
frozen rain
in good health
flea
flee
a bug
to leave quickly
hall
haul
a corridor or
passageway
to carry
heard
herd
lessen
lesson
higher
liar
lyre
links
lynx
connections
a wildcat
load
a burden; something
carried from place to
place
a deposit of ore
flew
flu
flue
a way of walking or
running
a type of door or other
moveable barrier
gate
genes
jeans
gilt
guilt
L
H
hire
gait
14
hoarse
horse
idle
idol
idyll
lain
lane
leak
a n opening from
which water drips
a vegetable similar to
an onion
leek
lode
loan
lone
a n amount of money
you borrow with the
promise to pay it back
single; only
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
loot
lute
booty; plunder
a musical instrument
similar to a guitar
moose
mousse
morn
mall
maul
a shopping center
to tear or attack
Mays
maze
meat
meet
mete
medal
meddle
might
mite
mourn
minor
moor
more
a shortened form of
morning; the time
period before noon
to grieve for and feel
sad
mussel
a bundle of fibers
in the body that contributes to movement
and strength
a type of marine
creature with a shell
naval
navel
a n award or badge of
honor
to intrude or get in
the way
ode
owed
a type of poem
required to pay
someone else
power or strength
a bug
overdo
t o go beyond or do
too much
late; tardy
pause
paws
to stop briefly
the feet of an animal
peak
peek
pique
peal
t he ringing or
clanging of bells
to take away the skin
or outer covering
peel
pedal
peddle
peer
pier
t he part of a bike or
car that you operate
with your feet
to sell
t o look at something
closely and carefully
a platform jutting out
over the water
overdue
miner
pain
pane
plain
plane
simple
a flat surface
pleas
please
poor
pore
not wealthy
a tiny opening or
hole, particularly in
the skin
to rain heavily
pour
pride
pried
hurt; ache
the glass part of a
window or door
profit
prophet
s trong feeling of
self-worth
past tense of pry ;
forced open
money made; benefit
someone who tells
the future or speaks
for a deity
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15
roomer
quarts
quartz
root
rain
reign
rein
raise
rays
raze
to lift
beams of light
to destroy or tear
down
raiser
s omething or
someone that
raises something
a sharp tool for
shaving
razor
read
t o interpret written
words
a slender stalk of
grass
reed
real
reel
actual; genuine
a spool
recede
16
rumor
reseed
review
revue
to examine
a type of variety show
ring
wring
a circular band
to twist or squeeze
route
rote
wrote
memorized
past tense of write ;
composed
rung
wrung
slay
sleigh
to glide or fly
painful; tender
scene
seen
sight; setting
past participle of
see; perceived
shake
sheik
shear
sheer
shone
shown
side
sighed
surface or face
past tense of sigh ;
exhaled noisily
stationary
stationery
not moving
paper used for
correspondence
steal
t o take something
that doesnt
belong to you
a metal; a strong
alloy of iron and
carbon
soar
sore
to kill
a vehicle pulled
over snow or ice by
a horse
steel
straight
strait
not crooked
a channel or narrow
body of water
suite
sweet
a group of rooms
sugary
sundae
an ice-cream
dessert
a day of the week
Sunday
T
teas
tease
tees
plural of tea ;
drinks made from
leaves of a tea
plant
to kid or mock
plural of tee ; pegs
used to hold golf
balls
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their
there
theyre
belonging to them
a t that place or point
they are
throne
thrown
vale
veil
a spice
moment; instance
tide
tied
tighten
titan
to make tighter
a person of extraordinary achievement
t o walk through
shallow water
weighed past tense of weigh ;
measured how heavy
something is
undo
undue
vein
waist
waste
way
weigh
vain
vane
whale
whey
conceited
a flat metal blade
that turns in the wind
a blood vessel
wed
weed
we had or we would
a wild plant that people
want to get rid of
which
witch
what one
a make-believe
person with supernatural powers
whine
wine
to complain or cry
a n alcoholic drink
made from grapes
whoa
woe
stop
trouble and sorrow
whose
whos
belonging to whom
who is
wind
wined
to turn or twist
gave wine to
wade
wail
thyme
time
a valley
sheer fabric covering
the face
youre
your
you are
belonging to you
yoke
a wooden frame or
harness
the yellow part of an
egg
yolk
to make cloth
we have
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17
Challenge
broach
aerie
airy
an eagles nest
open and spacious
aural
oral
B
burger
burgher
a meat patty
a comfortable,
middle-class citizen;
in medieval Europe, a
merchant
censer
censor
sensor
bait
a lure; something to
attract a fish or other
animal
lessen; lower
bate
baize
bays
bask
a coarse woolen or
cotton cloth
areas by the sea
canon
cannon
canvas
canvass
a n approved set of
writings
a weapon or big gun
a heavy fabric
to campaign or drum
up support
chord
cord
click
carat
a unit used to
measure precious
stones such as
diamonds
a mark showing
where something
belongs
a root vegetable
caret
beer
bier
an alcoholic drink
a table holding a
casket or dead body
carol
carrel
a song
a small partitioned
work space
cygnet
signet
bite
byte
cast
caste
to throw
a social class
determined by birth
cede
seed
to yield or give up
something you plant
to grow plants
Basque
bloc
block
a union of countries
a large, solid piece
brooch
t o mention or bring
up a topic
a pin used as jewelry
carrot
clique
complacent
complaisant
ducked
duct
a container for
burning incense
a person who
examines material to remove
anything considered offensive
a device that
senses light,
movement, or
temperature
change
t wo or more
musical notes
played together
string or thin
rope
t o make a sharp,
short sound
a close group or
circle of friend
smug or selfsatisfied
behaving in a
way that will
please others
a baby swan
a small seal
(a signet ring)
g ot down quickly
to avoid being
hit or seen
a pipe or tube
through which
something flows
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faze
phase
t o bother or disturb
a period of time; a
stage
leach
leech
lean
lien
gamble
gambol
gorilla
guerilla
t o bet money or
property
to frolic or move
about playfully
a large ape
a fighter; a member
of an irregular or
paramilitary group
that operates in
small bands
levee
levy
t o slowly take
something away
a blood-sucking
creature
palate
palette
pallet
plait
plate
a braid
a dish
plum
plumb
a fruit
a lead weight at the
end of a line
psalter
a book containing
psalms
a person who sells
salt
a n embankment for
preventing flooding
to impose a tax
salter
M
mantel
mantle
a frame around
or shelf above a
fireplace
the part of Earth
between the crust
and the core
hoard
horde
holy
wholly
hostel
hostile
to save up
a large group of
people
sacred
totally; completely
an inexpensive inn
not friendly; showing
anger
mask
masque
mean
mien
not nice
manner, appearance,
and bearing
mews
key
quay
s omething for
unlocking a door
a dock or jetty
s omething covering
the face to disguise a
person
a type of play with
masked performers
muse
rancor
ranker
itterness; resentment
b
someone who ranks
things
rapped
rapt
tapped; knocked
enthralled; completely
caught up in
wrapped covered with paper
or cloth
reek
wreak
rest
wrest
rye
wry
t o stink or smell
strongly
to bring about; to
cause
t o take it easy or
relax
to gain with
difficulty; to seize
a cereal grain or
grass
having a dry wit;
ironic
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19
sachet
sashay
scull
skull
a small pouch of
scented powder or
potpourri
to sway or glide
a small racing boat
the bony framework
of the head
sear
seer
to burn or scorch
a fortune teller
serf
a peasant who
worked the land in
feudal Europe
waves
surf
staid
stayed
step
steppe
stolen
stollen
surge
shier
shire
sign
sine
a poster or mark
a geometric function
to go down
sink
sync
shortened form of
or synch synchronization;
harmony; causing
things to happen at
the same time
20
o ne raised platform
in a set of stairs
a very large plain
without trees
ast participle of
p
steal ; taken without
permission
a sweet fruitbread
that originated in
Germany
tacked
serge
settled; dull
ast tense of stay ;
p
remained
tact
tic
tick
a twitch or sudden
contraction of the
muscles
a clicking sound
timber
timbre
wood; lumber
a quality of a sound
tort
torte
a wrongful act
a rich cake
tracked
tract
troop
a group of people
with a similar purpose
troupe
a company of actors
vial
taper
tapir
team
a group working
together
to pour or be full of
teem
tear
tier
a droplet of water
from the eye
a row or level
vile
waive
wave
wet
whet
not dry
to sharpen
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Homographs
Homographs are words that are spelled alike, but have different
word origins and different meanings. You see them listed as
separate entries in the dictionary. (Starred words are also
pronounced differently.)
Easy
A
arm
t o give someone a
weapon
a body part
arm
B
ball
ball
a round object
a formal party
band
band
bank
bank
bark
bark
bat
bat
bill
bill
box
box
a group of musicians
a strip often used to
hold things together
a place to keep money
a slope of land leading
down to water
a loud sound made
by a dog
the rough outer
covering of a tree
a wooden stick
a flying mammal that
comes out at night
a birds beak
a check or list
showing how much
money is owed
a container
to fight with the fists
calf
calf
a young cow
the back of a persons
leg between the knee
and ankle
can
can
a container
is able to
close*
close*
nearby
to shut
date
date
a fruit
a day, month, and year
dear
s omeone loved or
valued
a salutation in a letter
does*
does*
performs; acts
more than one doe,
or female deer
dove*
dove*
a type of bird
past tense of dive;
went under water
duck
duck
a swimming bird
to get down quickly
in order to avoid being
hit or seen
pleasing; just
a market; a gathering
to celebrate an event
lie
lie
live*
live*
dear
fair
fair
t o recline or stretch
out
to tell a falsehood
not dead
to pass through life;
to be alive
mine
mine
s omething belonging
to me
an excavation made
in the earth for the
purpose of extracting
minerals
pen
pen
pit
pit
a n enclosed area
where an animal is
confined
a writing instrument
a hole in the ground
the stone-like object
in a fruit
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21
pound
pound
pound
a unit of weight
a place where
animals are kept
to beat
row
row
a series of objects
placed next to each
other
to use paddles to
move a boat
seal
seal
a marine mammal
to close
shed
shed
R
S
ring
ring
a circular band
to sound a bell
rose
rose
saw
saw
well
well
healthy
a hole from which
water is drawn
bound
Target
bay
affect*
affect*
to have an effect on
to take on airs or
pretend to be
something
bail
bail
base
base
bottom; stand
vile; corrupt;
contemptible
bass*
bass*
a fish
a low-pitched sound
batter
batter
22
bay
bay
bay
bear
bear
blow
t o breathe hard on
something
sudden, unexpected
bad luck
blow
bluff
bluff
to pretend
a cliff
boil
t o heat in order to
change from liquid
to gas
a painful sore filled
with pus
boil
bore
bore
to pierce
to make someone
uninterested; to tire
mentally
bound
bound
bound
brush
brush
to clean or groom
a thick growth of
bushes
cape
cape
a n outer garment
without sleeves
a spit of land
projecting into
the water
case
a box; a container
case aset of circumstances
(the case against
someone)
chaff
chaff
art of grains of
p
wheat
to poke fun at
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chap
chap
a boy or man
to redden, harden,
split, and become
sore
might
might
force
maybe
mint
mint
a flavorful plant
a place where coins
are made
fine
fine
in good condition
money paid as a
penalty
mold
mold
to shape
fungus
firm
solid; compact
firm
a group of people
selling goods and
services
felt
felt
chest
chest
converse*
converse*
corn
happy; satisfied
e verything contained in something
opposite; contrary
to have a conversation with
a vegetable with
kernels on long ears
a hardening of the
skin on the toe
corn
court
court
to date; to woo
a yard
cue
cue
a signal or prompt
a long rod for
playing pool
curry
curry
game
game
grate
grate
to shred
a framework of
metal bars covering an
opening
jam
jam
a fruit spread
to push things
together
junk
junk
worthless things
a flat-bottomed
sailing boat
K
D
desert*
desert*
down
down
a large expanse of
arid land
to abandon
opposite of up
the soft feathers of
a young bird
kind
kind
warm; generous
type; category
match
match
a contest
a stick with a tip you
can light
pad
pad
page
o ne side of a piece of
paper
to summon someone
page
palm
palm
pants
pants
breathes heavily
trousers
peer
peer
to look closely
an equal
perch
perch
a freshwater fish
a rod or stick on
which a bird sits
pitch
pitch
a dark, sticky
substance like tar
to throw
plane
plane
an aircraft
a carpenters tool
pool
pool
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23
pore
pore
a tiny opening
to read carefully
press
t o bear down or
squeeze
to force into military
service
press
spell
tire
squash
squash
a gourd
a game similar to
handball but played
with a racket
stole
stole
a shawl
past tense of steal ;
took something that
didnt belong to you
spell
spell
rare
rare
unusual
c ooked so that the
inside is still red
(a rare steak)
rash
rash
hasty
a red, itchy skin
condition
root
root
root
S
sound
sound
sound
sound
24
tarry*
tarry*
temple
toll
toll
school
school
tire
tense
tense
till
till
a cashbox
to prepare land for
crops
vault
vault
a place where
valuables are kept
to leap or jump
wind*
wind*
wound*
wound*
an injury
past tense of wind
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Challenge
buffet*
adder
adder
affected m
ade to happen;
brought about
affected pretentious
angle
angle
arch
arch
t he space formed at
the point where two
lines meet
to scheme to get
something
a curved structure
haughty
bisque
bisque
a creamy soup
a pale, yellowish color
bit
bit
a little piece
a unit of information
on a computer
past tense of bite
bit
broach
broach
buff
to bring up a topic
to move a boat broadside to the wind or
waves
a person with deep
knowledge
to shine or polish
buff
buffer
buffer
buffet*
bumble
bumble
burden
burden
a meal of many
different dishes laid
out on a large table
from which people
serve themselves
to strike repeatedly; to
batter
t o make a buzzing
noise like a bee
to act clumsily or
ineptly
s omething carried or
borne
a recurring idea or
theme
burn
burn
to be on fire
a small stream
bustle
bustle
C
caper
caper
capital
capital
char
char
chop
chop
a fish similar to
a trout
to burn or scorch
t o cut into small
pieces
to change directions
suddenly
chord
chord
a line segment
a combination of
three or more notes
chow
chow
food
a breed of dog
chum
chum
a pal
bait
cobbler
cobbler
deal
card
card
deal
carp
carp
a fish
to quibble or find fault
dice
dice
a business
transaction
wood from a fir
or pine tree
game cubes
t o chop into small
pieces
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25
die
die
to stop living
a game cube
(pl. dice)
diet
food a person
regularly eats
a legislative body
diet
lay
lay
lay
lay
March
march
fluke
fluke
mail
entrance* a door or way in
entrance* to put in a trance or
under a spell
pawn
letters, cards,
packages
armor with interlocking rings
the third month of
the year
to walk in line with
regular movements
a fish
something
unexpected
maroon
maroon
a purplish-red color
to leave someone
behind
mist; smoke
to harass someone
mean
mean
mean
unkind; cruel
average
to signify
meet
meet
suitable; fitting
to encounter
someone
haze
haze
I
invalid*
invalid*
iris
iris
kill
kill
26
pawn
pink
pink
plump
plump
chubby
to drop down heavily
pod
a casing or housing;
a shell
a group of marine
mammals
pod
primer*
primer*
an undercoat of paint
an elementary
textbook teaching
reading
quarry
quarry
quash
quash
minute*
minute*
60 seconds
very tiny
a n animal that is
hunted; prey
a pit where stone
is dug out of the
ground
t o set aside a law or
ruling
to put down forcibly;
to suppress
mule
mule
a pack animal
a slipper or backless
shoe
t o cause something
or someone to die
a stream
patter
patter
recover
recover
to get back
to cover again
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refrain
refrain
refuse*
refuse*
rent
t he part of a song or
poem you repeat
to hold back or not do
dont accept; to
decline
garbage
rent
resort*
resort*
resort*
a vacation place
an option or chance
to sort again
shoal
shoal
shallow water
a large school of fish
shock
shock
a thick mass (a
shock of hair)
to surprise or disturb
greatly
tart
tart
t o perceive through
the eyes
an area controlled by
a bishop
tender
tender
sensitive to touch
to make an offer in
writing
a small boat
troll
troll
shy
shy
bashful
to throw or fling
spit
a narrow body of
land projecting into a
body of water
to expel saliva
see
see
sheer
sheer
spit
tender
wax
wax
a make-believe
creature
to drag a line through
the water
a slightly greasy
substance used for
polishing
to increase in size
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27
Easy
H
Target
A
a buse (n.)
a buse (v.)
mistreatment
to treat badly
behavior
to lead; to behave
a struggle or fight
to be opposed to or contradict
a competition
to disapprove of or challenge
something
an agreement
to form an agreement
a battle
to fight
difference
to show the difference
28
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mo bile (adj.)
mo bile (n.)
de light (n.)
de light (v.)
joy; pleasure
to give pleasure to
de mand (n.)
de mand (v.)
a strong request
to request boldly and forcefully
di gest (n.)
di gest (v.)
ob ject (n.)
ob ject (v.)
P
ex cuse (n.)
reason not to do something
ex cuse (v.) to give a reason not to do
something
ex port (n.) something sent outside of the
country for sale
ex port (v.)
to send something to another
country for sale
G
im port (n.)
im port (v.)
in sult (n.)
in sult (v.)
o fficial permission or a
license to do something
to allow something or give
permission for it
an official document
to write down for official use
re bel (n.)
re bel (v.)
re ject (n.)
re ject (v.)
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29
re lay (n.)
re lay (v.)
re cess (n.)
re cess (v.)
a temporary break
to halt for a short period
se pa rate (adj.)
se pa rate (v.)
distinct
to divide
Challenge
at tri bute (n.)
at tri bute (v.)
ab sent (adj.)
ab sent (v.)
not present
to keep away
ab stract (adj.)
ab stract (n.)
ab stract (v.)
not concrete
a brief statement summarizing
the main ideas
to take away or remove
af fect (n.)
af fect (v.)
ad vo cate (n.)
ad vo cate (v.)
a supporter
to speak out in support
al ly (n.)
al ly (v.)
friend
join with
well spoken
to voice or express yourself
clearly
a quality or characteristic
to give credit to or assign a
characteristic to
30
de fect (n.)
de fect (v.)
a fault or flaw
t o leave your country
because you find fault with
its government
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de so late (adj.)
de so late (v.)
a copy
to make a copy
R
E
re coil (n.)
es cort (n.)
es cort (v.)
re coil (v.)
T
L
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31
Easy
A
angel
angle
a heavenly being
the space formed
between sides of a
triangle or other
geometric shape
among
used to connect
three or more things
between used to connect two
things
B
can
may
diner
dinner
is able to
has permission to
a n expanse of arid
land
a sweet treat
an informal restaurant
or a person eating
the main meal of
the day
less
a small number of
things that can be
counted (few apples)
a smaller part of
a whole or mass
(less pie)
not tight
to misplace or not be
able to find
pedal
s omething on a car
or bike you operate
with your foot
part of a flower
quiet
quite
without noise
to a considerable
extent
well
loose
lose
petal
good
32
dessert
few
borrow
lend
desert
a djective meaning
satisfactory or fine
adverb meaning
satisfactorily,
comfortably, or
adjective meaning
healthy
than
then
trail
trial
used after a
comparative
adjective or adverb
(bigger than)
at that time; therefore
to track or follow
a hearing in the court
of law
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Target
A
accent
ascent
assent
t he individual way
you pronounce
a word
a climb or rise
to agree to something
anxious
eager
worried; uneasy
excited; enthusiastic
award
something given
as a result of a
decision by judges
(an award for
perfect attendance)
something given in
return for a service
(a reward for finding a
lost cat)
reward
accept
except
to take or agree to
not including
adapt
t o modify or change
for a particular
circumstance
to legally take into
ones family
adopt
advice
advise
affect
effect
alley
ally
a passage between
buildings
a friend
all ready
already
everyone is ready
by this time
allot
a lot
t o give or assign; to
parcel out
plenty
bath
bathe
t he act of soaking in
a bathtub
to wash or cleanse
yourself
bazaar
bizarre
an outdoor market
strange
beside
besides
next to
in addition
breadth
breath
breathe
click
clique
cloth
clothe
fabric
to dress or put
garments on
command
commend
to lead or direct
to praise
complement t o add to or
complete
compliment praise or flattery
conscience
conscious
s ense of what is
right and wrong
aware
decent
descent
dissent
detract
carton
cartoon
device
a box
a drawing or animated
film
a short, sharp
sound
a small group of
close friends
distract
devise
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33
lend
emigrant
immigrant
emigrate
immigrate
envelop
envelope
every day
everyday
a person who
leaves his or her
native country
a person who
settles in a new
country
to leave your
native country
(used with from)
to settle in a new
country (used with
to)
to surround
a packet used to
mail letters
each day
ordinary
gap
gape
further
formally
formerly
ore distant in
m
physical space
than something
else (farther down
the road)
more distant in
degree or time
(further along in
her career)
officially; properly
in the past; before
this; previously
loan
medal
metal
mettle
a badge
a hard substance
courage
moral
a lesson to be
drawn, especially
from a fable
general way
someone is feeling;
confidence; spirits
morale
imply
infer
farther
a space between
things
to stare at
to suggest or mean
t o make a judgment or
draw a conclusion
oral
verbal
by mouth
s poken; having to
do with words
later
latter
afterward; in a while
concluding; second
lay
lie
t o place something or
put something down
to recline
pastor
pasture
a minister
a place where animals
graze
leave
let
to depart
to allow or permit
precede
t o come before in
time
to carry on or
continue
proceed
34
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Challenge
alternately
access
assess
entrance
to evaluate or
judge
alternatively
amoral
adoptive
adopted
escribing a
d
parent who adopts
a child (adoptive
parent)
legally taken into
another family
(adopted child)
immoral
appraise
apprise
adverse
averse
affective
effective
bad; unfavorable
reluctant; against
something
emotional; moving
causing the
desired result
alleviate
t o ease, lessen, or
make more bearable
ameliorate to improve
allude
elude
to refer to indirectly
to escape or avoid
allusion
delusion
illusion
alternate
assure
ensure
insure
confidant
confident
connotation
denotation
connote
denote
continual
continuous
currently
presently
s omeone you
confide in
full of confidence; sure of
your ability
a ssociations
brought to mind;
suggested
meaning
stated meaning
t o suggest a
meaning
to state a
meaning
o ccurring again
and again
nonstop
a t this time; now
in a short while;
soon
censor
censure
t o remove
offensive or
problematic
material
an official
reprimand or
severe criticism
comprehensible understandable
comprehensive complete; cover-
ing everything
definite
definitive
certain; exact
authoritative;
final
defuse
t o remove a fuse
from a bomb or
make a situation
less tense
spread out
diffuse
dilemma
concurrent
consecutive
happening at
the same time
one after the
other
a situation
involving a choice
between two
equally unfavorable options
predicament any difficult
and unpleasant
situation
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35
flaunt
flout
economic
economical
financial
thrifty; saving
money
egoist
s omeone who
is self-centered
and thinks
mainly of himself
or herself
someone who is
arrogant, very
conceited, and
selfish
egotist
elicit
illicit
t o draw or bring
out
unlawful;
dishonest
eminent
ell-known;
w
famous; important
imminent
epigram
a short, witty
poem or saying
epigraph
a quotation used
to set the theme
for a literary work
epitaph
a n inscription on
a tombstone
historic
historical
s ignificant;
remarkable;
having an effect
on history
relating to the
past
jurist
juror
luxuriant
luxurious
a law expert or
judge
a person who
serves on a jury
abundant
fond of or
marked by luxury
nauseous
nauseated
perfect
prefect
without flaws
a student with
authority over
other students
persecute
arass; treat
h
cruelly
to bring a case
against a defendant in a trial
prosecute
persecution
prosecution
cruel treatment
ringing a case
b
against a defendant in a trial
personal
personnel
private
the people who
work for a
company or
organization
prescribe
t o recommend
a treatment or
course of action
to forbid or ban
proscribe
36
to show off
t o show contempt
or disobey
respectfully
statue
stature
statute
a sculpture
height or standing
a law or governing
rule
tortuous
torturous
winding; twisted
c ausing great
pain and anguish
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Irregular Verbs
Most English verbs form their past-tense and pastparticiple forms by adding -ed to the base form or
infinitive. Some verbs, though, have irregular past-tense
and/or past-participle forms.
Easy
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
catch
come
cut
dig
do
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
get
give
was/were
beat
became
began
bent
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
burned or burnt
bought
caught
came
cut
dug
did
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
got
gave
been
beaten or beat
become
begun
bent
bitten
blown
broken
brought
built
burned or burnt
bought
caught
come
cut
dug
done
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
gotten
given
go
grow
have/has
hear
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
leave
let
lose
make
meet
put
read
ride
ring
run
say
see
sell
send
show
went
grew
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
left
let
lost
made
met
put
read
rode
rang
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
showed
shut
sing
sink
shut
sang
sank
gone
grown
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
left
let
lost
made
met
put
read
ridden
rung
run
said
seen
sold
sent
showed or
shown
shut
sung
sunk
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37
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
sit
stand
take
teach
tell
sat
stood
took
taught
told
sat
stood
taken
taught
told
think
throw
wear
win
write
thought
threw
wore
won
wrote
thought
thrown
worn
won
written
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
arise
awake
awaken
bear
bet
bid
bind
bleed
burst
cast
choose
cling
cost
creep
deal
dream
arose
awoke
awakened
bore
bet
bid or bade
bound
bled
burst
cast
chose
clung
cost
crept
dealt
dreamed or
dreamt
fitted or fit
fled
flung
forbade or
forbad
forecast
forgot
froze
ground
hanged
hung
arisen
awoken
awakened
born or borne
bet
bidden
bound
bled
burst
cast
chosen
clung
cost
crept
dealt
dreamed or
dreamt
fitted or fit
fled
flung
forbidden
hide
kneel
knit
lay
lead
lend
lie (recline)
mean
mistake
misunderstand
overhear
pay
plead
prove
hid
knelt or kneeled
knit or knitted
laid
led
lent
lay
meant
mistook
misunderstood
overheard
paid
pleaded or pled
proved
quit
redo
rid
rise
seek
shake
shed
shine
quit or quitted
redid
rid
rose
sought
shook
shed
shone or
shined
showed
shot
shrank or
shrunk
hidden
knelt or kneeled
knit or knitted
laid
led
lent
lain
meant
mistaken
misunderstood
overheard
paid
pleaded or pled
proved or
proven
quit
redone
rid
risen
sought
shaken
shed
shone or
shined
shown
shot
shrunk or
shrunken
Target
fit
flee
fling
forbid
forecast
forget
freeze
grind
hang (person)
hang (thing)
38
forecast
forgotten
frozen
ground
hanged
hung
show
shoot
shrink
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Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
slay
sleep
slide
slit
speak
speed
slew
slept
slid
slit
spoke
sped or
speeded
spent
split
spread
sprang or
sprung
stole
stuck
stank or
stunk
stung
slain
slept
slid
slit
spoken
sped or
speeded
spent
split
spread
sprang or
sprung
stolen
stuck
stank or
stunk
stung
strike
struck
string
swear
sweep
swell
strung
swore
swept
swelled
swim
swing
tear
upset
wake
weave
weep
wind
wring
swam
swung
tore
upset
woke or
waked
wove
wept
wound
wrung
struck or
stricken
strung
sworn
swept
swollen or
swelled
swum
swung
torn
upset
woken or
waked
woven
wept
wound
wrung
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
Base Form
Past Tense
Past Participle
backslide
breed
broadcast
backslid
bred
broadcast or
broadcasted
foresaw
foretold
forgave
inputted or input
miscast
mislaid
misread
outbid
outgrew
overcame
backslid
bred
broadcast or
broadcasted
foreseen
foretold
forgiven
inputted or input
miscast
mislaid
misread
outbid
outgrown
overcome
overdo
oversee
overtake
partake
proofread
recast
shear
typecast
undercut
undergo
uphold
withdraw
withhold
overdid
oversaw
overtook
partook
proofread
recast
sheared
typecast
undercut
underwent
upheld
withdrew
withheld
overdone
overseen
overtaken
partaken
proofread
recast
sheared or shorn
typecast
undercut
undergone
upheld
withdrawn
withheld
spend
split
spread
spring
steal
stick
stink
sting
Challenge
foresee
foretell
forgive
input
miscast
mislay
misread
outbid
outgrow
overcome
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39
Easy
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
child
deer
foot
goose
half
man
children
deer
feet
geese
halves
men
mouse
sheep
tooth
wife
wolf
woman
mice
sheep
teeth
wives
wolves
women
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
antenna
antennae
(or antennas)
axes
bases
bison
bacteria
cacti
(or cactuses)
corps
crises
curricula
data
diagnoses
dice
ellipses
hippopotami (or
hippopotamuses)
hooves
knives
lives
loaf
louse
medium
memorandum
moose
oasis
octopus
loaves
lice
media
memoranda
moose
oases
octopi
(or octopuses)
offspring
oxen
people
radii
selves
series
shelves
species
swine
thieves
Target
axis
basis
bison
bacterium
cactus
corps
crisis
curriculum
datum
diagnosis
die
ellipsis
hippopotamus
hoofs
knife
life
40
offspring
ox
person
radius
self
series
shelf
species
swine
thief
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Challenge
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
alga
alumna (female)
alumnus (male)
amoeba
analysis
appendix
algae
alumnae
alumni (male)
amoebae
analyses
appendices
(or appendixes)
chateaux
criteria
foci (or focuses)
formulae
(or formulas)
fungi
(or funguses)
hypothesis
libretto
index
matrix
nebula
nucleus
phenomenon
schema
stimulus
synopsis
synthesis
thesis
hypotheses
libretti
indices (or indexes)
matrices
nebulae
nuclei (or nucleuses)
phenomena
schemata
stimuli
synopses
syntheses
theses
chateau
criterion
focus
formula
fungus
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41
Easy
clothes
jeans
mittens
pants
shorts
shoes
accommodations
barracks
binoculars
crossroads
earmuffs
eyeglasses
gallows
gloves
goggles
headquarters
living quarters
leggings
news
overalls
pajamas
pliers
police
scissors
shears
sleeping quarters
sneakers
spectacles
sunglasses
tights
troops
trousers
tweezers
forceps
goods
nail clippers
pinking shears
media
remains
(library) stacks
tongs
Target
Challenge
archives
arms
communications
contents
dregs
42
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Collective Nouns
Collective nouns are words that name of group of people,
animals, or things. When the noun refers to the group as a
unit, it takes a singular verb and pronoun. When it refers to
the individual members or parts of the group, it takes a plural
verb and pronoun.
Collective nouns for groups of animals are also called terms
of venery. Most of them come from hunting. Some use
creative or imaginative terms to describe the animals. Some
can be used for people, too, such as a congregation of birds
or a congregation of people.
Easy
band
class
family
flock
group
herd
pack
school (of fish)
team
army
assembly
audience
baggage
batch
board
brood (of young
animals or children)
bundle
cabinet
cache
cast
choir
chorus
clan
cluster
colony
committee
company
congress
corporation
corps
council
crew
fleet
gaggle (of geese)
galaxy
gang
generation
horde
jury
litter
luggage
mob
navy
nest (of mice)
party
pride (of lions)
pod (of marine animals)
set
society
squadron
stable (of horses)
streak (of tigers)
swarm (of insects)
tribe
troop
troupe
Target
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43
Challenge
array
battery
bevy (of larks or quail)
brace (of wildfowl)
cete (of badgers)
clowder (of cats)
congregation
convocation (of eagles)
covey (of game birds)
drift (of hogs)
drove (of cattle or geese)
44
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Easy
Silent A
coat
lead
leaf
leak
lean
leap
leave
meadow
mean
meat
oak
oar
oath
soak
soap
soar
Silent B
comb
crumb
doubt
dumb
limb
tomb
Silent C
duck
fleck
jack
jacket
kick
lick
lock
locket
pack
package
pocket
rack
rock
rocket
sack
sick
sock
speck
stack
tack
ticket
thick
track
trick
Silent D
badge
budge
dodge
handsome
hedge
lodge
nudge
Wednesday
Silent E
clothe
clothes
doe
eel
eerie
ore
rinse
waste
Silent G
gnarled
gnash
gnat
gnaw
gnome
gnu
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45
Silent GH
fight
high
light
might
right
sigh
sight
slight
tight
Silent H
cartwheel
Christmas
ghost
ghostly
pinwheel
whale
what
wheat
wheel
when
where
which
while
whip
whirl
whisker
whisper
whistle
white
why
46
Silent I
niece
Silent K
knack
knave
knead
knee
kneel
knife
knight
knit
knob
knock
knot
know
Silent L
half
Silent O
people
Silent R
purr
Silent T
batch
castle
catch
catcher
hatch
hitch
hitchhike
hopscotch
itch
kitchen
latch
listen
scratch
snatch
watch
Silent U
aunt
building
guard
guess
guest
guide
laugh
Silent W
sword
two
who
whole
wrap
wrist
write
writing
wrong
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Target
Silent A
coarse
coax
cocoa
diamond
diaper
leaflet
league
lease
leash
leather
restaurant
Silent B
debt
Silent C
crescent
descend
descendant
discipline
jackal
jackpot
kickoff
muscle
neckerchief
necklace
padlock
racket
scene
scent
slapstick
socket
speckled
sprocket
tackle
thicket
trickle
Silent D
adjective
adjust
budget
cartridge
dislodge
dredge
edge
edgewise
fridge
gadget
grudge
hedge
porridge
Silent E
beverage
cleanse
coleslaw
collapse
commence
commerce
counterfeit
forfeit
gorgeous
horde
lacrosse
lance
lapse
lathe
legume
neutral
omelette
pageant
pasteurize
pigeon
questionnaire
rhyme
sergeant
soothe
submerge
sunbathe
surely
surge
suspense
swerve
tease
teethe
tense
thyme
value
vengeance
waste
writhe
Silent G
campaign
design
feign
foreign
lasagna
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Silent GH
daughter
height
slaughter
though
through
upright
uptight
Silent H
dinghy
bushwhack
chord
choral
chorus
chronic
elsewhere
Fahrenheit
ghastly
ghetto
harpsichord
heir
heiress
heirloom
overwhelm
rhombus
rhubarb
rhyme
rhythm
shepherd
silhouette
spaghetti
vehicle
whack
wharf
wheelchair
wheeze
48
whether
whim
whimper
whine
whirlpool
whirlwind
whisk
whiz
Silent I
brilliant
business
peculiar
Silent K
doorknob
knapsack
knickers
knickknack
knocker
knoll
knotty
know-how
knowledge
knowledgeable
knuckle
well-known
Silent L
behalf
chalk
halve
llama
salmon
Silent N
column
condemn
hymn
Silent O
flourish
leopard
pious
Silent P
psalm
raspberry
Silent PS
corps
Silent QU
lacquer
Silent S
debris
Silent T
beret
bewitch
blotch
bouquet
bristle
butcher
butterscotch
dispatch
etch
glisten
glitch
hatchery
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hatchet
hatchling
hustle
hutch
jostle
ketchup
latchkey
mistletoe
nestle
notch
often
putt
retch
rustle
sketch
snatch
stretch
switch
thatch
trestle
thistle
twitch
wrestle
wrestling
wristwatch
Silent U
biscuit
guardian
guild
guilt
guinea pig
guitar
laughable
lifeguard
mourn
safeguard
vacuum
Silent UE
catalogue
monologue
prologue
technique
Silent W
playwright
shipwreck
swordfish
wholly
whom
whooping crane
whose
wrangle
wreck
wreckage
wren
wrench
wrestle
wrestling
wretched
wriggle
wring
wrinkle
wristwatch
Silent X
Sioux
Challenge
Silent A
algae
aardvark
guinea pig
meager
pharaoh
tarpaulin
Silent B
dumbfounded
honeycomb
indebted
Silent C
abscess
czar
czarina
incandescent
obscene
scenario
scepter
sickle-cell
Silent CH
yacht
Silent D
drudgery
fledgling
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49
Silent E
ageism
aloe
appease
coerce
entrepreneur
hieroglyphics
maneuver
neurotic
neuter
seismograph
syringe
terse
venue
verge
Silent G
align
benign
champagne
consign
consignment
phlegm
Silent GH
drought
righteous
Silent H
aghast
annihilate
Buddha
Buddhism
bushwhack
chasm
cholera
cholesterol
50
choral
choreographer
Christianity
chromosome
chronological
chrysalis
chrysanthemum
jodhpurs
khaki
rheumatism
rhinoceros
rhododendron
Sikh
vehement
whimsical
Silent I
parliament
plagiarize
Silent O
amoeba
colonel
jeopardy
onomatopoeia
Silent P
pneumatic
pneumonia
Silent T
apostle
chalet
debut
depot
fillet
gourmet
mortgage
ricochet
tsar
tsarina
tsunami
Silent GH
asthma
isthmus
Silent U
camouflage
cantaloupe
chauffeur
gourmet
guerrilla
guile
guillotine
quetzal
Silent UE
epilogue
queue
rogue
synagogue
Silent W
wrath
wrest
writhe
Silent X
roux
Silent Z
rendezvous
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Silent
e in c-v-c-e
Words
Some words follow the pattern of consonant-vowelconsonant-silent e. Usually, the silent e signals that the
vowel sound is long or, in multisyllabic words, the vowel
sound before the last syllable is long.
Easy
1-syllable words
bake
base
bite
blade
bone
bore
cake
cane
cape
case
cave
code
crime
date
dime
dine
dive
drive
face
fine
frame
gate
gave
grace
grade
hate
hide
hole
kite
lace
lake
lame
lane
late
life
lime
live
lone
lose
love
made
mane
make
male
mate
more
name
nine
note
plane
pale
pole
rate
rise
shine
side
stole
sure
tale
tape
time
twice
twine
vase
wade
wage
wake
wave
2-syllable words
arrive
compete
complete
decide
define
describe
divide
escape
explode
explore
include
invade
ore
outside
suppose
surprise
tadpole
translate
3-syllable words
crocodile
navigate
telephone
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51
Target
1-syllable words
bale
brace
bride
chime
choke
cite
clone
close
clove
cone
core
daze
dome
dove
fake
fare
fate
flame
fume
fuse
glaze
glide
grate
hale
hare
hose
mare
mate
pace
scene
swipe
tone
tote
truce
wage
52
2-syllable words
abode
abuse
alcove
arcade
astute
azure
cascade
collide
compose
comprise
concrete
console
consume
corrode
costume
cyclone
defuse
delete
deplete
depose
derive
despise
device
devote
discrete
embrace
engrave
estate
exhale
exile
expose
extreme
feline
folktale
frustrate
future
grenade
ignore
immune
impose
inflame
irate
leisure
module
outrage
reside
revise
schedule
subscribe
supreme
surname
terrace
termite
tribute
trombone
turnpike
unite
vaccine
volume
voyage
3-syllable words
absolute
aggravate
appetite
carnivore
centipede
circulate
civilize
concentrate
congregate
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contemplate
dedicate
delegate
designate
dominate
emigrate
exercise
finalize
formulate
herbivore
hesitate
hibernate
homicide
illustrate
immigrate
incubate
operate
overrate
organize
paraphrase
parasite
renovate
submarine
sympathize
tangerine
undermine
4-syllable words
accommodate
domesticate
incorporate
subordinate
telecommute
Challenge
1-syllable words
bane
bode
chafe
chide
cite
clone
gale
haze
hone
jute
mete
mode
muse
name
raze
tome
2-syllable words
abate
abide
atone
estate
fissure
glucose
graphite
secrete
syndrome
turbine
composite
composure
germinate
gyroscope
regicide
synchronize
4-syllable words
desegregate
eradicate
espionage
gesticulate
3-syllable words
attribute
cellophane
cellulose
chromosome
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53
as
They Sound
Easy
ache
acre
aisle
are
choir
eighth
gypsy
hymn
island
laugh
often
one
restaurant
route
though
through
Tuesday
Wednesday
weird
why
women
amateur
asthma
campaign
chauffeur
colonel
conscience
conscious
conscientious
corps
diaphragm
etiquette
fatigue
faucet
foreign
feud
fuel
genius
gymnasium
hygiene
jewelry
lacquer
lieutenant
mortgage
naughty
nuisance
pageant
pamphlet
penicillin
physician
pneumonia
reservoir
rhyme
rhythm
schedule
sergeant
subtle
surveillance
technique
theater
unanimous
unique
vague
yacht
Target
54
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Challenge
archaeologist
archaeology
archaic
arctic
champagne
coercion
drought
gourmet
liaison
hieroglyphics
hemorrhage
isthmus
larynx
lingerie
maneuver
pharaoh
panache
phlegm
psychiatric
psychic
psychology
queue
reminisce
rendezvous
sacrilegious
tuition
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55
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Chapter 2
Vocabulary
Development
Im teaching my students
how to use word parts
to determine the meaning
of unfamiliar words.
My textbook contains
some prefixes, suffixes,
and roots, and I need
additional ones.
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57
Prefixes
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to a word or root
to change its meaning.
Easy
Latin
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
non-
ondairy, nonfiction,
n
nonsense, nonstick
pre-
re-
Old English
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
mis-
misbehave, misguided,
misspelled, mistake
un-
unable, uncover,
unknown, untrue
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
anti-
antibacterial, antidote;
antifreeze, antisocial
auto-
self
autocracy, autograph,
automatic, automobile,
autonomous
deca-
ten
decade, decameter,
decathlon
Target
Greek
58
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Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
mono-
monogram, monolith,
monologue, monopoly
octave, octet,
octogenarian, octopus
How It Works
Example
Latin
Prefix
Meaning
bi-
t wo; twice; on two sides; bi + monthly = bimonthly; occurring bicycle, bilingual, bisect,
occurring every two;
every two months
biweekly
occurring twice during
a period
copilot, collate,
communication, correlate
de-
deci-
one-tenth
dis-
disbelieve, discharge,
disconnect, dislike
equa-,
equi-
equal; equally
em-, en-
ex- (with
hyphen)
former
ex-mayor, ex-senator,
ex-president, ex-wife
e-, ex-
out; beyond; away from; ex + pel = expel; to push out, banish, eject, emit, excavate,
without
or eject
exceed, exclude, exhale
il-, im-,
in-, ir-
not; lack of
impartial, immature,
insecure, irregular
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60
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
im-, in-
immerse, immigrate,
inborn, income
inter-
between
interact, intercoastal,
intermingle, interstate
intra-
within; inside
intramural, intradermal,
intrastate, intravenous
mal-
al + adjusted = maladjusted;
m
poorly adjusted
malcontent, malady,
malaise, malaria
multi
many
multilingual, multimillionaire,
multiform, multiple
ob-, oc-,
of-, op-
per-
t hrough; throughout;
completely; very
thoroughly
post-
after; later
posterior, posthumous,
postpone, postwar
pro-
for; forward
rogress, promote,
p
pronounce, propose
sub
under; beneath; to a
sub + ject = subject; place under
lesser degree, bordering someone elses authority
sublet, submerge,
substandard, subway
super-,
supr-
superhighway, superscript,
supersonic, supreme
trans-
transact, transfer,
translate, transportation
tri-
three
uni-
one; only
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Old English
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
by-
fore-
mid-
middle
midnight, midpoint,
midterm, midway
over-
overcharge, overdue,
overflow, oversee
self-
by oneself; within;
automatic
self-confidence, selfish,
self-made, self-winding
under-
underage, underneath,
underwater, underweight
Challenge
Greek
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
acro-
acrobat, acronym,
acropolis, acrostic
ambi-,
amphi-
di-
i + chromatic = dichromatic;
d
having two colors
dichotomy, diffract,
dilemma, dissect
dia-
through; throughout;
apart; between
diagram, diagonal,
diameter, dialogue
endo-
within
endocardial, endocentric,
endocrinology, endodermis
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62
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
epi-
epicenter, epidemic,
epidural, epilogue
hemi-
half
hemihedral, hemisphere,
hemispheroid, hemitrope
hetero-
different
heterochromatic,
heterogeneous
hex-,
hexa-
six
homo-
macro-,
macr-
large; long
mega-
megahertz, megalith,
megaphone, megavitamin
meta-
metabolize, metafiction,
metamorphic, metaphor
micro-
microbe, microcomputer,
microorganism,
microprocessor
mono-
one; single
monogamy, monograph,
monotone, monotonous
neo-
neoclassic, neoconservative,
Neolithic, neonatal
paleo-
ancient; early
paleoanthropology,
paleography, paleontology,
Paleozoic
pan-
pan-American, pan-Asian,
pandemonium, pantheism
homochromatic,
homogeneous, homograph,
homonym
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Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
para-
penta-
five
peri-
a round; about; enclosing; peri + scope = periscope; a tube for peridontics, perimeter,
peripatetic, periphery
near
viewing the surrounding areas
poly-
polydactyl, polygamy,
polyglot, polygon
proto-
first
protocol, protohuman,
protolithic, proton
pseudo-
sest-,
sex-
six
Example
pentacle, pentagram,
pentameter, pentarchy
syllable, sympathy,
synonym, system
telegenic, telephone,
teleport, televise
Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
ab-, abs-
from; away
ante-
bene-
good; well
circum-
Latin
circumference, circum-
navigate, circumstance,
circumvent
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Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
contra-,
contro-
contraband, contradiction,
contrary, controversy
counter-
against; opposite of
counteract, counterfit,
counterclockwise,
counterproductive
demi-,
semi-
demigod, demitasse,
semiannual, semiformal
extra-,
extr-,
extro-
outside; beyond
infra-
beneath; below
medi-,
medio-
omni-
all; everywhere
retro-
ultra-
omnidirectional,
omnipresent, omniscient,
omnivore
Old English
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Prefix
Meaning
How It Works
Example
a-, an-
not; without
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Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a
word or root to form a new word and usually to change the
part of speech. Adding a suffix often involves some spelling
change to the base word.
Easy
Old English
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-er
-est
-ful
an adjective
-less
an adjective
countless, soundless,
spotless, weightless
-ly
-ness
an adverb or
adjective
a noun
year + ly = yearly;
happening every year
happiness, kindness,
newness, soundness
How It Works
Examples
fastest, loudest,
shortest, smartest
Target
Greek
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
-ic
an adjective
alphabetic, horrific,
numeric, scientific
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Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ish
an adjective
or noun
having characteristics
of; somewhat native of
childish, reddish,
selfish, Swedish
-ist
a noun
-meter a noun
thermo + meter =
thermometer; device for
measuring temperature
barometer, diameter,
pentameter, perimeter
-scope a noun
microscope,
kaleidoscope, periscope,
stethoscope
Latin
66
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-able
-ible
an adjective
enjoyable, laughable,
likeable, sensible
person + al = personal;
related to a person;
private
manual, nocturnal,
reversal, seasonal
-ant,
-ent
a noun or
adjective
-ation, a noun
-ion,
-sion,
-tion
action, appreciation,
division, revision
-cian,
-ian
a noun
dietician, mathema-
tician, musician,
physician
-ese
a noun or
adjective
Burmese, Cantonese,
Japanese, Portuguese,
Vietnamese
-fy
a verb
make
beauty + fy = beautify;
make beautiful
clarify, justify,
magnify, simplify
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Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ile
an adjective
docile, juvenile,
puerile, senile
-ive,
-ative,
-itive
an adjective
causing; tending to do
something; having the
quality of
conservative,
creative, destructive,
instructive
-ment
a noun
enchant + ment =
enchantment; action or
or state of feeling
enchanted
achievement,
enjoyment, government,
retirement
generous, glorious,
mysterious, nervous
-ous, an adjective
-eous,
-ious
Old English
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-en
an adjective
ax + en = made of wax
w
flaxen, silken,
wooden, woolen
-hood
a noun
adulthood, childhood,
neighborhood,
priesthood
-like
an adjective
childlike, deathlike,
dreamlike, lifelike
-ship
a noun
authorship, dicta-
torship, friendship,
leadership
-ward
-y
an adjective
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Challenge
Greek
How It Works
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
-asis,
-esis,
-osis
a noun
-cy
a noun
-ism
a noun
-itis
a noun
-ize
a verb
-mania a noun
exaggerated enthusiasm;
madness; uncontrollable
desire
-ology; a noun
-logy
-phobia
a noun
fear; hatred
arachno + phobia =
arachnophobia; fear
of spiders
acrophobia,
claustrophobia,
hydro phobia,
necrophobia
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ance, a noun
-ancy
appearance, defiance,
hesitancy, truancy
-ary,
-ory
dictionary, dormitory,
sanctuary, secondary
Examples
stasis, hypothesis,
synthesis, thesis
communism, cubism,
heroism, pluralism
Latin
Suffix
68
a noun or
adjective
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Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
-ate
a verb
-cide
a noun
herbicide, homicide,
pesticide, suicide
-ence,
-ency
a noun
depend + ence =
dependence; state of
depending on others
absence, evidence,
independence
transparency
-ery
a noun
brewery, eatery,
robbery, scenery
-ice
a noun
-tude
a noun
-ure
a noun
state of being; process of; seize + ure = seizure; state censure, culture,
of being seized
legislature, literature
condition of; result of;
office of; collected body of
Examples
Old English
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-dom
a noun
boredom, freedom,
serfdom, wisdom
Old French
Suffix
Forms
Meaning
How It Works
Examples
-ee
a noun
employ + ee = employee;
person who is employed
evacuee, referee,
refugee, trainee
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Roots
A word root is the basic meaningful part of a word from
which other words are built. A root cannot stand alone as a
word but needs a prefix and/or suffix added to it.
Easy
Greek
Root
Meaning
graph
autograph, biography,
geography, graphically,
photography
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
dic, dict
ject
throw; cast
port
carry
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
bio
autobiography, biography,
biology, bioengineering,
biofeedback
chron,
chrono
time
chronic, chronology,
chronological, chronometer
gen
geo
earth
How It Works
Example
Latin
Target
Greek
70
geochemistry, geography,
geode, geologist
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Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
gram
electrocardiogram,
grammar, grammatical,
telegram
path,
pass
disease; suffering;
feeling
phil
love
bibliophile, Francophile,
philanthropist, philosopher
phon,
phono
sound
microphone, phoneme,
phonetic, symphony
photo
of or produced by light
photocopy, photoengraving,
photokinesis, telephoto
sci
know
conscientious, conscious,
pseudoscience, scientific
therm
heat
thermal, thermodynamics,
thermometer, thermos
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
alter
other
anni,
annu,
enni
year
anniversary, annuity,
biannual, centennial
half year
aqua,
aque
water
aud, audi
hear, hearing
audience, auditor,
auditorium, inaudible
cap, capt,
ceive,
cept
take; seize
capit,
capt
Latin
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Meaning
Root
cede,
move; yield; give up
ceed, ced,
cess
72
How It Works
Example
cessation, depression,
recess, succession
civ
public; citizen
clam,
claim
clud,
cluse
shut
conclusion, exclusive,
include, seclude
cred
believe; belief
credit, credulous,
incredible, incredulous
cur, curs
run
concurrent, cursive,
cursory, precursor
derm
skin
dermatology, hypodermic,
pachyderm, taxidermist
doc
lead
doctor, doctrine,
documentary, indoctrinate
dorm
sleep
dormant, dormancy,
dormouse, nondormant
duc, duct
lead
fac, fact,
fec, fic
make; do
fer
carry; bear
flect, flex
bend
form
shape
deform, information,
reformatory, uniform
abitant, habitat,
h
habitation, inhabitable
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Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
junct
join
adjunct, conjunction,
disjunctive, injunction
jud, judi,
judic, jur,
juris
aw
lab
work
leg, legis
law
liber
free
loc, loco
place
magn,
magni
large; great
magnanimous, magnification,
magnificent, magnitude
man,
manu
hand
emancipate, manicure,
manufacture, manuscript
mand
order
commander, demand,
mandate, reprimand
aquamarine, marina,
mariner, mermaid
mem
mind
migr,
migra
miss, mit
send
mob, mot,
mov
move
automobile, emotion,
mobility, removable
nat
to be born; birth
native; nativity,
preternatural, supernatural
nomen,
nomin
name
cognomen, nomenclature,
nominee, nominal
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Root
Meaning
How It Works
nov
new
numer
number
enumerate, enumerable,
numerator, numerous
pac
peace
ped, pod
foot
pel, puls
drive; urge
pend,
pens
hang, weigh
dispense, expend,
pendulum, impending
pon, pos
put, place
pop
people
depopulate, populace,
popularity, unpopular
port
carry
deportation, export,
import, portage
put
quer,
ques, quir,
quis
computer, dispute,
reputation, repute
rupt
break, tear
scrib,
script
write
conscript, describe,
inscription, scribble
consignment, insignia,
resignation, significant
74
Example
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Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
spec,
spect
look
introspective, perspective,
spectacles, spectator
sphere
ball; sphere
atmosphere, spherical,
spheroid, stratosphere
spir
breath; courage
aspire, inspiration,
perspiration, spiritual
spond,
spons
answer
correspond, despondent,
irresponsible, sponsor
stru,
struct
build; arrange
construction, instruct,
instructure, structure
tact, tang
touch
terr, terra
earth; land
tract
pull; drag
attractive, contract,
detract, subtract
vac
empty
vid, vis
see
Challenge
Greek
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
anthr,
anthro,
anthrop
man
anthropology, anthropomorphic
misanthropic, philanthropy
arch
archbishop, archeology,
matriarch, patriarch
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76
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
aster,
astr
star
asteroid, astrologist,
astronaut, disaster
bibl,
bibli,
biblio
book
chrom,
chromo
color
cosm
universe; world
cosmic, cosmonaut,
cosmopolitan, macrocosm
dem,
demo
people
demography, epidemic,
pandemic
dox
dyna,
dynam,
dynamo
strength; power
gam
marriage
gnos
know
agnostic, diagnostician,
Gnostic, prognosis
helio
sun
heliocentric, heliograph,
heliostat, heliotherapy
hemo
blood
hemoglobin, hemophilia,
hemorrhage, hemotoxin
hydr,
hydra,
hydro
water
dehydrated, hydrodynamics,
hydroelectricity, hydrothermal
lex
word; speech
lith
stone
lithography, lithosphere,
megalith, neolithic
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Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
log, logue
word; speaking
morph
shape
onym
name
acronym, antonym,
pseudonym, synonymous
ortho
straight; upright;
correct
orthodontics, orthography,
orthopedics, orthotics
poli
city; state
cosmopolitan, police,
policy, politician
psych,
psycho
mind; spirit
psychic, psychoanalysis,
psychopath, psychotherapy
soph
wise
philosophy, philosopher,
sophisticated, sophomoric
tox
poison
a ntitoxin, intoxication,
toxicology, toxin
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
agr, agri,
agro
field
anim
life, spirit
animal, inanimate,
magnanimous, reanimate
belli
war
antebellum, belligerent,
rebel, rebellion
brei,
brev,
brevi
short
abbreviation, brief,
breviary, brevity
Latin
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78
Root
Meaning
How It Works
Example
card,
cardio,
cord, cor
heart
carn,
carni
flesh
carnage, carnival,
carnivorous, reincarnation
centr,
centri,
contro
central; center
centrifugal, centrist,
eccentric, egocentric
cogn
know
cognition, cognomen,
incognito, recognition
corp
body
dentist, dentures,
orthodontist, periodontal
domin
domineer, dominion,
indomitable, predominate
fid, feder
faith; trust
fin
frater,
fratri
brother
grat
luc, lum,
lumin
light
lucid, luminescence,
luminous, translucent
mater,
matri
mother
maternity, matrimony,
matriarch, matriarchy
mon
advise; warn
admonish, admonishment,
monitor, monument
master
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Meaning
Root
How It Works
Example
immortality, morbid,
moribund, mortality
mut
change
pater,
patri-
father
paternal, patricide,
repatriate, unpatriotic
reg, regi
sacr, secr
holy; secret
consecrate, desecrate,
sacrifice, sacred
consent, resentment,
sensory, sentiment
somn
sleep
soror
sister
tempo
ime
extemporary, tempo,
temporize, temporary
ten, tens
pull; stretch
tort, tors
twist
ven, vent
meet
vert,
vers
turn
advertise, convert,
extrovert, version
vict, vinc
conquer
vig, vit,
viv
life
vigorous, vitamin,
vivacious, vivisection
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Compound Words
A compound word consists of two or more words joined
together to form a new word. Compound words can be closed
up with no space between the two original words, hyphenated, or written with a space between the original words.
Easy
Amount
every
everybody
everyday
everyone
everything
everywhere
no
nobody
no one
nothing
nowhere
some
somebody
someday
somehow
someone
someplace
something
sometime
sometimes
somewhat
somewhere
Animals
bird
birdbath
birdcage
birdcall
birddog
bird feed
birdhouse
birdseed
birdshot
birds nest
bird watcher
bluebird
redbird
snowbird
cat
catbird
80
catbird seat
cat burglar
catcall
catfight
catfish
catgut
catnap
cats cradle
cats-eye
cats paw
cattail
dog ear
dogfight
dogfish
doggie bag
doghouse
dog paddle
dogsled
dog tag
hangdog
seeing-eye dog
watchdog
dog
dog biscuit
dogcart
dog collar
dog days
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bath
bathmat
bathrobe
bathroom
bathtub
bathwater
bed
bedbug
bedchamber
bedclothes
bedcover
bedpost
bedroll
bedroom
bedside
bedsitter
bedsore
bedspread
bedspring
bedtime
chair
armchair
side chair
clock
alarm clock
clock radio
clock-watching
clockwork
digital clock
grandfather clock
door
backdoor
doorbell
doorknob
doorstep
doorstop
doorway
front door
floor
floorboard
floor cloth
floor lamp
floor plan
room
bathroom
bedroom
dining room
living room
table
coffee table
end table
side table
tablecloth
table linen
tablespoon
table lamp
tabletop
tableware
wall
wall hanging
wallpaper
wall plug
wall-to-wall
window
window box
windowpane
window seat
window shade
windowsill
baby
baby boom
baby boomer
baby carriage
baby grand
babysit
babysitter
baby tooth
brother
brother-in-law
stepbrother
child
childbirth
child care
child labor
childproof
childs play
father
father-in-law
fatherland
grandfather
grandfather clock
great-grandfather
stepfather
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folk
folk dance
folklore
folk music
folksinger
folk song
folktale
man
manhandle
manhole
manhunt
manpower
menfolk
mens wear
mens room
mother
grandmother
great-grandmother
motherboard
mother hen
mother-in-law
motherland
motherlode
stepmother
parent
grandparent
great-grandparent
stepparent
sister
sister-in-law
stepsister
teen
teenage
teenager
woman
womanpower
womens movement
womens rights
womens room
womens wear
Time
day
day bed
daybreak
daycare
daydream
day job
day labor
daylight
daylily
daylong
daypack
dayroom
day school
day shift
daytime
day-tripper
daywear
82
night
night blindness
nightclothes
nightgown
nightlight
nightlong
night owl
night school
night shift
night shirt
nightstand
night table
nighttime
night watch
nightwear
spring
spring break
spring-cleaning
spring fever
springtime
summer
summerhouse
summer school
summertime
winter
winter break
wintergreen
winterkill
wintertime
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Transportation
boat
boathouse
boat people
boat train
motorboat
rowboat
sailboat
bus
bus driver
busload
bus stop
car
carfare
carjack
car phone
carpool
carport
car seat
car sick
car wash
railcar
sidecar
sports car
plane
airplane
biplane
monoplane
seaplane
stardust
starfish
starfish flower
star fruit
stargazer
starlight
starry-eyed
solar wind
solar year
truck
truck driver
truck farm
truckload
truck stop
Target
Celestial Words
moon
moonbeam
moon blindness
moon-faced
moonlight
moonquake
moonrise
moonscape
moonstone
moonstruck
moonwalk
lunar
lunar month
lunarscape
lunar year
star
starburst
star-crossed
solar
solar battery
solar cell
solar day
solar flare
solar heating
solar house
solar month
solar panel
solar system
solar power
sun
sunbeam
sunblock
sunburn
sunburst
sundial
sundown
sun porch
sunrise
sunscreen
sunset
sunshade
sunshine
sunspot
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Colors
black
blackball
black bear
blackberry
blackbird
blackboard
black cherry
black eye
black-eyed pea
black-eyed Susan
blackfish
black hole
blacklist
blackmail
black market
blackout
blacksmith
blacktop
black widow
blue
bluebell
blueberry
bluebird
bluebonnet
blue cheese
blue chip
blue-collar
bluefish
bluegrass
blue jeans
84
blue moon
blueprint
blue ribbon
bluestone
green
greenbelt
green card
greengrocer
greenhouse
green light
greens keeper
green tea
orange
orangeade
orange juice
orange stick
orangewood
red
redbird
red blood cell
red-blooded
redbreast
red carpet
redfish
red flag
red-handed
redhead
red herring
red-hot
red-letter
red maple
white
white birch
white blood cell
white bread
whitecap
white chocolate
white-collar
whitefish
white flag
white heat
white-hot
white knight
whiteout
white noise
white pages
white paper
white space
white tie
whitewash
white water
yellow
yellowbird
yellow fever
yellowfin tuna
yellow jacket
yellow journalism
yellow pages
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Food
bread
breadbasket
breadboard
breadbox
breadline
bread pudding
breadstuff
breadwinner
rye bread
white bread
cheese
cheeseburger
cheesecake
cheesecloth
grilled cheese
chicken
chicken breast
chicken feed
chicken-fried
chicken run
chicken wire
fish
fishcake
fish farm
fish fry
fish head
fishhook
fishing rod
fishnet
fishpond
fish stick
fishtail
food
food poisoning
food processor
food pyramid
food service
food stamps
foodstuff
food web
meat
meatball
meatloaf
meat market
milk
ice milk
milk shake
milk toast
malted milk
Human Body
arm
armband
armchair
armhole
armrest
blood
blood bank
blood donor
bloodhound
bloodshed
bloodshot
bloodstream
bloodthirsty
blood vessel
cold-blooded
hot-blooded
warm-blooded
earmuffs
earring
brain
brainchild
brainstorm
brainwash
eye
eyeball
eye bank
eyebrow
eye-catching
eye chart
eyedropper
eyeglasses
eyehole
eyelash
eyelid
eye opener
eyeshade
brow
browbeat
eyebrow
highbrow
lowbrow
ear
earache
eardrum
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85
eyesight
eyestrain
eyewitness
starry-eyed
face
barefaced
face cloth
face-off
faceplate
face-saver
face-to-face
finger
finger hole
fingernail
finger-paint
fingerpick
fingerprint
fingertip
foot
barefoot
football
footbath
foot bridge
foot fault
foot gear
foothill
foothold
footlights
footlocker
footloose
footpad
footpath
footprint
footrace
foot soldier
footsore
footstep
footstool
86
footwear
footwork
hand
backhand
handbag
handball
handbill
handbrake
handcar
handcart
handclasp
handcuff
hand-me-down
handpick
handsaw
handshake
handspring
handstand
hand-woven
handwriting
head
headache
headband
headboard
head cold
headcount
headdress
headfirst
headgear
headlamp
headlight
headline
headmaster
headphone
headpiece
headrest
headroom
headscarf
headshake
headshot
headstand
head-to-head
heart
downhearted
heartache
heart attack
heartbeat
heartbreak
heartburn
heart disease
heart failure
heartfelt
heart rate
heartsick
heartstring
heartwarming
nose
noseband
nosebleed
nosedive
nosepiece
nose-ring
toe
toecap
toe dance
toehold
toenail
toe shoe
waist
waistband
waistcoat
waistline
waist pack
wrist
wristband
wristwatch
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Position
down
down-and-out
downbeat
downcast
downdraft
downfallen
downfield
downgrade
downhearted
down-home
downlink
download
down payment
downplay
downright
downriver
downscale
downshift
downside
downsize
downspin
downstage
downstairs
downstream
downswing
down-to-earth
downtown
downturn
downwind
up
up-and-coming
upbeat
up-close
update
updraft
upend
upfront
upgrade
uphill
upland
uplift
uplink
upload
upraise
uprising
upriver
upside
upstage
upstairs
up-tempo
upturn
upwind
center
center back
center field
center fielder
centerfold
centerline
center of gravity
centerpiece
center spread
center stage
side
countryside
flipside
sideband
sidebar
sideboard
sidecar
side chair
side dish
side effect
sidekick
sideline
sideslip
sidestep
sidestroke
sideswipe
sidetrack
sideways
high
high beam
highbrow
highchair
high country
high-end
high-flying
high frequency
high-grade
high ground
high-handed
high horse
highlander
highlands
highlight
high profile
high-rise
high-risk
high road
high school
high seas
high-strung
highway
high wire
low
low beam
lowbrow
low country
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87
low-end
low-frequency
low-grade
low ground
lowland
low profile
low-rise
low-risk
low road
in
indoors
inland
inroad
inside
out
outbuilding
outdoors
outhouse
outland
outpost
outside
front
front-end
frontline
front list
frontmatter
front office
frontrunner
front yard
waterfront
back
backache
backbone
back country
backdate
backdoor
88
backdrop
back-end
backfield
backfire
backflip
background
backhand
backlash
backlist
backlog
backmatter
back office
backpack
backrest
backroom
back-seat driver
backslide
backspace
backstab
backstage
backstairs
back story
backstroke
backswing
backtalk
backwater
backwoods
backyard
first
first aid
first base
first class
first edition
firsthand
first night
first-rate
second
second base
second best
second class
second-guess
secondhand
secondhand smoke
second-rate
second wind
end
back-end
bitter end
endgame
end line
end matter
endnote
endpaper
end plate
endplay
end product
end run
end table
end use
end user
end zone
front-end
last
last-born
last-ditch
last-gasp
last hurrah
last laugh
last minute
last names
last rites
last straw
last word
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Temperature
cold
cold-blooded
cold call
cold cream
cold feet
cold front
cold pack
cold-shoulder
cold sore
cold war
cool
cooldown
coolheaded
cooling tower
hot
hotbed
hot-blooded
hotcake
hothead
hothouse
hot line
hotlink
hot plate
hot seat
hot spot
hot tub
hot-water bottle
warm
warm-blooded
warmed-over
warm front
warm-hearted
warming pan
warm-up
Weather
ice
ice age
iceberg
iceboat
icebound
icebreaker
icecap
icefall
ice field
ice floe
ice fog
ice-free
icehouse
ice pack
ice storm
rain
rainbow
rain check
raincoat
rain date
rainfall
rain forest
rain gauge
rainmaking
rainsquall
rainstorm
rainwater
rainwear
snow
snowball
snowbank
snow blindness
snow blower
snowbound
snowcap
snow cover
snowdrift
snowfall
snowfield
snowflake
snow goose
snow line
snowmaker
snowmelt
snowplow
snowshoe
snowslide
snowstorm
snowsuit
snow tire
wind
wind farm
windmill
windscreen
wind shear
windshield
windsock
windstorm
windsurf
windswept
wind tunnel
wind turbine
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89
Target
Four Elements
air
airbag
airborne
airbrake
airbrush
air chamber
air conditioning
air-cool
air cover
aircraft
airfield
airflow
airfoil
air force
airlift
airline
airlock
airplane
air pocket
airpower
air pressure
air raid
airsick
airspace
airstrip
air taxi
airtight
airwave
earth
earthborn
earthbound
earthenware
90
earthquake
earth-shaking
earth tone
earthworm
fire
fire alarm
fire ant
firearm
fireball
firebird
fireboard
fireboat
firebomb
firebox
firebrand
firecracker
fire department
fire door
fire drill
fire engine
fire escape
fire extinguisher
firefighter
firefly
fireguard
firehouse
fire hydrant
firelight
fireplace
fireplug
fireproof
fire sale
fire station
fire storm
fire tower
firetrap
firewall
fireworks
water
water ballet
waterbed
water bird
water biscuit
waterborne
water buffalo
water bug
watercolor
watercourse
water cycle
waterfowl
waterfront
water gate
water level
waterline
waterlogged
watermark
water polo
water-repellent
watershed
water supply
watertight
waterwheel
waterworks
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Connection
free
free agent
free-associate
free association
freeborn
freedom fighter
freedom rider
free enterprise
free-fall
free flight
free-floating
free-for-all
freeform
freehand
freeload
free market
free-range
free skating
free speech
free-spoken
freestanding
freestyle
freethinker
free trade
free verse
freeway
free will
free world
death benefit
death mask
death rate
death squad
deathtrap
death warrant
life jacket
lifeline
life mask
life preserver
life-size
lifespan
lifestyle
life support
lifetime
tied
tieback
tie beam
tiebreaker
tie clasp
tie-in
tie line
tie rod
tie tack
tie-up
dead
dead air
deadbeat
deadbolt
dead end
dead heat
dead language
deadline
deadlock
dead reckoning
dead spot
dead weight
death
deathbed
life
lifeblood
lifeboat
life cycle
life expectancy
life form
lifeguard
life insurance
live
livelong
livestock
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91
Media
computer
computer age
computer crime
computer graphics
computer language
computer literacy
computer science
computer virus
news
news agency
newsbreak
newscast
news conference
news flash
news group
newsletter
newsmagazine
newsmaker
newspaper
newsprint
news radio
news release
newsroom
newsstand
newsweekly
newswire
newsworthy
civil law
civil rights
civil servant
civil service
civil war
stateroom
states evidence
stateside
statesperson
states rights
statewide
radio
radiophone
radiophoto
radiotelegraph
radiotelephone
radio wave
Places
city
city council
city desk
city editor
city hall
city room
cityscape
cityslicker
city-state
citywide
civil
civil defense
civil disobedience
civil engineer
92
county
county agent
county fair
county seat
countywide
state
statecraft
statehouse
country
back country
country club
country cousin
country music
countryside
countrywide
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Clipped Words
A clipped word is a short word formed from a longer word
by dropping one or more syllables.
Easy
Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
bike
hippo
phone
bicycle
hippopotamus
telephone
photo
plane
rhino
photograph
airplane
rhinoceros
Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
ad
auto
bra
burger
bus
champ
con
dorm
e-mail
exam
ex
advertisement
automobile
brassiere
hamburger
omnibus
champion
convict
dormitory
electronic mail
examination
ex-husband or
ex-wife
ex-con
exec
ex-convict
executive
an
flu
fridge
gas
grad
gym
fanatic
influenza
refrigerator
gasoline
graduate
gymnasium
lab
limo
lunch
math
memo
movie
pants
pen
pike
pop
prom
ref
sitcom
sub
taxi
teen
tie
tux
van
vet
laboratory
limousine
luncheon
mathematics
memorandum
moving picture
pantaloons
penitentiary
turnpike
popular
promenade
referee
situation comedy
submarine
taxicab
teenager
necktie
tuxedo
caravan
veterinarian; veteran
Target
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93
Challenge
Clipped
Standard
Clipped
Standard
amp
cab
cam
cap
carb
cat
chemist
coed
condo
co-op
amplifier
cabriolet
camera
capital letter
carbohydrate
catamaran
alchemist
coeducational
condominium
cooperative
apartment
building or
business
decaffeinated
demonstration
double
facsimile
medications
mum
perk
prenup
psych
quad
recap
rehab
scrip
specs
stats
stereo
synch
typo
varsity
vent
webcam
zoo
chrysanthemum
perquisite
prenuptial agreement
psychology
quadrangle
recapitulate
rehabilitation
prescription
specifications
statistics
stereophonic
synchronize
typographical error
university
ventilator
Web camera
zoological gardens
decaf
demo
dub
fax
meds
94
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Common Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word used
primarily in writing to represent the whole word.
Easy
Streets and Roads
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Mon.
Tues.
Weds.
Thurs.
Fri.
Sat.
Sun.
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Ave.
Blvd.
Dr.
Pl.
Rd.
St.
Avenue
Boulevard
Drive
Place
Road
Street
Titles of Address
Months*
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
January
February
March
April
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Capt.
Col.
Dr.
Gen.
Hon.
Jr.
Lt.
Mr.
Mrs.
Captain
Colonel
Doctor
General
Honorable
Junior
Lieutenant
Mister
Mistress (for a
married woman)
Ms. (pronounced
miz, for women who
prefer not to be called
Mrs. or Miss)
Professor
Reverend
Senior
Sergeant
Ms.
Prof.
Rev.
Sr.
Sgt.
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95
Target
U.S./United States
Time
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
A.M.
ante meridiem,
before midday
post meridiem, after
midday
anno Domini, in the
year of our Lord
before Christ
before the common era
common era
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
P.M.
A.D.
B.C.
B.C.C.
C.E.
Abbreviation
Whole Word
EDT
EST
CDT
CST
MDT
MST
PDT
PST
AKDT
AKST
HADT
HAST
DST
96
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U.S./United States
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Length
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
DC
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
District of Columbia
federal district
(Washington D.C.)
Abbreviation
Whole Word
in.
ft.
yd.
rd.
fur.
mi.
inch
foot
yard
rod
furlong
mile
AS
FM
GU
MH
MP
PW
PR
VI
American Samoa
Federated States of
Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Mariana
Islands
Palau
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Area
Abbreviation
Whole Word
sq. ft.
sq. yd.
sq. rd.
sq. mi.
square foot
square yard
square rod
square mile
Volume
Abbreviation
Whole Word
cu. ft.
cu. yd.
cubic foot
cubic yard
Capacity
Abbreviation
Whole Word
tsp.
tbsp.
oz.
c.
pt.
qt.
gal.
teaspoon
tablespoon
ounce
cup
pint
quart
gallon
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97
Weight
Volume
Abbreviation
Whole Word
Abbreviation
Whole Word
dr.
oz.
lb.
cwt
T
dram
ounce
pound
hundredweight
ton
m3
dm3
cc or cu cm
or cm3
cubic meter
cubic decimeter
cubic centimeter
Length
Abbreviation
Whole Word
m
dm
cm
mm
dam
hm
km
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter
dekameter
hectometer
kilometer
Area
98
Abbreviation
Whole Word
sq cm or cm2
sq km or km2
ha
square centimeter
square kilometer
hectare
Capacity
Abbreviation
Whole Word
l
dl
cl
ml
dal
hl
kl
dm3
liter
deciliter
centiliter
milliliter
dekaliter
hectoliter
kiloliter
cubic decimeter
Weight
Abbreviation
Whole Word
g
dg
cg
mg
kg
hg
dag
t
gram
decigram
centigram
milligram
kilogram
hectogram
dekagram
metric ton
Instant Word Lists for Teaching Reading and Writing e2 Publishing Services, LLC. Published by Scholastic Teaching Resources
Challenge
Countries of the World
DZ
AD
BJ
BW
BF
BI
CM
CV
CF
TD
KM
CD
DZA
AND
BEN
BWA
BFA
BDI
CMR
CPV
CAF
TCD
COM
COD
CG
COG
LS
LR
LY
MG
MW
ML
MR
MU
MA
MZ
NA
NE
NG
RW
ST
LSO
LBR
LBY
MDG
MWI
MLI
MRT
MUS
MAR
MOZ
NAM
NER
NGA
RWA
STR
CI
DJ
EG
GQ
ER
ET
GA
GM
GH
GN
GW
KE
CIV
DJI
EGY
GNQ
ERT
ETH
GAB
GMB
GHA
GIN
GNB
KEN
SN
SC
SL
SO
ZA
SD
SZ
TZ
TG
TN
UG
ZM
ZW
SEN
SYC
SLE
SOM
ZAF
SDN
SQZ
TZA
TGO
TUN
UGA
ZMB
ZWE
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African
Republic
Chad
Comoros
The Democratic
Republic of the
Congo
The Republic of
the Congo
Ivory Coast
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sao Tome and
Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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99
Asia
100
AF
AR
AZ
BH
BD
BT
KH
CN
CY
TP
GE
IN
ID
IR
IQ
IL
JR
JO
KZ
KP
LB
MY
MV
MN
MM
NP
OM
PK
PH
QA
RU
LBN
MYS
MDV
MNG
MMR
NPL
OMN
PAK
PHL
QAT
RUS
SA
SG
LK
SY
TW
TJ
TH
TR
SAU
SGP
LKA
SYR
TWN
TJK
THA
TUR
TM
AE
TKM
ARE
UZ
VN
YE
UZB
VNM
YEM
AFG
ARM
AZE
BHR
BGD
BTN
KHM
CHN
CYB
TMP
GEO
IND
IDN
IRN
IRQ
ISR
JRN
JOR
KAZ
PRK
KR
KOR
KW
KG
LA
KWT
KGZ
LAO
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Democratic
Peoples Republic
of Korea (North
Korea)
Republic of Korea
(South Korea)
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia (also
Europe)
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey (also
Europe)
Turkmenistan
United Arab
Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
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AU
BN
FJ
KI
MH
FM
NR
NZ
PW
PG
PLW
PNG
WS
SB
TO
TV
VU
WSM
SLB
TON
TUV
VUT
AUS
BRN
FJL
KIR
MHI
FSM
NRU
NZL
Australia
Brunei
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New
Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Europe
AL
AD
AT
BY
BE
BO
ALB
AND
AUT
BLR
BEL
BIH
BG
HR
CZ
DK
EE
FI
FR
DE
GR
HU
IS
IE
IT
LV
LI
LT
BGR
HRV
CZE
DNK
EST
FIN
FRA
DEV
GRC
HUN
ISL
IRL
ITA
LVA
LIE
LTU
LU
MK
MT
MD
MC
NL
NO
PL
PT
RO
RU
LUX
MKD
MLT
MDA
MCO
NLD
NOR
POL
PRT
ROM
RUS
SM
SK
SI
ES
SE
CH
TR
UA
GB
SMR
SVK
SVN
ESP
SWE
CHE
TUR
UKR
GBR
VA
VAT
Albania
Andorra
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia (also
Asia)
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey (also Asia)
Ukraine
United Kingdom
(Great Britain)
Vatican City
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101
AI
AG
AIA
ATG
AW
BS
BB
BZ
BM
CA
CR
CU
DM
DO
ABW
BHS
BRB
BLZ
BMU
CAN
CRI
CUB
DMA
DOM
HN
JM
MX
NI
PA
KN
HND
JAM
MEX
NIC
PAN
KNA
LC
VC
LCA
VCT
TT
TTO
TC
TCA
SV
GL
GD
GT
HT
SLV
GRL
GRD
GTM
HTI
US
BG
USA
VGB
VI
VIR
Anguilla
Antigua and
Babuda
Aruba
the Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican
Republic
El Salvador
Greenland
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and
Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines
Trinidad and
Tobago
Turks and Caicos
Islands
United States
Virgin Islands
(British)
Virgin Islands
(U.S.)
102
AR
BO
BR
CL
CO
EC
FK
GF
GY
PY
PE
SR
UY
VE
GUY
PRY
PER
SUR
URY
VEN
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
AQ
ATA
Antarctica
ARG
BOL
BRA
CHL
COL
ECU
FLK
GUF
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Columbia
Ecuador
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
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Acronyms
and
Initialisms
Easy
Acronyms (pronounce word)
New Word
Letters
Word(s)
radar
scuba
elf-Contained Underwater
S
Breathing Apparatus
sonar
UNESCO
UNICEF
CD
C.O.D.
FAQ
IOU
P.S.
TV
TGIF
Compact Disc
Cash On Delivery
Frequently Asked
Questions
I Owe You
Post Script
TeleVision
Thank God (or Goodness)
Its Friday
ZIP (code)
Target
Acronyms (pronounce word)
New Word
New Word
AIDS
PIN
AWOL
NATO
FEMA
snafu
laser
Teflon
Tetrafloroetylene resin
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103
Letters
Words
Letters
Words
AAA
merican Automobile
A
Association
IRS
ABC
merican Broadcasting
A
Company
MIA
Missing In Action
MO
ASAP
As Soon As Possible
ATM
NAACP
BLT
NBC
CBS
PBS
CIA
RIP
Rest In Peace
DA
District Attorney
RSVP
CPR
CardioPulmonary Resuscitation
POW
Prisoner Of War
DJ
Disc Jockey
SAT
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
DVD
SUV
FBI
URL
FCC
ederal Communications
F
Commission
VCR
VIP
FTC
VJ
Video Jockey
IQ
Intelligence Quotient
Q-and-A
Question-and-Answer
CD-ROM
104
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Challenge
Acronyms (pronounce word)
New word
New word
BASIC
eginners All-purpose
B
Symbolic Instruction Code
Ginny Mae
CAD
Computer-Aided Design
HUD
CAT
DOS
NAFTA
Letters
Words
Letters
Words
AI
Artificial intelligence
GNP
AKA
Also Known As
GPA
BBC
GPS
CEO
LCD
CFO
LED
DNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid
NEA
EU
European Union
JPEG
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105
Easy
Days
Word
Origin
Meaning
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Word
Origin
Meaning
January
March
May
Months
June
106
sixth month of the year
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Word
Origin
Meaning
floral
hyacinth
iris
mint
narcissus
peony
Word
Origin
Meaning
Asia
atlas
a book of maps
Europe
ocean
volcano
Word
Origin
Meaning
Mercury
Geography
Planets
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107
Word
Origin
Meaning
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Target
Appearance, Character Traits, and Behavior
108
Word
Origin
Meaning
Achilles
heel
weak spot
berserk
hector
bully; threaten
jovial
cheerful; jolly
Junoesque
juvenile
young; immature
lunatic
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Word
Origin
Meaning
martial
warlike
mercurial
panic
promethean
tantalize
Word
Origin
Meaning
ambrosia
calliope
cereal
a breakfast food
chronology
order of events
kraken
a sea monster
mentor
merchant
museum
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109
Word
Origin
Meaning
music
pontoon
siren
terminal
typhoon
zephyr
a gentle breeze
110
Word
Origin
Meaning
colossal
cupidity
discord
disagreement; strife
fortune
fury
herculean
iridescent
Midas touch
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Word
Origin
Meaning
narcissism
odyssey
Olympian
exalted; majestic
panacea
saturnine
Stygian
titanic
Challenge
Character Types
Word
Origin
Meaning
Adonis
amazon
Cassandra
nemesis
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111
112
Word
Origin
Meaning
arachnid
a spider
chimera
echoic
electricity
fauna
flora
helium
hygiene
hypnosis
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Words Based
on
Names
of
People
Easy
Word
Person
Meaning
America
braille
cardigan
Morse code
sandwich
teddy bear
valentine
Word
Person
Meaning
argyle
Target
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113
114
Word
Person
bloomers
bobby
bowie knife
boycott
Bunsen
burner
colt
a six-shooter or revolver
derby
derrick
derringer
diesel
Ferris wheel
gibberish
nonsense language
guillotine
from Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French a machine with a sharp sliding blade used
physician who proposed its use during the for beheading people
French Revolution
hooligan
Meaning
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Word
Person
Meaning
leotard
Levis
jeans; dungarees
lynch
macintosh
a kind of raincoat
magnolia
mason jar
maverick
pasteurize
ritzy
shrapnel
sideburns
silhouette
spaldeen
a rubber ball
Stetson
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115
Challenge
116
Word
Person
Meaning
bowdlerize
camellia
chauvinism
curie
doily
draconian
dunce
a fool or blockhead
forsythia
kaiser
kelvin scale
klieg lights
high-intensity lights
macadam
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Word
Person
Meaning
macadamia
madeleine
mansard
martinet
marzipan
mausoleum
a large tomb
mercerize
mesmerize
mini ball
Molotov
cocktail
Neanderthal
nicotine
obsidian
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117
118
Word
Person
Meaning
ohm
pompadour
petri dish
quisling
raglan sleeve
saxophone
spinet
spoonerism
tawdry
thespian
an actor
Vandyke
v-shaped beard
volt
zeppelin
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Words Based
on
Places
Easy
Word
Place
Meaning
Bermuda shorts
from Bermuda
knee-length pants
bologna
cheddar cheese
china
from China
porcelain dishes
frankfurter
a hot dog
hamburger
a meat patty
lumber
magnet
palace
pistol
a gun
Word
Place
Meaning
academy
a school
angora
arsenal
baked Alaska
bikini
Target
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119
120
Word
Place
blarney
from a stone in the Blarney Castle, flattery and smooth, but insincere, talk
Cork, Ireland
Brazil nut
Brussels sprouts
a type of vegetable
Cajun
calico
cantaloupe
a type of melon
cashmere
champagne
a sparkling wine
Charleston
a type of dance
dalmatian
a type of dog
denim
duffel bag
fez
forum
gauze
ghetto
italics
from Italy
a slanted typeface
jersey
a knitted sweater
java
coffee
lima bean
limburger cheese
limerick
limousine
lobby
Meaning
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Word
Place
Meaning
Louisville slugger
a baseball bat
mackinaw
manila paper
mayonnaise
milliner
a hat maker
muslin
rhinestone
artificial gems
romaine
a type of lettuce
Roman numeral
spa
Swiss cheese
from Switzerland
suede
from Sweden
wiener
a frankfurter
Word
Place
Meaning
argosy
bohemian
coliseum
damascene
damask
dumdum bullet
homburg
Challenge
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121
122
Word
Place
Meaning
india ink
from India
japan
from Japan
jimsonweed
laconic
Leyden jar
Linzer torte
madras
maelstrom
a large whirlpool
magenta
a reddish-purple color
mecca
meringue
organdy
panama hat
from Panama
parmesan
a type of cheese
rialto
romanesque
roquefort
sienna
a reddish color
venetian blinds
verdigris
worsted
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Easy
Word
War
Meaning
ace
dogfight
dog tag
GI
jeep
tank
Word
War
Meaning
A-bomb
airlift
AWOL
beachhead
from WWII
from the Spanish
Civil War
from the Civil War
from World War I
an atomic bomb
to transport soldiers or other people by air
blitz (blitzkrieg)
brainwash
brass hat
concentration camp
doughboy
draftee
gestapo
gung ho
joystick
Target
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123
Word
War
Meaning
kamikaze
mushroom cloud
nosedive
R and R
radar
shell shock
storm trooper
trench coat
U-boat
walkie-talkie
warhorse
watch cap
war correspondent
Word
War
Meaning
balaclava
bazooka
cravat
fifth columnist
flattop
genocide
medivac
pillbox
pipsqueak
sabotage
stalag
strafe
Challenge
124
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Portmanteau Words
In his nonsense poem Jabberwocky from Through the
Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, Lewis Carroll
coined new words by blending sounds from two familiar
words. The new word carries the meaning of both the
original words and is called a portmanteau word. The
process continues to this day.
Easy
Word
Combined Words
Meaning
brunch
carjack
motel
scrunch
slosh
smog
splatter
squiggle
breakfast + lunch
car + hijack
motor + hotel
squeeze + crunch
slop + slush
smoke + fog
splash + spatter
squirm + wiggle
a late-morning meal
to hijack or forcibly take a car from someone
a casual hotel for motorists
to crush tightly together
to spill or splash in a clumsy manner
pollution caused by a mixture of fog and smoke
to spatter and splash something
a wavy line
Word
Combined Words
Meaning
aerobatics
biopic
chocoholic
chortle
chunnel
emoticon
guesstimate
heliport
moped
motorcade
paratrooper
prissy
prequel
shopaholic
slithy
workaholic
aeroplane + acrobatics
biography + picture
chocolate + alcoholic
chuckle + snort
Channel + tunnel
emotion + icon
guess + estimate
helicopter + airport
motor + pedal
motor + cavalcade
parachute + trooper
prim + sissy
precede + sequel
shop + alcoholic
slimy + lithe
work + alcoholic
Target
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125
Challenge
126
Word
Combined Words
Meaning
advertorial
animatronics
aquacise
biotech
camcorder
contrail
cyborg
edutainment
infomercial
netizen
pixel
advertisement + editorial
animation + electronics
aqua + exercise
biology + technology
camera + recorder
condensation + trail
cybernetic + organism
education + entertainment
information + commercial
Internet + citizen
picture + element
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Easy
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
alligator
bandit
bedroom
bet
blanket
bump
dawn
eyeball
farmhouse
hint
hush
leapfrog
moonbeam
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127
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
puppy dog
roadway
unreal
watchdog
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
accused
aerial
amazement
arouse
backing
barefaced
beached
birthplace
bloodstained
blushing
buzzer
caked
champion
cloud-capped
coldblooded
compromise
countless
Target
128
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Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
courtship
critic
design
dialogue
downstairs
drug
elbow
employer
exposure
fancy-free
film
flawed
fortune-teller
full-grown
gloomy
gossip
green-eyed
homicide
hurry
ill-starred
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129
130
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
ill-tempered
label
laughable
lonely
lower
luggage
madcap
majestic
manager
marketable
mimic
mountaineer
noiseless
obscene
ode
outbreak
partner
puke
quarrelsome
radiance
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Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
rant
retirement
rival
scuffle
secure
shooting star
skim milk
soft-hearted
submerge
superscript
swagger
tardiness
torture
tranquil
unaware
unchanging
undervalue
varied
well-behaved
wormhole
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131
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
worthless
zany
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
academe
addiction
anchovy
assassination
bedazzle
besmirch
castigate
cater
cow
dauntless
dickens
discontent
engagement
epileptic
fitful
Challenge
132
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Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
foppish
frugal
gallantry
go-between
grovel
hobnob
humor
inauspicious
invulnerable
jaded
jet
lackluster
lustrous
metamorphose
negotiate
obsequiously
pedant
petition
premeditated
remorseless
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133
134
Word
Usage/Meaning
Shakespeare Connection
sacrificial
savagery
stealthy
unearthly
unpublished
unwillingness
vaulting
vulnerable
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Easy
Word
Origin
Meaning
robot
scrooge
sherlock
a detective
Word
Origin
Meaning
Big Brother
Target
inconsolable; grief-stricken
Camelot
cantankerous
cranky; bad-tempered
Catch-22
doublethink
eleventh hour
elfin
like an elf
fedora
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135
Word
Origin
Meaning
freelance
newspeak
pollyanna
Shangri-la
a paradise on Earth
underdog
Word
Origin
Meaning
braggadocio
dust devil
gargantuan
enormous; gigantic
jeremiad
lilliputian
malapropism
pandemonium
chaos
paparazzi
a freelance photographer of
celebrities
quixotic
replicant
thought police
Challenge
136
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Chapter 3
Words From
Other Languages
Were studying the
influence of other
languages on English.
I need some examples
of English words that
come from many
different languages,
not just from Spanish
and French.
The Greek and Latin words included in the lists in this chapter are
either ones that appear pretty much as they do in their original
language or ones that can be traced more directly back to the
original language. You may wish to show students the word
origin information that is typically included in a dictionary entry so
that they can continue to study word origins on their own.
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137
Meaning
Word
Meaning
banana
cola
a fruit
a drink
yam
a vegetable
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
aardvark
dashiki
safari
samba
zombie
Target
gumbo
marimba
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
apartheid
dengue
kraal
raffia
veld
Meaning
Word
Meaning
ghoul
magazine
a ghost or phantom
a weekly or monthly
publication
an embalmed body wrapped
in cloth
sofa
zero
a couch
nothing
mummy
138
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Target
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
admiral
algebra
alcohol
assassin
a commander
a field in mathematics
a fermented beverage
killer, especially of an important
person
fried balls of ground, spiced
chickpeas
a dip of mashed chickpeas
a spirit
grilled meat and vegetables on
a stick
kohl
falafel
hummus
jinni
kebab
loofah
mecca
monsoon
sheik
sultan
tariff
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
caliph
casbah
a Muslim ruler
the older section of a North
African town
a one- or two-masted sailing ship
a sweetened drink or potion
a ruler
a holy man who lives by begging
fatwa
hegira
kismet
intifada
jihad
mufti
a religious decree
a flight or escape
fate
an uprising
a military campaign or holy war
civilian clothes worn by a
military person
dhow
elixir
emir
fakir
Meaning
Word
Meaning
kangaroo
koala
Meaning
Word
Meaning
dingo
a wild dog
Target
Word
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139
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
billabong
a water hole
didgeridoo
a musical instrument
Meaning
Word
Meaning
china
chop suey
chow mein
tea
wok
wonton
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
dim sum
ginseng
gung ho
kowtow
kumquat
kung fu
mahjong
mandarin
soy
tofu
typhoon
yang
yin
ketsup
Target
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
feng shui
tai chi
sampan
140
tao
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Meaning
Word
Meaning
cookie
skate
sled
snoop
stove
tulip
waffle
walrus
wiggle
to pry or spy
an appliance on which one cooks
a flower
a type of pancake
a sea mammal
twist and jiggle
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
bluff
coleslaw
cruise
cruller
decoy
duffel
easel
to pretend or fake
a salad of sliced cabbage
a voyage by water
a small cake of fried dough
a lure or snare
a type of woolen material; a bag
a device for holding a painters
canvas
knack
splinter
stoop
yacht
sleigh
snack
Target
pickle
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
maelstrom
mannequin
mart
roster
a violent whirlpool
a life-size dummy
a store
a list
schooner
scone
sloop
smelt
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141
Meaning
ballet
beret
cafe
chauffeur
a type of dance
a soft, flat hat
a place that serves coffee
someone who drives someone
elses car
corduroy
a type of ribbed fabric
coupon
a piece of paper giving the bearer
certain benefits, such as a discount
crayon
a colored stick, often of wax, used
for drawing
margarine
food product usually made from
vegetable oils
mayonnaise a beaten mixture of oil and egg white
Word
Meaning
menu
omelette
picnic
Target
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
ambiance
arabesque
attach
crochet
bayonet
bayou
bistro
cabaret
cache
camouflage
casserole
cassette
coup
courier
142
croquet
croquette
crouton
cuisine
debris
debut
detour
diplomat
encore
etiquette
fianc
fiance
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Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
gaffe
gourmet
publicity
queue
quiche
advertising
line
a pie made with a filling of
eggs and cream
a tool
a body of work that can be
performed
an artificial lake
summary of education,
experience, and qualifications
income from business
cooked quickly in butter or oil
a light baked dish made with
egg whites
a memento or reminder of a
particular place or event
fashion; trend
flavor; enthusiasm; enjoyment
for life
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
abattoir
accoutrements
adroit
apropos
entourage
entrepreneur
followers or associates
someone who sets up his/her
own business to make money
someone acting as a messenger
for another country
spying
skill; flair
awkward; vulgar
without preparation
lack of concern; calm and
untroubled manner
plot or scheme
a person who links or
coordinates others
suggesting death; gruesome;
chilling
marinade
mauve
memoir
mortgage
mutiny
nave
ne
pass
plaque
potpourri
promenade
protg
ratchet
repertoire
reservoir
rsum
revenue
saut
souffl
souvenir
vogue
zest
Challenge
avant-garde
blas
bourgeois
cul-de-sac
dossier
echelon
envoy
espionage
finesse
gauche
impromptu
insouciance
intrigue
liaison
macabre
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143
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
maladroit
nuance
nonchalant
panache
piquant
raconteur
repartee
clumsy; awkward
a very slight difference
casual; calm and unconcerned
style and self-confidence
spicy
a storyteller
witty banter
rapport
regime
renaissance
rendezvous
ricochet
sabotage
sachet
bond of understanding
government in power
rebirth of culture
meeting
to rebound or bounce back
subversive, destructive act
a little package of scent
Meaning
Word
Meaning
dachshund
delicatessen
knapsack
noodle
polka
a backpack
a strip of pasta
a type of fast dance
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
blitz
bratwurst
gesundheit
glitz
glockenspiel
kaiser
kaput
kitsch
knockwurst
liverwurst
dollar
frankfurter
hamster
hamburger
kindergarten
pretzel
Target
edelweiss
foosball
flugelhorn
frau
frulein
gestapo
144
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Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
linzer torte
loden
schmooze
snorkel
spritz
stein
streusel
waltz
wurst
zwieback
Luftwaffe
plunder
poltergeist
rottweiler
rucksack
sauerkraut
schnauzer
schwa
shyster
torte
Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
angst
cobalt
doppelgnger
ersatz
feldspar
fest
flak
gestalt
lederhosen
leitmotif
meerschaum
muesli
gneiss
hinterland
howitzer
lebensraum
panzer
Reich
spiel
umlaut
verboten
wanderlust
wunderkind
zeitgeist
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145
Meaning
Word
alphabet
buffalo
chorus
church
crocodile
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
academy
acoustic
agony
amnesia
amoeba
athlete
a school
relating to sound
struggle and pain
the inability to remember
ones past
a one-celled organism
someone who plays sports and
other physical activities
a disaster
a mixture of clay and chemicals
complete disorder
a person in a story
government by the people
a prehistoric and extinct reptile
a serious play
management of resources
an inscription, particularly one on
a tombstone
a place equipped for sports
the story of the past
horizon
Meaning
Target
catastrophe
ceramic
chaos
character
democracy
dinosaur
drama
economy
epitaph
gymnasium
history
146
marathon
mathematics
meander
mechanic
melody
metropolis
mime
mystery
prophet
psalm
sympathy
tragedy
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Challenge
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
abyss
acme
holocaust
martyr
agora
marketplace
allegory
t he use of characters to
represent ideas
alpha
the beginning
anathema
anarchy
aristocracy
asbestos
cosmos
dogma
epiphany
thesis
Word
Meaning
melancholy
myriad
obelisk
omega
ostracize
sarcasm
stigma
syntax
Meaning
bangle
bandanna
cot
a bracelet
a scarf
a folding bed
pajamas
shampoo
sleeping attire
a cleanser for hair
Target
Word
Meaning
bungalow
calico
chintz
dinghy
a small boat
Word
dungarees
khaki
loot
swami
thug
veranda
Meaning
jeans
a dull brownish-yellow color
plunder
a religious leader
a brutal person
a porch
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147
Challenge
Word
Meaning
chutney
cummerbund
a relish
a pleated sash worn for formal
dress
riding breeches
a relentlessly destructive force
a Hindu prince
jodhpurs
juggernaut
maharaja
Word
maharani
pundit
swami
tandoori
Meaning
a Hindu princess
a critic
a religious teacher
a dish cooked in a clay oven
over charcoal
Meaning
bandit
broccoli
macaroni
motto
pasta
an outlaw; a thief
a green vegetable
a type of pasta
a statement expressing goals
noodles made from flour, eggs,
and water
a large musical instrument with
a keyboard
piano
Word
pizza
solo
spaghetti
violin
volcano
Meaning
flat bread with cheese and sauce
alone
a type of pasta
a stringed instrument
an opening from which molten
rock erupts from the earth
Target
148
Word
Meaning
balcony
ballot
bravo
casino
confetti
fiasco
finale
ghetto
gondola
a terrace
a system of voting
excellent; well-done
a public place for gambling
streamers of colored paper
total failure
the end
a segregated area of a city
a long, narrow boat
Word
graffiti
grotto
influenza
lava
maestro
malaria
mandolin
Meaning
ritings and drawings made
w
on walls
a cave
a respiratory disease
molten rock from a volcano
a master
a disease transmitted by
mosquitoes
a stringed instrument
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Word
Meaning
marina
mezzanine
opera
Word
soprano
studio
torso
zany
Meaning
a singer with a high voice
a workroom for an artist
the trunk of the body
comical
Challenge
Word
Meaning
a cappella
alfresco
allegro
antipasto
aria
cappuccino
concerto
crescendo
diva
fascism
incognito
Word
libretto
madrigal
paparazzi
portfolio
regatta
sonata
staccato
stiletto
stucco
svelte
trattoria
vendetta
virtuoso
Meaning
the text for an opera
a song
photographers who pursue
celebrities
a flat case for holding papers
a boat race
a type of classical music
short, rapid notes
a dagger
a plaster coating used for outer
walls
slender
a small, simple restaurant or tavern
a feud
an expert or particularly skillful
person
Meaning
haiku
judo
Word
karate
Meaning
a martial art that uses kicks and
punches
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149
Target
Word
Meaning
banzai
bonsai
futon
hibachi
honcho
jujitsu
manga
ninja
origami
Word
sake
samurai
sashimi
sushi
tofu
tsunami
tycoon
Meaning
an alcoholic beverage made
from rice
a warrior
thin slices of raw fish
raw fish and rice
a food made from bean curd
a giant wave caused by an
underground earthquake
a powerful business magnate
Challenge
Word
Meaning
aikido
kabuki
karaoke
a martial art
a form of drama
entertainment where a person
sings along with a prerecorded
song
an American whose parents came
from Japan
nisei
Word
shogun
shiatsu
sumo
tatami
Meaning
a ruler
a type of massage
a type of wrestler
a straw mat
150
Word
Meaning
alibi
arena
exit
index
minus
excuse or explanation
enclosed area for a sporting event
way out
a listing showing topics
reduced by
Word
pro
quota
recipe
rex
versus
Meaning
for
allowed amount
instructions for preparing food
king
against; opposed to
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Target
Word
Meaning
alias
ante
apex
cursor
data
focus
forum
assumed name
bet; to put up in advance
highest point
pointer
information
concentrate attention on
a place or opportunity for meeting
and discussing
fungus
a type of organism
habitat
environment
media
mass communication
memento
souvenir
memorabilia things that help you remember a
person or event
memorandum a brief communication
Word
minutia
nil
opus
par
pleb
re
sic
sinister
stet
subpoena
thesaurus
veto
via
Meaning
little details
nothing
work
standard or average
common person
regarding
thus; so
evil; wicked
keep or restore
an order for someone to appear
in court
a collection of synonyms and
sometimes antonyms
vote against
by way of
Challenge
Word
Meaning
acumen
keenness of judgment
addendum
something added
affidavit
sworn statement
anima
atrium
entrance hall
auspices
guidance; protection
cadaver
dead body
caveat
credo
warning; caution
belief
crux
decorum
dementia
good manners
a disease that causes mental
deterioration
therefore
ergo
Word
erratum
exemplar
fiat
genus
gratis
gravitas
honorarium
hiatus
impetus
inertia
juvenalia
limbo
Meaning
error
example
formal authorization
the ranking between species
and family
free
seriousness
money paid to someone who
gives a speech
pause; break
drive; momentum
inactivity
work done when a writer or artist
was young
dividing line
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151
Word
Meaning
lacuna
matrix
modicum
mores
nexus
Word
persona
placebo
stratum
tenet
verbatim
Meaning
character or assumed role
drug without any active ingredients, used in a test situation
level
principle
exactly as said
Meaning
chipmunk
igloo
moccasin
parka
Word
papoose
tomahawk
wampum
wigwam
Meaning
a young child or baby
a small weapon with a sharp blade
polished beads used for money
a type of hut
Target
Word
Meaning
hickory
husky
kayak
pecan
squash
a type of tree
a breed of dog used to pull sleds
a lightweight canoe
a type of edible nut
a vegetable
Word
succotash
toboggan
totem
Meaning
a dish made of corn and lima
beans
a narrow sled without runners
a carving representing an animal
or object important to a tribe
Challenge
152
Word
Meaning
anorak
Word
wickiup
Meaning
a type of hut
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Meaning
Word
Meaning
samba
a dance
zebra
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
commando
pagoda
a Buddhist temple
Word
Meaning
Word
Meaning
junta
mangrove
military rule
a type of tree or shrub
peon
tapioca
Word
Meaning
Target
Challenge
Meaning
czar
sable
a Russian ruler
an animal prized for its fur
sputnik
an artificial satellite
Target
Word
Meaning
babushka
blintz
borscht
a head scarf
a thin pancake
a soup made from beets
Word
cosmonaut
cossack
kremlin
Meaning
a Russian astronaut
a peasant
a Russian citadel or fortress
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153
Word
Meaning
mammoth
shaman
steppe
Word
tundra
yurt
Meaning
permanently frozen, treeless land
a tent
Challenge
Word
Meaning
glasnost
gulag
perestroika
pogrom
Word
politburo
samovar
troika
Meaning
the executive branch of the
Communist government
a tea urn
a carriage drawn by three horses
Meaning
om
Word
yoga
Meaning
a discipline or system that
includes breathing exercises
and postures
Target
154
Word
Meaning
karma
mandala
fate
a circular design representing the
universe mantra
Word
nirvana
yogi
Meaning
a state of enlightenment;
paradise
a person who practices yoga
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Challenge
Word
Meaning
ashram
avatar
a retreat
someone who embodies certain
principles or a figure that
represents a person
duty or truth
dharma
Word
raga
swastika
tantra
Meaning
a form of music
a religious symbol that later
became a fascist symbol
sacred books
Meaning
flounder
mink
a type of flatfish
an animal prized for its fur
Word
ski
Meaning
a sport in which people glide
down mountains on narrow
strips of wood, metal, or plastic
Target
Word
Meaning
slalom
smorgasbord
Word
wicker
Meaning
aterial woven from twigs or
m
weeds
Challenge
Word
Meaning
fjord
gauntlet
krill
Word
ombudsman
tungsten
gravlax
lingonberry
Meaning
a government official responsible
for investigating complaints
a metallic element
thin slices of cured salmon
a type of red berry
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155
Meaning
adios
alligator
amigo
barrio
good-bye
a large reptile with sharp teeth
a friend
a section of a city where Spanishspeaking people live
a wild horse
a tortilla wrapped around a filling
a small donkey
a gentle wind
a pod of the pepper plant
a sweet treat made from cocoa
butter and milk
a roll of tobacco leaves
an insect that is a household pest
an animal that is somewhat
similar to a wolf
strips of meat served on a soft
tortilla
a celebration
bronco
burrito
burro
breeze
chili
chocolate
cigar
cockroach
coyote
fajita
fiesta
Word
flamingo
guitar
hombre
hurricane
mosquito
patio
potato
ranch
salsa
siesta
sombrero
taco
tamale
tobacco
tomato
tortilla
Meaning
a long-legged pink bird
a stringed instrument
man
a violent wind storm
an insect
an outdoor living area
a white tuber cooked as a
vegetable
a farm where livestock are raised
a spicy sauce
an afternoon nap
a hat
a tortilla with filling
fried meats and vegetables in a
corn husk
dried leaves that are smoked
a type of fruit often used in
salads
thin, flat bread
Target
Word
Meaning
adobe
armadillo
armada
arroyo
avocado
barracuda
bodega
bravado
buckaroo
156
Word
cafeteria
cantina
cannibal
canyon
cargo
corral
crimson
Meaning
a coffee shop or informal
restaurant
an eating place that also sells
liquor
a person who eats other humans
a valley with a river running
through it bordered by steep
cliffs
freight
a fenced area for livestock
deep red
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Word
Meaning
desperado
flotilla
galleon
a desperate outlaw
a fleet of ships
a large sailing ship with three
masts
a cowboy
a dish made from mashed
avocados
a large farm or ranch
a hanging bed made of ropes
a tropical lizard
a large cat similar to a leopard
a type of spicy chili
dried meat
a rope used to catch and tie up
livestock
a rope used to catch livestock
a bullfighter
flat, tableland
a wild horse
nothing
a spice
gaucho
guacamole
hacienda
hammock
iguana
jaguar
jalapeo
jerky
lariat
lasso
matador
mesa
mustang
nada
oregano
Word
pampas
papaya
plaza
poncho
puma
quesadilla
rodeo
rumba
savanna
silo
stampede
tango
toreador
tornado
vanilla
vamoose
Meaning
grass-covered plains
a tropical fruit
a public square
an outer garment or blanket with
a slit for the head that is worn
over the shoulders
a mountain lion
a fried tortilla stuffed with cheese
a competition with bronco riding
and cattle roping
a type of dance
plains
a barn or cylinder used to store
grain or animal feed
headlong rush of animals
a type of dance
a bullfighter who fights on
horseback
a destructive wind storm
a flavoring
to leave in a hurry
Challenge
Word
Meaning
abalone
aficionado
albino
cabana
condor
conquistador
embarcadero
fandango
guano
guava
Word
guerrilla
machete
machismo
mariachi
palmetto
peccadillo
pimiento
platinum
renegade
Meaning
a soldier who takes part in
irregular warfare
a knife with a broad blade
exaggerated masculinity
a type of street band
a type of palm
a small mistake or offense
a type of sweet red pepper
a precious metal that is
silver-white
an outlaw
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157
Meaning
coffee
fez
a hot beverage
a brimless hat
Word
sherbet
yogurt
Meaning
a frozen dessert made from fruit
a type of fermented milk product
Target
Word
Meaning
bulgur
caftan
divan
harem
khan
Word
kiosk
kismet
minaret
mullah
shish kebab
Meaning
a stall or booth
fate
a slender tower
a scholar or teacher
meat and vegetables on a skewer
Challenge
158
Word
Meaning
baklava
dervish
a dessert
a member of a religious order
noted for its devotional dancing
Word
janissary
Meaning
a soldier or member of an elite
group of supporters
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Meaning
bagel
Word
matzo
Meaning
unleavened bread
Target
Word
Meaning
klutz
knish
kosher
a clumsy person
a seasoned potato cake
following specific religious rules
for preparing and selling food
complain
kvetch
Word
maven
nosh
pastrami
schnozzle
yarmulke
Meaning
an expert
snack
smoked, seasoned beef
nose
a skull cap
Challenge
Word
Meaning
chutzpah
golem
kaddish
mensch
self-confidence; bravado
a clay creature brought to life
a prayer for the dead
a decent and honorable person
Word
nebbish
schlepp
shtick
tchotchke
Meaning
a weak and timid person
to drag or carry
act or routine
knick-knack, trinket
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159
French Phrases
Easy
Phrase
Meaning
la carte
la mode
au gratin
Phrase
dj vu
nom de plume
Meaning
the feeling of having seen or
done something before
pen name
Target
Phrase
Meaning
bon apptit
bon vivant
Phrase
femme fatale
hors doeuvre
in lieu of
nouveau riche
tour de force
Meaning
a very attractive woman who
breaks many mens hearts
an appetizer served before the
main meal
instead of
people who have become rich
recently
masterful work or skill
Challenge
Word
Meaning
au pair
bon mot
cause clbre
coup de grce
coup dtat
de rigueur
enfant terrible
en masse
fait accompli
160
Word
Meaning
faux pas
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Word
Meaning
raison dtre
savoir faire
Word
tte--tte
Meaning
f ace-to-face or private
conversation
Latin Phrases
Easy
Phrase
Meaning
et cetera
(etc.)
ex libris
in toto
Phrase
per diem
vice versa
Meaning
by the day
the opposite; the other way
around
Target
Phrase
Meaning
ad hoc
ad nauseum
bona fide
carpe diem
cum laude
e pluribus
unum
ex post facto
habeas corpus
in media res
magna cum
laude
Phrase
mea culpa
nota bene
per capita
persona non
grata
postmortem
pro bono
summa cum
laude
tempus fugit
terra firma
Meaning
the blame is mine
note well
per each head; per person
a person who isnt welcome;
someone unacceptable
after death
for the public good
with highest honors
time flies
firm land; solid ground
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161
Challenge
Phrase
Meaning
ad hominem
a ppealing to personal
considerations
with no limit
school you formerly attended
conceived beforehand;
self-evident
other self; close friend
let the buyer beware
in fact
a contrived solution or ending
ad infinitum
alma mater
a priori
alter ego
caveat emptor
de facto
deus ex
machina
et alia (et al.)
in absentia
162
Phrase
Meaning
in vitro
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Spanish-English Cognates
Spanish-English cognates share the same Latin root. They
look and sound very similar. In fact, in some cases, they
are identical. Knowing cognates is a useful strategy for
learning a new language.
Easy
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
acto
actor
actriz
aire
altar
banco
banda
bandido
barra
blusa
bota
bote
capa
capital
capitn
copia
correcto
danza
eco
error
falso
fama
familia
flor
act
actor
actress
air
altar
bank
band
bandit
bar
blouse
boot
boat
cape
capital
captain
copy
correct
dancing
echo
error
false
fame
family
flower
forma
gas
gigante
globo
honor
hospital
horrible
idea
letra
lnea
lista
mapa
marcha
natural
nmero
ocano
palma
pasta
patio
perla
rancho
t
tren
form; shape
gas
giant
globe
honor
hospital
horrible
idea
letter
line
list
map
mark
natural
number
ocean
palm
paste; pasta;
dough
patio
pearl
ranch
tea
train
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163
Target
164
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
abnormal
abrupto
absorber
academia
accidente
acento
aceptar
activo
acusar
adaptar
adjustar
admitir
adoptar
atleta
atencin
atractivo
audiencia
autobs
autor
avenida
balcn
baln
banquero
bicicleta
biografa
border
calendario
candidato
clnica
combinar
convicto
crear
cuarto
curioso
abnormal
abrupt; steep
absorb
academy
accident
accent
accept
active
accuse
adapt
adjust
admit
adopt
athlete
attention
attractive
audience
bus
author
avenue
balcony
ball
banker
bicycle
biography
border
calendar
candidate
clinic
combine
convicted
create
quarter
curious
cuestin
cupn
debatir
decidir
decisin
decorar
diferencia
direccin
efecto
elegante
elevar
emigrante
emocin
energa
ensalada
eterno
fabuloso
famoso
favorable
festivo
generoso
glorioso
gratitud
hbito
historia
honoria
humano
identidad
ilusin
imperfecto
importante
imposible
industria
informacin
question
coupon
debate
decide
decision
decorate
difference
direction
effect
elegant
elevate; raise
emigrant
emotion
energy
salad
enternal
fabulous
famous
favorable
festive; merry
generous
glorious
gratitude
habit; custom
history
honorary
human being
identity
illusion
imperfect
important
impossible
industry
information
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Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
lapso
leccin
libertad
lustre
magnifico
magnitud
manual
manuscrito
mximo
medicina
memoria
mrito
mnimo
nacional
necesario
negativo
nervioso
novela
objecto
ocasin
ocupado
lapse; mistake
lesson
liberty
luster; shine
magnificent
magnitude
manual; by hand
manuscript
maximum
medicine
memory
merit; worth
minimum
national
necessary
negative
nervous
novel
object
occasion
occupied
opinin
palacio
pasado
permiso
plantar
policia
religin
satisfactorio
secreto
seleccin
teatro
telescopio
televisin
temperatura
ltimo
unidad
urbano
vacante
vena
victoria
visin
opinion
palace
past
permission
plant
police
religion
satisfactory
secret
selection
theater
telescope
television
temperature
ultimate
unity
urban
vacant
vein
victory
vision
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
absoluto
abismo
absurdo
acelerar
aceptacin
admiracin
adolesencia
ambulancia
asociacin
astrnomo
atraccin
absolute
abyss
absurd
accelerate
acceptance
admiration
adolescence
ambulance
association
astronomer
attraction
autntico
automtico
brbaro
beneficio
biologa
bulevar
calcular
celebracin
competencia
contribucin
cooperacin
authentic
automatic
barbarian
benefit
biology
boulevard
calculate
celebration
competition
contribution
cooperate
Challenge
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165
166
Spanish Word
English Word
Spanish Word
English Word
cuota
curiosidad
decimo
defecto
departamento
descender
destino
elstico
electricidad
facilidad
facultad
fatiga
festividad
fractura
generosidad
grotesco
habitante
hemisferio
historiador
hospitalidad
humanidad
imaginativo
imitacin
imperativo
imperio
inmediatamente
justicia
quota
curiosity
tenth
defect; fault
department
lower
destiny
elastic
electricity
facility; ease
faculty
fatigue
festivity
fracture; break
generosity
grotesque
inhabitant
hemisphere
historian
hospitality
humanity
imaginary
imitation
imperative
empire
immediately
justice
juventud
lenguaje
majestad
maravilloso
metropolitano
nacionalidad
naturalmente
obediente
objetivo
oportunidad
pacifico
pavimento
percepcin
realidad
recientemente
recreacin
referencia
satlite
sobrenatural
solidario
turista
tradicional
tragedia
universidad
vacaciones
vehiculo
youth
language
majesty
marvelous
metropolitan
nationality
naturally
obedient
objective
opportunity
pacific; peaceful
pavement
perception
reality
recently
recreation
reference
satellite
supernatural
solidarity; unity
tourist
traditional
tragedy
university
vacation
vehicle
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British-American Words
and
Terms
Easy
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
biscuit
chips
dustbin
flat
football
hire
holiday
jug
lift
cookie
fries
trash can
apartment
soccer
rent
vacation
pitcher
elevator
mate
mum
post
pram
sweets
tap
telly
tin
trousers
friend
mom
mail
baby carriage
candy
faucet
TV
can
pants
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
banger
banknote
bank cashier
bonnet
boot
carrier bag
car park
caravan
constable
sausage
bill
teller
car hood
car trunk
shopping bag
parking lot
motor home; trailer
police officer
(especially one on
foot patrol)
stove
potato chips
detour
period
ice lolly
jello
jelly
jumper
loo
lorry
motorway
nappy
pavement
petrol
plaster
postal code
push chair
queue
rasher
popsicle
jelly
jam
sweater
bathroom
truck
highway
diaper
sidewalk
gas
band-aid
zip code
stroller
line
slice of bacon
Target
cooker
crisps
diversion
full stop
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British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
row
rucksack
scone
take-away
argument
backpack
biscuit
takeout
torch
trolley
wardrobe
windscreen
flashlight
cart
closet
windshield
British Word
American Word
British Word
American Word
aubergine
bed sit
braces
chemist
cinema
commercial traveler
draughts
drawing pin
dressing gown
flyover
fortnight
ground floor
kerosene
knickers
macintosh
nought
pinafore
plimsolls
public school
return ticket
eggplant
studio apartment
suspenders
pharmacy
movie theater
traveling
salesperson
checkers
thumbtack
robe
overpass
two weeks
first floor
paraffin
underpants
raincoat
nothing
jumper
gym shoes
private school
round-trip ticket
roundabout
rubber
runner beans
serviette
silencer
sitting room
solicitor
surgery
swimming costume
tea towel
toll motorway
trainers
turnups
tube
vacuum flask
verge (of road)
waistcoat
wellies
zebra crossing
traffic circle
eraser
stringbeans
napkin
muffler
living room
lawyer
doctors office
bathing suit
dish towel
turnpike; toll road
sneakers
cuffs
subway
thermos bottle
shoulder
vest
galoshes; boots
crosswalk
Challenge
168
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Chapter 4
Word Differences
and Wordplay
Im showing my
students the
importance of
choosing the best
word when writing.
I need some more
examples of shades
of difference among
synonyms.
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169
Shades-of-Difference Words
English is rich in synonyms. However, synonyms are often not exactly
alike. Most carry meaning under the main meaning. Finding the right
word makes good writing better. Its important to understand the shades
of difference in words in order to choose the best synonym to fit a context
and match a purpose. In the lists below, the first word in each group has
the most general meaning.
Easy
cold
chilly
freezing
frosty
run
dash
jog
race
sprint
170
to shed tears
to cry noisily
to make gasping sounds while
crying
to cry, often quietly
to cry weakly, make whining sounds
mean
cruel
nasty
vicious
old
ancient
antique
pretty
beautiful
cute
lovely
pleasing to look at
very good-looking
sweet and pleasing; delightful
gracefully delicate and pleasing
shout
bellow
holler
roar
talk
babble
chat
discuss
to speak
to talk without making sense
to talk in a friendly and casual way
to talk in a purposeful way,
particularly in order to make
a decision
walk
amble
stride
trudge
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Target
bad
naughty
wicked
evil
blame
accuse
criticize
denounce
condemn
badly behaved
badly behaved and causing mischief,
but without meaning serious harm
badly behaved and morally wrong
foul; purposefully causing trouble
f ind fault with or think someone
responsible for a wrongdoing
charge someone with a wrongdoing
or crime
point out someones faults
speak out publicly against someone
judge that someone is guilty and
deserves punishment
brave
not afraid
courageous consciously facing danger boldly
by drawing on inner strength
having no fear in the face of danger
fearless
heroic
showing the bravery and daring
typical of a hero
busy
bustling
hectic
lively
full of activity
full of energy and noise
too busy; frantic
full of energy and life
childlike
childish
immature
juvenile
common
average
mundane
ordinary
not special
typical of a group
common and often boring
usual and customary; not
distinguishable from others
confident
aggressive
assertive
cocky
confuse
puzzle
baffle
cheap
like a child
behaving in a way more appropriate to a child than an adult
not yet fully developed; not
developed to a level appropriate
for ones age
appropriate for young people or
children
mystify
depressing
dreary
gloomy
dismal
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disagree
argue
bicker
debate
error
intelligent
bright
clever
shrewd
smart
wise
laugh
chortle
chuckle
giggle
friend
172
witty
causing laughter
pleasant and entertaining
funny because it is odd or strange
very funny; causing outbursts of
laughter
clever, stylish, and amusing
happy
blissful
content
gleeful
joyous
snicker
love
adore
idolize
worship
pile
clutter
jumble
hodgepodge
mess
polite
civil
courteous
well-mannered
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pretend
deceive
feign
rain
drizzle
pour
sleet
rude
coarse
uncouth
unrefined
vulgar
bluff
scared
frightened; afraid
feeling shock, dismay, and alarm
aghast
horrified
feeling revulsion, disgust, and shock
terrified feeling overpowering and often
paralyzing fear
shiny
brilliant
dazzling
luminous
lustrous
shy
bashful
coy
diffident
timid
strange
alien
exotic
foreign
surprise
amaze
astonish
astound
thin
skinny
slender
svelte
trim
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Challenge
able
capable
competent
skilled
equipped to do something
able to do a particular task
having the skills necessary to do a
particular task
having a special ability to do a
particular task
agreement
accord
consensus
pact
an understanding or arrangement
a treaty or settlement
general, widespread agreement
an agreement to do something
annoyed
bothered
irked
vexed
apparent
blatant
174
constant
steady; always present
continual happening again and again at
regular intervals
continuous happening without interruption
for a long period of time
persistent continuing relentlessly for a long
period of time
dishonest
calculating
eerie
gruesome
macabre
morbid
ahead of time
before the expected or advisable
time
at a bad or inconvenient time;
happening too soon
strange and frightening
focusing on cruelty and injury in
order to cause horror and shock
focusing on the horror of death
and decay
dark and gloomy in an unhealthy
and unwholesome way
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judge
arbitrate
mediate
referee
pity
real
not artificial
reliable; trustworthy
authentic
being what it claims to be
genuine
unadulterated not changed in any way
shorten
abbreviate
abridge
truncate
showy
gaudy
garish
ostentatious
tawdry
usual
customary
habitual
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Easy
adjective
comparative
superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
bad
cool
good
little
worse
cold
better
less
worst
frigid
best
least
lukewarm
many
warm
more
much
more
hot
most (countable
things)
most (an amount
you cannot count)
adjective
comparative
superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
big
full
grand
great
greatest
loud
huge
packed
magnificent
terrific
maximum
ear-splitting
immense
stuffed
majestic
superb
ultimate
deafening
necessary
risky
tired
top
weak
wild
essential
serious
weary
apex
feeble
fierce
indispensable
critical
exhausted
zenith
decrepit
ferocious
adjective
comparative
superlative
adjective
comparative
superlative
difficult
disastrous
disliked
eager
interesting
challenging
calamitous
hated
enthusiastic
absorbing
grueling
catastrophic
detested
avid
fascinating
plentiful
terrible
unappealing
unhappy
urgent
abundant
appalling
repellent
dejected
vital
profuse
abysmal
hideous
disconsolate
imperative
Target
Challenge
176
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Color Words
English is rich in words that name different shades or
variations of primary and secondary colors. As a result,
we can choose the exact word we need to describe a
color. Some color words are derived from objects that
are that precise color, such as ruby and periwinkle.
Others come from words in other languages, such as
cerise and puce (French).
Easy
black brown gray orange purple rose tan yellow
blue gold green pink red silver white
Target
apricot
aquamarine
auburn
azure
beige
bronze
buff
canary
champagne
cherry
chestnut
copper
coral
cream
crimson
ebony
emerald
fawn
fuchsia
indigo
ivory
khaki
lavender
lilac
magenta
mahogany
maroon
mauve
navy
olive
peach
pearl
periwinkle
plum
ruby
russet
rust
sable
saffron
sage
salmon
light brown
pale purple
pinkish purple
brilliant reddish purple
deep reddish brown
brownish red or purple
light pinkish purple
dark blue
deep yellowish green
creamy yellowish orange
yellowish white
pale purplish blue
dark reddish purple
deep, intense red tinged with
purple
brownish red
reddish brown
black or grayish, yellowish brown
deep yellowish orange
grayish green
pinkish orange
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sapphire
scarlet
slate
tangerine
taupe
tawny
teal
topaz
turquoise
violet
heliotrope
henna
hoary
madder
ocher
perse
puce
reseda
sienna
sorrel
terra cotta
titian
ultramarine
umber
vermilion
Challenge
alabaster
amethyst
aubergine
burgundy
carmine
celadon
cerise
cerulean
chartreuse
cinnabar
citrine
citron
claret
cyan
ecru
178
translucent white
bluish purple
dark purple
deep red
deep purplish red
pale grayish green
deep purplish red
sky blue
intense yellowish green
deep red tinged with orange
dark greenish yellow
grayish green
dark purplish red
deep greenish blue
pale grayish, yellowish brown
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Euphemisms
A euphemism is a softer, blander word used in place of
a harsher, blunter word. A euphemism often covers up
an offensive or distasteful quality clearly conveyed by the
original word.
Easy
Original Word
Euphemism
Original Word
Euphemism
dead
die
garbage
deceased
pass away
waste
problem
old age
old person
challenge
golden years
senior citizen
Original Word
Euphemism
Original Word
Euphemism
burial ground
c emetery; memorial
park
challenged
sanitation worker
waste management
refuse collection
area
terminate
insane asylum
poor
prison
rerun
superintendent
used car
sanatorium;
psychiatric hospital
underprivileged
correctional
institution
encore performance
custodial engineer
preowned vehicle
Original Word
Euphemism
Original Word
Euphemism
attack, raid
bathroom
burial
civilian causalities
crime
conquer
conquest
killed by own troops
imitation
lie
incursion
facility
interment
collateral damage
antisocial behavior
pacify
pacification
friendly fire
faux
fabrication
old-fashioned
picky
poorly behaved
retreat
rude
slum
retro
discriminating
maladjusted
strategic withdrawal
socially maladjusted
economically
disadvantaged area
misappropriation of
funds
military action
Target
disabled
garbage collector
garbage collection
garbage dump
kill
Challenge
theft
war
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Regionalisms
Many common objects are called different things in different
locations or parts of the country. Words like this are called
regionalisms. Sometimes the exact places where a regionalism is used may be difficult to pinpoint. Some can be isolated
to one area, such as the Southeast or Midwest. Others pop
up around the country in places that are far apart, such as
in Boston, the Midwest, and California. In the lists below, the
most commonly or widely used term is listed first.
Easy
bag
poke
sack
coke
pop
soda
tonic
Target
drinking fountain
bubbler
frying pan
fry pan
skillet
spider
garage
carport
grocery cart
buggy
shopping wagon
grocery store
bodega
corner market
mini-mart
180
highway
freeway
expressway
the I
thruway
porch
gallery
stoop
veranda
margarine
oleo
rubberband
gumband
elastic
milk shake
frappe
remarkable
bodacious
pancakes
battercakes
flapjacks
griddlecakes
hotcakes
johnnycakes
sofa
couch
davenport
submarine (sandwich)
Cuban sandwich
grinder
hero
hoagie
Italian sandwich
poor boy (or po boy)
sprinkles
jimmies
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Challenge
andiron
dog iron
orphaned calf
dogie
detergent
washing powder
squad car
cruiser
patrol car
prowl car
gazebo
belvedere
pagoda
summerhouse
garden folly
traffic circle
rotary
roundabout
turn signal
blinker
directional signal
valley
hollow
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181
Onomatopoeia Words
Some words imitate sounds. They can be the sounds
made by animals, people, or things. You would think
these words would be standard from language to
language, but they are not. For example, in English a cat
says, meow, in Danish, mjav, in Japanese, nyaa,
and in Bengali, meu.
Easy
baa
beep
boo-hoo
bow-wow
buzz
choo choo
clop
cock-a-doodle-doo
ding-dong
gobble
hee-haw
meow
moo
neigh
oink
ouch
peep
quack
tick-tock
tweet
whoo
woof
coo
crackle
croak
crunch
duh
eek
fizz
growl
grr
hiss
jingle
mew
plop
pow
ribbit
screech
smack
snarl
snort
splash
splat
squawk
squeal
swoosh
thud
thump
twitter
wham
whinny
whoosh
whizz
yelp
zap
caw
cha-ching
gurgle
hmmm
humph
ka-boom
mumble
pitter-patter
poof
rustle
sizzle
slurp
thunk
tsk-tsk
twang
vroom
whiffle
yadda yadda yadda
yahoo
Target
achoo
arf
bong
bonk
brr
burp
chirp
clang
clickety clack
clink
clip clop
clunk
Challenge
ahem
argh
baroom
blah blah blah
bleet
boing
bray
182
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Nouns
and
Adjectives
for
Animals
Easy
noun
adjective
adjective
(Latin form)
cat
dog
catty
doggish
feline
canine
noun
adjective
ape
bee
bird
bull
cow
donkey
fish
noun
adjective
adjective
(Latin form)
horse
horsy
equine
adjective
(Latin form)
noun
adjective
adjective
(Latin form)
ape-like
bee-like
bird-like
bullish
cow-like
donkey-like
fishy
simian
apian
avian
taurine
bovine
asinine
piscine
lion
monkey
rabbit
snake
spider
pig
wolf
lion-like
monkey-like
rabbity
snakelike
spidery
piggish
wolfish
leonine
simian
lapine
serpentine
arachnoid
porcine
lupine
noun
adjective
adjective
(Latin form)
noun
adjective
adjective
(Latin form)
badger
bear
calf
deer
eagle
fox
goat
badger-like
bearish
calf-like
deer-like
eagle-like
foxy
goaty
musteline
ursine
vituline
cervine
aquiline
vulpine
caprine
hare
hog
lizard
rodent
sheep
squirrel
worm
hare-like
hoggish
lizard-like
rodent-like
sheep-like
squirrelly
wormy
leporine
suilline
saurian
murine
ovine
sciurine
vermian
Target
Challenge
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Palindromes
Palindromes are words that read the same backward
and forward.
Easy
bib
dad
deed
did
eye
hah
mom
noon
pap
peep
pep
pip
pop
pup
sees
sis
tat
tot
toot
wow
eve
gag
gig
kook
level
maam
madam
pull up
put up
redder
shahs
solos
repaper
reviver
rotator
rotor
sagas
stats
tenet
Target
aha
civic
denned
dewed
eke
Challenge
deified
kayak
race car
radar
184
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Idioms
An idiom is a group of words that takes on a special meaning
that is different from the meaning of each individual word.
These expressions are easy for native speakers to understand but pose difficulties for nonnative speakers, who tend
to take them literally. Idioms are often fresh and colorful,
but when they become overused, they become cliches.
Easy
Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
a great deal;
a lot of money
someone or
something one
adores or likes
a lot
a bee in ones
bonnet
catch cold
contract or develop
a cold
to rest
cry wolf
fail to do something
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Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
reward; honor;
prize
be in a bad mood
hands down
completely;
overwhelmingly
hope
last straw
final annoyance
lend a hand
help
make up something
on the ball
alert; competent
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Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
piece of cake
very easy
do something in the
wrong order
ring a bell
remind of something
take a catnap
Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
is your turn to do
something
breathe a word of
tell anyone
Target
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187
188
Idiom
Meaning
catch red-handed
catch someone in
The police caught the
the midst of commit- thief red-handed.
ting a crime or another
wrongdoing
fighting chance
good chance or
possibility
sincerely
begin badly
begin well
go overboard
do too much; be
excessive
go to the dogs
ruin; deteriorate
badly
be embarrassed
because of an error
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
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Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
be exactly right
overwhelmingly
surprised
rarely
usual; typical
raise eyebrows
a treacherous person
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189
Challenge
190
Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
center of a problem
or controversy
feet of clay
green-light a project
have a matter to
discuss or argue
about
As your mentor, I am
personally interested in
your success.
He was a heartbeat
away from winning the
presidency.
horse of a different
color
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Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
in a dead heat
tied
in the black
making money
in the red
losing money
The books show that the The books show that the
company is losing money.
company is in the red.
consider something
when making a
decision or doing
something; take into
consideration
meeting of minds
reach agreement
on a shoestring
opening gambit
s omething said or
done to secure a
position or advantage
Example of Meaning
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192
Idiom
Meaning
Example of Idiom
Example of Meaning
involved in something
that is too difficult
put a spin on
twist something to
ones advantage
put to bed
complete work on
and send off
understand
something that was
said completely
shed light on
wild guess
stand on ceremony
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in
Nonreversible Pairs
Easy
back and forth
black and blue
cat and mouse
Target
an arm and a leg
around and about
bells and whistles
better or worse
bow and arrow
do or die
down and dirty
down and out
far and away
far and wide
give and take
head over heels
Challenge
aches and pains
all or nothing
armed and dangerous
be all and end all
blood and guts
bread and circuses
by and large
cap and gown
cease and desist
crash and burn
crimson and clover
dog and pony show
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193
Two-Part Verbs
Some verbs form an idiom when followed by an adverb or
preposition. This type of two-part verb is called a phrasal.
Easy
add up
back down
back up
go over
hear from
hear of
hold on
lie down
put on
run away
show up
slow down
slow up
catch up
dress down
dress up
give back
give up
look after
point out
pull out
pull through
rinse off
save up
send over
take after
take back
take down
take in
talk back
talk over
throw away
throw out
turn into
try on
try out
wash up
drop off
drop out
fall through
hand down
hand over
hold off
make over
play down
push across
rule out
see through
stand by
think over
think through
turn into
wear down
wear off
wear out
work out
Target
break down
bring on
bring out
burn down
burn up
get around
call off
call up
calm down
carry on
carry out
catch on
Challenge
bear up
brush off
burn out
buy out
buy up
clean out
close down
die down
die off
drop by
194
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Chapter 5
Jargon and
Technical Words
My students know all
the basic geography
terms. But theyre about
to do a research project
and Id like to first give
them an idea about
the more challenging
words theyre sure
to encounter.
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Business Words
Easy
budget
company
cost
customer
debt
employee
employer
expense
instruction manual
loan
loss
manager
manufacture
plant
product
profit
salary
service
staff
supervisor
tax
value
wage
workforce
competition
corporation
counterfeit
credit
deduction
earnings
finance
flyer
forecast
interest
interview
investment
marketing
nonprofit organization
overhead
patent
payroll
press release
principal
procedure
promotion
proposal
rsum
retail
revenue
service industry
stock
stockholder
bottom line
buy-out
cash flow
CEO (chief executive
officer)
CFO (chief financial
officer
commission
commodity
liquidity
net
operating income
portfolio
proprietor
stock option
subsidiary
turnover
Target
accounting
advertising
agenda
assembly line
balance sheet
benefits
bond
brochure
capital
checking account
Challenge
accounts payable
accounts receivable
accrual
allocation
annual report asset
audit
bankruptcy
billing
board of directors
196
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Media Words
Easy
actor
artist
artwork
audience
camera
character
costume
cut
design
DVD (digital
video disc)
director
focus
movie
newspaper
performer
photography
plot
prime time
prop
recording
schedule
script
set
setting
special effects
studio
theater
documentary
editing
fade
format
frame
genre
image
long shot
long take
mainstream
mix
multimedia
multiplex
narration
network
option
pan
perspective
photo-realism
point of view
production
projection
propaganda
ratings
real time
realistic
sound effects
treatment
voice-over
wipe
wrap
zoom
cinematography
continuity
demographics
deregulation
digital
docudrama
focal length
HDTV (high-definition
television)
melodrama
morphing
niche
objectivity
persona
public domain
repertoire
synergy
verisimilitude
vertical integration
Target
acoustics
archive
brand
cable
cinema
broadcast
clip art
commercial
cropping
disc
dissolve
Challenge
aesthetics
analog
articulation
avant-garde
biopic
broadband
censorship
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Computer Words
and
Technology Words
Easy
back up
bookmark
boot
byte
clip art
command
control key
cursor
data
directory
document
drag
e-mail
font
format
keyboard
input
Internet
offline
online
menu
monitor
output
password
paste
search
server
software
store
tab
Web site
window
emoticon
header
host
hypertext
keyword
interface
link
modem
network
pixel
platform
program
programmer
search engine
spam
threaded discussion
URL (universal
resource locator)
virus
Web log
wikibook
worm
file extension
FTP (file transfer
protocol)
HTML (hypertext
markup language)
ISP (Internet service
provider)
list server
metasearch engine
netiquette
netware
newsgroup
packet jam
PDF (portable
document format)
phish
plug-in
spider
Web crawler
XML (extensible
markup language)
Target
blog
browser
bulletin board
cache
database
digital
domain
download
Challenge
bandwidth
Boolean operators
CGI (common gateway
interface)
CSE (custom search
engine)
cookie
cyberspace
198
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GGeography
eography Words
Words
Easy
agriculture
axis
canyon
climate
compass
coast
continent
desert
equator
forest
fossil
gas
geographer
globe
grasslands
habitat
hemisphere
island
lake
latitude
lava
longitude
ocean
peninsula
pond
prairie
region
resource
sphere
temperature
tundra
valley
wetlands
erosion
eruption
extinction
fault
fissure
geological era
geologist
geyser
glacier
global warming
gorge
greenhouse gases
groundwater
iceberg
igneous
landform
landslide
layer
magma
mantle
mesa
metamorphic
meteor
meteorite
mineral
mudslide
permafrost
plate
plateau
precipitation
projection
rift valley
savanna
sedimentary
seismograph
smog
steppe
strait
tectonic plates
temperate
terrain
volcano
watershed
weathering
bituminous
cartographer
climatic zone
crevasse
deposition
escarpment
estuary
geopolitical
lithosphere
loam
loess
megapolis
moraine
nebula
paleontologist
plate tectonics
strata
topography
tributary
trilobite
Target
acid rain
arid
arroyo
atmosphere
bedrock
bog
butte
canyon
core
crater
crust
delta
dormant
earthquake
epicenter
Challenge
accretion
aquifer
archipelago
atoll
bayou
biodegradable
biome
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Music Words
Easy
alto
bass
bar
chorus
duet
flat
instrument
key
lyrics
note
quartet
quintet
rest
rhythm
scale
sharp
solo
soprano
staff
trio
harmony
interlude
interval
keyboard
measure
medium
melody
meter
mode
octave
orchestra
percussion instruments
pitch
range
refrain
register
rondo
score
sequence
string instruments
tempo
tenor
treble
woodwinds
crescendo
diminuendo
forte
fugue
moderato
modulation
mezzo forte
mezzo piano
mezzo soprano
piano
pianissimo
presto
signature
syncopation
tonic
cold
cough
cure
cut
diet
disease
flu
heart
injury
limb
lung
medicine
muscle
pain
patient
skeleton
tooth
wound
Target
baritone
brass instruments
chord
clef
composer
conductor
dynamics
ensemble
Challenge
a cappella
adagio
allegro
andante
chromatic scale
coda
Health Words
Easy
ache
bandage
blood
bone
checkup
chest
200
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Target
abnormal
addiction
allergy
artery
asthma
bacteria
bladder
blood cell
blood pressure
blood vessel
calcium
capillary
circulatory system
cancer
carbohydrate
cartilage
contagious
chronic
digestive system
disorder
endocrine system
fatigue
fungus
general practitioner
gland
hormone
immune system
immunity
infectious
injection
joint
ligament
lymphatic system
malnutrition
medication
microbe
muscular system
nervous system
nutrition
operation
prescription
protein
respiratory system
reproduction system
skeletal system
specialist
spinal cord
stress
surgery
temperature
tendon
tissue
trauma
vaccination
vein
virus
bulimia
cardiovascular
cholesterol
communicable disease
congestion
dehydration
DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)
esophagus
obesity
pathogen
protozoa
psychiatry
psychology
psychotherapy
syndrome
light
line
horizontal
painting
statue
sculpture
shadow
space
spiral
vertical
wavy
zigzag
architecture
acrylic
background
collage
column
complementary color
Challenge
AIDS (acquired
immune deficiency
syndrome)
anorexia
antibody
antibiotic
antigen
autoimmune disease
bronchia
Art Words
Easy
color
curve
diagonal
drawing
figure
Target
abstract
arch
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201
composition
design
dimension
dome
exterior
foreground
harmony
hue
interior
landscape
minaret
mobile
motif
mosaic
mural
oil paint
palette
panorama
pastel
photography
primary color
secondary color
texture
three-dimensional
two-dimensional
watercolor
diptych
egg tempura
engraving
etching
expressionism
fauvism
flying buttress
fresco
gothic
grotesque
impressionism
installation
kinetic
luminosity
minimalism
negative space
nonrepresentational
opacity
perspective
performance art
positive space
realism
relief
symmetry
length
mile
minute
month
ounce
pint
pound
quart
ruler
tape measure
tablespoon
teaspoon
time
ton
volume
weight
width
yard
year
degree
estimation
Fahrenheit
fraction
gram
kilogram
kilometer
line segment
linear
liter
meter
metric system
milliliter
millimeter
percentage
ratio
temperature
U.S. customary system
vertex
Challenge
aesthetics
allegory
assemblage
batik
Byzantine
ceramics
chiaroscuro
conceptual art
cubism
Measurement Words
Easy
cup
day
depth
foot
gallon
hour
inch
Target
acre
angle
balance
capacity
Celsius
centimeter
decimal
202
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Challenge
acceleration
ampere
angstrom
apothecary weight
candela
conversion
coulomb
cubic
density
dram
equivalence
farad
furlong
gill
hectare
henry
hertz
joule
kelvin
lumen
luminance
lux
metric ton
mole
newton
ohm
pascal
peck
rod
scale
square
tesla
velocity
volt
watt
weber
coach
glove
kick
mask
mitt
pass
shin guards
spikes
team
trainer
pitcher
umpire
fastball
fly ball
foul
forward
frontcourt
fumble
goalie
goal line
goaltender
halfback
halftime
home plate
home run
kickoff
infield
inning
league
leftfield
lineup
match
offense
outfield
punt
quarterback
referee
right field
signal
stadium
strike
tackle
timeout
touchdown
tournament
traveling
underdog
winger
Sports Words
Easy
ballpark
base
batter
bleachers
block
Target
arena
backcourt
baseline
block
bullpen
bunt
centerfield
court
curveball
defense
down
dribble
dugout
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203
Challenge
battery
blitz
defensive
designated hitter
double-team
204
gridiron
interception
offensive
on deck
penalty box
pigskin
pinch hitter
point spread
possession
reception
relief pitcher
rosin
rotation
slider
zone defense
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Writers
on
Words
Easy
When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful
tone, it means just what I choose it to meanneither more
nor less.
The question is, said Alice, whether you can make words
mean so many different things.
The question is, said Humpty Dumpty, which is to be
masterthats all.
Lewis Carroll
Sticks and stones may break our bones, but words will break
our hearts.
Robert Fulghum
Target
All words are pegs to hang ideas on.
Henry Ward Beecher
Often when I write, I am trying to make words do the work of
line and colour. I have the painters sensitivity to light. Much
(perhaps the best) of my writing is verbal painting.
Elizabeth Bowen
Writing cannot express all words, words cannot encompass
all ideas.
Confucius
Words are the thread on which we string our experiences.
Aldous Huxley
Gradually from naming an object we advance step by step until
we have traversed the vast distance between our first stammered
syllable and the sweep of thought in a line of Shakespeare.
Helen Keller
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205
The difference between the almost right word and the right
word is really a large mattertis the difference between the
lightning bug and the lightning.
Mark Twain
The English language is nobodys special property. It is
the property of the imagination; it is the property of the
language itself.
Derek Walcott
Challenge
Words are things, and a small drop of ink, falling like dew upon
a thought, produces that which makes thousands, perhaps
millions, think.
Lord Byron
A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin
of a living thought, and may vary greatly in color and content
according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.
Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
Words are . . . the most powerful drug used by mankind.
Rudyard Kipling
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by
considering these that you can write a sentence that is
good to look at and good to listen to.
W. Somerset Maugham
Wit has truth in it; wisecracking is simply calisthenics
with words.
Dorothy Parker
. . . I . . . believe that words can help us move or keep us
paralyzed, and that our choices of language and verbal tone
have somethinga great dealto do with how we live our lives
and whom we end up speaking with and hearing; and that we
can deflect words, by trivialization, of course, but also by
ritualized respect, or we can let them enter our souls and mix
with the juices of our minds.
Adrienne Rich
206
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Notes
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Notes
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